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Rezq S, Huffman AM, Basnet J, Alsemeh AE, do Carmo JM, Yanes Cardozo LL, Romero DG. MicroRNA-21 modulates brown adipose tissue adipogenesis and thermogenesis in a mouse model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:53. [PMID: 38987854 PMCID: PMC11238487 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in premenopausal women, is associated with increased obesity, hyperandrogenism, and altered brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. MicroRNAs play critical functions in brown adipocyte differentiation and maintenance. We aim to study the role of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in altered energy homeostasis and BAT thermogenesis in a PCOS mouse model of peripubertal androgen exposure. METHODS Three-week-old miR-21 knockout (miR21KO) or wild-type (WT) female mice were treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or vehicle for 90 days. Body composition was determined by EchoMRI. Energy expenditure (EE), oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured by indirect calorimetry. Androgen receptor (AR), and markers of adipogenesis, de novo lipogenesis, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and thermogenesis were quantified by RT-qPCR and/or Western-blot. RESULTS MiR-21 ablation attenuated DHT-mediated increase in body weight while having no effect on fat or BAT mass. MiR-21 ablation attenuated DHT-mediated BAT AR upregulation. MiR-21 ablation did not alter EE; however, miR21KO DHT-treated mice have reduced VO2, VCO2, and RER. MiR-21 ablation reversed DHT-mediated decrease in food intake and increase in sleep time. MiR-21 ablation decreased some adipogenesis (Adipoq, Pparγ, and Cebpβ) and extracellular matrix remodeling (Mmp-9 and Timp-1) markers expression in DHT-treated mice. MiR-21 ablation abolished DHT-mediated increases in thermogenesis markers Cpt1a and Cpt1b, while decreasing CIDE-A expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that BAT miR-21 may play a role in regulating DHT-mediated thermogenic dysfunction in PCOS. Modulation of BAT miR-21 levels could be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of PCOS-associated metabolic derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Rezq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Alexandra M Huffman
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Jelina Basnet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Amira E Alsemeh
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Cardiorenal and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Licy L Yanes Cardozo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Damian G Romero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Lodge M, Scheidemantle G, Adams VR, Cottam MA, Richard D, Breuer D, Thompson P, Shrestha K, Liu X, Kennedy A. Fructose regulates the pentose phosphate pathway and induces an inflammatory and resolution phenotype in Kupffer cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4020. [PMID: 38369593 PMCID: PMC10874942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54272-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Over-consumption of fructose in adults and children has been linked to increased risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recent studies have highlighted the effect of fructose on liver inflammation, fibrosis, and immune cell activation. However, little work summarizes the direct impact of fructose on macrophage infiltration, phenotype, and function within the liver. We demonstrate that chronic fructose diet decreased Kupffer cell populations while increasing transitioning monocytes. In addition, fructose increased fibrotic gene expression of collagen 1 alpha 1 (Col1a1) and tissue metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (Timp1) as well as inflammatory gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfa) and expression of transmembrane glycoprotein NMB (Gpnmb) in liver tissue compared to glucose and control diets. Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) revealed fructose elevated expression of matrix metallopeptidase 12 (Mmp12), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (Il1rn), and radical S-adenosyl methionine domain (Rsad2) in liver and hepatic macrophages. In vitro studies using IMKC and J774.1 cells demonstrated decreased viability when exposed to fructose. Additionally, fructose increased Gpnmb, Tnfa, Mmp12, Il1rn, and Rsad2 in unpolarized IMKC. By mass spectrometry, C13 fructose tracing detected fructose metabolites in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Inhibition of the PPP further increased fructose induced Il6, Gpnmb, Mmp12, Il1rn, and Rsad2 in nonpolarized IMKC. Taken together, fructose decreases cell viability while upregulating resolution and anti-inflammatory associated genes in Kupffer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareca Lodge
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Grace Scheidemantle
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Victoria R Adams
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Matthew A Cottam
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Richard
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Denitra Breuer
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Peter Thompson
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kritika Shrestha
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Arion Kennedy
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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3
