1
|
Fang M, Liu Y, Gao X, Yu J, Tu X, Mo X, Zhu H, Zou Y, Huang C, Fan S. Perillaldehyde alleviates polyQ-induced neurodegeneration through the induction of autophagy and mitochondrial UPR in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38990058 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease associated with autophagy disorder and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we identified therapeutic potential of perillaldehyde (PAE), a monoterpene compound obtained from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., in the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model of HD, which included lifespan extension, healthspan improvement, decrease in polyglutamine (polyQ) aggregation, and preservation of mitochondrial network. Further analyses indicated that PAE was able to induce autophagy and mitochondrial unfolded protein reaction (UPRmt) activation and positively regulated expression of associated genes. In lgg-1 RNAi C. elegans or C. elegans with UPRmt-related genes knockdown, the effects of PAE treatment on polyQ aggregation or rescue polyQ-induced toxicity were attenuated, suggesting that its neuroprotective activity depended on autophagy and UPRmt. Moreover, we found that pharmacological and genetic activation of UPRmt generally protected C. elegans from polyQ-induced cytotoxicity. Finally, PAE promoted serotonin synthesis by upregulating expression of TPH-1, and serotonin synthesis and neurosecretion were required for PAE-mediated UPRmt activation and its neuroprotective activity. In conclusion, PAE is a potential therapy for polyQ-related diseases including HD, which is dependent on autophagy and cell-non-autonomous UPRmt activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minglv Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Tu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Mo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanhu Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jia Q, Li J, Guo X, Li Y, Wu Y, Peng Y, Fang Z, Zhang X. Neuroprotective effects of chaperone-mediated autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1291-1298. [PMID: 37905878 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chaperone-mediated autophagy is one of three types of autophagy and is characterized by the selective degradation of proteins. Chaperone-mediated autophagy contributes to energy balance and helps maintain cellular homeostasis, while providing nutrients and support for cell survival. Chaperone-mediated autophagy activity can be detected in almost all cells, including neurons. Owing to the extreme sensitivity of neurons to their environmental changes, maintaining neuronal homeostasis is critical for neuronal growth and survival. Chaperone-mediated autophagy dysfunction is closely related to central nervous system diseases. It has been shown that neuronal damage and cell death are accompanied by chaperone-mediated autophagy dysfunction. Under certain conditions, regulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy activity attenuates neurotoxicity. In this paper, we review the changes in chaperone-mediated autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases, brain injury, glioma, and autoimmune diseases. We also summarize the most recent research progress on chaperone-mediated autophagy regulation and discuss the potential of chaperone-mediated autophagy as a therapeutic target for central nervous system diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - You Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuliang Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zongping Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care Unit, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kinger S, Jagtap YA, Kumar P, Choudhary A, Prasad A, Prajapati VK, Kumar A, Mehta G, Mishra A. Proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:270-333. [PMID: 38797543 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Proteostasis is essential for normal function of proteins and vital for cellular health and survival. Proteostasis encompasses all stages in the "life" of a protein, that is, from translation to functional performance and, ultimately, to degradation. Proteins need native conformations for function and in the presence of multiple types of stress, their misfolding and aggregation can occur. A coordinated network of proteins is at the core of proteostasis in cells. Among these, chaperones are required for maintaining the integrity of protein conformations by preventing misfolding and aggregation and guide those with abnormal conformation to degradation. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are major cellular pathways for degrading proteins. Although failure or decreased functioning of components of this network can lead to proteotoxicity and disease, like neuron degenerative diseases, underlying factors are not completely understood. Accumulating misfolded and aggregated proteins are considered major pathomechanisms of neurodegeneration. In this chapter, we have described the components of three major branches required for proteostasis-chaperones, UPS and autophagy, the mechanistic basis of their function, and their potential for protection against various neurodegenerative conditions, like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease. The modulation of various proteostasis network proteins, like chaperones, E3 ubiquitin ligases, proteasome, and autophagy-associated proteins as therapeutic targets by small molecules as well as new and unconventional approaches, shows promise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kinger
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yuvraj Anandrao Jagtap
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Akash Choudhary
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Gunjan Mehta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li YY, Qin ZH, Sheng R. The Multiple Roles of Autophagy in Neural Function and Diseases. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:363-382. [PMID: 37856037 PMCID: PMC10912456 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy involves the sequestration and delivery of cytoplasmic materials to lysosomes, where proteins, lipids, and organelles are degraded and recycled. According to the way the cytoplasmic components are engulfed, autophagy can be divided into macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Recently, many studies have found that autophagy plays an important role in neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, neuronal excitotoxicity, and cerebral ischemia. Autophagy maintains cell homeostasis in the nervous system via degradation of misfolded proteins, elimination of damaged organelles, and regulation of apoptosis and inflammation. AMPK-mTOR, Beclin 1, TP53, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and other signal pathways are involved in the regulation of autophagy and can be used as potential therapeutic targets for neurological diseases. Here, we discuss the role, functions, and signal pathways of autophagy in neurological diseases, which will shed light on the pathogenic mechanisms of neurological diseases and suggest novel targets for therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Valdor R, Martinez-Vicente M. The Role of Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in Tissue Homeostasis and Disease Pathogenesis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:257. [PMID: 38397859 PMCID: PMC10887052 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a selective proteolytic pathway in the lysosomes. Proteins are recognized one by one through the detection of a KFERQ motif or, at least, a KFERQ-like motif, by a heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70), a molecular chaperone. CMA substrates are recognized and delivered to a lysosomal CMA receptor, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2A (LAMP-2A), the only limiting component of this pathway, and transported to the lysosomal lumen with the help of another resident chaperone HSp90. Since approximately 75% of proteins are reported to have canonical, phosphorylation-generated, or acetylation-generated KFERQ motifs, CMA maintains intracellular protein homeostasis and regulates specific functions in the cells in different tissues. CMA also regulates physiologic functions in different organs, and is then implicated in disease pathogenesis related to aging, cancer, and the central nervous and immune systems. In this minireview, we have summarized the most important findings on the role of CMA in tissue homeostasis and disease pathogenesis, updating the recent advances for this Special Issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rut Valdor
- Immunology-Cell Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B, University of Murcia (UMU), 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Unit of Autophagy, Immune Response and Tolerance in Pathologic Processes, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia-Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Martinez-Vicente
- Autophagy and Lysosomal Dysfunction Lab, Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute—CIBERNED, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qiao L, Hu J, Qiu X, Wang C, Peng J, Zhang C, Zhang M, Lu H, Chen W. LAMP2A, LAMP2B and LAMP2C: similar structures, divergent roles. Autophagy 2023; 19:2837-2852. [PMID: 37469132 PMCID: PMC10549195 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2235196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
LAMP2 (lysosomal associated membrane protein 2) is one of the major protein components of the lysosomal membrane. There currently exist three LAMP2 isoforms, LAMP2A, LAMP2B and LAMP2C, and they vary in distribution and function. LAMP2A serves as a receptor and channel for transporting cytosolic proteins in a process called chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). LAMP2B is required for autophagosome-lysosome fusion in cardiomyocytes and is one of the components of exosome membranes. LAMP2C is primarily implicated in a novel type of autophagy in which nucleic acids are taken up into lysosomes for degradation. In this review, the current evidence for the function of each LAMP2 isoform in various pathophysiological processes and human diseases, as well as their possible mechanisms, are comprehensively summarized. We discuss the evolutionary patterns of the three isoforms in vertebrates and provide technical guidance on investigating these isoforms. We are also concerned with the newly arising questions in this particular research area that remain unanswered. Advances in the functions of the three LAMP2 isoforms will uncover new links between lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy and human diseases.Abbreviation: ACSL4: acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4; AD: Alzheimer disease; Ag: antigens; APP: amyloid beta precursor protein; ATG14: autophagy related 14; AVSF: autophagic vacuoles with unique sarcolemmal features; BBC3/PUMA: BCL2 binding component 3; CCD: C-terminal coiled coil domain; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CVDs: cardiovascular diseases; DDIT4/REDD1: DNA damage inducible transcript 4; ECs: endothelial cells; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ESCs: embryonic stem cells; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GBA/β-glucocerebrosidase: glucosylceramidase beta; GSCs: glioblastoma stem cells; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HD: Huntington disease; HSCs: hematopoietic stem cells; HSPA8/HSC70: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8; IL3: interleukin 3; IR: ischemia-reperfusion; LAMP2: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LDs: lipid droplets; LRRK2: leucine rich repeat kinase 2; MA: macroautophagy; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; MST1: macrophage stimulating 1; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NFE2L2/NRF2: NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; PARK7: Parkinsonism associated deglycase; PD: Parkinson disease; PEA15/PED: proliferation and apoptosis adaptor protein 15; PKM/PKM2: pyruvate kinase M1/2; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; RARA: retinoic acid receptor alpha; RCAN1: regulator of calcineurin 1; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; RDA: RNautophagy and DNautophagy; RNAi: RNA interference; RND3: Rho Family GTPase 3; SG-NOS3/eNOS: deleterious glutathionylated NOS3; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; TAMs: tumor-associated macrophages; TME: tumor microenvironment; UCHL1: ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1; VAMP8: vesicle associated membrane protein 8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory; the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiayi Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory; the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohan Qiu
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory; the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory; the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jieqiong Peng
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory; the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory; the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huixia Lu
