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Bampali M, Kouvela A, Kesesidis N, Kassela K, Dovrolis N, Karakasiliotis I. West Nile Virus Subgenomic RNAs Modulate Gene Expression in a Neuronal Cell Line. Viruses 2024; 16:812. [PMID: 38793693 PMCID: PMC11125720 DOI: 10.3390/v16050812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Subgenomic flaviviral RNAs (sfRNAs) are small non-coding products of the incomplete degradation of viral genomic RNA. They accumulate during flaviviral infection and have been associated with many functional roles inside the host cell. Studies so far have demonstrated that sfRNA plays a crucial role in determining West Nile virus (WNV) pathogenicity. However, its modulatory role on neuronal homeostasis has not been studied in depth. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of sfRNA biosynthesis and its importance for WNV replication in neuronal cells. We found that sfRNA1 is functionally redundant for both replication and translation of WNV. However, the concurrent absence of sfRNA1 and sfRNA2 species is detrimental for the survival of the virus. Differential expression analysis on RNA-seq data from WT and ΔsfRNA replicon cell lines revealed transcriptional changes induced by sfRNA and identified a number of putative targets. Overall, it was shown that sfRNA contributes to the viral evasion by suppressing the interferon-mediated antiviral response. An additional differential expression analysis among replicon and control Neuro2A cells also clarified the transcriptional changes that support WNV replication in neuronal cells. Increased levels of translation and oxidative phosphorylation, post-translational modification processes, and activated DNA repair pathways were observed in replicon cell lines, while developmental processes such as axonal growth were deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ioannis Karakasiliotis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (M.B.); (A.K.); (N.K.); (K.K.); (N.D.)
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Wang J, Chen KY, Wang SH, Liu Y, Zhao YQ, Yang L, Yang GH, Wang XJ, Zhu YH, Yin JH, Wang JF. Effects of Spatial Expression of Activating Transcription Factor 4 on the Pathogenicity of Two Phenotypes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus by Regulating the Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mediated Autophagy Process. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0422522. [PMID: 36939351 PMCID: PMC10101076 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04225-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is a highly conserved stress-defense mechanism and activates the adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) to mitigate imbalance. The ER stress-activated signaling pathways can also trigger autophagy to facilitate cellular repair. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) utilizes the host cellular ER as the primary site of the life cycle. However, the interplay between cellular ER stress and BVDV replication remains unclear. This report reveals that cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp) BVDV have distinct strategies to regulate UPR mechanisms and ER stress-mediated autophagy for their own benefit. Immunoblot analysis revealed that cp and ncp BVDV differentially regulated the abundance of ER chaperone GRP78 for viral replication, while the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit α (eIF2α)-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) pathway of the UPR was switched on at different stages of infection. Pretreatment with ER stress inducer promoted virion replication, but RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of ATF4 in BVDV-infected cells significantly attenuated BVDV infectivity titers. More importantly, the effector ATF4 activated by cp BVDV infection translocated into the nucleus to mediate autophagy, but ATF4 was retained in the cytoplasm during ncp BVDV infection. In addition, we found that cp BVDV core protein was localized in the ER to induce ER stress-mediated autophagy. Overall, the potential therapeutic target ATF4 may contribute to the global eradication campaign of BVDV. IMPORTANCE The ER-tropic viruses hijack the host cellular ER as the replication platform of the life cycle, which can lead to strong ER stress. The UPR and related transcriptional cascades triggered by ER stress play a crucial role in viral replication and pathogenesis, but little is known about these underlying mechanisms. Here, we report that cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV use different strategies to reprogram the cellular UPR and ER stress-mediated autophagy for their own advantage. The cytopathic BVDV unconventionally downregulated the expression level of GRP78, creating perfect conditions for self-replication via the UPR, and the noncytopathic BVDV retained ATF4 in the cytoplasm to provide an advantage for its persistent infection. Our findings provide new insights into exploring how BVDV and other ER-tropic viruses reprogram the UPR signaling pathway in the host cells for replication and reveal the attractive host target ATF4 for new antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Yuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Wang
- OIE Porcine-Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Qing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Hui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao-Hong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-hua Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Jiu-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Dual control of tick-borne encephalitis virus replication by autophagy in mouse macrophages. Virus Res 2022; 315:198778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The Interplay between Autophagy and Virus Pathogenesis—The Significance of Autophagy in Viral Hepatitis and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050871. [PMID: 35269494 PMCID: PMC8909602 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process focused on maintaining the homeostasis of organisms; nevertheless, the role of this process has also been widely documented in viral infections. Thus, xenophagy is a selective form of autophagy targeting viruses. However, the relation between autophagy and viruses is ambiguous—this process may be used as a strategy to fight with a virus, but is also in favor of the virus’s replication. In this paper, we have gathered data on autophagy in viral hepatitis and viral hemorrhagic fevers and the relations impacting its viral pathogenesis. Thus, autophagy is a potential therapeutic target, but research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which the virus interacts with the autophagic machinery. These studies must be performed in specific research models other than the natural host for many reasons. In this paper, we also indicate Lagovirus europaeus virus as a potentially good research model for acute liver failure and viral hemorrhagic disease.
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Tavčar Verdev P, Potokar M, Korva M, Resman Rus K, Kolenc M, Avšič Županc T, Zorec R, Jorgačevski J. In human astrocytes neurotropic flaviviruses increase autophagy, yet their replication is autophagy-independent. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:566. [PMID: 36283999 PMCID: PMC9596533 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, an abundant type of glial cells, are the key cells providing homeostasis in the central nervous system. Due to their susceptibility to infection, combined with high resilience to virus-induced cell death, astrocytes are now considered one of the principal types of cells, responsible for virus retention and dissemination within the brain. Autophagy plays an important role in elimination of intracellular components and in maintaining cellular homeostasis and is also intertwined with the life cycle of viruses. The physiological significance of autophagy in astrocytes, in connection with the life cycle and transmission of viruses, remains poorly investigated. In the present study, we investigated flavivirus-induced modulation of autophagy in human astrocytes by monitoring a tandem fluorescent-tagged LC3 probe (mRFP-EGFP-LC3) with confocal and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Astrocytes were infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) or West Nile virus (WNV), both pathogenic flaviviruses, and with mosquito-only flavivirus (MOF), which is considered non-pathogenic. The results revealed that human astrocytes are susceptible to infection with TBEV, WNV and to a much lower extent also to MOF. Infection and replication rates of TBEV and WNV are paralleled by increased rate of autophagy, whereas autophagosome maturation and the size of autophagic compartments are not affected. Modulation of autophagy by rapamycin and wortmannin does not influence TBEV and WNV replication rate, whereas bafilomycin A1 attenuates their replication and infectivity. In human astrocytes infected with MOF, the low infectivity and the lack of efficient replication of this flavivirus are mirrored by the absence of an autophagic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Tavčar Verdev
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Potokar
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ,grid.433223.7Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miša Korva
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katarina Resman Rus
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kolenc
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Avšič Županc
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ,grid.433223.7Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jorgačevski
- grid.8954.00000 0001 0721 6013Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia ,grid.433223.7Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Albentosa-González L, Jimenez de Oya N, Arias A, Clemente-Casares P, Martin-Acebes MÁ, Saiz JC, Sabariegos R, Mas A. Akt Kinase Intervenes in Flavivirus Replication by Interacting with Viral Protein NS5. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050896. [PMID: 34066055 PMCID: PMC8151281 DOI: 10.3390/v13050896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne flaviviruses, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), Usutu virus (USUV), and West Nile virus (WNV), are a growing cause of human illness and death around the world. Presently, no licensed antivirals to control them are available and, therefore, search for broad-spectrum antivirals, including host-directed compounds, is essential. The PI3K/Akt pathway controls essential cellular functions involved in cell metabolism and proliferation. Moreover, Akt has been found to participate in modulating replication in different viruses including the flaviviruses. In this work we studied the interaction of flavivirus NS5 polymerases with the cellular kinase Akt. In vitro NS5 phosphorylation experiments with Akt showed that flavivirus NS5 polymerases are phosphorylated and co-immunoprecipitate by Akt. Polymerase activity assays of Ala- and Glu-generated mutants for the Akt-phosphorylated residues also indicate that Glu mutants of ZIKV and USUV NS5s present a reduced primer-extension activity that was not observed in WNV mutants. Furthermore, treatment with Akt inhibitors (MK-2206, honokiol and ipatasertib) reduced USUV and ZIKV titers in cell culture but, except for honokiol, not WNV. All these findings suggest an important role for Akt in flavivirus replication although with specific differences among viruses and encourage further investigations to examine the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as an antiviral potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Albentosa-González
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (L.A.-G.); (A.A.); (P.C.-C.)
| | - Nereida Jimenez de Oya
- ZOOVIR, Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.J.d.O.); (M.Á.M.-A.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Armando Arias
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (L.A.-G.); (A.A.); (P.C.-C.)
