1
|
Wang JZ, Zhao S, Wu C, Adams RB, Newman MG, Shafir T, Tsachor R. Unlocking the Emotional World of Visual Media: An Overview of the Science, Research, and Impact of Understanding Emotion: Drawing Insights From Psychology, Engineering, and the Arts, This Article Provides a Comprehensive Overview of the Field of Emotion Analysis in Visual Media and Discusses the Latest Research, Systems, Challenges, Ethical Implications, and Potential Impact of Artificial Emotional Intelligence on Society. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS 2023; 111:1236-1286. [PMID: 37859667 PMCID: PMC10586271 DOI: 10.1109/jproc.2023.3273517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of artificial emotional intelligence technology is revolutionizing the fields of computers and robotics, allowing for a new level of communication and understanding of human behavior that was once thought impossible. While recent advancements in deep learning have transformed the field of computer vision, automated understanding of evoked or expressed emotions in visual media remains in its infancy. This foundering stems from the absence of a universally accepted definition of "emotion," coupled with the inherently subjective nature of emotions and their intricate nuances. In this article, we provide a comprehensive, multidisciplinary overview of the field of emotion analysis in visual media, drawing on insights from psychology, engineering, and the arts. We begin by exploring the psychological foundations of emotion and the computational principles that underpin the understanding of emotions from images and videos. We then review the latest research and systems within the field, accentuating the most promising approaches. We also discuss the current technological challenges and limitations of emotion analysis, underscoring the necessity for continued investigation and innovation. We contend that this represents a "Holy Grail" research problem in computing and delineate pivotal directions for future inquiry. Finally, we examine the ethical ramifications of emotion-understanding technologies and contemplate their potential societal impacts. Overall, this article endeavors to equip readers with a deeper understanding of the domain of emotion analysis in visual media and to inspire further research and development in this captivating and rapidly evolving field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Z Wang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Sicheng Zhao
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chenyan Wu
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Reginald B Adams
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Michelle G Newman
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Tal Shafir
- Emily Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Rachelle Tsachor
- School of Theatre and Music, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yıldırım M, Elvan A, Ercegil G, Selmani M, Şimşek İE, Savcı S, Alptekin K. Effect of dual tasking on postural control in individuals with schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2023; 23:308-315. [PMID: 37654216 PMCID: PMC10483818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of dual tasking on postural control in individuals with schizophrenia. METHODS Fifteen outpatients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy controls were included. Postural control was assessed with postural sway velocity (PSV) using Balance Master System during three different tasks: single task (standing on a force platform), cognitive task (categorical verbal fluency) and motor task (holding a cup of water) in four conditions: on firm surface with eyes open (1) and closed (2), on foam surface with eyes open (3) and closed (4). RESULTS Individuals with schizophrenia presented higher PSV during single standing on foam surface with eyes open and closed. During the cognitive task, they showed higher PSV on foam surface with eyes closed. During the motor task PSV in schizophrenia group was higher on firm surface with eyes closed and on foam surface with eyes open and closed. Individuals with schizophrenia showed higher PSV during cognitive task on firm surface with eyes closed compared to the single task. CONCLUSIONS Dual tasking results in a deterioration in postural control in individuals with schizophrenia. A cognitive task specifically alters postural control in the absence of visual information suggesting a possible sensorimotor dysfunction in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meriç Yıldırım
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ata Elvan
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | | | - İbrahim E. Şimşek
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sema Savcı
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Köksal Alptekin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peter J, Ferraioli F, Mathew D, George S, Chan C, Alalade T, Salcedo SA, Saed S, Tatti E, Quartarone A, Ghilardi MF. Movement-related beta ERD and ERS abnormalities in neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1045715. [PMID: 36507340 PMCID: PMC9726921 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1045715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement-related oscillations in the beta range (from 13 to 30 Hz) have been observed over sensorimotor areas with power decrease (i.e., event-related desynchronization, ERD) during motor planning and execution followed by an increase (i.e., event-related synchronization, ERS) after the movement's end. These phenomena occur during active, passive, imaged, and observed movements. Several electrophysiology studies have used beta ERD and ERS as functional indices of sensorimotor integrity, primarily in diseases affecting the motor system. Recent literature also highlights other characteristics of beta ERD and ERS, implying their role in processes not strictly related to motor function. Here we review studies about movement-related ERD and ERS in diseases characterized by motor dysfunction, including Parkinson's disease, dystonia, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis. We also review changes of beta ERD and ERS reported in physiological aging, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia, three conditions without overt motor symptoms. The review of these works shows that ERD and ERS abnormalities are present across the spectrum of the examined pathologies as well as development and aging. They further suggest that cognition and movement are tightly related processes that may share common mechanisms regulated by beta modulation. Future studies with a multimodal approach are warranted to understand not only the specific topographical dynamics of movement-related beta modulation but also the general meaning of beta frequency changes occurring in relation to movement and cognitive processes at large. Such an approach will provide the foundation to devise and implement novel therapeutic approaches to neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Peter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Francesca Ferraioli
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dave Mathew
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shaina George
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cameron Chan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tomisin Alalade
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sheilla A. Salcedo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shannon Saed
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elisa Tatti
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Elisa Tatti,
| | - Angelo Quartarone
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo-Piemonte, Messina, Italy,Angelo Quartarone,
| | - M. Felice Ghilardi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States,M. Felice Ghilardi,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Seymour K, Kaliuzhna M. Self-monitoring in schizophrenia: Weighting exteroceptive visual signals against self-generated vestibular cues. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 29:100256. [PMID: 35600051 PMCID: PMC9117687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2022.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in self-monitoring are core symptoms of schizophrenia. Some research suggests an over-reliance on exteroceptive cues and a reduced weighting of self-generated interoceptive signals to guide perception. The vestibular sense provides important self-generated information about the body in space. Alterations of vestibular function are reported in schizophrenia, but it is unknown whether internally generated vestibular information is discounted in favour of exteroceptive input. In this study, we test for evidence of an over-reliance on exteroceptive visual cues and a reduced weighting of vestibular signals in guiding perception. In a group of individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls, we used a well-studied visual illusion - the Tilt Illusion - to probe the respective weight given to visual and vestibular cues in judging line orientation. The Tilt Illusion reveals that perceived orientation of a vertical grating is biased by the orientation in its surround. This illusion increases when the head is tilted, due to the reduced reliability of vestibular information that would otherwise provide an internally generated reference for vertical. We predicted that an over-reliance on exteroceptive cues in schizophrenia would lead to a reduced susceptibility to the effects of head position on Tilt Illusion strength. We find no difference between patients and controls. Both groups show comparable Tilt Illusion magnitudes that increase when the head is tilted. Thus, our findings suggest that chronic patients with schizophrenia adequately combine self-generated vestibular cues and exteroceptive visual input to judge line verticality. A stronger reliance on exteroceptive information over internally generated signals in guiding perception is not evident in our data. Deficits in self-monitoring might therefore be modality specific or state dependant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiley Seymour
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia.,The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mariia Kaliuzhna
- Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chien TY, Chern JS, Wang SP, Yang Y. Effects of multitask training on cognition and motor control in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264745. [PMID: 35771832 PMCID: PMC9246115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) is a disabling mental illness that causes considerable deficits in motor and cognitive functions. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of combining traditional multitask training (TMT) and video games--a new form of multitask training (video game multitask training VGMT)--on cognition and motor control performance in people with SSD. This was a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest design study. A total of 25 patients participated in this study voluntarily (13 males and 12 females, average age = 59.61 years, SD– 11.46 years). All participants underwent two stages of training. The first stage involved TMT, and the second stage involved VGMT. Each training stage was 12 weeks long, with sessions twice a week that lasted for 40 minutes. Cognition, upper extremity motor and postural control performance, and functional mobility and subjective balance confidence were measured at three times: before and after the first-stage training and after the second-stage training. The results revealed that TMT and the combination of TMT and VGMT improved SSD patient’s cognition, upper extremity motor control, functional mobility and postural control performance. The subjective confidence of balance during the performance of daily activities was also mildly improved. Training with multitasks in the form of video games tended to further improve the outcome measures. Patients with SSD could benefit from regular participation in various forms of multitasking activities. Whether video games training are better than TMT in improving the functional ability of people with SSD needs further investigation. Study protocol registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT04629898. Registered brief title: Level of Immersion of Virtual Reality and Cognition and Motor Performance in Patients of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yun Chien