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory; the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory; the Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Y, Tan L, Tan MS. Chaperone-mediated autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms and therapy. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2173-2190. [PMID: 36695937 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is the selective degradation process of intracellular components by lysosomes, which is required for the degradation of aggregate-prone proteins and contributes to proteostasis maintenance. Proteostasis is essential for normal cell function and survival, and it is determined by the balance of protein synthesis and degradation. Because postmitotic neurons are highly susceptible to proteostasis disruption, CMA is vital for the nervous system. Since Parkinson's disease (PD) was first linked to CMA dysfunction, an increasing number of studies have shown that CMA loss, as seen during aging, occurs in the pathogenetic process of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of CMA, as well as the physiological function and regulation of this autophagy pathway. Following, we highlight its potential role in neurodegenerative diseases, and the latest advances and challenges in targeting CMA in therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Meng-Shan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yao R, Shen J. Chaperone-mediated autophagy: Molecular mechanisms, biological functions, and diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e347. [PMID: 37655052 PMCID: PMC10466100 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a lysosomal degradation pathway that eliminates substrate proteins through heat-shock cognate protein 70 recognition and lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A-assisted translocation. It is distinct from macroautophagy and microautophagy. In recent years, the regulatory mechanisms of CMA have been gradually enriched, including the newly discovered NRF2 and p38-TFEB signaling, as positive and negative regulatory pathways of CMA, respectively. Normal CMA activity is involved in the regulation of metabolism, aging, immunity, cell cycle, and other physiological processes, while CMA dysfunction may be involved in the occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders, tumors, intestinal disorders, atherosclerosis, and so on, which provides potential targets for the treatment and prediction of related diseases. This article describes the general process of CMA and its role in physiological activities and summarizes the connection between CMA and macroautophagy. In addition, human diseases that concern the dysfunction or protective role of CMA are discussed. Our review deepens the understanding of the mechanisms and physiological functions of CMA and provides a summary of past CMA research and a vision of future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchen Yao
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyKey Laboratory of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMinistry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research CenterShanghaiChina
- Renji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive DiseaseShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyKey Laboratory of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMinistry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research CenterShanghaiChina
- Renji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive DiseaseShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang KK, Zhang P, Kodur A, Erturk I, Burns CM, Kenyon C, Miller RA, Endicott SJ. LAMP2A, and other chaperone-mediated autophagy related proteins, do not decline with age in genetically heterogeneous UM-HET3 mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:4685-4698. [PMID: 37315291 PMCID: PMC10292871 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) selectively degrades proteins that are crucial for glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and the progression of several age-associated diseases. Several previous studies, each of which evaluated males of a single inbred mouse or rat strain, have reported that CMA declines with age in many tissues, attributed to an age-related loss of LAMP2A, the primary and indispensable component of the CMA translocation complex. This has led to a paradigm in the field of CMA research, stating that the age-associated decline in LAMP2A in turn decreases CMA, contributing to the pathogenesis of late-life disease. We assessed LAMP2A levels and CMA substrate uptake in both sexes of the genetically heterogeneous UM-HET3 mouse stock, which is the current global standard for the evaluation of anti-aging interventions. We found no evidence for age-related changes in LAMP2A levels, CMA substrate uptake, or whole liver levels of CMA degradation targets, despite identifying sex differences in CMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K. Zhang
- University of Michigan, College of Literature, Science, and The Arts, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peichuan Zhang
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Current Affiliation: WuXi AppTec, Shanghai, China
| | - Anagha Kodur
- University of Michigan, College of Literature, Science, and The Arts, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ilkim Erturk
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Calvin M. Burns
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cynthia Kenyon
- Calico Life Sciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Richard A. Miller
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - S. Joseph Endicott
- University of Michigan, Department of Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sánchez-Vidaña DI, Li J, Abokyi S, Chan JNM, Ngai SPC, Lau BWM. In vitro methods in autophagy research: Applications in neurodegenerative diseases and mood disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1168948. [PMID: 37122628 PMCID: PMC10130388 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1168948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a conserved physiological intracellular mechanism responsible for the degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic constituents (e.g., damaged organelles, and protein aggregates) to maintain cell homeostasis. Aberrant autophagy has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's Disease (HD), and recently aberrant autophagy has been associated with mood disorders, such as depression. Several in vitro methods have been developed to study the complex and tightly regulated mechanisms of autophagy. In vitro methods applied to autophagy research are used to identify molecular key players involved in dysfunctional autophagy and to screen autophagy regulators with therapeutic applications in neurological diseases and mood disorders. Therefore, the aims of this narrative review are (1) to compile information on the cell-based methods used in autophagy research, (2) to discuss their application, and (3) to create a catalog of traditional and novel in vitro methods applied in neurodegenerative diseases and depression. Methods Pubmed and Google Scholar were used to retrieve relevant in vitro studies on autophagy mechanisms in neurological diseases and depression using a combination of search terms per mechanism and disease (e.g., "macroautophagy" and "Alzheimer's disease"). A total of 37 studies were included (14 in PD, 8 in AD, 5 in ALS, 5 in %, and 5 in depression). Results A repertoire of traditional and novel approaches and techniques was compiled and discussed. The methods used in autophagy research focused on the mechanisms of macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. The in vitro tools presented in this review can be applied to explore pathophysiological mechanisms at a molecular level and to screen for potential therapeutic agents and their mechanism of action, which can be of great importance to understanding disease biology and potential therapeutic options in the context of neurodegenerative disorders and depression. Conclusion This is the first review to compile, discuss, and provide a catalog of traditional and novel in vitro models applied to neurodegenerative disorders and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalinda Isabel Sánchez-Vidaña
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samuel Abokyi
- School of Optometry, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jackie Ngai-Man Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shirley Pui-Ching Ngai
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hasholt LF. Upregulated Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy May Perform a Key Role in Reduced Cancer Incidence in Huntington's Disease. J Huntingtons Dis 2023; 12:371-376. [PMID: 37927269 PMCID: PMC11091607 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-230586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Incidence of cancer is markedly reduced in patients with the hereditary neurodegenerative polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases. We have very poor knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms, but the expanded polyQ sequence is assumed to play a central role, because it is common to the respective disease related proteins. The inhibition seems to take place in all kinds of cells, because the lower cancer frequency applies to nearly all types of tumors and is not related with the characteristic pathological changes in specific brain tissues. Further, the cancer repressing mechanisms appear to be active early in life including in pre-symptomatic and early phase polyQ patients. Autophagy plays a central role in clearing proteins with expanded polyQ tracts, and autophagy modulation has been demonstrated and particularly investigated in Huntington's disease (HD). Macroautophagy may be dysfunctional due to defects in several steps of the process, whereas increased chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) has been shown in HD patients, cell and animal models. Recently, CMA is assumed to play a key role in prevention of cellular transformation of normal cells into cancer cells. Investigations of normal cells from HD and other polyQ carriers could therefore add further insight into the protective mechanisms of CMA in tumorigenesis, and be important for development of autophagy based strategies to prevent malignant processes leading to cancer and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang R, Yang X, Zhang F. New Perspectives of Taxifolin in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2097-2109. [PMID: 36740800 PMCID: PMC10556370 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230203101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and Huntington's disease (HD) are characterized by cognitive and motor dysfunctions and neurodegeneration. These diseases have become more severe over time and cannot be cured currently. Until now, most treatments for these diseases are only used to relieve the symptoms. Taxifolin (TAX), 3,5,7,3,4-pentahydroxy flavanone, also named dihydroquercetin, is a compound derived primarily from Douglas fir and Larix gemelini. TAX has been confirmed to exhibit various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-virus, and regulation of oxidative stress effects. In the central nervous system, TAX has been demonstrated to inhibit Aβ fibril formation, protect neurons and improve cerebral blood flow, cognitive ability, and dyskinesia. At present, TAX is only applied as a health additive in clinical practice. This review aimed to summarize the application of TAX in neurodegenerative diseases and the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms, such as suppressing inflammation, attenuating oxidative stress, preventing Aβ protein formation, maintaining dopamine levels, and thus reducing neuronal loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinxing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and Laboratory Animal Center, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Palaiogeorgou AM, Papakonstantinou E, Golfinopoulou R, Sigala M, Mitsis T, Papageorgiou L, Diakou I, Pierouli K, Dragoumani K, Spandidos DA, Bacopoulou F, Chrousos GP, Eliopoulos E, Vlachakis D. Recent approaches on Huntington's disease (Review). Biomed Rep 2022; 18:5. [PMID: 36544856 PMCID: PMC9756286 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe motor, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. Patients of all ages can present with a dysfunction of the nervous system, which leads to the progressive loss of movement control and disabilities in speech, swallowing, communications, etc. The molecular basis of the disease is well-known, as HD is related to a mutated gene, a trinucleotide expansion, which encodes to the huntingtin protein. This protein is linked to neurogenesis and the loss of its function leads to neurodegenerative disorders. Although the genetic cause of the disorder has been known for decades, no effective treatment is yet available to prevent onset or to eliminate the progression of symptoms. Thus, the present review focused on the development of novel methods for the timely and accurate diagnosis of HD in an aim to aid the development of therapies which may reduce the severity of the symptoms and control their progression. The majority of the therapies include gene-silencing mechanisms of the mutated huntingtin gene aiming to suppress its expression, and the use of various substances as drugs with highly promising results. In the present review, the latest approaches on the diagnosis of HD are discussed along with the need for genetic counseling and an up-to-date presentation of the applied treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Marina Palaiogeorgou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca Golfinopoulou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Markezina Sigala