- Unidad de Biomedicina UCLM-CSIC, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Pilar Clemente-Casares
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (L.A.-G.); (A.A.); (P.C.-C.)
- Unidad de Biomedicina UCLM-CSIC, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martin-Acebes
- ZOOVIR, Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.J.d.O.); (M.Á.M.-A.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Juan Carlos Saiz
- ZOOVIR, Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.J.d.O.); (M.Á.M.-A.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Rosario Sabariegos
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (L.A.-G.); (A.A.); (P.C.-C.)
- Unidad de Biomedicina UCLM-CSIC, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonio Mas
- Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (L.A.-G.); (A.A.); (P.C.-C.)
- Unidad de Biomedicina UCLM-CSIC, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (A.M.)
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7
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Saiz JC, Martín-Acebes MA, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Poderoso T, Jiménez de Oya N. Pathogenicity and virulence of West Nile virus revisited eight decades after its first isolation. Virulence 2021; 12:1145-1173. [PMID: 33843445 PMCID: PMC8043182 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1908740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus which transmission cycle is maintained between mosquitoes and birds, although it occasionally causes sporadic outbreaks in horses and humans that can result in serious diseases and even death. Since its first isolation in Africa in 1937, WNV had been considered a neglected pathogen until its recent spread throughout Europe and the colonization of America, regions where it continues to cause outbreaks with severe neurological consequences in humans and horses. Although our knowledge about the characteristics and consequences of the virus has increased enormously lately, many questions remain to be resolved. Here, we thoroughly update our knowledge of different aspects of the WNV life cycle: virology and molecular classification, host cell interactions, transmission dynamics, host range, epidemiology and surveillance, immune response, clinical presentations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prophylaxis (antivirals and vaccines), and prevention, and we highlight those aspects that are still unknown and that undoubtedly require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Poderoso
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Therapeutic role of inflammasome inhibitors in neurodegenerative disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:771-783. [PMID: 33157255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, characterized by the activation of glial cells, is a hallmark in several neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Inadequate inflammation cannot eliminate the infection of pathogens, while excessive or hyper-reactive inflammation can cause chronic or systemic inflammatory diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). In response to a brain injury or pathogen invasion, the pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on glial cells are activated via binding to cellular damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This subsequently leads to the activation of NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain)-like receptor proteins (NLRs). In neurodegenerative diseases such as HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), chronic inflammation is a critical contributing factor for disease manifestation including pathogenesis. Emerging evidence points to the involvement of "inflammasomes", especially the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain-containing (NLRP) complex in the development of these diseases. The activated NLRP3 results in the proteolytic activation of caspase-1 that facilitates the cleavage of pro-IL-1β and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 proinflammatory cytokines. Accordingly, these and other seminal findings have led to the development of NLRP-targeting small-molecule therapeutics as possible treatment options for neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we will discuss the new advances and evidence-based literature concerning the role of inflammasomes in neurodegenerative diseases, its role in the neurological repercussions of CNS chronic infection, and the examples of preclinical or clinically tested NLRP inhibitors as potential strategies for the treatment of chronic neurological diseases.
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West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and "One Health" Implications. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070589. [PMID: 32707644 PMCID: PMC7400489 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe, lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its discovery, WNV has caused multiple human and animal disease outbreaks in all continents, except Antarctica. Infections are associated with economic losses, mainly due to the cost of treatment of infected patients, control programmes, and loss of animals and animal products. The pathogenesis of WNV has been extensively investigated in natural hosts as well as in several animal models, including rodents, lagomorphs, birds, and reptiles. However, most of the proposed pathogenesis hypotheses remain contentious, and much remains to be elucidated. At the same time, the unavailability of specific antiviral treatment or effective and safe vaccines contribute to the perpetuation of the disease and regular occurrence of outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic areas. Moreover, globalisation and climate change are also important drivers of the emergence and re-emergence of the virus and disease. Here, we give an update of the pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control, and “One Health” implications of WNV infection and disease.
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Echavarria-Consuegra L, Smit JM, Reggiori F. Role of autophagy during the replication and pathogenesis of common mosquito-borne flavi- and alphaviruses. Open Biol 2020; 9:190009. [PMID: 30862253 PMCID: PMC6451359 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses that are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes represent one of the most important causes of febrile illness worldwide. In recent decades, we have witnessed a dramatic re-emergence of several mosquito-borne arboviruses, including dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). DENV is currently the most common mosquito-borne arbovirus, with an estimated 390 million infections worldwide annually. Despite a global effort, no specific therapeutic strategies are available to combat the diseases caused by these viruses. Multiple cellular pathways modulate the outcome of infection by either promoting or hampering viral replication and/or pathogenesis, and autophagy appears to be one of them. Autophagy is a degradative pathway generally induced to counteract viral infection. Viruses, however, have evolved strategies to subvert this pathway and to hijack autophagy components for their own benefit. In this review, we will focus on the role of autophagy in mosquito-borne arboviruses with emphasis on DENV, CHIKV, WNV and ZIKV, due to their epidemiological importance and high disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Echavarria-Consuegra
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- 2 Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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Lewy TG, Offerdahl DK, Grabowski JM, Kellman E, Mlera L, Chiramel A, Bloom ME. PERK-Mediated Unfolded Protein Response Signaling Restricts Replication of the Tick-Borne Flavivirus Langat Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030328. [PMID: 32197325 PMCID: PMC7150897 DOI: 10.3390/v12030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) maintains protein-folding homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and has been implicated as both beneficial and detrimental to flavivirus infection. Protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), a sensor of the UPR, is commonly associated with antiviral effects during mosquito-borne flavivirus (MBFV) infection, but its relation to tick-borne flavivirus (TBFV) infection remains largely unexplored. In this study, we identified changes in UPR and autophagic activity during Langat virus (LGTV) infection. LGTV robustly activated UPR and altered autophagic flux. Knockdown of endogenous PERK in human cells resulted in increased LGTV replication, but not that of closely related Powassan virus (POWV). Finally, on examining changes in protein levels of components associated with UPR and autophagy in the absence of PERK, we could show that LGTV-infected cells induced UPR but did not lead to expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), an important downstream transcription factor of multiple stress pathways. From these data, we hypothesize that LGTV can antagonize other kinases that target eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), but not PERK, implicating PERK as a potential mediator of intrinsic immunity. This effect was not apparent for POWV, a more pathogenic TBFV, suggesting it may be better equipped to mitigate the antiviral effects of PERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G. Lewy
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (T.G.L.); (D.K.O.); (E.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Danielle K. Offerdahl
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (T.G.L.); (D.K.O.); (E.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Jeffrey M. Grabowski
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (T.G.L.); (D.K.O.); (E.K.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.G.); (M.E.B.); Tel.: +1-406-375-9789 (J.M.G.); +1-406-375-9707 (M.E.B.)
| | - Eliza Kellman
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (T.G.L.); (D.K.O.); (E.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Luwanika Mlera
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (T.G.L.); (D.K.O.); (E.K.); (L.M.)
| | - Abhilash Chiramel
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA;
| | - Marshall E. Bloom
- Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID/NIH, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; (T.G.L.); (D.K.O.); (E.K.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.G.); (M.E.B.); Tel.: +1-406-375-9789 (J.M.G.); +1-406-375-9707 (M.E.B.)
