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Jiang H, Zang L. GLP-1/GLP-1RAs: New Options for the Drug Treatment of NAFLD. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:100-114. [PMID: 38532322 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128283153231226103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently emerged as a global public health concern. Currently, the cornerstone of NAFLD treatment is lifestyle modification and, if necessary, weight loss. However, compliance is a challenge, and this approach alone may not be sufficient to halt and treat the more serious disease development, so medication is urgently needed. Nevertheless, no medicines are approved to treat NAFLD. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an enteropeptide hormone that inhibits glucagon synthesis, promotes insulin secretion, and delays gastric emptying. GLP-1 has been found in recent studies to be beneficial for the management of NAFLD, and the marketed GLP-1 agonist drugs have different degrees of effectiveness for NAFLD while lowering blood glucose. In this article, we review GLP-1 and its physiological roles, the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the correlation between NAFLD and GLP-1 signaling, and potential strategies for GLP-1 treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Linquan Zang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Sadowska A, Poniedziałek-Czajkowska E, Mierzyński R. The Role of the FGF19 Family in the Pathogenesis of Gestational Diabetes: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17298. [PMID: 38139126 PMCID: PMC10743406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common pregnancy complications. Understanding the pathogenesis and appropriate diagnosis of GDM enables the implementation of early interventions during pregnancy that reduce the risk of maternal and fetal complications. At the same time, it provides opportunities to prevent diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases in women with GDM and their offspring in the future. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) represent a heterogeneous family of signaling proteins which play a vital role in cell proliferation and differentiation, repair of damaged tissues, wound healing, angiogenesis, and mitogenesis and also affect the regulation of carbohydrate, lipid, and hormone metabolism. Abnormalities in the signaling function of FGFs may lead to numerous pathological conditions, including metabolic diseases. The FGF19 subfamily, also known as atypical FGFs, which includes FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, is essential in regulating metabolic homeostasis and acts as a hormone while entering the systemic circulation. Many studies have pointed to the involvement of the FGF19 subfamily in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, including GDM, although the results are inconclusive. FGF19 and FGF21 are thought to be associated with insulin resistance, an essential element in the pathogenesis of GDM. FGF21 may influence placental metabolism and thus contribute to fetal growth and metabolism regulation. The observed relationship between FGF21 and increased birth weight could suggest a potential role for FGF21 in predicting future metabolic abnormalities in children born to women with GDM. In this group of patients, different mechanisms may contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in women in later life, and FGF23 appears to be their promising early predictor. This study aims to present a comprehensive review of the FGF19 subfamily, emphasizing its role in GDM and predicting its long-term metabolic consequences for mothers and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elżbieta Poniedziałek-Czajkowska
- Chair and Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.S.); (R.M.)
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3
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Takebe N, Hasegawa Y, Matsushita Y, Chiba H, Onodera K, Kinno H, Oda T, Nagasawa K, Segawa T, Takahashi Y, Okada K, Ishigaki Y. Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibroblastic growth factor 21 in 3 groups of type 2 diabetes: Without overweight/obesity, free of insulin resistance, and without hepatosteatosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34797. [PMID: 37657012 PMCID: PMC10476825 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), leading to beneficial metabolic outcomes, have been extensively revealed in recent decades. Significantly elevated serum levels of FGF21 in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are referred to as FGF21 resistance. However, Asian population tend to develop metabolic disorders at a lesser degree of obesity than those of Western. This study aimed to explore factors potentially related to serum FGF21 according to the severity of metabolic disorders in patients with T2DM. This cross-sectional study included 176 T2DM patients. The patients were categorized according to whether they had hepatic steatosis (fatty liver index [FLI] ≥ 60), insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-R] ≥ median), and/or overweight/obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25.0 kg/m2). Independent predictors of serum FGF21 were determined using multiple linear regression analysis in these 3 groups of T2DM patients. Circulating FGF21 levels were correlated positively with BMI, abdominal fat areas, leptin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). After adjustment for potential confounders, multiple linear regression analysis identified leptin as a factor strongly associated with serum FGF21 levels in all patients. Moreover, PAI-1 was a significant predictor of FGF21 in those with FLI < 60, BMI < 25.0 kg/m2, and HOMA-R < median, while leptin was the only independent factor in each of their counterparts. The factors related to serum FGF21 differ according to the severity of metabolic disorders. FGF21 appears to be independently associated with PAI-1 in T2DM patients: without overweight/obesity, those free of insulin resistance, and those without hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takebe
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hasegawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yuriko Matsushita
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiraku Chiba
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ken Onodera
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kinno
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Oda
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kan Nagasawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Toshie Segawa
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Takahashi
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kenta Okada
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan
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4