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Thanasis Mitsis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Louis Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Io Diakou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Pierouli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dragoumani
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P. Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Eliopoulos
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece,University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children's Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece,Correspondence to: Dr Dimitrios Vlachakis, Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fu HY, Cui Y, Li Q, Wang D, Li H, Yang L, Wang DJ, Zhou JW. LAMP-2A ablation in hippocampal CA1 astrocytes confers cerebroprotection and ameliorates neuronal injury after global brain ischemia. Brain Pathol 2022; 33:e13114. [PMID: 36059143 PMCID: PMC10041161 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis and neuronal death are major features of brain tissue damage after transient global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The CA1 subfield in the hippocampus is particularly susceptible to cell death after I/R. Recently, attention has focused on the relationship between the autophagy-lysosomal pathway and cerebral ischemia. Lysosomal-associated membrane protein type-2A (LAMP-2A) is a key protein in chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). However, LAMP-2A expression in astrocytes of the hippocampus and its influence on brain injury following I/R remain unknown. Here, we show that LAMP-2A is elevated in astrocytes of the CA1 hippocampal subfield after I/R and in primary cultured astrocytes after transient oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Conditional LAMP-2A knockdown in CA1 astrocytes inhibited astrocyte activation and prevented neuronal death by inhibiting the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis after I/R, suggesting that elevated astrocytic LAMP-2A contributes to regional ischemic vulnerability. Furthermore, astrocytic LAMP-2A ablation ameliorated the spatial learning and memory deficits caused by I/R. Conditional astrocytic LAMP-2A knockdown also prevented the loss of hippocampal synapses and dendritic spines, improved the synaptic ultrastructure, and inhibited the reduced expression of synaptic proteins after ischemia. Thus, our findings demonstrate that astrocytic LAMP-2A expression increases upon I/R and that LAMP-2A ablation specifically in hippocampal astrocytes contributes to cerebroprotection, suggesting a novel neuroprotective strategy for patients with global ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yu Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yang Cui
- Schools of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Schools of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ding Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Long Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - De-Juan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing-Wei Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Schools of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Paldino E, Fusco FR. Emerging Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome/Pyroptosis in Huntington's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8363. [PMID: 35955494 PMCID: PMC9368941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by several symptoms encompassing movement, cognition, and behavior. The mutation of the IT15 gene encoding for the huntingtin protein is the cause of HD. Mutant huntingtin interacts with and impairs the function of several transcription factors involved in neuronal survival. Although many mechanisms determining neuronal death have been described over the years, the significant role of inflammation has gained momentum in the last decade. Drugs targeting the elements that orchestrate inflammation have been considered powerful tools to treat HD. In this review, we will describe the data supporting inflammasome and NLRP3 as a target of therapeutics to fight HD, deepening the possible mechanisms of action underlying these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Paldino
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, IRRCS Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Fusco
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, IRRCS Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Endicott SJ, Monovich AC, Huang EL, Henry EI, Boynton DN, Beckmann LJ, MacCoss MJ, Miller RA. Lysosomal targetomics of ghr KO mice shows chaperone-mediated autophagy degrades nucleocytosolic acetyl-coA enzymes. Autophagy 2022; 18:1551-1571. [PMID: 34704522 PMCID: PMC9298451 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1990670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in GHR (growth hormone receptor; ghr KO) have a dramatic lifespan extension and elevated levels of hepatic chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Using quantitative proteomics to identify protein changes in purified liver lysosomes and whole liver lysates, we provide evidence that elevated CMA in ghr KO mice downregulates proteins involved in ribosomal structure, translation initiation and elongation, and nucleocytosolic acetyl-coA production. Following up on these initial proteomics findings, we used a cell culture approach to show that CMA is necessary and sufficient to regulate the abundance of ACLY and ACSS2, the two enzymes that produce nucleocytosolic (but not mitochondrial) acetyl-coA. Inhibition of CMA in NIH3T3 cells has been shown to lead to aberrant accumulation of lipid droplets. We show that this lipid droplet phenotype is rescued by knocking down ACLY or ACSS2, suggesting that CMA regulates lipid droplet formation by controlling ACLY and ACSS2. This evidence leads to a model of how constitutive activation of CMA can shape specific metabolic pathways in long-lived endocrine mutant mice.Abbreviations: CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; DIA: data-independent acquisition; ghr KO: growth hormone receptor knockout; GO: gene ontology; I-WAT: inguinal white adipose tissue; KFERQ: a consensus sequence resembling Lys-Phe-Glu-Arg-Gln; LAMP2A: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2A; LC3-I: non-lipidated MAP1LC3; LC3-II: lipidated MAP1LC3; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric L. Huang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evelynn I. Henry
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dennis N. Boynton
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Logan J. Beckmann
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,CONTACT Richard A. Miller Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Calabrese G, Molzahn C, Mayor T. Protein interaction networks in neurodegenerative diseases: from physiological function to aggregation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102062. [PMID: 35623389 PMCID: PMC9234719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of protein inclusions is linked to many neurodegenerative diseases that typically develop in older individuals, due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In rare familial neurodegenerative disorders, genes encoding for aggregation-prone proteins are often mutated. While the underlying mechanism leading to these diseases still remains to be fully elucidated, efforts in the past 20 years revealed a vast network of protein–protein interactions that play a major role in regulating the aggregation of key proteins associated with neurodegeneration. Misfolded proteins that can oligomerize and form insoluble aggregates associate with molecular chaperones and other elements of the proteolytic machineries that are the frontline workers attempting to protect the cells by promoting clearance and preventing aggregation. Proteins that are normally bound to aggregation-prone proteins can become sequestered and mislocalized in protein inclusions, leading to their loss of function. In contrast, mutations, posttranslational modifications, or misfolding of aggregation-prone proteins can lead to gain of function by inducing novel or altered protein interactions, which in turn can impact numerous essential cellular processes and organelles, such as vesicle trafficking and the mitochondria. This review examines our current knowledge of protein–protein interactions involving several key aggregation-prone proteins that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We aim to provide an overview of the protein interaction networks that play a central role in driving or mitigating inclusion formation, while highlighting some of the key proteomic studies that helped to uncover the extent of these networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Calabrese
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver BC, Canada.
| | - Cristen Molzahn
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Thibault Mayor
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ma X, Lu C, Chen Y, Li S, Ma N, Tao X, Li Y, Wang J, Zhou M, Yan YB, Li P, Heydari K, Deng H, Zhang M, Yi C, Ge L. CCT2 is an aggrephagy receptor for clearance of solid protein aggregates. Cell 2022; 185:1325-1345.e22. [PMID: 35366418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a hallmark of multiple human pathologies. Autophagy selectively degrades protein aggregates via aggrephagy. How selectivity is achieved has been elusive. Here, we identify the chaperonin subunit CCT2 as an autophagy receptor regulating the clearance of aggregation-prone proteins in the cell and the mouse brain. CCT2 associates with aggregation-prone proteins independent of cargo ubiquitination and interacts with autophagosome marker ATG8s through a non-classical VLIR motif. In addition, CCT2 regulates aggrephagy independently of the ubiquitin-binding receptors (P62, NBR1, and TAX1BP1) or chaperone-mediated autophagy. Unlike P62, NBR1, and TAX1BP1, which facilitate the clearance of protein condensates with liquidity, CCT2 specifically promotes the autophagic degradation of protein aggregates with little liquidity (solid aggregates). Furthermore, aggregation-prone protein accumulation induces the functional switch of CCT2 from a chaperone subunit to an autophagy receptor by promoting CCT2 monomer formation, which exposes the VLIR to ATG8s interaction and, therefore, enables the autophagic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Caijing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ningjia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pilong Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kartoosh Heydari
- Cancer Research Laboratory FACS Core Facility, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Haiteng Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology & Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing 100084, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Cong Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, and Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Liang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Acute Neurological Insults in the Central Nervous System. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071205. [PMID: 35406769 PMCID: PMC8997510 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important function that mediates the degradation of intracellular proteins and organelles. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) degrades selected proteins and has a crucial role in cellular proteostasis under various physiological and pathological conditions. CMA dysfunction leads to the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates in the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in the pathogenic process of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Previous studies have suggested that the activation of CMA to degrade aberrant proteins can provide a neuroprotective effect in the CNS. Recent studies have shown that CMA activity is upregulated in damaged neural tissue following acute neurological insults, such as cerebral infarction, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. It has been also suggested that various protein degradation mechanisms are important for removing toxic aberrant proteins associated with secondary damage after acute neurological insults in the CNS. Therefore, enhancing the CMA pathway may induce neuroprotective effects not only in neurogenerative diseases but also in acute neurological insults. We herein review current knowledge concerning the biological mechanisms involved in CMA and highlight the role of CMA in neurodegenerative diseases and acute neurological insults. We also discuss the possibility of developing CMA-targeted therapeutic strategies for effective treatments.