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Hu Z, Pan Y, Cheng A, Zhang X, Wang M, Chen S, Zhu D, Liu M, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhao X, Huang J, Zhang S, Mao S, Ou X, Yu Y, Zhang L, Liu Y, Tian B, Pan L, Rehman MU, Yin Z, Jia R. Autophagy Promotes Duck Tembusu Virus Replication by Suppressing p62/SQSTM1-Mediated Innate Immune Responses In Vitro. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010022. [PMID: 31941042 PMCID: PMC7157248 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) has recently appeared in ducks in China and the key cellular determiners for DTMUV replication in host cells remain unknown. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that has been reported to facilitate flavivirus replication. In this study, we utilized primary duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) as the cell model and found that DTMUV infection triggered LC3-II increase and polyubiquitin-binding protein sequestosome 1 (p62) decrease, confirming that complete autophagy occurred in DEF cells. The induction of autophagy by pharmacological treatment increased DTMUV replication in DEF cells, whereas the inhibition of autophagy with pharmacological treatments or RNA interference decreased DTMUV replication. Inhibiting autophagy enhanced the activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) pathways and increased the p62 protein level in DTMUV-infected cells. We further found that the overexpression of p62 decreased DTMUV replication and inhibited the activation of the NF-κB and IRF7 pathways, and changes in the NF-κB and IRF7 pathways were consistent with the level of phosphorylated TANK-binding kinase 1 (p-TBK1). Opposite results were found in p62 knockdown cells. In summary, we found that autophagy-mediated p62 degradation acted as a new strategy for DTMUV to evade host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Hu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Yuhong Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Xingcui Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Yanling Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Leichang Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Z.H.); (Y.P.); (A.C.); (X.Z.); (M.W.); (S.C.); (D.Z.); (M.L.); (Q.Y.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.H.); (S.Z.); (S.M.); (X.O.); (Y.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.L.); (B.T.); (L.P.); (M.U.R.)
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Mehrbod P, Ande SR, Alizadeh J, Rahimizadeh S, Shariati A, Malek H, Hashemi M, Glover KKM, Sher AA, Coombs KM, Ghavami S. The roles of apoptosis, autophagy and unfolded protein response in arbovirus, influenza virus, and HIV infections. Virulence 2019; 10:376-413. [PMID: 30966844 PMCID: PMC6527025 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1605803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection induces different cellular responses in infected cells. These include cellular stress responses like autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR). Both autophagy and UPR are connected to programed cell death I (apoptosis) in chronic stress conditions to regulate cellular homeostasis via Bcl2 family proteins, CHOP and Beclin-1. In this review article we first briefly discuss arboviruses, influenza virus, and HIV and then describe the concepts of apoptosis, autophagy, and UPR. Finally, we focus upon how apoptosis, autophagy, and UPR are involved in the regulation of cellular responses to arboviruses, influenza virus and HIV infections. Abbreviation: AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; ATF6: Activating Transcription Factor 6; ATG6: Autophagy-specific Gene 6; BAG3: BCL Associated Athanogene 3; Bak: BCL-2-Anatagonist/Killer1; Bax; BCL-2: Associated X protein; Bcl-2: B cell Lymphoma 2x; BiP: Chaperon immunoglobulin heavy chain binding Protein; CARD: Caspase Recruitment Domain; cART: combination Antiretroviral Therapy; CCR5: C-C Chemokine Receptor type 5; CD4: Cluster of Differentiation 4; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; CXCR4: C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4; Cyto c: Cytochrome C; DCs: Dendritic Cells; EDEM1: ER-degradation enhancing-a-mannosidase-like protein 1; ENV: Envelope; ER: Endoplasmic Reticulum; FasR: Fas Receptor;G2: Gap 2; G2/M: Gap2/Mitosis; GFAP: Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; GP120: Glycoprotein120; GP41: Glycoprotein41; HAND: HIV Associated Neurodegenerative Disease; HEK: Human Embryonic Kidney; HeLa: Human Cervical Epithelial Carcinoma; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus; IPS-1: IFN-β promoter stimulator 1; IRE-1: Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1; IRGM: Immunity Related GTPase Family M protein; LAMP2A: Lysosome Associated Membrane Protein 2A; LC3: Microtubule Associated Light Chain 3; MDA5: Melanoma Differentiation Associated gene 5; MEF: Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast; MMP: Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization; Nef: Negative Regulatory Factor; OASIS: Old Astrocyte Specifically Induced Substrate; PAMP: Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern; PERK: Pancreatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase; PRR: Pattern Recognition Receptor; Puma: P53 Upregulated Modulator of Apoptosis; RIG-I: Retinoic acid-Inducible Gene-I; Tat: Transactivator Protein of HIV; TLR: Toll-like receptor; ULK1: Unc51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1; UPR: Unfolded Protein Response; Vpr: Viral Protein Regulatory; XBP1: X-Box Binding Protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Past eur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sudharsana R. Ande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children‘s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shahrzad Rahimizadeh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Assiniboine Community College, School of Health and Human Services and Continuing Education, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Aryana Shariati
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hadis Malek
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Kathleen K. M. Glover
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Affan A. Sher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Children‘s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children‘s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Health Policy Research Centre, Shiraz Medical University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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Ma SM, Mao Q, Yi L, Zhao MQ, Chen JD. Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Pyroptosis: Immune Escape Strategies for Persistent Infection and Pathogenesis of Classical Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040239. [PMID: 31744077 PMCID: PMC6963731 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a severe acute infectious disease that results from classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection, which leads to serious economic losses in the porcine industry worldwide. In recent years, numerous studies related to the immune escape mechanism of the persistent infection and pathogenesis of CSFV have been performed. Remarkably, several independent groups have reported that apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis play a significant role in the occurrence and development of CSF, as well as in the immunological process. Apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis are the fundamental biological processes that maintain normal homeostatic and metabolic function in eukaryotic organisms. In general, these three cellular biological processes are always understood as an immune defense response initiated by the organism after perceiving a pathogen infection. Nevertheless, several viruses, including CSFV and other common pathogens such as hepatitis C and influenza A, have evolved strategies for infection and replication using these three cellular biological process mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the known roles of apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis in CSFV infection and how viruses manipulate these three cellular biological processes to evade the immune response.
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Peng BH, Wang T. West Nile Virus Induced Cell Death in the Central Nervous System. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040215. [PMID: 31683807 PMCID: PMC6963722 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne, single-stranded flavivirus, has caused annual outbreaks of viral encephalitis in the United States since 1999. The virus induces acute infection with a clinical spectrum ranging from a mild flu-like febrile symptom to more severe neuroinvasive conditions, including meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and death. Some WNV convalescent patients also developed long-term neurological sequelae. Neither the treatment of WNV infection nor an approved vaccine is currently available for humans. Neuronal death in the central nervous system (CNS) is a hallmark of WNV-induced meningitis and encephalitis. However, the underlying mechanisms of WNV-induced neuronal damage are not well understood. In this review, we discuss current findings from studies of WNV infection in vitro in the CNS resident cells and the in vivo animal models, and provide insights into WNV-induced neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Gratton R, Agrelli A, Tricarico PM, Brandão L, Crovella S. Autophagy in Zika Virus Infection: A Possible Therapeutic Target to Counteract Viral Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051048. [PMID: 30823365 PMCID: PMC6429311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) still constitutes a public health concern, however, no vaccines or therapies are currently approved for treatment. A fundamental process involved in ZIKV infection is autophagy, a cellular catabolic pathway delivering cytoplasmic cargo to the lysosome for degradation—considered as a primordial form of innate immunity against invading microorganisms. ZIKV is thought to inhibit the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway, which causes aberrant activation of autophagy promoting viral replication and propagation. It is therefore appealing to study the role of autophagic molecular effectors during viral infection to identify potential targets for anti-ZIKV therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Gratton
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Almerinda Agrelli
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235-Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, Brazil.
| | - Paola Maura Tricarico
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Lucas Brandão
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235-Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy.