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Silver SV, Popovics P. The Multifaceted Role of Osteopontin in Prostate Pathologies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2895. [PMID: 38001899 PMCID: PMC10669591 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostate gland, located beneath the bladder and surrounding the proximal urethra in men, plays a vital role in reproductive physiology and sexual health. Despite its importance, the prostate is vulnerable to various pathologies, including prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). Osteopontin (OPN), a versatile protein involved in wound healing, inflammatory responses, and fibrotic diseases, has been implicated in all three prostate conditions. The role of OPN in prostatic pathophysiology, affecting both benign and malignant prostate conditions, is significant. Current evidence strongly suggests that OPN is expressed at a higher level in prostate cancer and promotes tumor progression and aggressiveness. Conversely, OPN is primarily secreted by macrophages and foam cells in benign prostate conditions and provokes inflammation and fibrosis. This review discusses the accumulating evidence on the role of OPN in prostatic diseases, cellular sources, and potential roles while also highlighting areas for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara V. Silver
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Petra Popovics
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA;
- Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
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4
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Jin J, Zhao Q, Wei Z, Chen K, Su Y, Hu X, Peng X. Glycolysis-cholesterol metabolic axis in immuno-oncology microenvironment: emerging role in immune cells and immunosuppressive signaling. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:189. [PMID: 37828561 PMCID: PMC10571292 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation and function require nutrients, energy, and biosynthesis activity to duplicate repertoires for each daughter. It is therefore not surprising that tumor microenvironment (TME) metabolic reprogramming primarily orchestrates the interaction between tumor and immune cells. Tumor metabolic reprogramming affords bioenergetic, signaling intermediates, and biosynthesis requirements for both malignant and immune cells. Different immune cell subsets are recruited into the TME, and these manifestations have distinct effects on tumor progression and therapeutic outcomes, especially the mutual contribution of glycolysis and cholesterol metabolism. In particularly, glycolysis-cholesterol metabolic axis interconnection plays a critical role in the TME modulation, and their changes in tumor metabolism appear to be a double-edged sword in regulating various immune cell responses and immunotherapy efficacy. Hence, we discussed the signature manifestation of the glycolysis-cholesterol metabolic axis and its pivotal role in tumor immune regulation. We also highlight how hypothetical combinations of immunotherapy and glycolysis/cholesterol-related metabolic interventions unleash the potential of anti-tumor immunotherapies, as well as developing more effective personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigong Wei
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keliang Chen
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonglin Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- Department of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xingchen Peng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Xu L, Liu W, Bai F, Xu Y, Liang X, Ma C, Gao L. Hepatic Macrophage as a Key Player in Fatty Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708978. [PMID: 34956171 PMCID: PMC8696173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver disease, characterized by excessive inflammation and lipid deposition, is becoming one of the most prevalent liver metabolic diseases worldwide owing to the increasing global incidence of obesity. However, the underlying mechanisms of fatty liver disease are poorly understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that hepatic macrophages, specifically Kupffer cells (KCs), act as key players in the progression of fatty liver disease. Thus, it is essential to examine the current evidence of the roles of hepatic macrophages (both KCs and monocyte-derived macrophages). In this review, we primarily address the heterogeneities and multiple patterns of hepatic macrophages participating in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NLRP3 inflammasome, lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity, metabolic reprogramming, interaction with surrounding cells in the liver, and iron poisoning. A better understanding of the diverse roles of hepatic macrophages in the development of fatty liver disease may provide a more specific and promising macrophage-targeting therapeutic strategy for inflammatory liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine Sciences, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fuxiang Bai
- Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Laboratory, Yueyang Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Yueyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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6
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Weiss HJ, Angiari S. Metabolite Transporters as Regulators of Immunity. Metabolites 2020; 10:E418. [PMID: 33086598 PMCID: PMC7603148 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the rise of immunometabolism has fundamentally reshaped the face of immunology. As the functions and properties of many (immuno)metabolites have now been well described, their exchange among cells and their environment have only recently sparked the interest of immunologists. While many metabolites bind specific receptors to induce signaling cascades, some are actively exchanged between cells to communicate, or induce metabolic reprograming. In this review, we give an overview about how active metabolite transport impacts immune cell function and shapes immunological responses. We present some examples of how specific transporters feed into metabolic pathways and initiate intracellular signaling events in immune cells. In particular, we focus on the role of metabolite transporters in the activation and effector functions of T cells and macrophages, as prototype adaptive and innate immune cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke J. Weiss
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland;
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7