Collapse
|
20
|
Georgiou M, Yang C, Atkinson R, Pan K, Buskin A, Molina MM, Collin J, Al‐Aama J, Goertler F, Ludwig SEJ, Davey T, Lührmann R, Nagaraja‐Grellscheid S, Johnson CA, Ali R, Armstrong L, Korolchuk V, Urlaub H, Mozaffari‐Jovin S, Lako M. Activation of autophagy reverses progressive and deleterious protein aggregation in PRPF31 patient-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium cells. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e759. [PMID: 35297555 PMCID: PMC8926896 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in pre-mRNA processing factor 31 (PRPF31), a core protein of the spliceosomal tri-snRNP complex, cause autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). It has remained an enigma why mutations in ubiquitously expressed tri-snRNP proteins result in retina-specific disorders, and so far, the underlying mechanism of splicing factors-related RP is poorly understood. METHODS We used the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology to generate retinal organoids and RPE models from four patients with severe and very severe PRPF31-adRP, unaffected individuals and a CRISPR/Cas9 isogenic control. RESULTS To fully assess the impacts of PRPF31 mutations, quantitative proteomics analyses of retinal organoids and RPE cells were carried out showing RNA splicing, autophagy and lysosome, unfolded protein response (UPR) and visual cycle-related pathways to be significantly affected. Strikingly, the patient-derived RPE and retinal cells were characterised by the presence of large amounts of cytoplasmic aggregates containing the mutant PRPF31 and misfolded, ubiquitin-conjugated proteins including key visual cycle and other RP-linked tri-snRNP proteins, which accumulated progressively with time. The mutant PRPF31 variant was not incorporated into splicing complexes, but reduction of PRPF31 wild-type levels led to tri-snRNP assembly defects in Cajal bodies of PRPF31 patient retinal cells, altered morphology of nuclear speckles and reduced formation of active spliceosomes giving rise to global splicing dysregulation. Moreover, the impaired waste disposal mechanisms further exacerbated aggregate formation, and targeting these by activating the autophagy pathway using Rapamycin reduced cytoplasmic aggregates, leading to improved cell survival. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that it is the progressive aggregate accumulation that overburdens the waste disposal machinery rather than direct PRPF31-initiated mis-splicing, and thus relieving the RPE cells from insoluble cytoplasmic aggregates presents a novel therapeutic strategy that can be combined with gene therapy studies to fully restore RPE and retinal cell function in PRPF31-adRP patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Georgiou
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Chunbo Yang
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Robert Atkinson
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Kuan‐Ting Pan
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
| | - Adriana Buskin
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | - Joseph Collin
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Jumana Al‐Aama
- Faculty of MedicineKing Abdulaziz UniversitySaudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Tracey Davey
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Lyle Armstrong
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | - Henning Urlaub
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
- Bioanalytics, Department of Clinical ChemistryUniversity Medical CenterGoettingenGermany
| | - Sina Mozaffari‐Jovin
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary SciencesGöttingenGermany
- Medical Genetics Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Newcastle University Biosciences InstituteNewcastle upon TyneUK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Matsui C, Yuliandari P, Deng L, Abe T, Shoji I. The Role of Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:796664. [PMID: 34926330 PMCID: PMC8674663 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.796664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosome incorporate and degrade proteins in a process known as autophagy. There are three types of autophagy; macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Although autophagy is considered a nonselective degradation process, CMA is known as a selective degradation pathway. All proteins internalized in the lysosome via CMA contain a pentapeptide KFERQ-motif, also known as a CMA-targeting motif, which is necessary for selectivity. CMA directly delivers a substrate protein into the lysosome lumen using the cytosolic chaperone HSC70 and the lysosomal receptor LAMP-2A for degradation. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A protein interacts with hepatocyte-nuclear factor 1α (HNF-1α) together with HSC70 and promotes the lysosomal degradation of HNF-1α via CMA, resulting in HCV-induced pathogenesis. HCV NS5A promotes recruitment of HSC70 to the substrate protein HNF-1α. HCV NS5A plays a crucial role in HCV-induced CMA. Further investigations of HCV NS5A-interacting proteins containing CMA-targeting motifs may help to elucidate HCV-induced pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieko Matsui
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Putu Yuliandari
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Lin Deng
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takayuki Abe
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ikuo Shoji
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Huntingtin Ubiquitination Mechanisms and Novel Possible Therapies to Decrease the Toxic Effects of Mutated Huntingtin. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121309. [PMID: 34945781 PMCID: PMC8709430 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington Disease (HD) is a dominant, lethal neurodegenerative disorder caused by the abnormal expansion (>35 copies) of a CAG triplet located in exon 1 of the HTT gene encoding the huntingtin protein (Htt). Mutated Htt (mHtt) easily aggregates, thereby inducing ER stress that in turn leads to neuronal injury and apoptosis. Therefore, both the inhibition of mHtt aggregate formation and the acceleration of mHtt degradation represent attractive strategies to delay HD progression, and even for HD treatment. Here, we describe the mechanism underlying mHtt degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS), which has been shown to play a more important role than the autophagy–lysosomal pathway. In particular, we focus on E3 ligase proteins involved in the UPS and detail their structure–function relationships. In this framework, we discuss the possible exploitation of PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) for HD therapy. PROTACs are heterobifunctional small molecules that comprise two different ligands joined by an appropriate linker; one of the ligands is specific for a selected E3 ubiquitin ligase, the other ligand is able to recruit a target protein of interest, in this case mHtt. As a consequence of PROTAC binding, mHtt and the E3 ubiquitin ligase can be brought to a relative position that allows mHtt to be ubiquitinated and, ultimately, allows a reduction in the amount of mHtt in the cell.
Collapse
|
23
|
Jarosińska OD, Rüdiger SGD. Molecular Strategies to Target Protein Aggregation in Huntington's Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:769184. [PMID: 34869596 PMCID: PMC8636123 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.769184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the aggregation of the mutant huntingtin (mHTT) protein in nerve cells. mHTT self-aggregates to form soluble oligomers and insoluble fibrils, which interfere in a number of key cellular functions. This leads to cell quiescence and ultimately cell death. There are currently still no treatments available for HD, but approaches targeting the HTT levels offer systematic, mechanism-driven routes towards curing HD and other neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the mRNA targeting approaches such as antisense oligonucleotides and RNAi system; and the novel methods targeting mHTT and aggregates for degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome or the autophagy-lysosomal systems. These methods include the proteolysis-targeting chimera, Trim-Away, autophagosome-tethering compound, autophagy-targeting chimera, lysosome-targeting chimera and approach targeting mHTT for chaperone-mediated autophagy. These molecular strategies provide a knowledge-based approach to target HD and other neurodegenerative diseases at the origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga D. Jarosińska
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Science for Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan G. D. Rüdiger
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Science for Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Targeting lysosomes in human disease: from basic research to clinical applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:379. [PMID: 34744168 PMCID: PMC8572923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, accumulating evidence has elucidated the role of lysosomes in dynamically regulating cellular and organismal homeostasis. Lysosomal changes and dysfunction have been correlated with the development of numerous diseases. In this review, we interpreted the key biological functions of lysosomes in four areas: cellular metabolism, cell proliferation and differentiation, immunity, and cell death. More importantly, we actively sought to determine the characteristic changes and dysfunction of lysosomes in cells affected by these diseases, the causes of these changes and dysfunction, and their significance to the development and treatment of human disease. Furthermore, we outlined currently available targeting strategies: (1) targeting lysosomal acidification; (2) targeting lysosomal cathepsins; (3) targeting lysosomal membrane permeability and integrity; (4) targeting lysosomal calcium signaling; (5) targeting mTOR signaling; and (6) emerging potential targeting strategies. Moreover, we systematically summarized the corresponding drugs and their application in clinical trials. By integrating basic research with clinical findings, we discussed the current opportunities and challenges of targeting lysosomes in human disease.