- Department of Medical Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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Ke PY. The Multifaceted Roles of Autophagy in Flavivirus-Host Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123940. [PMID: 30544615 PMCID: PMC6321027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process in which intracellular components are eliminated via lysosomal degradation to supply nutrients for organelle biogenesis and metabolic homeostasis. Flavivirus infections underlie multiple human diseases and thus exert an immense burden on public health worldwide. Mounting evidence indicates that host autophagy is subverted to modulate the life cycles of flaviviruses, such as hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus and Zika virus. The diverse interplay between autophagy and flavivirus infection not only regulates viral growth in host cells but also counteracts host stress responses induced by viral infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of autophagy in the flavivirus life cycle. We also discuss the impacts of virus-induced autophagy on the pathogeneses of flavivirus-associated diseases and the potential use of autophagy as a therapeutic target for curing flavivirus infections and related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
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18
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Liu Y, Gordesky-Gold B, Leney-Greene M, Weinbren NL, Tudor M, Cherry S. Inflammation-Induced, STING-Dependent Autophagy Restricts Zika Virus Infection in the Drosophila Brain. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:57-68.e3. [PMID: 29934091 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emerging arthropod-borne flavivirus Zika virus (ZIKV) is associated with neurological complications. Innate immunity is essential for the control of virus infection, but the innate immune mechanisms that impact viral infection of neurons remain poorly defined. Using the genetically tractable Drosophila system, we show that ZIKV infection of the adult fly brain leads to NF-kB-dependent inflammatory signaling, which serves to limit infection. ZIKV-dependent NF-kB activation induces the expression of Drosophila stimulator of interferon genes (dSTING) in the brain. dSTING protects against ZIKV by inducing autophagy in the brain. Loss of autophagy leads to increased ZIKV infection of the brain and death of the infected fly, while pharmacological activation of autophagy is protective. These data suggest an essential role for an inflammation-dependent STING pathway in the control of neuronal infection and a conserved role for STING in antimicrobial autophagy, which may represent an ancestral function for this essential innate immune sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Beth Gordesky-Gold
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Leney-Greene
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathan L Weinbren
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Tudor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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19
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Subverting the mechanisms of cell death: flavivirus manipulation of host cell responses to infection. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:609-617. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20170399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viruses exploit host metabolic and defence machinery for their own replication. The flaviviruses, which include Dengue (DENV), Yellow Fever (YFV), Japanese Encephalitis (JEV), West Nile (WNV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses, infect a broad range of hosts, cells and tissues. Flaviviruses are largely transmitted by mosquito bites and humans are usually incidental, dead-end hosts, with the notable exceptions of YFV, DENV and ZIKV. Infection by flaviviruses elicits cellular responses including cell death via necrosis, pyroptosis (involving inflammation) or apoptosis (which avoids inflammation). Flaviviruses exploit these mechanisms and subvert them to prolong viral replication. The different effects induced by DENV, WNV, JEV and ZIKV are reviewed. Host cell surface proteoglycans (PGs) bearing glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharides — heparan/chondroitin sulfate (HS/CS) — are involved in initial flavivirus attachment and during the expression of non-structural viral proteins play a role in disease aetiology. Recent work has shown that ZIKV-infected cells are protected from cell death by exogenous heparin (a GAG structurally similar to host cell surface HS), raising the possibility of further subtle involvement of HS PGs in flavivirus disease processes. The aim of this review is to synthesize information regarding DENV, WNV, JEV and ZIKV from two areas that are usually treated separately: the response of host cells to infection by flaviviruses and the involvement of cell surface GAGs in response to those infections.
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20
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Ahlers LRH, Goodman AG. The Immune Responses of the Animal Hosts of West Nile Virus: A Comparison of Insects, Birds, and Mammals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:96. [PMID: 29666784 PMCID: PMC5891621 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases, including arboviruses, pose a serious threat to public health worldwide. Arboviruses of the flavivirus genus, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus, yellow fever virus (YFV), and West Nile virus (WNV), are transmitted to humans from insect vectors and can cause serious disease. In 2017, over 2,000 reported cases of WNV virus infection occurred in the United States, with two-thirds of cases classified as neuroinvasive. WNV transmission cycles through two different animal populations: birds and mosquitoes. Mammals, particularly humans and horses, can become infected through mosquito bites and represent dead-end hosts of WNV infection. Because WNV can infect diverse species, research on this arbovirus has investigated the host response in mosquitoes, birds, humans, and horses. With the growing geographical range of the WNV mosquito vector and increased human exposure, improved surveillance and treatment of the infection will enhance public health in areas where WNV is endemic. In this review, we survey the bionomics of mosquito species involved in Nearctic WNV transmission. Subsequently, we describe the known immune response pathways that counter WNV infection in insects, birds, and mammals, as well as the mechanisms known to curb viral infection. Moreover, we discuss the bacterium Wolbachia and its involvement in reducing flavivirus titer in insects. Finally, we highlight the similarities of the known immune pathways and identify potential targets for future studies aimed at improving antiviral therapeutic and vaccination design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R H Ahlers
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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21
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Li L, Jin H, Wang H, Cao Z, Feng N, Wang J, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Hou P, Li N, Chi H, Huang P, Jiao C, Li Q, Wang L, Wang T, Sun W, Gao Y, Tu C, Hu G, Yang S, Xia X. Autophagy is highly targeted among host comparative proteomes during infection with different virulent RABV strains. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21336-21350. [PMID: 28186992 PMCID: PMC5400588 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a neurotropic virus that causes serious disease in humans and animals worldwide. It has been reported that different RABV strains can result in divergent prognoses in animal model. To identify host factors that affect different infection processes, a kinetic analysis of host proteome alterations in mouse brains infected with different virulent RABV strains was performed using isobaric tags for a relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteomics approach, and this analysis identified 147 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the pathogenic challenge virus standard (CVS)-11 strain and the attenuated SRV9 strain. Bioinformatics analyses of these DEPs revealed that autophagy and several pathways associated with autophagy, such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, p70S6K signaling, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-mediated oxidative stress and superoxide radical degradation, were dysregulated. Validation of the proteomic data showed that attenuated SRV9 induced more autophagosome accumulation than CVS-11 in an in vitro model. Our findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of RABV and encourage further studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zengguo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengfei Hou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Chi
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Pei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Cuicui Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Weiyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Guixue Hu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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22
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Yuan S, Zhang ZW, Li ZL. Trehalose May Decrease the Transmission of Zika Virus to the Fetus by Activating Degradative Autophagy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:402. [PMID: 28932709 PMCID: PMC5592200 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Zi-Lin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Medical University of the Air ForceXi'an, China
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23