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Ministry of Health and Welfare Yuli Hospital, Hwa-lien, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Suh Chern
- Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Counseling, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - San-Ping Wang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Ministry of Health and Welfare Yuli Hospital, Hwa-lien, Taiwan
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Tri-Service General Hospital Beitou Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Damme KSF, Park JS, Walther S, Vargas T, Shankman SA, Mittal VA. Depression and Psychosis Risk Shared Vulnerability for Motor Signs Across Development, Symptom Dimensions, and Familial Risk. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:752-762. [PMID: 35554607 PMCID: PMC9212095 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor abnormalities are strong transdiagnostic indicators of psychopathology risk that reflect emerging neural network abnormalities. Indeed, motor signs, such as motor slowing and agitation, are widely recognized as core features of both psychosis and depression. However, it is unclear whether these reflect shared or distinct etiology. METHODS A sample of 11 878 adolescents completed self-reported clinical measures of rated psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and depression. Familial risk for psychopathology and the presence of motor signs were drawn from parental reports, including developmental motor delays (eg, sitting, walking), and adolescent motor signs (eg, dyscoordination, psychomotor retardation, and psychomotor agitation). Finally, motor network connectivity in theoretically relevant networks (cortico-striatal, cortico-thalamic, and cortico-cerebellar) were related to symptoms and familial risk for psychopathology. RESULTS Developmental motor delays related to increased PLEs, increased depression symptoms, and greater familial risk. Familial risk for both PLEs and depression showed higher rates of developmental motor delays than all other groups. Adolescent motor signs, however, showed unique patterns of relationships to symptoms and familial risk such that dyscoordination reflected risk for PLEs, both psychomotor agitation and retardation reflected depression risk, and psychomotor agitation reflected transdiagnostic risk. Cortico-striatal connectivity was related to depression and PLEs, but cortico-cerebellar connectivity was linked to PLEs only. CONCLUSIONS Motor signs may be a transdiagnostic marker of vulnerability for psychopathology. Early developmental motor delays could belie pluripotent, familial risk features. Unique items, eg, dyscoordination specifically related to PLEs, possibly reflecting processes inherent in distinct emerging forms of psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S F Damme
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston/Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jadyn S Park
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sebastian Walther
- University Hospital of Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Vargas
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston/Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston/Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Policy Research (IPR), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Demro C, Mueller BA, Kent JS, Burton PC, Olman CA, Schallmo MP, Lim KO, Sponheim SR. The psychosis human connectome project: An overview. Neuroimage 2021; 241:118439. [PMID: 34339830 PMCID: PMC8542422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations within the Human Connectome Project have expanded to include studies focusing on brain disorders. This paper describes one of the investigations focused on psychotic psychopathology: The psychosis Human Connectome Project (P-HCP). The data collected as part of this project were multimodal and derived from clinical assessments of psychopathology, cognitive assessments, instrument-based motor assessments, blood specimens, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. The dataset will be made publicly available through the NIMH Data Archive. In this report we provide specific information on how the sample of participants was obtained and characterized and describe the experimental tasks and procedures used to probe neural functions involved in psychotic disorders that may also mark genetic liability for psychotic psychopathology. Our goal in this paper is to outline the data acquisition process so that researchers intending to use these publicly available data can plan their analyses. MRI data described in this paper are limited to data acquired at 3 Tesla. A companion paper describes the study's 7 Tesla image acquisition protocol in detail, which is focused on visual perceptual functions in psychotic psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Demro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United State
| | - Bryon A Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jerillyn S Kent
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Philip C Burton
- College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United State
| | - Cheryl A Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United State
| | - Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kelvin O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, United State
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United State; Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, United State.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Damme KSF, Schiffman J, Ellman LM, Mittal VA. Sensorimotor and Activity Psychosis-Risk (SMAP-R) Scale: An Exploration of Scale Structure With Replication and Validation. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:332-343. [PMID: 33047134 PMCID: PMC7965079 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensorimotor abnormalities precede and predict the onset of psychosis. Despite the practical utility of sensorimotor abnormalities for early identification, prediction, and individualized medicine applications, there is currently no dedicated self-report instrument designed to capture these important behaviors. The current study assessed and validated a questionnaire designed for use in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR). METHODS The current study included both exploratory (n = 3009) and validation (n = 439) analytic datasets-that included individuals identified as meeting criteria for a CHR syndrome (n = 84)-who completed the novel Sensorimotor Abnormalities and Psychosis-Risk (SMAP-R) Scale, clinical interviews and a finger-tapping task. The structure of the scale and reliability of items were consistent across 2 analytic datasets. The resulting scales were assessed for discriminant validity across CHR, community sample non-psychiatric volunteer, and clinical groups. RESULTS The scale showed a consistent structure across 2 analytic datasets subscale structure. The resultant subscale structure was consistent with conceptual models of sensorimotor pathology in psychosis (coordination and dyskinesia) in both the exploratory and the validation analytic dataset. Further, these subscales showed discriminant, predictive, and convergent validity. The sensorimotor abnormality scales discriminated CHR from community sample non-psychiatric controls and clinical samples. Finally, these subscales predicted to risk calculator scores and showed convergent validity with sensorimotor performance on a finger-tapping task. CONCLUSION The SMAP-R scale demonstrated good internal, discriminant, predictive, and convergent validity, and subscales mapped on to conceptually relevant sensorimotor circuits. Features of the scale may facilitate widespread incorporation of sensorimotor screening into psychosis-risk research and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S F Damme
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL
| | | | - Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, IL
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Institute for Policy Research (IPR), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Widdowson C, Becerra I, Merrill C, Wang RF, LaValle S. Assessing Postural Instability and Cybersickness Through Linear and Angular Displacement. HUMAN FACTORS 2021; 63:296-311. [PMID: 31651196 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819881254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the hypothesis that constant speed is more comfortable than variable speed profiles and may minimize cybersickness. BACKGROUND Current best practices for virtual reality (VR) content creation suggest keeping any form of acceleration as short and infrequent as possible to mitigate cybersickness. METHODS In Experiment 1, participants experienced repetitions of simulated linear motion, and in Experiment 2, they experienced repetitions of a circular motion. Three speed profiles were tested in each experiment. Each trial lasted 2 min while standing. Cybersickness was measured using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and operationally defined in terms of total severity scores. Postural stability was measured using a Wii Balance Board and operationally defined in terms of center of pressure (COP) path length. Postural measures were decomposed into anterior-posterior and medial-lateral axes and subjected to detrended fluctuation analysis. RESULTS For both experiments, no significant differences were observed between the three speed profiles in terms of cybersickness or postural stability, and none of the baseline postural measures could predict SSQ scores for the speed profile conditions. An axis effect was observed in both experiments such that normalized COP movement was significantly greater along the anterior-posterior axis than the medial-lateral axis. CONCLUSION Results showed no convincing evidence to support the common belief that constant speed is more comfortable than variable speed profiles for scenarios typical of VR applications. APPLICATION The present findings offer guidelines for the design of locomotion techniques involving traversal in VR environments.
Collapse
|
10
|
The Polarity-Specific Nature of Single-Session High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to the Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex on Motor and Non-motor Task Performance. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 20:569-583. [PMID: 33544371 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum has an increasingly recognized role in higher order cognition. Advancements in noninvasive neuromodulation techniques allow one to focally create functional alterations in the cerebellum to investigate its role in cognitive functions. To this point, work in this area has been mixed, in part due to varying methodologies for stimulation, and it is unclear whether or not transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects on the cerebellum are task or load dependent. Here, we employed a between-subjects design using a high definition tDCS system to apply anodal, cathodal, or sham stimulation to the cerebellum or prefrontal cortex (PFC) to examine the role the cerebellum plays in verbal working memory, inhibition, motor learning, and balance performance, and how this interaction might interact with the cortex (i.e., PFC). We predicted performance decrements following anodal stimulation and performance increases following cathodal stimulation, compared with sham. Broadly, our work provides evidence for cerebellar contributions to cognitive processing, particularly in verbal working memory and sequence learning. Additionally, we found the effect of stimulation might be load specific, particularly when applied to the cerebellum. Critically, anodal stimulation negatively impacted performance during effortful processing, but was helpful during less effortful processing. Cathodal stimulation hindered task performance, regardless of simulation region. The current results suggest an effect of stimulation on cognition, perhaps suggesting that the cerebellum is more critical when processing is less effortful but becomes less involved under higher load when processing is more prefrontally dependent.