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Valli A, Morotti M, Zois CE, Albers PK, Soga T, Feldinger K, Fischer R, Frejno M, McIntyre A, Bridges E, Haider S, Buffa FM, Baban D, Rodriguez M, Yanes O, Whittington HJ, Lake HA, Zervou S, Lygate CA, Kessler BM, Harris AL. Adaptation to HIF1α Deletion in Hypoxic Cancer Cells by Upregulation of GLUT14 and Creatine Metabolism. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1531-1544. [PMID: 30885992 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α is a key regulator of the hypoxia response in normal and cancer tissues. It is well recognized to regulate glycolysis and is a target for therapy. However, how tumor cells adapt to grow in the absence of HIF1α is poorly understood and an important concept to understand for developing targeted therapies is the flexibility of the metabolic response to hypoxia via alternative pathways. We analyzed pathways that allow cells to survive hypoxic stress in the absence of HIF1α, using the HCT116 colon cancer cell line with deleted HIF1α versus control. Spheroids were used to provide a 3D model of metabolic gradients. We conducted a metabolomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analysis and integrated the results. These showed surprisingly that in three-dimensional growth, a key regulatory step of glycolysis is Aldolase A rather than phosphofructokinase. Furthermore, glucose uptake could be maintained in hypoxia through upregulation of GLUT14, not previously recognized in this role. Finally, there was a marked adaptation and change of phosphocreatine energy pathways, which made the cells susceptible to inhibition of creatine metabolism in hypoxic conditions. Overall, our studies show a complex adaptation to hypoxia that can bypass HIF1α, but it is targetable and it provides new insight into the key metabolic pathways involved in cancer growth. IMPLICATIONS: Under hypoxia and HIF1 blockade, cancer cells adapt their energy metabolism via upregulation of the GLUT14 glucose transporter and creatine metabolism providing new avenues for drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Valli
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Morotti
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christos E Zois
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick K Albers
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Katharina Feldinger
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Frejno
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Bridges
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Haider
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca M Buffa
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dilair Baban
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Rodriguez
- Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders-CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Yanes
- Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders-CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hannah J Whittington
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah A Lake
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sevasti Zervou
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig A Lygate
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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8
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Hundertmark J, Krenkel O, Tacke F. Adapted Immune Responses of Myeloid-Derived Cells in Fatty Liver Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2418. [PMID: 30405618 PMCID: PMC6200865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be one of the most frequent chronic liver diseases worldwide and is associated with an increased risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic macrophages, mainly comprising monocyte derived macrophages and tissue resident Kupffer cells, are characterized by a high diversity and plasticity and act as key regulators during NAFLD progression, in conjunction with other infiltrating myeloid cells like neutrophils or dendritic cells. The activation and polarization of myeloid immune cells is influenced by dietary components, inflammatory signals like danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or cytokines as well as gut-derived inflammatory factors such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The functionality of myeloid leukocytes in the liver is directly linked to their inflammatory polarization, which is shaped by local and systemic inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, PAMPs, and DAMPs. These environmental signals provoke intracellular adaptations in myeloid cells, including inflammasome and transcription factor activation, inflammatory signaling pathways, or switches in cellular metabolism. Dietary changes and obesity also promote a dysbalance in intestinal microbiota, which can facilitate intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation. The aim of this review is to highlight recent findings on the activating pathways of innate immune cells during the progression of NAFLD, dissecting local hepatic and systemic signals, dietary and metabolic factors as well as pathways of the gut-liver axis. Understanding the mechanism by which plasticity of myeloid-derived leukocytes is related to metabolic changes and NAFLD progression may provide options for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Hundertmark
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Krenkel
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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9
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Bories GFP, Leitinger N. Macrophage metabolism in atherosclerosis. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3042-3060. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gael F. P. Bories
- Department of Pharmacology and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center; University of Virginia; Charlottsville VA USA
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center; University of Virginia; Charlottsville VA USA
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10