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Lim SM, van den Ham HJ, Oduber M, Martina E, Zaaraoui-Boutahar F, Roose JM, van IJcken WFJ, Osterhaus ADME, Andeweg AC, Koraka P, Martina BEE. Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Differential Gene Expression of Immune and Cell Death Pathways in the Brains of Mice Infected with West Nile Virus and Chikungunya Virus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1556. [PMID: 28861067 PMCID: PMC5562671 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are arboviruses that are constantly (re-)emerging and expanding their territory. Both viruses often cause a mild form of disease, but severe forms of the disease can consist of neurological symptoms, most often observed in the elderly and young children, respectively, for which the mechanisms are poorly understood. To further elucidate the mechanisms responsible for end-stage WNV and CHIKV neuroinvasive disease, we used transcriptomics to compare the induction of effector pathways in the brain during the early and late stage of disease in young mice. In addition to the more commonly described cell death pathways such as apoptosis and autophagy, we also found evidence for the differential expression of pyroptosis and necroptosis cell death markers during both WNV and CHIKV neuroinvasive disease. In contrast, no evidence of cell dysfunction was observed, indicating that cell death may be the most important mechanism of disease. Interestingly, there was overlap when comparing immune markers involved in neuroinvasive disease to those seen in neurodegenerative diseases. Nonetheless, further validation studies are needed to determine the activation and involvement of these effector pathways at the end stage of disease. Furthermore, evidence for a strong inflammatory response was found in mice infected with WNV and CHIKV. The transcriptomics profile measured in mice with WNV and CHIKV neuroinvasive disease in our study showed strong overlap with the mRNA profile described in the literature for other viral neuroinvasive diseases. More studies are warranted to decipher the role of cell inflammation and cell death in viral neuroinvasive disease and whether common mechanisms are active in both neurodegenerative and brain infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minoushka Oduber
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jeroen M Roose
- Artemis One Health Research FoundationDelft, Netherlands
| | | | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health Research FoundationDelft, Netherlands.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary MedicineHannover, Germany
| | - Arno C Andeweg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Penelope Koraka
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Byron E E Martina
- Artemis One Health Research FoundationDelft, Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical CenterRotterdam, Netherlands
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24
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Cao B, Parnell LA, Diamond MS, Mysorekar IU. Inhibition of autophagy limits vertical transmission of Zika virus in pregnant mice. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2303-2313. [PMID: 28694387 PMCID: PMC5551583 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cao et al. report a new mechanism by which Zika virus maternal-fetal transmission may occur and be limited as autophagy inhibition protects mice from vertical viral transmission. This study suggests that an autophagy-based therapeutic intervention against ZIKV may be warranted. Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy leads to devastating fetal outcomes, including intrauterine growth restriction and microcephaly. Greater understanding of mechanisms underlying ZIKV maternal-fetal transmission is needed to develop new therapeutic interventions. Here, we define an important role for the autophagy pathway in ZIKV vertical transmission. ZIKV infection induced autophagic activity in human trophoblasts and pharmacological inhibition limited ZIKV infectivity. Furthermore, deficiency in an essential autophagy gene, Atg16l1, in mice limited ZIKV vertical transmission and placental and fetal damage and overall improved placental and fetal outcomes. This protection was due to a placental trophoblast cell-autonomous effect of autophagic activity, not to alterations in systemic maternal ZIKV infection. Finally, an autophagy inhibitor, hydroxychloroquine, approved for use in pregnant women, attenuated placental and fetal ZIKV infection and ameliorated adverse placental and fetal outcomes. Our study reveals new insights into the mechanism of ZIKV vertical transmission and suggests that an autophagy-based therapeutic warrants possible evaluation in humans to diminish the risks of ZIKV maternal-fetal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Lindsay A Parnell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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25
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Wang L, Yang L, Fikrig E, Wang P. An essential role of PI3K in the control of West Nile virus infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3724. [PMID: 28623344 PMCID: PMC5473900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinases (PI3K) pathway regulates a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, RNA processing, protein translation, autophagy, apoptosis and antiviral immunity. Many viruses depend on PI3K signaling for replication. However, its role in flaviviral infection has not been clearly defined. Here we report that PI3K signaling is critical for the control of West Nile virus (WNV) infection by regulating type I IFN (IFN-I) response. Inhibition of PI3K activity by 3-methyl adenine (3-MA), Wortmannin (WM) and LY294002 (LY) increased viral titers by 3-16 folds in primary mouse macrophages, embryonic fibroblasts and human cell lines. Both 3-MA and LY repressed IFN-I mRNA and protein expression significantly. Surprisingly, WM enhanced the mRNA expression of IFN-I and TNF-α, and TNF-α protein production modestly, while dramatically decreased the secreted IFN-I. Further studies showed that the catalytic subunit p110δ of class I PI3K played a role in induction of antiviral immune responses. Lastly translocation of interferon regulatory factor 7(IRF7) from the cytosol to the nuclei was effectively blocked in the presence of PI3K inhibitors. Our results clearly define an antiviral role of PI3K by modulating immune responses and demonstrate differential mode of action of three PI3K inhibitors on IFN-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, 10595, NY, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Long Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, 10595, NY, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, 10595, NY, USA.
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26
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Zhang ZW, Li ZL, Yuan S. The Role of Secretory Autophagy in Zika Virus Transfer through the Placental Barrier. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 6:206. [PMID: 28119857 PMCID: PMC5220013 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicated that the Zika virus genome could be detected in the amniotic fluid and the fetal brain, which confirms that the virus can cross the placental barrier. Secretory autophagy or exosome pathways may participate in this virus transfer. Autophagy modulators regulate autophagosome formation or membrane fusion with lysosomal vesicles and therefore inhibit viral nucleocapsid releasing or virus transfer to the fetus hypothetically. However, some autophagy modulators may enhance virus replication. Autophagy inhibitors may arrest placental development; while exaggeration of autophagy in human placenta may be associated with the fetal growth restriction. Therefore, autophagy modulators should be used carefully due to their complex clinical effects. Alternatively, exosome-specific inhibitors might be also considered, although their safety of both maternal and fetal conditions must be carefully assessed before any advancement to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu, China
| | - Zi-Lin Li
- General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Region Lanzhou, China
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu, China
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27
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N-Desmethylclozapine, Fluoxetine, and Salmeterol Inhibit Postentry Stages of the Dengue Virus Life Cycle. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6709-6718. [PMID: 27572397 PMCID: PMC5075077 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01367-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 10,000 people die each year due to severe dengue disease, and two-thirds of the world population lives in a region where dengue disease is endemic. There has been remarkable progress in dengue virus vaccine development; however, there are no licensed antivirals for dengue disease, and none appear to be in clinical trials. We took the approach of repositioning approved drugs for anti-dengue virus activity by screening a library of pharmacologically active compounds. We identified N-desmethylclozapine, fluoxetine hydrochloride, and salmeterol xinafoate as dengue virus inhibitors based on reductions in the numbers of infected cells and viral titers. Dengue virus RNA levels were diminished in inhibitor-treated cells, and this effect was specific to dengue virus, as other flaviviruses, such as Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus, or other RNA viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus and rotavirus, were not affected by these inhibitors. All three inhibitors specifically inhibited dengue virus replication with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) in the high-nanomolar range. Estimation of negative-strand RNA intermediates and time-of-addition experiments indicated that inhibition was occurring at a postentry stage, most probably at the initiation of viral RNA replication. Finally, we show that inhibition is most likely due to the modulation of the endolysosomal pathway and induction of autophagy.