Collapse
|
11
|
Postural sway in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2021; 228:319-321. [PMID: 33497906 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Presta V, Paraboschi F, Marsella F, Lucarini V, Galli D, Mirandola P, Banchini A, Marchesi C, Galuppo L, Vitale M, Tonna M, Gobbi G. Posture and gait in the early course of schizophrenia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245661. [PMID: 33465166 PMCID: PMC7815098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While correlations between postural stability deficits and schizophrenia are well documented, information on dynamic motor alterations in schizophrenia are still scarce, and no data on their onset are available yet. Therefore, the aim of this study was i) to measure gait pattern(s) in patients with schizophrenia; ii) to identify posture and gait alterations which could potentially be used as a predictive clinical tool of the onset of the disorder. Body composition, posture and gait parameters were assessed in a group of 30 patients with schizophrenia and compared to 25 healthy subjects. Sway area was significantly higher in the schizophrenia group compared to controls regardless of whether the participants were in eyes open or eyes closed condition. Gait cadence and speed were significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia, while stride length was similar. We concluded that the combination of an increased sway area (independent from eye closure) and a gait cadence reduction—in the presence of normal gait speed and stride length—might be considered peculiar postural and gait profile characteristic of early schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Presta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery–Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Marsella
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniela Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery–Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery–Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Banchini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery–Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Marchesi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery–Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Movement Analysis Laboratory (LAM)–Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Matteo Tonna
- Department of Mental Health, Local Health Service, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gobbi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery–Human Anatomy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Banerjee S, Alvey L, Brown P, Yue S, Li L, Scheirer WJ. An assistive computer vision tool to automatically detect changes in fish behavior in response to ambient odor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1002. [PMID: 33441714 PMCID: PMC7806584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of fish behavior in response to odor stimulation is a crucial component of the general study of cross-modal sensory integration in vertebrates. In zebrafish, the centrifugal pathway runs between the olfactory bulb and the neural retina, originating at the terminalis neuron in the olfactory bulb. Any changes in the ambient odor of a fish's environment warrant a change in visual sensitivity and can trigger mating-like behavior in males due to increased GnRH signaling in the terminalis neuron. Behavioral experiments to study this phenomenon are commonly conducted in a controlled environment where a video of the fish is recorded over time before and after the application of chemicals to the water. Given the subtleties of behavioral change, trained biologists are currently required to annotate such videos as part of a study. This process of manually analyzing the videos is time-consuming, requires multiple experts to avoid human error/bias and cannot be easily crowdsourced on the Internet. Machine learning algorithms from computer vision, on the other hand, have proven to be effective for video annotation tasks because they are fast, accurate, and, if designed properly, can be less biased than humans. In this work, we propose to automate the entire process of analyzing videos of behavior changes in zebrafish by using tools from computer vision, relying on minimal expert supervision. The overall objective of this work is to create a generalized tool to predict animal behaviors from videos using state-of-the-art deep learning models, with the dual goal of advancing understanding in biology and engineering a more robust and powerful artificial information processing system for biologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Banerjee
- grid.131063.60000 0001 2168 0066Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Lauren Alvey
- grid.131063.60000 0001 2168 0066Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Paula Brown
- grid.131063.60000 0001 2168 0066Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Sophie Yue
- grid.131063.60000 0001 2168 0066Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Lei Li
- grid.131063.60000 0001 2168 0066Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Walter J. Scheirer
- grid.131063.60000 0001 2168 0066Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lundin NB, Kim DJ, Tullar RL, Moussa-Tooks AB, Kent JS, Newman SD, Purcell JR, Bolbecker AR, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Cerebellar Activation Deficits in Schizophrenia During an Eyeblink Conditioning Task. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2021; 2:sgab040. [PMID: 34541537 PMCID: PMC8443466 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive dysmetria theory of psychotic disorders posits that cerebellar circuit abnormalities give rise to difficulties coordinating motor and cognitive functions. However, brain activation during cerebellar-mediated tasks is understudied in schizophrenia. Accordingly, this study examined whether individuals with schizophrenia have diminished neural activation compared to controls in key regions of the delay eyeblink conditioning (dEBC) cerebellar circuit (eg, lobule VI) and cerebellar regions associated with cognition (eg, Crus I). Participants with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (n = 31) and healthy controls (n = 43) underwent dEBC during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Images were normalized using the Spatially Unbiased Infratentorial Template (SUIT) of the cerebellum and brainstem. Activation contrasts of interest were "early" and "late" stages of paired tone and air puff trials minus unpaired trials. Preliminary whole brain analyses were conducted, followed by cerebellar-specific SUIT and region of interest (ROI) analyses of lobule VI and Crus I. Correlation analyses were conducted between cerebellar activation, neuropsychological test scores, and psychotic symptom scores. In controls, the largest clusters of cerebellar activation peaked in lobule VI during early dEBC and Crus I during late dEBC. The schizophrenia group showed robust cortical activation to unpaired trials but no significant conditioning-related cerebellar activation. Crus I ROI activation during late dEBC was greater in the control than schizophrenia group. Greater Crus I activation correlated with higher working memory scores in the full sample and lower positive psychotic symptom severity in schizophrenia. Findings indicate functional cerebellar abnormalities in schizophrenia which relate to psychotic symptoms, lending direct support to the cognitive dysmetria framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Lundin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Rachel L Tullar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jerillyn S Kent
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sharlene D Newman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Alabama Life Research Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - John R Purcell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brian F O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carment L, Dupin L, Guedj L, Térémetz M, Krebs MO, Cuenca M, Maier MA, Amado I, Lindberg PG. Impaired attentional modulation of sensorimotor control and cortical excitability in schizophrenia. Brain 2020; 142:2149-2164. [PMID: 31099820 PMCID: PMC6598624 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairments in attentional, working memory and sensorimotor processing have been consistently reported in schizophrenia. However, the interaction between cognitive and sensorimotor impairments and the underlying neural mechanisms remains largely uncharted. We hypothesized that altered attentional processing in patients with schizophrenia, probed through saccadic inhibition, would partly explain impaired sensorimotor control and would be reflected as altered task-dependent modulation of cortical excitability and inhibition. Twenty-five stabilized patients with schizophrenia, 17 unaffected siblings and 25 healthy control subjects were recruited. Subjects performed visuomotor grip force-tracking alone (single-task condition) and with increased cognitive load (dual-task condition). In the dual-task condition, two types of trials were randomly presented: trials with visual distractors (requiring inhibition of saccades) or trials with addition of numbers (requiring saccades and addition). Both dual-task trial types required divided visual attention to the force-tracking target and to the distractor or number. Gaze was measured during force-tracking tasks, and task-dependent modulation of cortical excitability and inhibition were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation. In the single-task, patients with schizophrenia showed increased force-tracking error. In dual-task distraction trials, force-tracking error increased further in patients, but not in the other two groups. Patients inhibited fewer saccades to distractors, and the capacity to inhibit saccades explained group differences in force-tracking performance. Cortical excitability at rest was not different between groups and increased for all groups during single-task force-tracking, although, to a greater extent in patients (80%) compared to controls (40%). Compared to single-task force-tracking, the dual-task increased cortical excitability in control subjects, whereas patients showed decreased excitability. Again, the group differences in cortical excitability were no longer significant when failure to inhibit saccades was included as a covariate. Cortical inhibition was reduced in patients in all conditions, and only healthy controls increased inhibition in the dual-task. Siblings had similar force-tracking and gaze performance as controls but showed altered task-related modulation of cortical excitability and inhibition in dual-task conditions. In patients, neuropsychological scores of attention correlated with visuomotor performance and with task-dependant modulation of cortical excitability. Disorganization symptoms were greatest in patients with weakest task-dependent modulation of cortical excitability. This study provides insights into neurobiological mechanisms of impaired sensorimotor control in schizophrenia showing that deficient divided visual attention contributes to impaired visuomotor performance and is reflected in impaired modulation of cortical excitability and inhibition. In siblings, altered modulation of cortical excitability and inhibition is consistent with a genetic risk for cortical abnormality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Carment
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Dupin
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France
| | - Laura Guedj
- SHU, Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Térémetz
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France.,SHU, Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Macarena Cuenca
- SHU, Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.,Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, UMR 8002, CNRS / Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc A Maier
- Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France.,Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, UMR 8002, CNRS / Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Life Sciences, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Amado
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France.,SHU, Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Påvel G Lindberg
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie, CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Meade ZS, Marmelat V, Mukherjee M, Sado T, Takahashi KZ. Comparison of a portable balance board for measures of persistence in postural sway. J Biomech 2020; 100:109600. [PMID: 31959389 PMCID: PMC7343580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Measuring postural sway is important for determining functional ability or risk of falling. Gathering postural sway measures outside of controlled environments is desirable for reaching populations with limited mobility. Previous studies have confirmed the accuracy of the magnitude of postural sway using the Nintendo Wii Balance Board (WBB). However, it is unclear if the WBB can accurately measure persistence of postural sway, i.e., the pattern of center-of-pressure fluctuations over time. The purpose of this study was to compare measures of persistence of postural sway (through detrended fluctuation analysis) using WBB and a force platform (FP). Seventeen healthy individuals performed three standing conditions: eyes open, eyes closed, and one-leg standing. The WBB (30 Hz) was placed on top on the FP (600 Hz) to collect data simultaneously, then the FP data were downsampled to 100 Hz and 30 Hz. The agreement between WBB and FP for measures of postural sway were influenced by the sampling rate and postural sway direction. Intraclass correlation coefficient was excellent (range: 0.953-0.998) for long-term scaling regions in the anterior-posterior direction, but lower (range: 0.352-0.877) and inconsistent for medial-lateral direction and short-term scaling regions. The three comparison groups (WBB at 30 Hz, FP at 30 Hz, and FP at 100 Hz) showed dissimilar abilities in detecting differences in persistence of postural sway. In summary, the WBB is accurate for quantifying persistence of postural sway measurements in long-term scaling regions in the AP direction, but has limitations for short-term scaling regions and the ML direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Meade
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive, Omaha, NE 68182, United States
| | - Vivien Marmelat
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive, Omaha, NE 68182, United States
| | - Mukul Mukherjee
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive, Omaha, NE 68182, United States
| | - Takashi Sado
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive, Omaha, NE 68182, United States
| | - Kota Z Takahashi