Collapse
|
25
|
Macroautophagy and Mitophagy in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Focus on Therapeutic Interventions. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111625. [PMID: 34829854 PMCID: PMC8615936 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy, a quality control mechanism, is an evolutionarily conserved pathway of lysosomal degradation of protein aggregates, pathogens, and damaged organelles. As part of its vital homeostatic role, macroautophagy deregulation is associated with various human disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. There are several lines of evidence that associate protein misfolding and mitochondrial dysfunction in the etiology of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases. Macroautophagy has been implicated in the degradation of different protein aggregates such as Aβ, tau, alpha-synuclein (α-syn), and mutant huntingtin (mHtt) and in the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria. Taking these into consideration, targeting autophagy might represent an effective therapeutic strategy to eliminate protein aggregates and to improve mitochondrial function in these disorders. The present review describes our current understanding on the role of macroautophagy in neurodegenerative disorders and focuses on possible strategies for its therapeutic modulation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Gómez-Sintes R, Arias E. Chaperone-mediated autophagy and disease: Implications for cancer and neurodegeneration. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:101025. [PMID: 34629183 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a proteolytic process whereby selected intracellular proteins are degraded inside lysosomes. Owing to its selectivity, CMA participates in the modulation of specific regulatory proteins, thereby playing an important role in multiple cellular processes. Studies conducted over the last two decades have enabled the molecular characterization of this autophagic pathway and the design of specific experimental models, and have underscored the importance of CMA in a range of physiological processes beyond mere protein quality control. Those findings also indicate that decreases in CMA function with increasing age may contribute to the pathogenesis of age-associated diseases, including neurodegeneration and cancer. In the context of neurological diseases, CMA impairment is thought to contribute to the accumulation of misfolded/aggregated proteins, a process central to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. CMA therefore constitutes a potential therapeutic target, as its induction accelerates the clearance of pathogenic proteins, promoting cell survival. More recent evidence has highlighted the important and complex role of CMA in cancer biology. While CMA induction may limit tumor development, experimental evidence also indicates that inhibition of this pathway can attenuate the growth of established tumors and improve the response to cancer therapeutics. Here, we describe and discuss the evidence supporting a role of impaired CMA function in neurodegeneration and cancer, as well as future research directions to evaluate the potential of this pathway as a target for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CIB-CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology & Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Esperanza Arias
- Department of Medicine, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center & Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rana T, Behl T, Sehgal A, Mehta V, Singh S, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S. Exploring the Role of Autophagy Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4886-4905. [PMID: 34212304 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway by which misfolded proteins or damaged organelles are engulfed by autophagosomes and then transported to lysosomes for degradation. Recently, a great improvement has been done to explain the molecular mechanisms and roles of autophagy in several important cellular metabolic processes. Besides being a vital clearance pathway or a cell survival pathway in response to different stresses, autophagy dysfunction, either upregulated or down-regulated, has been suggested to be linked with numerous neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Impairment at different stages of autophagy results in the formation of large protein aggregates and damaged organelles, which leads to the onset and progression of different neurodegenerative disorders. This article elucidates the recent progress about the role of autophagy in neurodegenerative disorders and explains how autophagy dysfunction is linked with the pathogenesis of such disorders as well as the novel potential autophagy-associated therapies for treating them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarapati Rana
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
- Government Pharmacy College, Seraj, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Distt. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Haryana, India
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Martins WK, Silva MDND, Pandey K, Maejima I, Ramalho E, Olivon VC, Diniz SN, Grasso D. Autophagy-targeted therapy to modulate age-related diseases: Success, pitfalls, and new directions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100033. [PMID: 34909664 PMCID: PMC8663935 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical metabolic process that supports homeostasis at a basal level and is dynamically regulated in response to various physiological and pathological processes. Autophagy has some etiologic implications that support certain pathological processes due to alterations in the lysosomal-degradative pathway. Some of the conditions related to autophagy play key roles in highly relevant human diseases, e.g., cardiovascular diseases (15.5%), malignant and other neoplasms (9.4%), and neurodegenerative conditions (3.7%). Despite advances in the discovery of new strategies to treat these age-related diseases, autophagy has emerged as a therapeutic option after preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we discuss the pitfalls and success in regulating autophagy initiation and its lysosome-dependent pathway to restore its homeostatic role and mediate therapeutic effects for cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiac diseases. The main challenge for the development of autophagy regulators for clinical application is the lack of specificity of the repurposed drugs, due to the low pharmacological uniqueness of their target, including those that target the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and AMPK pathway. Then, future efforts must be conducted to deal with this scenery, including the disclosure of key components in the autophagy machinery that may intervene in its therapeutic regulation. Among all efforts, those focusing on the development of novel allosteric inhibitors against autophagy inducers, as well as those targeting autolysosomal function, and their integration into therapeutic regimens should remain a priority for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waleska Kerllen Martins
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Maryana do Nascimento da Silva
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Kiran Pandey
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, Meyer Building, Room 823, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Ikuko Maejima
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 3718512, Japan
| | - Ercília Ramalho
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane (LCM), Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Vania Claudia Olivon
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Physiology, UNIDERP, Av. Ceará, 333. Vila Miguel Couto, Campo Grande, MS, 79003-010, Brazil
| | - Susana Nogueira Diniz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Anhanguera University of São Paulo (UNIAN), Rua Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3,305. Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200, Brazil
| | - Daniel Grasso
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Junín 954 p4, Buenos Aires, C1113AAD, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Abdeen A, Ashraf GM, Perveen A, Hafeez A, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM. Evidence Linking Protein Misfolding to Quality Control in Progressive Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:2025-2043. [PMID: 32552649 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200618114924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several proteolytic systems including ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS), chaperonemediated autophagy (CMA), and macroautophagy are used by the mammalian cells to remove misfolded proteins (MPs). UPS mediates degradation of most of the MPs, where Ub-conjugated substrates are deubiquitinated, unfolded, and passed through the proteasome's narrow chamber, and eventually break into smaller peptides. It has been observed that the substrates that show a specific degradation signal, the KFERQ sequence motif, can be delivered to and go through CMA-mediated degradation in lysosomes. Macroautophagy can help in the degradation of substrates that are prone to aggregation and resistant to both the CMA and UPS. In the aforesaid case, cargoes are separated into autophagosomes before lysosomal hydrolase-mediated degradation. Even though the majority of the aggregated and MPs in the human proteome can be removed via cellular protein quality control (PQC), some mutant and native proteins tend to aggregate into β-sheet-rich oligomers that exhibit resistance to all identified proteolytic processes and can, therefore, grow into extracellular plaques or inclusion bodies. Indeed, the buildup of protease-resistant aggregated and MPs is a usual process underlying various protein misfolding disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) for example Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion diseases. In this article, we have focused on the contribution of PQC in the degradation of pathogenic proteins in NDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.,Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cafe SL, Nixon B, Ecroyd H, Martin JH, Skerrett-Byrne DA, Bromfield EG. Proteostasis in the Male and Female Germline: A New Outlook on the Maintenance of Reproductive Health. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:660626. [PMID: 33937261 PMCID: PMC8085359 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For fully differentiated, long lived cells the maintenance of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) becomes a crucial determinant of cellular function and viability. Neurons are the most well-known example of this phenomenon where the majority of these cells must survive the entire course of life. However, male and female germ cells are also uniquely dependent on the maintenance of proteostasis to achieve successful fertilization. Oocytes, also long-lived cells, are subjected to prolonged periods of arrest and are largely reliant on the translation of stored mRNAs, accumulated during the growth period, to support meiotic maturation and subsequent embryogenesis. Conversely, sperm cells, while relatively ephemeral, are completely reliant on proteostasis due to the absence of both transcription and translation. Despite these remarkable, cell-specific features there has been little focus on understanding protein homeostasis in reproductive cells and how/whether proteostasis is "reset" during embryogenesis. Here, we seek to capture the momentum of this growing field by highlighting novel findings regarding germline proteostasis and how this knowledge can be used to promote reproductive health. In this review we capture proteostasis in the context of both somatic cell and germline aging and discuss the influence of oxidative stress on protein function. In particular, we highlight the contributions of proteostasis changes to oocyte aging and encourage a focus in this area that may complement the extensive analyses of DNA damage and aneuploidy that have long occupied the oocyte aging field. Moreover, we discuss the influence of common non-enzymatic protein modifications on the stability of proteins in the male germline, how these changes affect sperm function, and how they may be prevented to preserve fertility. Through this review we aim to bring to light a new trajectory for our field and highlight the potential to harness the germ cell's natural proteostasis mechanisms to improve reproductive health. This manuscript will be of interest to those in the fields of proteostasis, aging, male and female gamete reproductive biology, embryogenesis, and life course health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenae L. Cafe
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Heath Ecroyd
- Molecular Horizons, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacinta H. Martin
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David A. Skerrett-Byrne
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G. Bromfield
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sato M, Ohta T, Morikawa Y, Konno A, Hirai H, Kurauchi Y, Hisatsune A, Katsuki H, Seki T. Ataxic phenotype and neurodegeneration are triggered by the impairment of chaperone-mediated autophagy in cerebellar neurons. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:198-209. [PMID: 32722888 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a pathway involved in the autophagy lysosome protein degradation system. CMA has attracted attention as a contributing factor to neurodegenerative diseases since it participates in the degradation of disease-causing proteins. We previously showed that CMA is generally impaired in cells expressing the proteins causing spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). Therefore, we investigated the effect of CMA impairment on motor function and the neural survival of cerebellar neurons using the micro RNA (miRNA)-mediated knockdown of lysosome-associated protein 2A (LAMP2A), a CMA-related protein. METHODS We injected adeno-associated virus serotype 9 vectors, which express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and miRNA (negative control miRNA or LAMP2A miRNA) under neuron-specific synapsin I promoter, into cerebellar parenchyma of 4-week-old ICR mice. Motor function of mice was evaluated by beam walking and footprint tests. Immunofluorescence experiments of cerebellar slices were conducted to evaluate histological changes in cerebella. RESULTS GFP and miRNA were expressed in interneurons (satellite cells and basket cells) in molecular layers and granule cells in the cerebellar cortices, but not in cerebellar Purkinje cells. LAMP2A knockdown in cerebellar neurons triggered progressive motor impairment, prominent loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, interneurons, granule cells at the late stage, and astrogliosis and microgliosis from the early stage. CONCLUSIONS CMA impairment in cerebellar interneurons and granule cells triggers the progressive ataxic phenotype, gliosis and the subsequent degeneration of cerebellar neurons, including Purkinje cells. Our present findings strongly suggest that CMA impairment is related to the pathogenesis of various SCAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sato
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Laboratory for Mechanistic Chemistry of Biomolecules, Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohta
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuri Morikawa