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Rahman MS, Murphy AJ, Woollard KJ. Effects of dyslipidaemia on monocyte production and function in cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14:387-400. [PMID: 28300081 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are heterogeneous effector cells involved in the maintenance and restoration of tissue integrity. Monocytes and macrophages are involved in cardiovascular disease progression, and are associated with the development of unstable atherosclerotic plaques. Hyperlipidaemia can accelerate cardiovascular disease progression. However, monocyte responses to hyperlipidaemia are poorly understood. In the past decade, accumulating data describe the relationship between the dynamic blood lipid environment and the heterogeneous circulating monocyte pool, which might have profound consequences for cardiovascular disease. In this Review, we explore the updated view of monocytes in cardiovascular disease and their relationship with macrophages in promoting the homeostatic and inflammatory responses related to atherosclerosis. We describe the different definitions of dyslipidaemia, highlight current theories on the ontogeny of monocyte heterogeneity, discuss how dyslipidaemia might alter monocyte production, and explore the mechanistic interface linking dyslipidaemia with monocyte effector functions, such as migration and the inflammatory response. Finally, we discuss the role of dietary and endogenous lipid species in mediating dyslipidaemic responses, and the role of these lipids in promoting the risk of cardiovascular disease through modulation of monocyte behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shamim Rahman
- Renal &Vascular Inflammation Section, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Haematopoiesis and Leukocyte Biology Lab, Baker IDI Heart &Diabetes Research Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Kevin J Woollard
- Renal &Vascular Inflammation Section, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Kuang R, Jahangiri A, Mascharak S, Nguyen A, Chandra A, Flanigan PM, Yagnik G, Wagner JR, De Lay M, Carrera D, Castro BA, Hayes J, Sidorov M, Garcia JLI, Eriksson P, Ronen S, Phillips J, Molinaro A, Koliwad S, Aghi MK. GLUT3 upregulation promotes metabolic reprogramming associated with antiangiogenic therapy resistance. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e88815. [PMID: 28138554 PMCID: PMC5256137 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials revealed limited response duration of glioblastomas to VEGF-neutralizing antibody bevacizumab. Thriving in the devascularized microenvironment occurring after antiangiogenic therapy requires tumor cell adaptation to decreased glucose, with 50% less glucose identified in bevacizumab-treated xenografts. Compared with bevacizumab-responsive xenograft cells, resistant cells exhibited increased glucose uptake, glycolysis, 13C NMR pyruvate to lactate conversion, and survival in low glucose. Glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) was upregulated in bevacizumab-resistant versus sensitive xenografts and patient specimens in a HIF-1α-dependent manner. Resistant versus sensitive cell mitochondria in oxidative phosphorylation-selective conditions produced less ATP. Despite unchanged mitochondrial numbers, normoxic resistant cells had lower mitochondrial membrane potential than sensitive cells, confirming poorer mitochondrial health, but avoided the mitochondrial dysfunction of hypoxic sensitive cells. Thin-layer chromatography revealed increased triglycerides in bevacizumab-resistant versus sensitive xenografts, a change driven by mitochondrial stress. A glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor suppressing GLUT3 transcription caused greater cell death in bevacizumab-resistant than -responsive cells. Overexpressing GLUT3 in tumor cells recapitulated bevacizumab-resistant cell features: survival and proliferation in low glucose, increased glycolysis, impaired oxidative phosphorylation, and rapid in vivo proliferation only slowed by bevacizumab to that of untreated bevacizumab-responsive tumors. Targeting GLUT3 or the increased glycolysis reliance in resistant tumors could unlock the potential of antiangiogenic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Lu M, Kho T, Munford RS. Prolonged triglyceride storage in macrophages: pHo trumps pO2 and TLR4. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1392-7. [PMID: 24973452 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-laden macrophages contribute to pathologies as diverse as atherosclerosis and tuberculosis. Three common stimuli are known to promote macrophage lipid storage: low tissue oxygen tension (pO2), low extracellular pH (pHo), and exposure to agonists such as bacterial LPS. Noting that cells responding to low pO2 or agonistic bacterial molecules often decrease pHo by secreting lactic and other carboxylic acids, we studied how pHo influences the stimulation of triacylglycerol (TAG) storage by low pO2 and LPS. We found that TAG retention after incubation for 48-72 h was inversely related to pHo when primary macrophages were cultured in 21% oxygen, 4% oxygen, or with LPS at either oxygen concentration. Maintaining pHo at ~7.4 was sufficient to prevent the increase in prolonged TAG storage induced by either low pO2 or LPS. The strong influence of pHo on TAG retention may explain why lipid-laden macrophages are found in some tissue environments and not in others. It is also possible that other long-term cellular changes currently attributed to low pO2 or bacterial agonists may be promoted, at least in part, by the decrease in pHo that these stimuli induce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfang Lu
- Antibacterial Host Defense Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Terry Kho
- Antibacterial Host Defense Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert S Munford