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive, Omaha, NE 68182, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ristanovic I, Juston Osborne K, Vargas T, Gupta T, Mittal VA. Postural Control and Verbal and Visual Working Memory Correlates in Nonclinical Psychosis. Neuropsychobiology 2020; 79:293-300. [PMID: 30909277 PMCID: PMC6761054 DOI: 10.1159/000498921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motor and cognitive abnormalities are well documented in psychosis spectrum disorders. Evidence suggests these deficits could be pronounced because of disruptions in the cerebellar-thalamic-cortical-cerebellar (CTCC) circuit, a network thought to be heavily implicated in motor and higher cognitive functioning. Although significant research has been done on this topic in individuals with schizophrenia and those at a clinical high risk for psychosis, much less is known about deficits at the lower end of the spectrum. METHODS In this study, we extended the understanding of motor abnormalities across the psychosis continuum by examining postural sway deficits in the nonclinical psychosis (NCP) population. Furthermore, we linked these deficits to verbal and visual working memory. High-NCP (n = 37) and low-NCP control (n = 31) participants completed an instrumental balance task, highly sensitive to subtle variations in postural sway, along with a brief working memory battery. RESULTS We found that high-NCP participants presented with increased postural sway area (i.e., worse postural control) relative to low-NCP controls on a difficult condition (with limited proprioceptive cues), but not on an easier condition. Furthermore, results indicated that the sway area was correlated with poorer performance on working memory tasks in the high-NCP group. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that CTCC circuit abnormalities are present across the lower end of the psychosis spectrum and that they may be contributing to a range of motor and cognitive behaviors seen in the population. However, evidence suggests that the signs are subtle, and that sensitive assessment devices and challenging conditions may be necessary for detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Ristanovic
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA,
| | - K. Juston Osborne
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, 60208
| | - Teresa Vargas
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, 60208
| | - Tina Gupta
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, 60208
| | - Vijay A. Mittal
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, 60208,Northwestern University, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, 60611,Norhtwestern University, Institute for Policy Research, Evanston, IL, 60208
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Erdem EU, Akbas E, Ünver B. Pilates-Based Training for Postural Stability in Patients with Schizophrenia. EXERCISE MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.26644/em.2019.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
19
|
Gait, balance, mobility and muscle strength in people with anxiety compared to healthy individuals. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 67:102513. [PMID: 31493621 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.102513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders. Changes in psychomotor behavior can be observed in gross motor skills, with gait disturbances thought to reflect defective brain functions in psychiatric conditions. While balance deficits are well documented in anxiety, only little is known about gait characteristics of people with anxiety. OBJECTIVE This study wishes to examine the existence of differences in gait, balance, mobility and muscle strength between people with anxiety and healthy individuals, and to investigate the relationship between level of anxiety and motor characteristics. METHODS An observational study was conducted in a psychiatric out-patient unit at a large Israeli general hospital. The sample consisted of 93 participants, ages 18-65: 48 of them (27 female, 21 male) categorized as having anxiety, and 45 (25 female, 20 male) without anxiety. Participants were divided into two groups of various ages and both genders, and completed two questionnaires and four physical tests: objective anxiety assessment (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale); spatiotemporal gait parameters (10-meter walking test); balance function (Unipedal Stance Test); muscle strength evaluation, and mobility (Time Up and Go Test). No attempt was made to correlate between the anxiety and control groups based on age and/or gender. RESULTS Participants with anxiety (both genders) were characterized by slower walking speed, shorter step length, and fewer steps per minute (p < 0.001), as well as balance deficiency and mobility dysfunction (p < 0.001), compared to the control group. Muscle strength in women with anxiety was found to be significantly lower than in healthy women. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to examine spatiotemporal gait components in patients with anxiety. Based on the findings, there is room to consider implementing gait analysis into the physical examination of patients with anxiety, as well as muscle strength, balance, and mobility function. Correct assessment and proper treatment of these aspects might contribute to the well-being of patients with anxiety.
Collapse
|
20
|
Shafer RL, Solomon EM, Newell KM, Lewis MH, Bodfish JW. Visual feedback during motor performance is associated with increased complexity and adaptability of motor and neural output. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112214. [PMID: 31494179 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Complex motor behavior is believed to be dependent on sensorimotor integration - the neural process of using sensory input to plan, guide, and correct movements. Previous studies have shown that the complexity of motor output is low when sensory feedback is withheld during precision motor tasks. However, much of this research has focused on motor behavior rather than neural processing, and therefore, has not specifically assessed the role of sensorimotor neural functioning in the execution of complex motor behavior. The present study uses a stimulus-tracking task with simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) recording to assess the effect of visual feedback on motor performance, motor complexity, and sensorimotor neural processing in healthy adults. The complexity of the EEG signal was analyzed to capture the information content in frequency bands (alpha and beta) and scalp regions (central, parietal, and occipital) that are associated with sensorimotor processing. Consistent with previous literature, motor performance and its complexity were higher when visual feedback was provided relative to when it was withheld. The complexity of the neural signal was also higher when visual feedback was provided. This was most robust at frequency bands (alpha and beta) and scalp regions (parietal and occipital) associated with sensorimotor processing. The findings show that visual feedback increases the information available to the brain when generating complex, adaptive motor output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Shafer
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, 6133 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Eli M Solomon
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Wesleyan University Rm 257 Hall-Atwater, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA.
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, G3 Aderhold Hall, 110 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Mark H Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100256, L4-100 McKnight Brain Institute, 1149 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - James W Bodfish
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, 6133 Medical Research Building III, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 8310 Medical Center East, 1215 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nygård M, Brobakken MF, Roel RB, Taylor JL, Reitan SK, Güzey IC, Morken G, Vedul-Kjelsås E, Wang E, Heggelund J. Patients with schizophrenia have impaired muscle force-generating capacity and functional performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1968-1979. [PMID: 31359490 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia have impaired physical health. However, evidence of how skeletal muscle force-generating capacity (FGC), a key component of functional performance, may contribute to the impairment is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the patient groups' skeletal muscle FGC and its association with functional performance. Leg-press FGC was assessed along with a battery of functional performance tests in 48 outpatients (28 men, 34 ± 10 years; 20 women, 36 ± 12 years) with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (ICD-10, F20-29), and compared with 48 healthy age- and gender-matched references. Results revealed reduced one-repetition maximum (1RM) in men (-19%, P < .01) and a trend toward reduction in women (-13%, P = .067). The ability to develop force rapidly was also impaired (men: -30%; women: -25%, both P < .01). Patients scored worse than healthy references on all physical performance tests (stair climbing: -63%; 30-second sit-to-stand (30sSTS): -48%; six-minute walk test (6MWT): -22%; walking efficiency: -14%; and unipedal stance eyes open: -20% and closed: -73%, all P < .01). 1RM correlated with 6MWT (r = .45), stair climbing (r = -.44), 30sSTS (r = .43), walking efficiency (r = .26), and stance eyes open (r = .33) and closed (r = .45), all P < .01. Rapid force development correlated with 6MWT (r = .54), stair climbing (r = -.49), 30sSTS (r = .45), walking efficiency (r = .26), and stance eyes open (r = .44) and closed (r = .51), all P < .01. In conclusion, skeletal muscle FGC and functional performance are reduced in patients with schizophrenia and should be recognized as important aspects of the patient groups' impaired health. Resistance training aiming to improve these components should be considered an important part of clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Nygård
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Østmarka, Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mathias Forsberg Brobakken
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Østmarka, Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Bjerkem Roel
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Joshua Landen Taylor
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Solveig Klaebo Reitan
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ismail Cüneyt Güzey
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Østmarka, Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Einar Vedul-Kjelsås
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Wang
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Care, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
| | - Jørn Heggelund
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Østmarka, Division of Mental Health Care, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li L. Sensory Integration: Cross-Modal Communication Between the Olfactory and Visual Systems in Zebrafish. Chem Senses 2019; 44:351-356. [PMID: 31066902 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-modal sensory communication is an innate biological process that refers to the combination and/or interpretation of different types of sensory input in the brain. Often, this process conjugates with neural modulation, by which the neural signals that convey sensory information are adjusted, such as intensity, frequency, complexity, and/or novelty. Although the anatomic pathways involved in cross-modal sensory integration have been previously described, the course of development and the physiological roles of multisensory signaling integration in brain functions remain to be elucidated. In this article, I review some of the recent findings in sensory integration from research using the zebrafish models. In zebrafish, cross-modal sensory integration occurs between the olfactory and visual systems. It is mediated by the olfacto-retinal centrifugal (ORC) pathway, which originates from the terminalis nerve (TN) in the olfactory bulb and terminates in the neural retina. In the retina, the TNs synapse with the inner nuclear layer dopaminergic interplexiform cells (DA-IPCs). Through the ORC pathway, stimulation of the olfactory neurons alters the cellular activity of TNs and DA-IPCs, which in turn modulates retinal neural function and increases behavioral visual sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Apthorp D, Bolbecker AR, Bartolomeo LA, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Postural Sway Abnormalities in Schizotypal Personality Disorder. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:512-521. [PMID: 30376125 PMCID: PMC6483590 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Motor abnormalities are among the most robust findings in schizophrenia, and increasing evidence suggests they are a core feature of the disorder. Postural sway during balance tasks is a highly sensitive probe of sensorimotor systems including the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortices. Postural sway deficits are present in schizophrenia as well as groups at high risk for psychosis, suggesting altered postural control may be sensitive to the pathophysiological processes associated with risk and expression of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This study examined postural sway performance in schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). Individuals with SPD have attenuated psychotic symptoms and share genetic risk with schizophrenia but are usually free from antipsychotic medication and other illness confounds, making SPD useful for assessing candidate biomarkers. We measured postural sway using force plates in 27 individuals with SPD, 27 carefully matched controls, and 27 matched patients with schizophrenia. It was predicted that postural sway in the SPD group would fall intermediate to schizophrenia and controls. In all conditions (eyes open and closed, with feet together or apart), the SPD group swayed significantly more than the controls, as measured by path length and sway area. Moreover, the magnitude of the sway deficit was comparable in the SPD and schizophrenia groups. These findings suggest that postural sway measures may represent a sensorimotor biomarker of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Apthorp
- School of Psychology and Behavioural Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 61 2 6773 4316, fax: 61 2 6773 3820, e-mail:
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | | | - Brian F O’Donnell
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University Medical Centre, Bloomington, IN,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Motion energy analysis reveals altered body movement in youth at risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2018; 200:35-41. [PMID: 28587814 PMCID: PMC5712481 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggests that movement abnormalities occur prior to the onset of psychosis. Innovations in technology and software provide the opportunity for a fine-tuned and sensitive measurement of observable behavior that may be particularly useful to detecting the subtle movement aberrations present during the prodromal period. METHODS In the present study, 54 youth at ultrahigh risk (UHR) for psychosis and 62 healthy controls participated in structured clinical interviews to assess for an UHR syndrome. The initial 15min of the baseline clinical interview was assessed using Motion Energy Analysis (MEA) providing frame-by-frame measures of total movement, amplitude, speed, and variability of both head and body movement separately. RESULTS Result showed region-specific group differences such that there were no differences in head movement but significant differences in body movement. Specifically, the UHR group showed greater total body movement and speed of body movements, and lower variation in body movement compared to healthy controls. However, there were no significant associations with positive, negative or disorganized symptom domains. CONCLUSION This study represents an innovative perspective on gross motor function in the UHR group. Importantly, the automated approach used in this study provides a sensitive and objective measure of body movement abnormalities, potentially guiding novel assessment and prevention of symptom development in those at risk for psychosis.