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28
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Peng J, Zhu S, Hu L, Ye P, Wang Y, Tian Q, Mei M, Chen H, Guo X. Wild-type rabies virus induces autophagy in human and mouse neuroblastoma cell lines. Autophagy 2016; 12:1704-1720. [PMID: 27463027 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1196315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different rabies virus (RABV) strains have their own biological characteristics, but little is known about their respective impact on autophagy. Therefore, we evaluated whether attenuated RABV HEP-Flury and wild-type RABV GD-SH-01 strains triggered autophagy. We found that GD-SH-01 infection significantly increased the number of autophagy-like vesicles, the accumulation of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-LC3 fluorescence puncta and the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, while HEP-Flury was not able to induce this phenomenon. When evaluating autophagic flux, we found that GD-SH-01 infection triggers a complete autophagic response in the human neuroblastoma cell line (SK), while autophagosome fusion with lysosomes was inhibited in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line (NA). In these cells, GD-SH-01 led to apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction while triggering autophagy, and apoptosis could be decreased by enhancing autophagy. To further identify the virus constituent causing autophagy, 5 chimeric recombinant viruses carrying single genes of HEP-Flury instead of those of GD-SH-01 were rescued. While the HEP-Flury virus carrying the wild-type matrix protein (M) gene of RABV triggered LC3-I to LC3-II conversion in SK and NA cells, replacement of genes of nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P) and glycoprotein (G) produced only minor autophagy. But no one single structural protein of GD-SH-01 induced autophagy. Moreover, the AMPK signaling pathway was activated by GD-SH-01 in SK. Therefore, our data provide strong evidence that autophagy is induced by GD-SH-01 and can decrease apoptosis in vitro. Furthermore, the M gene of GD-SH-01 may cooperatively induce autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Peng
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shenghe Zhu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lili Hu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Pingping Ye
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yifei Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Qin Tian
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Mingzhu Mei
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hao Chen
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
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29
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Wang A, Zhou X. ER Stress, UPR and Virus Infections in Plants. CURRENT RESEARCH TOPICS IN PLANT VIROLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7123154 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32919-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) endomembrane is a central site for protein synthesis. Perturbation of ER homeostasis can result in an accumulation of unfolded proteins within the ER lumen, causing ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR). In humans, ER stress and UPR are closely associated with a vast number of diseases, including viral diseases. In plants, two arms that govern the UPR signaling network have been described: one that contains two ER membrane–associated transcription factors (bZIP17 and bZIP28) and the other that encompasses a dual protein kinase (RNA-splicing factor IRE1) and its target RNA (bZIP60). Although early studies mainly focus on the essential roles of the UPR in abiotic stresses, the significance of UPR in plant diseases caused by virus infections has recently drawn much attention. This chapter summarizes the latest scenario of ER stress and UPR in virus-infected plant cells, highlights the emerging roles of the IRE1 pathway in virus infections, and outlines exciting future directions to spark more research interest in the UPR field in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plan, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Le Sage V, Cinti A, Amorim R, Mouland AJ. Adapting the Stress Response: Viral Subversion of the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Viruses 2016; 8:v8060152. [PMID: 27231932 PMCID: PMC4926172 DOI: 10.3390/v8060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of gene expression, translation and various metabolic processes. Multiple extracellular (growth factors) and intracellular (energy status) molecular signals as well as a variety of stressors are integrated into the mTOR pathway. Viral infection is a significant stress that can activate, reduce or even suppress the mTOR signaling pathway. Consequently, viruses have evolved a plethora of different mechanisms to attack and co-opt the mTOR pathway in order to make the host cell a hospitable environment for replication. A more comprehensive knowledge of different viral interactions may provide fruitful targets for new antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Le Sage
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| | - Alessandro Cinti
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
| | - Raquel Amorim
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
| | - Andrew J Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada.
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Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for recurrent outbreaks of meningitis and encephalitis. Several studies analyzing the interactions of this pathogen with the autophagic pathway have reported opposite results with evidence for and against the upregulation of autophagy in infected cells. In this regard, we have recently reported that minimal genetic changes (single amino acid substitutions) in nonstructural proteins of WNV can modify the ability of the virus to induce autophagic features such as LC3 modification and aggregation in infected cells. We think that these results could help explain some of the previously reported discrepancies. These findings could also aid in deciphering the interactions of this pathogen with the autophagic pathway at the molecular level aimed to develop feasible antiviral strategies to combat this pathogen, and other related flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- a Department of Virology and Microbiology; Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM) ; Madrid , Spain
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Qi H, Yi Y, Weng S, Zou W, He J, Dong C. Differential autophagic effects triggered by five different vertebrate iridoviruses in a common, highly permissive mandarinfish fry (MFF-1) cell model. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:407-419. [PMID: 26748344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy of five vertebrate iridoviruses, including one megalocytivirus (infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, ISKNV) and four ranaviruses (Chinese giant salamander iridovirus, CGSIV; Tiger frog virus, TFV; Grouper iridovirus, GIV; and Largemouth bass virus, LMBV) were investigated in a common, highly permissive mandarinfish fry (MFF-1) cell model. The results showed marked autophagosome formation in GIV- and LMBV-infected cells but not in ISKNV-, CGSIV- and TFV-infected MFF-1 cells. Strong evidence for the autophagosomes was provided by transmission electron microscopy, the detection of mandarinfish microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (mLC3)-based fluorescent dot formation and mLC3-I/mLC3-II conversion was provided by Western blotting. Pharmacological tests indicated that autophagy plays an antiviral role during GIV or LMBV infection. Collectively, our data are the first to show that antiviral autophagic effects can be triggered by GIV and LMBV but not by ISKNV, TFV and CGSIV in a common susceptible cell model. These results suggest that differential host-virus interaction strategies may be utilized against different vertebrate iridoviruses; they also indicate the potential effectiveness of an antiviral treatment that modulates autophagy to control iridoviral infections, such as GIV and LMBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemei Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yang Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Weibing Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Bairong Aquatic Breeding Products Co., Ltd, Xiaan, Danzhao Town, Nanhai District, Foshan 528000, PR China.
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Apoptosis, autophagy and unfolded protein response pathways in Arbovirus replication and pathogenesis. Expert Rev Mol Med 2016; 18:e1. [PMID: 26781343 PMCID: PMC4836210 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Arboviruses are pathogens that widely affect the health of people in different communities around the world. Recently, a few successful approaches toward production of effective vaccines against some of these pathogens have been developed, but treatment and prevention of the resulting diseases remain a major health and research concern. The arbovirus infection and replication processes are complex, and many factors are involved in their regulation. Apoptosis, autophagy and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are three mechanisms that are involved in pathogenesis of many viruses. In this review, we focus on the importance of these pathways in the arbovirus replication and infection processes. We provide a brief introduction on how apoptosis, autophagy and the UPR are initiated and regulated, and then discuss the involvement of these pathways in regulation of arbovirus pathogenesis.
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Hamel R, Dejarnac O, Wichit S, Ekchariyawat P, Neyret A, Luplertlop N, Perera-Lecoin M, Surasombatpattana P, Talignani L, Thomas F, Cao-Lormeau VM, Choumet V, Briant L, Desprès P, Amara A, Yssel H, Missé D. Biology of Zika Virus Infection in Human Skin Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:8880-96. [PMID: 26085147 PMCID: PMC4524089 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00354-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 840] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family, which includes dengue, West Nile, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis viruses, that causes a mosquito-borne disease transmitted by the Aedes genus, with recent outbreaks in the South Pacific. Here we examine the importance of human skin in the entry of ZIKV and its contribution to the induction of antiviral immune responses. We show that human dermal fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, and immature dendritic cells are permissive to the most recent ZIKV isolate, responsible for the epidemic in French Polynesia. Several entry and/or adhesion factors, including DC-SIGN, AXL, Tyro3, and, to a lesser extent, TIM-1, permitted ZIKV entry, with a major role for the TAM receptor AXL. The ZIKV permissiveness of human skin fibroblasts was confirmed by the use of a neutralizing antibody and specific RNA silencing. ZIKV induced the transcription of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), RIG-I, and MDA5, as well as several interferon-stimulated genes, including OAS2, ISG15, and MX1, characterized by strongly enhanced beta interferon gene expression. ZIKV was found to be sensitive to the antiviral effects of both type I and type II interferons. Finally, infection of skin fibroblasts resulted in the formation of autophagosomes, whose presence was associated with enhanced viral replication, as shown by the use of Torin 1, a chemical inducer of autophagy, and the specific autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. The results presented herein permit us to gain further insight into the biology of ZIKV and to devise strategies aiming to interfere with the pathology caused by this emerging flavivirus. IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Vector-mediated transmission of ZIKV is initiated when a blood-feeding female Aedes mosquito injects the virus into the skin of its mammalian host, followed by infection of permissive cells via specific receptors. Indeed, skin immune cells, including dermal fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, and immature dendritic cells, were all found to be permissive to ZIKV infection. The results also show a major role for the phosphatidylserine receptor AXL as a ZIKV entry receptor and for cellular autophagy in enhancing ZIKV replication in permissive cells. ZIKV replication leads to activation of an antiviral innate immune response and the production of type I interferons in infected cells. Taken together, these results provide the first general insights into the interaction between ZIKV and its mammalian host.