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuki Kurauchi
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akinori Hisatsune
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Chemico-Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liao Z, Wang B, Liu W, Xu Q, Hou L, Song J, Guo Q, Li N. Dysfunction of chaperone-mediated autophagy in human diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1439-1454. [PMID: 33389491 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-04006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), one of the degradation pathways of proteins, is highly selective to substrates that have KFERQ-like motif. In this process, the substrate proteins are first recognized by the chaperone protein, heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70), then delivered to lysosomal membrane surface where the single-span lysosomal receptor, lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A (LAMP2A) can bind to the substrate proteins to form a 700 kDa protein complex that allows them to translocate into the lysosome lumen to be degraded by the hydrolytic enzymes. This degradation pathway mediated by CMA plays an important role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, transcription, DNA reparation, cell cycle, cellular response to stress and consequently, regulating many aging-associated human diseases, such as neurodegeneration, cancer and metabolic disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of current research on the functional roles of CMA primarily from a perspective of understanding and treating human diseases and also discuss its potential applications for diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Electronic Information, Micro-Nano Technology College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinlian Song
- Department of Laboratory, The Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingming Guo
- Biotherapy Center, Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Endicott SJ, Ziemba ZJ, Beckmann LJ, Boynton DN, Miller RA. Inhibition of class I PI3K enhances chaperone-mediated autophagy. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:211459. [PMID: 33048163 PMCID: PMC7557678 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is the most selective form of lysosomal proteolysis, where individual peptides, recognized by a consensus motif, are translocated directly across the lysosomal membrane. CMA regulates the abundance of many disease-related proteins, with causative roles in neoplasia, neurodegeneration, hepatosteatosis, and other pathologies relevant to human health and aging. At the lysosomal membrane, CMA is inhibited by Akt-dependent phosphorylation of the CMA regulator GFAP. The INS-PI3K-PDPK1 pathway regulates Akt, but its role in CMA is unclear. Here, we report that inhibition of class I PI3K or PDPK1 activates CMA. In contrast, selective inhibition of class III PI3Ks does not activate CMA. Isolated liver lysosomes from mice treated with either of two orally bioavailable class I PI3K inhibitors, pictilisib or buparlisib, display elevated CMA activity, and decreased phosphorylation of lysosomal GFAP, with no change in macroautophagy. The findings of this study represent an important first step in repurposing class I PI3K inhibitors to modulate CMA in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Joseph Endicott
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Zachary J. Ziemba
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Logan J. Beckmann
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Dennis N. Boynton
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI,University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI,Correspondence to Richard A. Miller:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hegde RN, Chiki A, Petricca L, Martufi P, Arbez N, Mouchiroud L, Auwerx J, Landles C, Bates GP, Singh-Bains MK, Dragunow M, Curtis MA, Faull RL, Ross CA, Caricasole A, Lashuel HA. TBK1 phosphorylates mutant Huntingtin and suppresses its aggregation and toxicity in Huntington's disease models. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104671. [PMID: 32757223 PMCID: PMC7459410 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the N‐terminal domain of the huntingtin (HTT) protein has emerged as an important regulator of its localization, structure, aggregation, clearance and toxicity. However, validation of the effect of bona fide phosphorylation in vivo and assessing the therapeutic potential of targeting phosphorylation for the treatment of Huntington's disease (HD) require the identification of the enzymes that regulate HTT phosphorylation. Herein, we report the discovery and validation of a kinase, TANK‐binding kinase 1 (TBK1), that efficiently phosphorylates full‐length and N‐terminal HTT fragments in vitro (at S13/S16), in cells (at S13) and in vivo. TBK1 expression in HD models (cells, primary neurons, and Caenorhabditis elegans) increases mutant HTT exon 1 phosphorylation and reduces its aggregation and cytotoxicity. We demonstrate that the TBK1‐mediated neuroprotective effects are due to phosphorylation‐dependent inhibition of mutant HTT exon 1 aggregation and an increase in autophagic clearance of mutant HTT. These findings suggest that upregulation and/or activation of TBK1 represents a viable strategy for the treatment of HD by simultaneously lowering mutant HTT levels and blocking its aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramanath Narayana Hegde
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anass Chiki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lara Petricca
- Department of Neuroscience, IRBM Science Park, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Martufi
- Department of Neuroscience, IRBM Science Park, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolas Arbez
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laurent Mouchiroud
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Landles
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gillian P Bates
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Malvindar K Singh-Bains
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Lm Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cristofani R, Crippa V, Cicardi ME, Tedesco B, Ferrari V, Chierichetti M, Casarotto E, Piccolella M, Messi E, Galbiati M, Rusmini P, Poletti A. A Crucial Role for the Protein Quality Control System in Motor Neuron Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:191. [PMID: 32792938 PMCID: PMC7385251 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are fatal diseases characterized by loss of motor neurons in the brain cortex, in the bulbar region, and/or in the anterior horns of the spinal cord. While generally sporadic, inherited forms linked to mutant genes encoding altered RNA/protein products have also been described. Several different mechanisms have been found altered or dysfunctional in MNDs, like the protein quality control (PQC) system. In this review, we will discuss how the PQC system is affected in two MNDs—spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)—and how this affects the clearance of aberrantly folded proteins, which accumulate in motor neurons, inducing dysfunctions and their death. In addition, we will discuss how the PQC system can be targeted to restore proper cell function, enhancing the survival of affected cells in MNDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Cristofani
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Crippa
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Cicardi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Jefferson Weinberg ALS Center, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Barbara Tedesco
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Ferrari
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Chierichetti
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Casarotto
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Piccolella
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Messi
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariarita Galbiati
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rusmini
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Laboratorio di Biologia Applicata, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2022, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CEND), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yang Y, Klionsky DJ. Autophagy and disease: unanswered questions. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:858-871. [PMID: 31900427 PMCID: PMC7206137 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process in which intracellular components and dysfunctional organelles are delivered to the lysosome for degradation and recycling. Autophagy has various connections to a large number of human diseases, as its functions are essential for cell survival, bioenergetic homeostasis, organism development, and cell death regulation. In the past two decades, substantial effort has been made to identify the roles of autophagy in tumor suppression and promotion, neurodegenerative disorders, and other pathophysiologies. This review summarizes the current advances and discusses the unanswered questions in understanding the involvement of autophagy in pathogenic mechanisms of disease, primarily focusing on cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and the Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ormeño F, Hormazabal J, Moreno J, Riquelme F, Rios J, Criollo A, Albornoz A, Alfaro IE, Budini M. Chaperone Mediated Autophagy Degrades TDP-43 Protein and Is Affected by TDP-43 Aggregation. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:19. [PMID: 32132902 PMCID: PMC7040037 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) is a ribonuclear protein regulating many aspects of RNA metabolism. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases with the presence of TDP-43 aggregates in neuronal cells. Chaperone Mediated Autophagy (CMA) is a lysosomal degradation pathway participating in the proteostasis of several cytosolic proteins including neurodegenerative associated proteins. In addition, protein oligomers or aggregates can affect the status of CMA. In this work, we studied the relationship between CMA and the physiological and pathological forms of TDP-43. First, we found that recombinant TDP-43 was specifically degraded by rat liver’s CMA+ lysosomes and that endogenous TDP-43 is localized in rat brain’s CMA+ lysosomes, indicating that TDP-43 can be a CMA substrate in vivo. Next, by using a previously reported TDP-43 aggregation model, we have shown that wild-type and an aggregate-prone form of TDP-43 are detected in CMA+ lysosomes isolated from cell cultures. In addition, their protein levels increased in cells displaying CMA down-regulation, indicating that these two TDP-43 forms are CMA substrates in vitro. Finally, we observed that the aggregate-prone form of TDP-43 is able to interact with Hsc70, to co-localize with Lamp2A, and to up-regulate the levels of these molecular components of CMA. The latter was followed by an up-regulation of the CMA activity and lysosomal damage. Altogether our data shows that: (i) TDP-43 is a CMA substrate; (ii) CMA can contribute to control the turnover of physiological and pathological forms of TDP-43; and (iii) TDP-43 aggregation can affect CMA performance. Overall, this work contributes to understanding how a dysregulation between CMA and TDP-43 would participate in neuropathological mechanisms associated with TDP-43 aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ormeño
- Dentistry Faculty, Molecular and Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center (ARC), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Hormazabal
- Lysosome Biology Research Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Moreno
- Dentistry Faculty, Molecular and Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Riquelme
- Dentistry Faculty, Molecular and Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Rios
- Dentistry Faculty, Molecular and Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center (ARC), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Dentistry Faculty, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Iván E Alfaro
- Lysosome Biology Research Laboratory, Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Budini
- Dentistry Faculty, Molecular and Cellular Pathology Laboratory, Institute in Dentistry Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Autophagy Research Center (ARC), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Akhter Y, Nabi J, Hamid H, Tabassum N, Pottoo FH, Sharma A. Protein Quality Control in Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection. QUALITY CONTROL OF CELLULAR PROTEIN IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-1317-0.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteostasis is essential for regulating the integrity of the proteome. Disruption of proteostasis under some rigorous conditions leads to the aggregation and accumulation of misfolded toxic proteins, which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of protein conformational disorders. The protein quality control (PQC) system serves as a multi-level security system to shield cells from abnormal proteins. The intrinsic PQC systems maintaining proteostasis include the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), chaperon-mediated autophagy (CMA), and autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) that serve to target misfolded proteins for unfolding, refolding, or degradation. Alterations of PQC systems in neurons have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. This chapter provides an overview of PQC pathways to set a framework for discussion of the role of PQC in neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, various pharmacological approaches targeting PQC are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeena Akhter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology Division), Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Jahangir Nabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology Division), Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Hinna Hamid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology Division), Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Nahida Tabassum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology Division), Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmaology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aashish Sharma
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), National University of Ireland, Ireland & School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles with roles in processes involved in degrading and recycling cellular waste, cellular signalling and energy metabolism. Defects in genes encoding lysosomal proteins cause lysosomal storage disorders, in which enzyme replacement therapy has proved successful. Growing evidence also implicates roles for lysosomal dysfunction in more common diseases including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and metabolic disorders. With a focus on lysosomal dysfunction in autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases - including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease - this Review critically analyses progress and opportunities for therapeutically targeting lysosomal proteins and processes, particularly with small molecules and peptide drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Fengjuan Wang
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- CNRS-University of Strasbourg, Biotechnology and Cell Signalling, Illkirch, France.
- Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, Team Neuroimmunology and Peptide Therapy, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaire (ISIS), Strasbourg, France.
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg, France.
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Valionyte E, Yang Y, Roberts SL, Kelly J, Lu B, Luo S. Lowering Mutant Huntingtin Levels and Toxicity: Autophagy-Endolysosome Pathways in Huntington's Disease. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:2673-2691. [PMID: 31786267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a monogenetic neurodegenerative disease, which serves as a model of neurodegeneration with protein aggregation. Autophagy has been suggested to possess a great value to tackle protein aggregation toxicity and neurodegenerative diseases. Current studies suggest that autophagy-endolysosomal pathways are critical for HD pathology. Here we review recent advancement in the studies of autophagy and selective autophagy relating HD. Restoration of autophagy flux and enhancement of selective removal of mutant huntingtin/disease-causing protein would be effective approaches towards tackling HD as well as other similar neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Valionyte
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Yi Yang
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Sheridan L Roberts
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Jack Kelly
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Boxun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shouqing Luo
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Di Domenico F, Zuliani I, Tramutola A. Shining a light on defective autophagy by proteomics approaches: implications for neurodegenerative illnesses. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:951-964. [PMID: 31709850 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1691919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Autophagy is one of the most conserved clearance systems through which eukaryotes manage to handle dysfunctional and excess organelles and macromolecules. This catabolic process has not only a role in the maintenance of basal turnover of cellular components, but it is also essential in cells adaptation to stress conditions. In the last decades, defects in autophagic machinery have been identified as a feature in neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, mass spectrometry-based proteomics has become an important tool in the comprehensive analysis of proteins involved in the autophagic flux.Area covered: In this review, we discuss recent contributions of proteomic techniques in the study of defective autophagy related to neurodegenerative illness. Particular emphasis is given to the identification of i) shared autophagic markers between different disorders, which support common pathological mechanisms; ii) unique autophagic signature, which could aid to discriminate among diseases.Expert opinion: Proteomic approaches are valuable in the identification of alterations of components to the autophagic process at different steps of the process. The investigation of autophagic defects associated with neurological disorders is crucial in order to unravel all the potential mechanism leading to neurodegeneration and propose effective therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zuliani
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Robert G, Jacquel A, Auberger P. Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy and Its Emerging Role in Hematological Malignancies. Cells 2019; 8:E1260. [PMID: 31623164 PMCID: PMC6830112 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) ensures the selective degradation of cellular proteins endowed with a KFERQ-like motif by lysosomes. It is estimated that 30% of all cellular proteins can be directed to the lysosome for CMA degradation, but only a few substrates have been formally identified so far. Mechanistically, the KFERQ-like motifs present in substrate proteins are recognized by the molecular chaperone Hsc70c (Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein cytosolic), also known as HSPA8, and directed to LAMP2A, which acts as the CMA receptor at the lysosomal surface. Following linearization, the protein substrate is next transported to the lumen of the lysosomes, where it is degraded by resident proteases, mainly cathepsins and eventually recycled to sustain cellular homeostasis. CMA is induced by different stress conditions, including energy deprivation that also activates macro-autophagy (MA), that may make it difficult to decipher the relative impact of both pathways on cellular homeostasis. Besides common inducing triggers, CMA and MA might be induced as compensatory mechanisms when either mechanism is altered, as it is the often the case in different pathological settings. Therefore, CMA activation can compensate for alterations of MA and vice versa. In this context, these compensatory mechanisms, when occurring, may be targeted for therapeutic purposes. Both processes have received particular attention from scientists and clinicians, since modulation of MA and CMA may have a profound impact on cellular proteostasis, metabolism, death, differentiation, and survival and, as such, could be targeted for therapeutic intervention in degenerative and immune diseases, as well as in cancer, including hematopoietic malignancies. The role of MA in cancer initiation and progression is now well established, but whether and how CMA is involved in tumorigenesis has been only sparsely explored. In the present review, we encompass the description of the mechanisms involved in CMA, its function in the physiology and pathogenesis of hematopoietic cells, its emerging role in cancer initiation and development, and, finally, the potential therapeutic opportunity to target CMA or CMA-mediated compensatory mechanisms in hematological malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Robert
- Mediterranean Center for Molecular Medicine ,Université Nice Côte d'Azur, C3M/Inserm1065, 06100 Nice, France.