Collapse
|
25
|
Bolbecker AR, Apthorp D, Martin AS, Tahayori B, Moravec L, Gomez KL, O’Donnell BF, Newman SD, Hetrick WP. Disturbances of postural sway components in cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 190:54-61. [PMID: 29983392 PMCID: PMC7185833 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A prominent effect of acute cannabis use is impaired motor coordination and driving performance. However, few studies have evaluated balance in chronic cannabis users, even though density of the CB1 receptor, which mediates the psychoactive effects of cannabis, is extremely high in brain regions critically involved in this fundamental behavior. The present study measured postural sway in regular cannabis users and used rambling and trembling analysis to quantify the integrity of central and peripheral nervous system contributions to the sway signal. METHODS Postural sway was measured in 42 regular cannabis users (CB group) and 36 non-cannabis users (N-CB group) by asking participants to stand as still as possible on a force platform in the presence and absence of motor and sensory challenges. Center of pressure (COP) path length was measured, and the COP signal was decomposed into rambling and trembling components. Exploratory correlational analyses were conducted between sway variables, cannabis use history, and neurocognitive function. RESULTS The CB group had significantly increased path length and increased trembling in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction. Exploratory correlational analyses suggested that AP rambling was significantly inversely associated with visuo-motor processing speed. DISCUSSION Regular cannabis use is associated with increased postural sway, and this appears to be predominantly due to the trembling component, which is believed to reflect the peripheral nervous system's contribution to the sway signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Bolbecker
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Dept. of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States,School of Psychology and Behavioural Science, University of New England, NSW, Australia,Corresponding author at: Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. Tenth St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States. (A.R. Bolbecker)
| | - Deborah Apthorp
- School of Psychology and Behavioural Science, University of New England, NSW, Australia,Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Behdad Tahayori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Leah Moravec
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Karen L. Gomez
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Brian F. O’Donnell
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Dept. of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sharlene D. Newman
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - William P. Hetrick
- Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States,Dept. of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
High CM, McHugh HF, Mills SC, Amano S, Freund JE, Vallabhajosula S. Vibrotactile Feedback Alters Dynamics Of Static Postural Control In Persons With Parkinson's Disease But Not Older Adults At High Fall Risk. Gait Posture 2018; 63:202-207. [PMID: 29772496 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging and Parkinson's disease are often associated with impaired postural control. Providing extrinsic feedback via vibrotactile sensation could supplement intrinsic feedback to maintain postural control. RESEARCH QUESTION We investigated the postural control response to vibrotactile feedback provided at the trunk during challenging stance conditions in older adults at high fall risk and individuals with Parkinson's disease compared to healthy older adults. METHODS Nine older adults at high fall risk, 9 persons with Parkinson's disease and 10 healthy older adults performed 30s quiet standing on a force platform under five challenging stance conditions with eyes open/closed and standing on firm/foam surface with feet together, each with and without vibrotactile feedback. During vibrotactile feedback trials, feedback was provided when participants swayed >10% over the center of their base of support. Participants were instructed vibrations would be in response to their movement. Magnitude of postural sway was estimated using center of pressure path length, velocity, and sway area. Dynamics of individuals' postural control was evaluated using detrended fluctuation analysis. RESULTS Results showed that vibrotactile feedback induced a change in postural control dynamics among persons with Parkinson's disease when standing with intact intrinsic visual input and altered intrinsic somatosensory input, but there was no change in sway magnitude. However, use of vibrotactile feedback did not significantly alter dynamics of postural control in older adults with high risk of falling or reduce the magnitude of sway. SIGNIFICANCE Considering the effects of vibrotactile feedback were dependent on the population and stance condition, designing an optimal therapeutic regimen for balance training should be carefully considered and be specific to a target population. Furthermore, our results suggest that explicit instructions on how to respond to the vibrotactile feedback could affect training outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh M High
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
| | - Hannah F McHugh
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
| | - Stephen C Mills
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
| | - Shinichi Amano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane E Freund
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mittal VA, Bernard JA, Northoff G. What Can Different Motor Circuits Tell Us About Psychosis? An RDoC Perspective. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:949-955. [PMID: 28911048 PMCID: PMC5581904 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Signs of motor dysfunction are evidenced across a range of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Historically, these features have been neglected but emerging theoretical and methodological advancements have shed new light on the utility of considering movement abnormalities. Indeed, the National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria initiative has recently met to develop a Motor Systems Domain. This reflects a growing appreciation for the enhanced reliability and validity that can come along with evaluating disturbances relevant to psychiatric illnesses from multiple levels of analysis, and conceptualizing these domains with respect to the complexity of their role in a broader integrated system (ie, weighing contributions and interactions between the cognitive, affective, and motor domains). This article discusses motor behaviors and seeks to explain how research into basal ganglia, cerebellar, and cortico-motor circuit function/dysfunction, grounded in brain circuit-motor behavior relationships, can elucidate our understanding of pathophysiology, provide vital links to other key systems of interest, significantly improve identification and classification, and drive development of targeted individualized treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Policy Research, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL;,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, US; e-mail:
| | - Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Georg Northoff
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada;,Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China;,Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China;,Centre for Brain and Consciousness, College for Humanities and Medicine, Taipei Medical University (TMU), Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shafer RL, Newell KM, Lewis MH, Bodfish JW. A Cohesive Framework for Motor Stereotypy in Typical and Atypical Development: The Role of Sensorimotor Integration. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:19. [PMID: 28890690 PMCID: PMC5575145 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotyped motor behavior manifests as rhythmic, repetitive movements. It is common in several neurologic and psychiatric disorders where it is considered maladaptive. However, it also occurs early in typical development where it serves an adaptive function in the development of complex, controlled motor behavior. Currently, no framework accounts for both adaptive and maladaptive forms of motor stereotypy. We propose a conceptual model that implicates sensorimotor mechanisms in the phenomenology of adaptive and maladaptive stereotypy. The extensive structural and functional connectivity between sensory and motor neural circuits evidences the importance of sensory integration in the production of controlled movement. In support of our model, motor stereotypy in normative development occurs when the sensory and motor brain regions are immature and the infant has limited sensory and motor experience. With maturation and experience, complex movements develop and replace simple, stereotyped movements. This developmental increase in motor complexity depends on the availability of sensory feedback indicating that the integration of sensory information with ongoing movement allows individuals to adaptively cater their movements to the environmental context. In atypical development, altered neural function of sensorimotor circuitry may limit an individual's ability to integrate sensory feedback to adapt movements to appropriately respond to environmental conditions. Consequently, the motor repertoire would remain relatively simple, resulting in the persistence of motor stereotypy. A framework that considers motor stereotypy as a manifestation of low motor complexity resulting from poor sensorimotor integration has many implications for research, identification and treatment of motor stereotypy in a variety of developmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Shafer
- Vanderbilt Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, United States
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, United States
| | - Mark H Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - James W Bodfish
- Vanderbilt Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, United States.,Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
van Harten PN, Walther S, Kent JS, Sponheim SR, Mittal VA. The clinical and prognostic value of motor abnormalities in psychosis, and the importance of instrumental assessment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:476-487. [PMID: 28711662 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Motor abnormalities comprise several clinical signs intrinsic to psychosis. Critically, these features are of prognostic value in individuals at-risk for psychosis, and for those in early stages of psychotic disorders. Motor abnormalities such as tremor, rigidity, and neurological soft signs often go unrecognized. Currently, advances in this area are limited by a paucity of theoretical conceptions categorizing or linking these behaviours to underlying neurobiology affected in psychosis. However, emerging technological advances have significantly improved the ability to detect and assess motor abnormalities with objective instruments in a timely and reliable manner. Further, converging evidence has laid the groundwork for theoretically and empirically derived categorization and conceptualization. This review summarizes these advances, stressing the importance of motor abnormalities for understanding vulnerability across different stages of psychosis and introducing these innovative instrumental approaches. Patients, researchers and clinicians will benefit from these new developments, as better assessment aids the development of targeted interventions to ultimately improve the care for individuals experiencing psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter N van Harten
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Psychiatric Centre GGz Central, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
| | - Sebastian Walther
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Vijay A Mittal