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MESH Headings
- Aedes/virology
- Animals
- Autophagy/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- DEAD Box Protein 58
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics
- DEAD-box RNA Helicases/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Fibroblasts/virology
- Flaviviridae/immunology
- Flaviviridae/physiology
- Flaviviridae Infections/immunology
- Flaviviridae Infections/virology
- HEK293 Cells
- Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1
- Humans
- Insect Vectors/virology
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1
- Interferon-beta/biosynthesis
- Interferon-beta/immunology
- Keratinocytes/virology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Myxovirus Resistance Proteins/biosynthesis
- Phagosomes/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/virology
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 7/immunology
- Ubiquitins/biosynthesis
- Vero Cells
- Virus Internalization
- Virus Replication
- Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Hamel
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224 IRD/CNRS/UM, Montpellier, France
| | - Ophélie Dejarnac
- INSERM, U944, Laboratoire de Pathologie et Virologie Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Aymeric Neyret
- Centre d'Étude d'Agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, CNRS-UMR 5236/UM, Montpellier, France
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Loïc Talignani
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224 IRD/CNRS/UM, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224 IRD/CNRS/UM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Valérie Choumet
- Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Briant
- Centre d'Étude d'Agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, CNRS-UMR 5236/UM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Département Infections et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, and UMR PIMIT (I2T Team), Université de La Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, GIP-CYROI, Saint Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Ali Amara
- INSERM, U944, Laboratoire de Pathologie et Virologie Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Hans Yssel
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM, U1135, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, APHP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224 IRD/CNRS/UM, Montpellier, France
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Reid CR, Airo AM, Hobman TC. The Virus-Host Interplay: Biogenesis of +RNA Replication Complexes. Viruses 2015; 7:4385-413. [PMID: 26287230 PMCID: PMC4576186 DOI: 10.3390/v7082825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA (+RNA) viruses are an important group of human and animal pathogens that have significant global health and economic impacts. Notable members include West Nile virus, Dengue virus, Chikungunya, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus and enteroviruses of the Picornaviridae family.Unfortunately, prophylactic and therapeutic treatments against these pathogens are limited. +RNA viruses have limited coding capacity and thus rely extensively on host factors for successful infection and propagation. A common feature among these viruses is their ability to dramatically modify cellular membranes to serve as platforms for genome replication and assembly of new virions. These viral replication complexes (VRCs) serve two main functions: To increase replication efficiency by concentrating critical factors and to protect the viral genome from host anti-viral systems. This review summarizes current knowledge of critical host factors recruited to or demonstrated to be involved in the biogenesis and stabilization of +RNA virus VRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R Reid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Adriana M Airo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Tom C Hobman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Ishikawa T, Konishi E. Potential chemotherapeutic targets for Japanese encephalitis: current status of antiviral drug development and future challenges. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1379-95. [PMID: 26156208 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1065817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains a public health threat in Asia. Although several vaccines have been licensed, ∼ 67,900 cases of the disease are estimated to occur annually, probably because the vaccine coverage is low. Therefore, effective antiviral drugs are required to control JE. However, no licensed anti-JE drugs are available, despite extensive efforts to develop them. AREAS COVERED We provide a general overview of JE and JE virus, including its transmission cycle, distribution, structure, replication machinery, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccines. The current situation in antiviral drug development is then reviewed and future perspectives are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although the development of effective anti-JE drugs is an urgent issue, only supportive care is currently available. Recent progress in our understanding of the viral replication machinery and immune evasion strategies has identified new targets for anti-JE drug development. To date, most candidate drugs have only been evaluated in single-drug formulations, and efficient drug delivery to the CNS has virtually not been considered. However, an effective anti-JE treatment is expected to be achieved with multiple-drug formulations and a targeted drug delivery system in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- a 1 Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology , 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Eiji Konishi
- b 2 Mahidol University, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Faculty of Tropical Medicine , 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,c 3 Osaka University, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development , 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan +66 2 354 5981 ;
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Blázquez AB, Martín-Acebes MA, Saiz JC. Amino acid substitutions in the non-structural proteins 4A or 4B modulate the induction of autophagy in West Nile virus infected cells independently of the activation of the unfolded protein response. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:797. [PMID: 25642225 PMCID: PMC4295549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for outbreaks of meningitis and encephalitis. Whereas the activation of autophagy in cells infected with other flaviviruses is well known, the interaction of WNV with the autophagic pathway still remains unclear and there are reports describing opposite findings obtained even analyzing the same viral strain. To clarify this controversy, we first analyzed the induction of autophagic features in cells infected with a panel of WNV strains. WNV was determined to induce autophagy in a strain dependent manner. We observed that all WNV strains or isolates analyzed, except for the WNV NY99 used, upregulated the autophagic pathway in infected cells. Interestingly, a variant derived from this WNV NY99 isolated from a persistently infected mouse increased LC3 modification and aggregation. Genome sequencing of this variant revealed only two non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions when compared to parental NY99 strain. These nucleotide substitutions introduced one amino acid replacement in NS4A and other in NS4B. Using genetically engineered viruses we showed that introduction of only one of these replacements was sufficient to upregulate the autophagic pathway. Thus, in this work we have shown that naturally occurring point mutations in the viral non-structural proteins NS4A and NS4B confer WNV with the ability to induce the hallmarks of autophagy such as LC3 modification and aggregation. Even more, the differences on the induction of an autophagic response observed among WNV variants in infected cells did not correlate with alterations on the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), suggesting an uncoupling of UPR and autophagy during flavivirus infection. The findings here reported could help to improve the knowledge of the cellular processes involved on flavivirus–host cell interactions and contribute to the design of effective strategies to combat these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Belén Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria Madrid, Spain ; Department of Virology and Microbiology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria Madrid, Spain
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Gullberg RC, Jordan Steel J, Moon SL, Soltani E, Geiss BJ. Oxidative stress influences positive strand RNA virus genome synthesis and capping. Virology 2014; 475:219-29. [PMID: 25514423 PMCID: PMC4332586 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are 5′ capped positive-stranded RNA viruses that replicate their genomes within endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles. Flaviviruses are well known to induce oxidative stress late in infection but it is unknown if oxidative stress plays a positive role in the viral RNA replication cycle. We therefore examined how oxidation affects flavivirus RNA replication. We found that antioxidant treatment reduced virus production, reduced the viral positive-to-negative strand RNA ratio, and resulted in the accumulation of uncapped positive-sense viral RNAs. Treatment of the NS5 RNA capping enzyme in vitro with oxidizing agents enhanced guanylyltransferase activity, indicating that the guanylyltransferase function of the flavivirus NS5 RNA capping enzyme is activated by oxidative conditions. Antioxidant treatment also reduced alphavirus RNA replication and protein expression while enhancing nsP1 capping activity. These findings suggest that RNA viruses may utilize oxidative stress induced during infection to help temporally control genome RNA capping and genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C Gullberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J Jordan Steel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie L Moon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elnaz Soltani
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Brian J Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Kobayashi S, Orba Y, Yamaguchi H, Takahashi K, Sasaki M, Hasebe R, Kimura T, Sawa H. Autophagy inhibits viral genome replication and gene expression stages in West Nile virus infection. Virus Res 2014; 191:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Merino-Ramos T, Saiz JC, Martín-Acebes MA. Stress responses in flavivirus-infected cells: activation of unfolded protein response and autophagy. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:266. [PMID: 24917859 PMCID: PMC4042264 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus is a genus of RNA viruses that includes multiple long known human, animal, and zoonotic pathogens such as Dengue virus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, or Japanese encephalitis virus, as well as other less known viruses that represent potential threats for human and animal health such as Usutu or Zika viruses. Flavivirus replication is based on endoplasmic reticulum-derived structures. Membrane remodeling and accumulation of viral factors induce endoplasmic reticulum stress that results in activation of a cellular signaling response termed unfolded protein response (UPR), which can be modulated by the viruses for their own benefit. Concomitant with the activation of the UPR, an upregulation of the autophagic pathway in cells infected with different flaviviruses has also been described. This review addresses the current knowledge of the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum stress, UPR, and autophagy in flavivirus-infected cells and the growing evidences for an involvement of these cellular pathways in the replication and pathogenesis of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Belén Blázquez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Merino-Ramos
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria Madrid, Spain ; Departamento de Virología y Microbiología, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Ghosh Roy S, Sadigh B, Datan E, Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z. Regulation of cell survival and death during Flavivirus infections. World J Biol Chem 2014; 5:93-105. [PMID: 24921001 PMCID: PMC4050121 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v5.i2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses, ss(+) RNA viruses, include many of mankind’s most important pathogens. Their pathogenicity derives from their ability to infect many types of cells including neurons, to replicate, and eventually to kill the cells. Flaviviruses can activate tumor necrosis factor α and both intrinsic (Bax-mediated) and extrinsic pathways to apoptosis. Thus they can use many approaches for activating these pathways. Infection can lead to necrosis if viral load is extremely high or to other types of cell death if routes to apoptosis are blocked. Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis Virus can also activate autophagy. In this case the autophagy temporarily spares the infected cell, allowing a longer period of reproduction for the virus, and the autophagy further protects the cell against other stresses such as those caused by reactive oxygen species. Several of the viral proteins have been shown to induce apoptosis or autophagy on their own, independent of the presence of other viral proteins. Given the versatility of these viruses to adapt to and manipulate the metabolism, and thus to control the survival of, the infected cells, we need to understand much better how the specific viral proteins affect the pathways to apoptosis and autophagy. Only in this manner will we be able to minimize the pathology that they cause.