- Antibacterial Host Defense Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Button EB, Mitchell AS, Domingos MM, Chung JHJ, Bradley RM, Hashemi A, Marvyn PM, Patterson AC, Stark KD, Quadrilatero J, Duncan RE. Microglial cell activation increases saturated and decreases monounsaturated fatty acid content, but both lipid species are proinflammatory. Lipids 2014; 49:305-16. [PMID: 24473753 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a component of age-related neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive decline. Saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids are bioactive molecules that may play different extrinsic and intrinsic roles in neuroinflammation, serving as exogenous ligands for cellular receptors, or endogenous components of cell structural, energetic and signaling pathways. We determined the fatty acyl profile of BV2 microglial cells before and after acute activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We also investigated the effect of SFA and MUFA pretreatment on the production of an invasive, neurotoxic phenotype in BV2 cells. Acute activation of BV2 microglia resulted in an increase in the relative content of SFA (12:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, and 24:0 increased significantly), and a relative decrease in the content of MUFA (16:1n7, 18:1n7, 18:1n9, 20:1n9, 24:1n9 decreased significantly). In agreement, the major stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) isoform in BV2 cells, SCD2, was significantly down-regulated by LPS. We next treated cells with SFA (16:0 or 18:0) or MUFA (16:1n7 or 18:1n9), and found that levels of secreted IL6 were increased, as was secreted MMP9-mediated proteolytic activity. To test the functional significance, we treated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells with conditioned medium from BV2 cells pretreated with fatty acids, and found a small but significant induction of cell death. Our findings suggest differential intrinsic roles for SFA and MUFA in activated microglial cells, but similar extrinsic roles for these fatty acid species in inducing activation. Expansion of SFA is important during microglial cell activation, but either supplemental SFA or MUFA may contribute to chronic low-grade neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Button
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypoxia triggers various cellular processes, both in physiological and pathological conditions, and has recently also been implicated in atherosclerosis. This review summarizes the recent evidence for the presence and the role of hypoxia in atherosclerosis. Additionally, it will elucidate on hypoxic signaling, which is interlinked with inflammatory signaling, and discuss recent advances in imaging of hypoxia in atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Hypoxia is present in atherosclerotic plaques in humans and animal models, and systemic hypoxia promotes atherosclerosis. Hypoxia stimulates proatherosclerotic processes, like deficient lipid efflux, inflammation, interference with macrophage polarization and glucose metabolism. However, the molecular mechanism of hypoxia-mediated atherogenesis remains unclear. Noninvasive imaging directly targeting plaque hypoxia has been applied in animal models of atherosclerosis, but remains to be validated in humans. Meanwhile, the metabolic marker ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose, used to detect human atherosclerosis in vivo, may serve as an indirect marker of plaque hypoxia due to enhanced glucose uptake in anaerobic metabolism. SUMMARY Recent studies underscore the proatherogenic role of hypoxia in macrophage lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation and polarization. These studies provide new insights into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and unravel novel therapeutic targets and new options for noninvasive imaging of human atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Marsch
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht-CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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15
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Crucet M, Wüst SJA, Spielmann P, Lüscher TF, Wenger RH, Matter CM. Hypoxia enhances lipid uptake in macrophages: role of the scavenger receptors Lox1, SRA, and CD36. Atherosclerosis 2013; 229:110-7. [PMID: 23706521 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The core of advanced atherosclerotic plaques turns hypoxic as the arterial wall thickens and oxygen diffusion capacity becomes impaired. Macrophage-derived foam cells play a pivotal role in atherosclerotic plaque formation by expressing scavenger receptors that regulate lipid uptake. However, the role of hypoxia in scavenger receptor regulation remains incompletely understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Using RT-qPCR, flow cytometry and immunoblotting, we found that mRNA and protein expression levels of the scavenger receptor A (SRA) and the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) were upregulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), but decreased following exposure of macrophages to hypoxia. In contrast, lectin-like oxLDL receptor (Lox-1) mRNA and protein levels were upregulated under hypoxic conditions. Flow cytometry confirmed the increased lipid content in macrophages after exposure to 0.2% oxygen and the hypoxia-mimetic dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG). Antibody-mediated blocking of Lox-1 receptor decreased the hypoxic induction of oxLDL uptake and lipid content. RNAi-mediated knock-down of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in macrophages attenuated the hypoxic induction of Lox-1. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia increases lipid uptake into macrophages and differentially regulates the expression of oxLDL receptors. Lox-1 plays a major role in hypoxia-induced foam cell formation which is, at least in part, mediated by HIF-1α.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Biological Transport/physiology
- CD36 Antigens/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Foam Cells/metabolism
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Hypoxia/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism/physiology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/immunology
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Crucet
- Cellular Oxygen Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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