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Policy Research, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Evanston/Chicago, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bernard JA, Goen JRM, Maldonado T. A case for motor network contributions to schizophrenia symptoms: Evidence from resting-state connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4535-4545. [PMID: 28603856 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Though schizophrenia (SCZ) is classically defined based on positive symptoms and the negative symptoms of the disease prove to be debilitating for many patients, motor deficits are often present as well. A growing literature highlights the importance of motor systems and networks in the disease, and it may be the case that dysfunction in motor networks relates to the pathophysiology and etiology of SCZ. To test this and build upon recent work in SCZ and in at-risk populations, we investigated cortical and cerebellar motor functional networks at rest in SCZ and controls using publically available data. We analyzed data from 82 patients and 88 controls. We found key group differences in resting-state connectivity patterns that highlight dysfunction in motor circuits and also implicate the thalamus. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in SCZ, these resting-state networks are related to both positive and negative symptom severity. Though the ventral prefrontal cortex and corticostriatal pathways more broadly have been implicated in negative symptom severity, here we extend these findings to include motor-striatal connections, as increased connectivity between the primary motor cortex and basal ganglia was associated with more severe negative symptoms. Together, these findings implicate motor networks in the symptomatology of psychosis, and we speculate that these networks may be contributing to the etiology of the disease. Overt motor deficits in SCZ may signal underlying network dysfunction that contributes to the overall disease state. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4535-4545, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, Texas.,Texas A&M University Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Texas
| | | | - Ted Maldonado
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Térémetz M, Carment L, Brénugat-Herne L, Croca M, Bleton JP, Krebs MO, Maier MA, Amado I, Lindberg PG. Manual Dexterity in Schizophrenia-A Neglected Clinical Marker? Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:120. [PMID: 28740470 PMCID: PMC5502278 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired manual dexterity is commonly observed in schizophrenia. However, a quantitative description of key sensorimotor components contributing to impaired dexterity is lacking. Whether the key components of dexterity are differentially affected and how they relate to clinical characteristics also remains unclear. We quantified the degree of dexterity in 35 stabilized patients with schizophrenia and in 20 age-matched control subjects using four visuomotor tasks: (i) force tracking to quantify visuomotor precision, (ii) sequential finger tapping to measure motor sequence recall, (iii) single-finger tapping to assess temporal regularity, and (iv) multi-finger tapping to measure independence of finger movements. Diverse clinical and neuropsychological tests were also applied. A patient subgroup (N = 15) participated in a 14-week cognitive remediation protocol and was assessed before and after remediation. Compared to control subjects, patients with schizophrenia showed greater error in force tracking, poorer recall of tapping sequences, decreased tapping regularity, and reduced degree of finger individuation. A composite performance measure discriminated patients from controls with sensitivity = 0.79 and specificity = 0.9. Aside from force-tracking error, no other dexterity components correlated with antipsychotic medication. In patients, some dexterity components correlated with neurological soft signs, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), or neuropsychological scores. This suggests differential cognitive contributions to these components. Cognitive remediation lead to significant improvement in PANSS, tracking error, and sequence recall (without change in medication). These findings show that multiple aspects of sensorimotor control contribute to impaired manual dexterity in schizophrenia. Only visuomotor precision was related to antipsychotic medication. Good diagnostic accuracy and responsiveness to treatment suggest that manual dexterity may represent a useful clinical marker in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Térémetz
- FR3636, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Carment
- FR3636, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lindsay Brénugat-Herne
- SHU, Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.,INSERM U894, GDR3557 Psychiatrie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marta Croca
- SHU, Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.,INSERM U894, GDR3557 Psychiatrie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- SHU, Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.,INSERM U894, GDR3557 Psychiatrie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc A Maier
- FR3636, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Amado
- SHU, Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.,INSERM U894, GDR3557 Psychiatrie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Påvel G Lindberg
- FR3636, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM U894, GDR3557 Psychiatrie, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chang M, Womer FY, Bai C, Zhou Q, Wei S, Jiang X, Geng H, Zhou Y, Tang Y, Wang F. Voxel-Based Morphometry in Individuals at Genetic High Risk for Schizophrenia and Patients with Schizophrenia during Their First Episode of Psychosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163749. [PMID: 27723806 PMCID: PMC5056757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding morphologic changes in vulnerable and early disease state of schizophrenia (SZ) may provide further insight into the development of psychosis. METHOD Whole brain voxel-based morphometry was performed to identify gray matter (GM) regional differences in 60 individuals with SZ during their first psychotic episode (FE-SZ), 31 individuals at genetic high risk for SZ (GHR-SZ) individuals, and 71 healthy controls. RESULTS Significant differences were found in several regions including the prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, occipital lobe, and cerebellum among the three groups (p<0.05, corrected). Compared to the HC group, the FE-SZ group had significantly decreased GM volumes in several regions including the cerebellum, hippocampus, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri and significantly increased GM volumes in the middle frontal gyrus and inferior operculum frontal gyrus (p<0.05). The GHR-SZ group had significant decreases in GM volumes in the supramaginal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and rolandic operculum and significant increases in GM volumes in the cerebellum, fusiform gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior operculum frontal gyrus, and superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri when compared to the HC group (p<0.05). Compared to the GHR-SZ group, the FE-SZ group had significant decreases in GM volumes in several regions including the cerebellum, fusiform gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings herein implicate the involvement of multisensory integration in SZ development and pathophysiology. Additionally, the patterns of observed differences suggest possible indicators of disease, vulnerability, and resiliency in SZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Fay Y. Womer
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Chuan Bai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shengnan Wei
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Haiyang Geng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yifang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Teng YL, Chen CL, Lou SZ, Wang WT, Wu JY, Ma HI, Chen VCH. Postural Stability of Patients with Schizophrenia during Challenging Sensory Conditions: Implication of Sensory Integration for Postural Control. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158219. [PMID: 27355830 PMCID: PMC4927090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Postural dysfunctions are prevalent in patients with schizophrenia and affect their daily life and ability to work. In addition, sensory functions and sensory integration that are crucial for postural control are also compromised. This study intended to examine how patients with schizophrenia coordinate multiple sensory systems to maintain postural stability in dynamic sensory conditions. Twenty-nine patients with schizophrenia and 32 control subjects were recruited. Postural stability of the participants was examined in six sensory conditions of different level of congruency of multiple sensory information, which was based on combinations of correct, removed, or conflicting sensory inputs from visual, somatosensory, and vestibular systems. The excursion of the center of pressure was measured by posturography. Equilibrium scores were derived to indicate the range of anterior-posterior (AP) postural sway, and sensory ratios were calculated to explore ability to use sensory information to maintain balance. The overall AP postural sway was significantly larger for patients with schizophrenia compared to the controls [patients (69.62±8.99); controls (76.53±7.47); t1,59 = -3.28, p<0.001]. The results of mixed-model ANOVAs showed a significant interaction between the group and sensory conditions [F5,295 = 5.55, p<0.001]. Further analysis indicated that AP postural sway was significantly larger for patients compared to the controls in conditions containing unreliable somatosensory information either with visual deprivation or with conflicting visual information. Sensory ratios were not significantly different between groups, although small and non-significant difference in inefficiency to utilize vestibular information was also noted. No significant correlations were found between postural stability and clinical characteristics. To sum up, patients with schizophrenia showed increased postural sway and a higher rate of falls during challenging sensory conditions, which was independent of clinical characteristics. Patients further demonstrated similar pattern and level of utilizing sensory information to maintain balance compared to the controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Teng
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Occupational Therapy Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ling Chen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Occupational Therapy Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Zon Lou
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Tsan Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Cen-Der Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yen Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ing Ma
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Vincent Chin-Hung Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital & Chang Gung University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Giersch A, Lalanne L, Isope P. Implicit Timing as the Missing Link between Neurobiological and Self Disorders in Schizophrenia? Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:303. [PMID: 27378893 PMCID: PMC4913093 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of consciousness and the self are at the forefront of schizophrenia symptomatology. Patients are impaired in feeling themselves as the authors of their thoughts and actions. In addition, their flow of consciousness is disrupted, and thought fragmentation has been suggested to be involved in the patients' difficulties in feeling as being one unique, unchanging self across time. Both impairments are related to self disorders, and both have been investigated at the experimental level. Here we review evidence that both mechanisms of motor control and the temporal structure of signal processing are impaired in schizophrenia patients. Based on this review, we propose that the sequencing of action and perception plays a key role in the patients' impairments. Furthermore, the millisecond time scale of the disorders, as well as the impaired sequencing, highlights the cooperation between brain networks including the cerebellum, as proposed by Andreasen (1999). We examine this possibility in the light of recent knowledge on the anatomical and physiological properties of the cerebellum, its role in timing, and its involvement in known physiological impairments in patients with schizophrenia, e.g., resting states and brain dynamics. A disruption in communication between networks involving the cerebellum, related to known impairments in dopamine, glutamate and GABA transmission, may help to better explain why patients experience reduced attunement with the external world and possibly with themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Giersch