| | - Arnaud Jacquel
- Mediterranean Center for Molecular Medicine ,Université Nice Côte d'Azur, C3M/Inserm1065, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Patrick Auberger
- Mediterranean Center for Molecular Medicine ,Université Nice Côte d'Azur, C3M/Inserm1065, 06100 Nice, France.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) was the first studied process that indicated that degradation of intracellular components by the lysosome can be selective - a concept that is now well accepted for other forms of autophagy. Lysosomes can degrade cellular cytosol in a nonspecific manner but can also discriminate what to target for degradation with the involvement of a degradation tag, a chaperone and a sophisticated mechanism to make the selected proteins cross the lysosomal membrane through a dedicated translocation complex. Recent studies modulating CMA activity in vivo using transgenic mouse models have demonstrated that selectivity confers on CMA the ability to participate in the regulation of multiple cellular functions. Timely degradation of specific cellular proteins by CMA modulates, for example, glucose and lipid metabolism, DNA repair, cellular reprograming and the cellular response to stress. These findings expand the physiological relevance of CMA beyond its originally identified role in protein quality control and reveal that CMA failure with age may aggravate diseases, such as ageing-associated neurodegeneration and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Kaushik
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rai SN, Singh BK, Rathore AS, Zahra W, Keswani C, Birla H, Singh SS, Dilnashin H, Singh SP. Quality Control in Huntington's Disease: a Therapeutic Target. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:612-626. [PMID: 31297710 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal autosomal dominantly inherited brain disease caused by excessively expanded CAG repeats in gene which encodes huntingtin protein. These abnormally encoded huntingtin proteins and their truncated fragments result in disruption of cellular quality mechanism ultimately triggering neuronal death. Despite great efforts, a potential causative agent leading to genetic mutation in HTT, manifesting the neurons more prone to oxidative stress, cellular inflammation, energy depletion and apoptotic death, has not been established yet. Current scenario concentrates on symptomatic pathologies to improvise the disease progression and to better the survival. Most of the therapeutic developments have been converged to rescue the protein homeostasis. In HD, abnormal expansion of glutamine repeats in the protein huntingtin leads to toxic aggregation of huntingtin which in turn impairs the quality control mechanism of cells through damaging the machineries involved in removal of aggregated abnormal protein. Therapeutic approaches to improve the efficiency of aggregate clearance through quality control mechanisms involve protein folding machineries such as chaperones and protein degradation machineries such as proteasome and autophagy. Also, to reduce protein aggregation by enhancing proper folding, to degrade and eliminate the aggregates are suggested to negatively regulate the HD progression associated with the disruption of protein homeostasis. This review focuses on the collection of therapeutic strategies targeting enhancement of protein quality control activity to delay the HD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachchida Nand Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Centre, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Chetan Keswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Saumitra Sen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Meng T, Lin S, Zhuang H, Huang H, He Z, Hu Y, Gong Q, Feng D. Recent progress in the role of autophagy in neurological diseases. Cell Stress 2019; 3:141-161. [PMID: 31225510 PMCID: PMC6551859 DOI: 10.15698/cst2019.05.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (here refers to macroautophagy) is a catabolic pathway by which large protein aggregates and damaged organelles are first sequestered into a double-membraned structure called autophago-some and then delivered to lysosome for destruction. Recently, tremen-dous progress has been made to elucidate the molecular mechanism and functions of this essential cellular metabolic process. In addition to being either a rubbish clearing system or a cellular surviving program in response to different stresses, autophagy plays important roles in a large number of pathophysiological conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and especially neurodegenerative disorders. Here we review recent progress in the role of autophagy in neurological diseases and discuss how dysregulation of autophagy initiation, autophagosome formation, maturation, and/or au-tophagosome-lysosomal fusion step contributes to the pathogenesis of these disorders in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Shiyin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Haixia Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Haofeng Huang
- Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac-Cerebral Vascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengjie He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yongquan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Qing Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, People's Republic of China
| | - Du Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University; Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Xu Y, Ren J, He X, Chen H, Wei T, Feng W. YWHA/14-3-3 proteins recognize phosphorylated TFEB by a noncanonical mode for controlling TFEB cytoplasmic localization. Autophagy 2019; 15:1017-1030. [PMID: 30653408 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1569928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a master regulator of the macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosomal pathway, TFEB (transcription factor EB) plays a prominent role in regulating neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. The transcription activity of TFEB is tightly controlled by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Phosphorylated S211 (p-S211) of TFEB can be recognized by YWHA/14-3-3 proteins for TFEB cytoplasmic localization. Here, we characterized the interactions between phosphorylated TFEB and YWHA/14-3-3 proteins and determined the structures of YWHA/14-3-3 proteins in complex with a TFEB p-S211-peptide. Although the critical arginine for YWHA/14-3-3 recognition is missing in the N terminus of the TFEB p-S211-peptide, the C-terminal additional hydrophobic residues of the peptide unexpectedly occupy nearly half of the target-binding groove of YWHA/14-3-3 proteins, which compensates for the N-terminal defect and is distinct from the canonical YWHA/14-3-3-binding mode. Mutations of essential residues in the interaction interface between TFEB and YWHA/14-3-3 proteins disrupted their interactions and severely impaired the cytoplasmic localization of TFEB, which altered the expression of TFEB target genes and affected autophagy. Thus, YWHA/14-3-3 proteins recognize phosphorylated TFEB by a noncanonical mode for controlling TFEB cytoplasmic localization and its activity. Abbreviation: ACTB: actin beta; ALP: autophagy-lysosomal pathway; ATP6V1H: ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit H; bHLH: basic helix-loop-helix; CLEAR: coordinated lysosomal expression and regulation; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MITF: melanocyte inducing transcription factor; NLS: nuclear localization signal; TFEB: transcription factor EB; YWHA/14-3-3: tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Jinqi Ren
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaolong He
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Han Chen
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Taotao Wei
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Wei Feng
- a National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b College of Life Sciences , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Soares TR, Reis SD, Pinho BR, Duchen MR, Oliveira JMA. Targeting the proteostasis network in Huntington's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 49:92-103. [PMID: 30502498 PMCID: PMC6320389 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion mutation in the huntingtin protein. Expansions above 40 polyglutamine repeats are invariably fatal, following a symptomatic period characterised by choreiform movements, behavioural abnormalities, and cognitive decline. While mutant huntingtin (mHtt) is widely expressed from early life, most patients with HD present in mid-adulthood, highlighting the role of ageing in disease pathogenesis. mHtt undergoes proteolytic cleavage, misfolding, accumulation, and aggregation into inclusion bodies. The emerging model of HD pathogenesis proposes that the chronic production of misfolded mHtt overwhelms the chaperone machinery, diverting other misfolded clients to the proteasome and the autophagy pathways, ultimately leading to a global collapse of the proteostasis network. Multiple converging hypotheses also implicate ageing and its impact in the dysfunction of organelles as additional contributing factors to the collapse of proteostasis in HD. In particular, mitochondrial function is required to sustain the activity of ATP-dependent chaperones and proteolytic machinery. Recent studies elucidating mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum interactions and uncovering a dedicated proteostasis machinery in mitochondria, suggest that mitochondria play a more active role in the maintenance of cellular proteostasis than previously thought. The enhancement of cytosolic proteostasis pathways shows promise for HD treatment, protecting cells from the detrimental effects of mHtt accumulation. In this review, we consider how mHtt and its post translational modifications interfere with protein quality control pathways, and how the pharmacological and genetic modulation of components of the proteostasis network impact disease phenotypes in cellular and in vivo HD models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tânia R Soares
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sara D Reis
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Brígida R Pinho
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Consortium for Mitochondrial Research (CfMR), University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Jorge M A Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Consortium for Mitochondrial Research (CfMR), University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Proteomic analysis of protein homeostasis and aggregation. J Proteomics 2018; 198:98-112. [PMID: 30529741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) refers to the ability of cells to preserve the correct balance between protein synthesis, folding and degradation. Proteostasis is essential for optimal cell growth and survival under stressful conditions. Various extracellular and intracellular stresses including heat shock, oxidative stress, proteasome malfunction, mutations and aging-related modifications can result in disturbed proteostasis manifested by enhanced misfolding and aggregation of proteins. To limit protein misfolding and aggregation cells have evolved various strategies including molecular chaperones, proteasome system and autophagy. Molecular chaperones assist folding of proteins, protect them from denaturation and facilitate renaturation of the misfolded polypeptides, whereas proteasomes and autophagosomes remove the irreversibly damaged proteins. The impairment of proteostasis results in protein aggregation that is a major pathological hallmark of numerous age-related disorders, such as cataract, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and prion diseases. To discover protein markers and speed up diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases accompanied by protein aggregation, proteomic tools have increasingly been used in recent years. Systematic and exhaustive analysis of the changes that occur in the proteomes of affected tissues and biofluids in humans or in model organisms is one of the most promising approaches to reveal mechanisms underlying protein aggregation diseases, improve their diagnosis and develop therapeutic strategies. Significance: In this review we outline the elements responsible for maintaining cellular proteostasis and present the overview of proteomic studies focused on protein-aggregation diseases. These studies provide insights into the mechanisms responsible for age-related disorders and reveal new potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntigton's and prion diseases.
Collapse
|
49
|
Bednarczyk M, Zmarzły N, Grabarek B, Mazurek U, Muc-Wierzgoń M. Genes involved in the regulation of different types of autophagy and their participation in cancer pathogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34413-34428. [PMID: 30344951 PMCID: PMC6188136 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism of self-digestion that removes damaged organelles and proteins from cells. Depending on the way the protein is delivered to the lysosome, four basic types of autophagy can be distinguished: macroautophagy, selective autophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy and microautophagy. Macroautophagy involves formation of autophagosomes and is controlled by specific autophagy-related genes. The steps in macroautophagy are initiation, phagophore elongation, autophagosome maturation, autophagosome fusion with the lysosome, and proteolytic degradation of the contents. Selective autophagy is macroautophagy of a specific cellular component. This work focuses on mitophagy (selective autophagy of abnormal and damaged mitochondria), in which the main participating protein is PINK1 (phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1). In chaperone-mediated autophagy, the substrate is bound to a heat shock protein 70 chaperone before it is delivered to the lysosome. The least characterized type of autophagy is microautophagy, which is the degradation of very small molecules without participation of an autophagosome. Autophagy can promote or inhibit tumor development, depending on the severity of the disease, the type of cancer, and the age of the patient. This paper describes the molecular basis of the different types of autophagy and their importance in cancer pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Bednarczyk
- Department of Internal Diseases, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Nikola Zmarzły
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with The Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Beniamin Grabarek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with The Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with The Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Muc-Wierzgoń
- Department of Internal Diseases, School of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40–055 Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chung CG, Lee H, Lee SB. Mechanisms of protein toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3159-3180. [PMID: 29947927 PMCID: PMC6063327 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein toxicity can be defined as all the pathological changes that ensue from accumulation, mis-localization, and/or multimerization of disease-specific proteins. Most neurodegenerative diseases manifest protein toxicity as one of their key pathogenic mechanisms, the details of which remain unclear. By systematically deconstructing the nature of toxic proteins, we aim to elucidate and illuminate some of the key mechanisms of protein toxicity from which therapeutic insights may be drawn. In this review, we focus specifically on protein toxicity from the point of view of various cellular compartments such as the nucleus and the mitochondria. We also discuss the cell-to-cell propagation of toxic disease proteins that complicates the mechanistic understanding of the disease progression as well as the spatiotemporal point at which to therapeutically intervene. Finally, we discuss selective neuronal vulnerability, which still remains largely enigmatic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Geon Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosang Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|