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Replication cycle and molecular biology of the West Nile virus. Viruses 2013; 6:13-53. [PMID: 24378320 PMCID: PMC3917430 DOI: 10.3390/v6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. Flaviviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and modify the host cell environment. Although much has been learned about virion structure and virion-endosomal membrane fusion, the cell receptor(s) used have not been definitively identified and little is known about the early stages of the virus replication cycle. Members of the genus Flavivirus differ from members of the two other genera of the family by the lack of a genomic internal ribosomal entry sequence and the creation of invaginations in the ER membrane rather than double-membrane vesicles that are used as the sites of exponential genome synthesis. The WNV genome 3' and 5' sequences that form the long distance RNA-RNA interaction required for minus strand initiation have been identified and contact sites on the 5' RNA stem loop for NS5 have been mapped. Structures obtained for many of the viral proteins have provided information relevant to their functions. Viral nonstructural protein interactions are complex and some may occur only in infected cells. Although interactions between many cellular proteins and virus components have been identified, the functions of most of these interactions have not been delineated.
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Antiviral autophagy restrictsRift Valley fever virus infection and is conserved from flies to mammals. Immunity 2013; 40:51-65. [PMID: 24374193 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy has been implicated as a component of host defense, but the significance of antimicrobial autophagy in vivo and the mechanism by which it is regulated during infection are poorly defined. Here we found that antiviral autophagy was conserved in flies and mammals during infection with Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), a mosquito-borne virus that causes disease in humans and livestock. In Drosophila, Toll-7 limited RVFV replication and mortality through activation of autophagy. RVFV infection also elicited autophagy in mouse and human cells, and viral replication was increased in the absence of autophagy genes. The mammalian Toll-like receptor adaptor, MyD88, was required for anti-RVFV autophagy, revealing an evolutionarily conserved requirement for pattern-recognition receptors in antiviral autophagy. Pharmacologic activation of autophagy inhibited RVFV infection in mammalian cells, including primary hepatocytes and neurons. Thus, autophagy modulation might be an effective strategy for treating RVFV infection, which lacks approved vaccines and therapeutics.
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Pei J, Zhao M, Ye Z, Gou H, Wang J, Yi L, Dong X, Liu W, Luo Y, Liao M, Chen J. Autophagy enhances the replication of classical swine fever virus in vitro. Autophagy 2013; 10:93-110. [PMID: 24262968 PMCID: PMC4389882 DOI: 10.4161/auto.26843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in cellular responses to pathogens. However, the impact of the autophagy machinery on classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection is not yet confirmed. In this study, we showed that CSFV infection significantly increases the number of autophagy-like vesicles in the cytoplasm of host cells at the ultrastructural level. We also found the formation of 2 ubiquitin-like conjugation systems upon virus infection, including LC3-I/LC3-II conversion and ATG12–ATG5 conjugation, which are considered important indicators of autophagy. Meanwhile, high expression of ATG5 and BECN1 was detected in CSFV-infected cells; conversely, degradation of SQSTM1 was observed by immunoblotting, suggesting that CSFV infection triggered a complete autophagic response, most likely by the NS5A protein. Furthermore, by confocal immunofluorescence analysis, we discovered that both envelope protein E2 and nonstructural protein NS5A colocalized with LC3 and CD63 during CSFV infection. Examination by immunoelectron microscopy further confirmed the colocalization of both E2 and NS5A proteins with autophagosome-like vesicles, indicating that CSFV utilizes the membranes of these vesicles for replication. Finally, we demonstrated that alteration of cellular autophagy by autophagy regulators and shRNAs affects progeny virus production. Collectively, these findings provide strong evidence that CSFV infection needs an autophagy pathway to enhance viral replication and maturity in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Pei
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuodong Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongchao Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou, China
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Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Merino-Ramos T, Saiz JC, Martín-Acebes MA. Infection with Usutu virus induces an autophagic response in mammalian cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2509. [PMID: 24205422 PMCID: PMC3812092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) is an African mosquito-borne flavivirus closely related to West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis virus, which host range includes mainly mosquitoes and birds, although infections in humans have been also documented, thus warning about USUV as a potential health threat. Circulation of USUV in Africa was documented more than 50 years ago, but it was not until the last decade that it emerged in Europe causing episodes of avian mortality and some human severe cases. Since autophagy is a cellular pathway that can play important roles on different aspects of viral infections and pathogenesis, the possible implication of this pathway in USUV infection has been examined using Vero cells and two viral strains of different origin. USUV infection induced the unfolded protein response, revealed by the splicing of Xbp-1 mRNA. Infection with USUV also stimulated the autophagic process, which was demonstrated by an increase in the cytoplasmic aggregation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), a marker of autophagosome formation. In addition to this, an increase in the lipidated form of LC3, that is associated with autophagosome formation, was noticed following infection. Pharmacological modulation of the autophagic pathway with the inductor of autophagy rapamycin resulted in an increase in virus yield. On the other hand, treatment with 3-methyladenine or wortmannin, two distinct inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases involved in autophagy, resulted in a decrease in virus yield. These results indicate that USUV virus infection upregulates the cellular autophagic pathway and that drugs that target this pathway can modulate the infection of this virus, thus identifying a potential druggable pathway in USUV-infection. The identification of cellular components and metabolic pathways involved in virus replication provides valuable information for the development of new antiviral strategies. Autophagy is one of these metabolic pathways with multiple implications during viral replication. Autophagy literally means self-digestion and constitutes a cellular process by which intracellular components are enclosed by membrane structures and degraded. Interestingly autophagy can contribute either positively or negatively to viral infections. For instance, several viruses hijack these autophagic membranes to build their replication complexes or take advantage on metabolic rearrangements induced following autophagy, while in other cases autophagy contributes to viral clearance and innate immunity. In this study, we explored the possible implication of the autophagic pathway during Usutu virus infection (USUV). USUV is an African mosquito-borne flavivirus that mainly infects mosquitoes and birds, although infections in humans have been also documented, thus warning about USUV as a potential health threat. Our results indicate that infection by USUV of different origins triggers an autophagic response within infected cells. Even more, drugs that target components from the autophagic pathway modulate USUV-infection. These results provide the basis for the design of new antiviral research lines against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Belén Blázquez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Merino-Ramos
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Martín-Acebes
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: ,
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