- Department of Psychiatry, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Lalanne
- Department of Psychiatry, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences (INCI), CNRS UPR 3212, Strasbourg University Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nguyen J, Majmudar U, Papathomas TV, Silverstein SM, Torres EB. Schizophrenia: The micro-movements perspective. Neuropsychologia 2016; 85:310-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
36
|
Ikai S, Uchida H, Suzuki T, Tsunoda K, Fujii Y, Mimura M. Postural sway and flexibility in patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: A cross-sectional study. Asian J Psychiatr 2016; 19:14-8. [PMID: 26957329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated bodily balance is necessary to prevent falls, where postural sway and/or body inflexibility should be relevant. We aimed to assess postural sway and flexibility in patients with schizophrenia and identify clinical characteristics. Postural sway (length and range of trunk motion, and Romberg ratio) and flexibility (anteflexion in sitting) were measured in schizophrenia. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Drug Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS) were used for the assessment of psychopathology and extrapyramidal symptoms, respectively. Characteristics associated with postural sway and flexibility were examined with regression analysis. A total of 100 patients (68 men, mean ± S.D. age: 49.3 ± 13.8 years, PANSS score: 83.4 ± 15.1, DIEPSS score: 2.2 ± 2.2) participated in this study. The anteflexion in sitting was not significantly correlated with length of trunk motion, range of trunk motion, or Romberg ratio. Postural instability was associated with higher DIEPSS overall severity score and PANSS positive symptoms. A significant correlation was also found between less flexibility and increased PANSS negative symptoms. In conclusion, flexibility and postural stability might be regarded as separate elements of physical fitness in schizophrenia. Prospective exercise intervention would be worthy of investigation to enhance postural stability and flexibility in an effort to prevent falls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Ikai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1001, Queen St W, Toronto, ON, Canada M6 J 1H4
| | - Takefumi Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Inokashira Hospital, 181-0012, 4-14-1, Kamirenjaku, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsunoda
- Department of Psychiatry, Minamihanno Hospital, 357-0042, 415, Soya, Hanno, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Fujii
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Yamanashi Prefectural Kita Hospital, 407-0046, 3314-13, Kamijo Minamiwari Asahi-machi, Nirasaki, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Postural instability is a feature that is frequently observed in patients with psychotic disorders. Previous studies applied rating scales or behavioral test to assess postural instabilities. Recently, a pressure-sensitive platform has been used to study detailed characteristics of postural sway and regulation. However, characteristics of posturography indices in patients with psychotic disorders have not been well documented. To integrate the findings from studies that assessed postural sway using posturography in patients with psychotic disorders, we conducted a systematic review. Following database literature search, we identified nine eligible articles. Assessment conditions and indices of postural stability varied between studies. Postural control was associated with negative and general psychopathology in two studies. Two studies reported associations between posturographic variables and medication dose, whereas four studies reported no associations. This review identified the need to develop standards to assess postural sway in patients with psychiatric disorders. Further studies need to report associations between postural sway and confounding factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruo Fujino
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan.
| | - Osamu Imura
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abnormal white matter integrity in antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis patients assessed by a DTI principal component analysis. Schizophr Res 2015; 162:14-21. [PMID: 25620120 PMCID: PMC4339463 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in patients with schizophrenia have shown abnormalities in the microstructure of white matter tracts. Specifically, reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) has been described across multiple white matter tracts, in studies that have mainly included patients treated with antipsychotic medications. OBJECTIVE To compare FA in antipsychotic-naïve patients experiencing a first episode of psychosis (FEP) to FA in healthy controls to demonstrate that the variance of FA can be grouped, in a coincidental manner, in four predetermined factors in accordance with a theoretical partition of the white matter tracts, using a principal components analysis (PCA). METHODS Thirty-five antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients and 35 age- and gender-matched healthy controls underwent DTI at 3T. Analysis was performed using a tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) method and exploratory PCA. RESULTS DTI analysis showed extensive FA reduction in white matter tracts in FEP patients compared with the control group. The PCA grouped the white matter tracts into four factors explaining 66% of the total variance. Comparison of the FA values within each factor highlighted the differences between FEP patients and controls. DISCUSSION Our study confirms extensive white matter tracts anomalies in patients with schizophrenia, more specifically, in drug-naïve FEP patients. The results also indicate that a small number of white matter tracts share common FA anomalies that relate to deficit symptoms in FEP patients. Our study adds to a growing body of literature emphasizing the need for treatments targeting white matter function and structure in FEP patients.
Collapse
|
39
|
Matsuura Y, Fujino H, Hashimoto R, Yasuda Y, Yamamori H, Ohi K, Takeda M, Imura O. Standing postural instability in patients with schizophrenia: Relationships with psychiatric symptoms, anxiety, and the use of neuroleptic medications. Gait Posture 2015; 41:847-51. [PMID: 25813604 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess postural instability in patients with schizophrenia using a pressure-sensitive platform and to examine the effects of anxiety, psychiatric symptoms, and the use of neuroleptic medications on postural sway. Participants were 23 patients with schizophrenia and 23 healthy controls. We found that the patients showed greater overall postural instability than the controls. Furthermore, they demonstrated greater instability when the test was performed with the eyes closed than with the eyes open. However, removal of visual input had less impact on the indices of postural instability in the patients than in the controls, suggesting that schizophrenia is associated with difficulties in integrating visual information and proprioceptive signals. Furthermore, in contrast to the controls, anxiety exacerbated postural instability in the patients. There were significant associations between postural stability and psychiatric symptoms in the patients without extrapyramidal symptoms, whereas medication dose did not significantly correlate with postural stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Matsuura
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Haruo Fujino
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan; Department of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, D3, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan
| | - Osamu Imura
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, 1-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dean DJ, Kent JS, Bernard JA, Orr JM, Gupta T, Pelletier-Baldelli A, Carol EE, Mittal VA. Increased postural sway predicts negative symptom progression in youth at ultrahigh risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2015; 162:86-9. [PMID: 25601361 PMCID: PMC4339540 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Impaired ability to maintain an upright posture may reflect impairment in the cerebellum, a critical structure for the fluid coordination of neural information, thought to be disrupted in psychosis. The current study utilized an instrumental measure of posture in individuals at ultrahigh risk (UHR) for psychosis (n=43) and healthy controls (n=44). Positive and negative symptoms were assessed twice over 12months. Results showed that increased postural sway in the UHR group predicted changes in negative symptoms. This study provides an important prospective view on the relationship between cerebellar-sensitive behavior and integral symptoms, which until now has received limited biomarker research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Dean
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Jerillyn S Kent
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joseph M Orr
- Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tina Gupta
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrea Pelletier-Baldelli
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Emily E Carol
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Park SJ, Lee JY, Kim SJ, Choi SY, Yune TY, Ryu JH. Toll-like receptor-2 deficiency induces schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8502. [PMID: 25687169 PMCID: PMC4330527 DOI: 10.1038/srep08502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the immune system contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Here, we demonstrated that toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, a family of pattern-recognition receptors, is involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia-like symptoms. Psychotic symptoms such as hyperlocomotion, anxiolytic-like behaviors, prepulse inhibition deficits, social withdrawal, and cognitive impairments were observed in TLR-2 knock-out (KO) mice. Ventricle enlargement, a hallmark of schizophrenia, was also observed in TLR-2 KO mouse brains. Levels of p-Akt and p-GSK-3α/β were markedly higher in the brain of TLR-2 KO than wild-type (WT) mice. Antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol or clozapine reversed behavioral and biochemical alterations in TLR-2 KO mice. Furthermore, p-Akt and p-GSK-3α/β were decreased by treatment with a TLR-2 ligand, lipoteichoic acid, in WT mice. Thus, our data suggest that the dysregulation of the innate immune system by a TLR-2 deficiency may contribute to the development and/or pathophysiology of schizophrenia-like behaviors via Akt-GSK-3α/β signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Park
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jee Youn Lee
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Tae Young Yune
- 1] Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- 1] Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea [2] Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yang AC, Hong CJ, Liou YJ, Huang KL, Huang CC, Liu ME, Lo MT, Huang NE, Peng CK, Lin CP, Tsai SJ. Decreased resting-state brain activity complexity in schizophrenia characterized by both increased regularity and randomness. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2174-86. [PMID: 25664834 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by heterogeneous pathophysiology. Using multiscale entropy (MSE) analysis, which enables capturing complex dynamics of time series, we characterized MSE patterns of blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals across different time scales and determined whether BOLD activity in patients with schizophrenia exhibits increased complexity (increased entropy in all time scales), decreased complexity toward regularity (decreased entropy in all time scales), or decreased complexity toward uncorrelated randomness (high entropy in short time scales followed by decayed entropy as the time scale increases). We recruited 105 patients with schizophrenia with an age of onset between 18 and 35 years and 210 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers. Results showed that MSE of BOLD signals in patients with schizophrenia exhibited two routes of decreased BOLD complexity toward either regular or random patterns. Reduced BOLD complexity toward regular patterns was observed in the cerebellum and temporal, middle, and superior frontal regions, and reduced BOLD complexity toward randomness was observed extensively in the inferior frontal, occipital, and postcentral cortices as well as in the insula and middle cingulum. Furthermore, we determined that the two types of complexity change were associated differently with psychopathology; specifically, the regular type of BOLD complexity change was associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia, whereas the randomness type of BOLD complexity was associated with negative symptoms of the illness. These results collectively suggested that resting-state dynamics in schizophrenia exhibit two routes of pathologic change toward regular or random patterns, which contribute to the differences in syndrome domains of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Dynamical Biomarkers and Translational Medicine, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan; Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sá F, Marques A, Rocha NBF, Trigueiro MJ, Campos C, Schröder J. Kinematic parameters of throwing performance in patients with schizophrenia using a markerless motion capture system. Somatosens Mot Res 2014; 32:77-86. [PMID: 25365543 DOI: 10.3109/08990220.2014.969838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Motor dysfunction is consistently reported but understudied in schizophrenia. It has been hypothesized that this abnormality may reflect a neuro-developmental disorder underlying this illness. The main goal of this study was to analyze movement patterns used by participants with schizophrenia and healthy controls during overarm throwing performance, using a markerless motion capture system. Thirteen schizophrenia patients and 16 healthy control patients performed the overarm throwing task in a markerless motion capture system. Participants were also examined for the presence of motor neurological soft signs (mNSS) using the Brief Motor Scale. Schizophrenia patients demonstrated a less developed movement pattern with low individualization of components compared to healthy controls. The schizophrenia group also displayed a higher incidence of mNSS. The presence of a less mature movement pattern can be an indicator of neuro-immaturity and a marker for atypical neurological development in schizophrenia. Our findings support the understanding of motor dysfunction as an intrinsic part of the disorder of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Sá
- Polytechnic Institute of Porto, School of Allied Health Sciences , Porto , Portugal and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bernard JA, Mittal VA. Dysfunctional Activation of the Cerebellum in Schizophrenia: A Functional Neuroimaging Meta-Analysis. Clin Psychol Sci 2014; 3:545-566. [PMID: 26392921 DOI: 10.1177/2167702614542463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive dysmetria framework postulates that the deficits seen in schizophrenia are due to underlying cerebello-thalamo-cortical dysfunction. The cerebellum is thought to be crucial in the formation of internal models for both motor and cognitive behaviors. In healthy individuals there is a functional topography within the cerebellum. Alterations in the functional topography and activation of the cerebellum in schizophrenia patients may be indicative of altered internal models, providing support for this framework. Using state-of-the-art neuroimaging meta-analysis, we investigated cerebellar activation across a variety of task domains affected in schizophrenia and in comparison to healthy controls. Our results indicate an altered functional topography in patients. This was especially apparent for emotion and working memory tasks, and may be related to deficits in these domains. Results suggest that an altered cerebellar functional topography in schizophrenia may be contributing to the many deficits associated with the disease, perhaps due to dysfunctional internal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA ; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bernard JA, Dean DJ, Kent JS, Orr JM, Pelletier-Baldelli A, Lunsford-Avery JR, Gupta T, Mittal VA. Cerebellar networks in individuals at ultra high-risk of psychosis: impact on postural sway and symptom severity. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:4064-78. [PMID: 24464473 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite known deficits in postural control in patients with schizophrenia, this domain has not been investigated in youth at ultra high-risk (UHR) for psychosis. This is particularly relevant as postural control implicates dysfunction in the cerebellum-a region implicated in cognitive dysmetria conceptions of schizophrenia but poorly understood in the prodrome. Here, we extended our understanding of movement abnormalities in UHR individuals to include postural control, and have linked these deficits to both symptom severity and cerebello-cortical network connectivity. UHR and healthy control participants completed an instrumentally based balance task to quantify postural control along with a resting state brain imaging scan to investigate cerebellar networks. We also quantified positive and negative symptom severity with structured clinical interviews. The UHR group showed overall increased postural sway and decreased cerebello-cortical resting state connectivity, relative to controls. The decreased cerebello-cortical connectivity was seen across multiple networks. Postural sway was also correlated with cerebellar connectivity in this population and uniquely positively correlated with the severity of negative symptoms. Finally, symptom severity was also associated with cerebellar connectivity. Together, our results point to a potential deficit in sensory integration as an underlying contributor to the increased postural sway, and provide evidence of cerebellar abnormalities in UHR individuals. These results extend our understanding of the motor abnormalities of UHR individuals beyond striatum-based dyskinesias to include postural control and sensory integration deficits, and implicate the cerebellum as a distinct neural substrate preceding the onset of psychosis. Taken together, our results extend the cognitive dysmetria framework to UHR populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bernard JA, Mittal VA. Cerebellar-motor dysfunction in schizophrenia and psychosis-risk: the importance of regional cerebellar analysis approaches. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:160. [PMID: 25505424 PMCID: PMC4243486 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia and those at-risk for psychosis are well documented. An accumulating body of work has also highlighted motor abnormalities related to cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia including eye-blink conditioning, timing, postural control, and motor learning. We have also recently found evidence for motor dysfunction in individuals at ultra high-risk for psychosis (1-3). This is particularly relevant as the cerebellum is thought to be central to the cognitive dysmetria model of schizophrenia, and these overt motor signs may point to more general cerebellar dysfunction in the etiology of psychotic disorders. While studies have provided evidence indicative of motor cerebellar dysfunction in at-risk populations and in schizophrenia, findings with respect to the cerebellum have been mixed. One factor potentially contributing to these mixed results is the whole-structure approach taken when investigating the cerebellum. In non-human primates, there are distinct closed-loop circuits between the cerebellum, thalamus, and brain with motor and non-motor cortical regions. Recent human neuroimaging has supported this finding and indicates that there is a cerebellar functional topography (4), and this information is being missed with whole-structure approaches. Here, we review cerebellar-motor dysfunction in individuals with schizophrenia and those at-risk for psychosis. We also discuss cerebellar abnormalities in psychosis, and the cerebellar functional topography. Because of the segregated functional regions of the cerebellum, we propose that it is important to look at the structure regionally in order to better understand its role in motor dysfunction in these populations. This is analogous to approaches taken with the basal ganglia, where each region is considered separately. Such an approach is necessary to better understand cerebellar pathophysiology on a macro-structural level with respect to the pathogenesis of psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, CO , USA
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, CO , USA ; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, CO , USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Levit-Binnun N, Davidovitch M, Golland Y. Sensory and motor secondary symptoms as indicators of brain vulnerability. J Neurodev Disord 2013; 5:26. [PMID: 24063566 PMCID: PMC3849186 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-5-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the primary symptoms that distinguish one disorder from the next, clinicians have identified, yet largely overlooked, another set of symptoms that appear across many disorders, termed secondary symptoms. In the emerging era of systems neuroscience, which highlights that many disorders share common deficits in global network features, the nonspecific nature of secondary symptoms should attract attention. Herein we provide a scholarly review of the literature on a subset of secondary symptoms––sensory and motor. We demonstrate that their pattern of appearance––across a wide range of psychopathologies, much before the full-blown disorder appears, and in healthy individuals who display a variety of negative symptoms––resembles the pattern of appearance of network abnormalities. We propose that sensory and motor secondary symptoms can be important indicators of underlying network aberrations and thus of vulnerable brain states putting individuals at risk for psychopathology following extreme circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nava Levit-Binnun
- Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Sagol Unit for Applied Neuroscience, School of Psychology, POB 167, Herzliya 46150, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chao CC, Karabanov AN, Paine R, Carolina de Campos A, Kukke SN, Wu T, Wang H, Hallett M. Induction of motor associative plasticity in the posterior parietal cortex-primary motor network. Cereb Cortex 2013; 25:365-73. [PMID: 23968834 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is anatomical and functional connectivity between the primary motor cortex (M1) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) that plays a role in sensorimotor integration. In this study, we applied corticocortical paired-associative stimuli to ipsilateral PPC and M1 (parietal ccPAS) in healthy right-handed subjects to test if this procedure could modulate M1 excitability and PPC-M1 connectivity. One hundred and eighty paired transcranial magnetic stimuli to the PPC and M1 at an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 8 ms were delivered at 0.2 Hz. We found that parietal ccPAS in the left hemisphere increased the excitability of conditioned left M1 assessed by motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and the input-output curve. Motor behavior assessed by the Purdue pegboard task was unchanged compared with controls. At baseline, conditioning stimuli over the left PPC potentiated MEPs from left M1 when ISI was 8 ms. This interaction significantly attenuated at 60 min after left parietal ccPAS. Additional experiments showed that parietal ccPAS induced plasticity was timing-dependent, was absent if ISI was 100 ms, and could also be seen in the right hemisphere. Our results suggest that parietal ccPAS can modulate M1 excitability and PPC-M1 connectivity and is a new approach to modify motor excitability and sensorimotor interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chao Chao
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Anke Ninija Karabanov
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre DK-2650, Denmark, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark and
| | - Rainer Paine
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke
| | - Ana Carolina de Campos
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke
| | - Sahana N Kukke
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke
| | - Tianxia Wu
- Centre for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke
| |
Collapse
|