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Le TDV, Fathi P, Watters AB, Ellis BJ, Besing GLK, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Perez MB, Sullivan AI, Rose JP, Baggio LL, Koehler J, Brown JL, Bales MB, Nwaba KG, Campbell JE, Drucker DJ, Potthoff MJ, Seeley RJ, Ayala JE. Fibroblast growth factor-21 is required for weight loss induced by the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide in male mice fed high carbohydrate diets. Mol Metab 2023; 72:101718. [PMID: 37030441 PMCID: PMC10131131 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists (GLP-1RA) and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) confer similar metabolic benefits. GLP-1RA induce FGF21, leading us to investigate mechanisms engaged by the GLP-1RA liraglutide to increase FGF21 levels and the metabolic relevance of liraglutide-induced FGF21. METHODS Circulating FGF21 levels were measured in fasted male C57BL/6J, neuronal GLP-1R knockout, β-cell GLP-1R knockout, and liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha knockout mice treated acutely with liraglutide. To test the metabolic relevance of liver FGF21 in response to liraglutide, chow-fed control and liver Fgf21 knockout (LivFgf21-/-) mice were treated with vehicle or liraglutide in metabolic chambers. Body weight and composition, food intake, and energy expenditure were measured. Since FGF21 reduces carbohydrate intake, we measured body weight in mice fed matched diets with low- (LC) or high-carbohydrate (HC) content and in mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet. This was done in control and LivFgf21-/- mice and in mice lacking neuronal β-klotho (Klb) expression to disrupt brain FGF21 signaling. RESULTS Liraglutide increases FGF21 levels independently of decreased food intake via neuronal GLP-1R activation. Lack of liver Fgf21 expression confers resistance to liraglutide-induced weight loss due to attenuated reduction of food intake in chow-fed mice. Liraglutide-induced weight loss was impaired in LivFgf21-/- mice when fed HC and HFHS diets but not when fed a LC diet. Loss of neuronal Klb also attenuated liraglutide-induced weight loss in mice fed HC or HFHS diets. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a novel role for a GLP-1R-FGF21 axis in regulating body weight in a dietary carbohydrate-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao D V Le
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Payam Fathi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Amanda B Watters
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Blair J Ellis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gai-Linn K Besing
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Nadejda Bozadjieva-Kramer
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Research Service, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Misty B Perez
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Andrew I Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Jesse P Rose
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Jacqueline Koehler
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Brown
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 N. Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Michelle B Bales
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn G Nwaba
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 N. Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Julio E Ayala
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Sonsalla MM, Lamming DW. Geroprotective interventions in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2023:10.1007/s11357-023-00782-w. [PMID: 37022634 PMCID: PMC10400530 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disease. As the population ages, the increasing prevalence of AD threatens massive healthcare costs in the coming decades. Unfortunately, traditional drug development efforts for AD have proven largely unsuccessful. A geroscience approach to AD suggests that since aging is the main driver of AD, targeting aging itself may be an effective way to prevent or treat AD. Here, we discuss the effectiveness of geroprotective interventions on AD pathology and cognition in the widely utilized triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD) which develops both β-amyloid and tau pathologies characteristic of human AD, as well as cognitive deficits. We discuss the beneficial impacts of calorie restriction (CR), the gold standard for geroprotective interventions, and the effects of other dietary interventions including protein restriction. We also discuss the promising preclinical results of geroprotective pharmaceuticals, including rapamycin and medications for type 2 diabetes. Though these interventions and treatments have beneficial effects in the 3xTg-AD model, there is no guarantee that they will be as effective in humans, and we discuss the need to examine these interventions in additional animal models as well as the urgent need to test if some of these approaches can be translated from the lab to the bedside for the treatment of humans with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Sonsalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2500 Overlook Terrace, VAH C3127 Research 151, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2500 Overlook Terrace, VAH C3127 Research 151, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Feng JN, Shao W, Jin T. Short-term semaglutide treatment improves FGF21 responsiveness in primary hepatocytes isolated from high fat diet challenged mice. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15620. [PMID: 36905134 PMCID: PMC10006666 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic functions of GLP-1 and its analogues have been extensively investigated. In addition to acting as an incretin and reducing body weight, we and others have suggested the existence of GLP-1/fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) axis in which liver mediates certain functions of GLP-1 receptor agonists. In a more recent study, we found with surprise that four-week treatment with liraglutide but not semaglutide stimulated hepatic FGF21 expression in HFD-challenged mice. We wondered whether semaglutide can also improve FGF21 sensitivity or responsiveness and hence triggers the feedback loop in attenuating its stimulation on hepatic FGF21 expression after a long-term treatment. Here, we assessed effect of daily semaglutide treatment in HFD-fed mice for 7 days. HFD challenge attenuated effect of FGF21 treatment on its downstream events in mouse primary hepatocytes, which can be restored by 7-day semaglutide treatment. In mouse liver, 7-day semaglutide treatment stimulated FGF21 as well as genes that encode its receptor (FGFR1) and the obligatory co-receptor (KLB), and a battery of genes that are involved in lipid homeostasis. In epididymal fat tissue, expressions of a battery genes including Klb affected by HFD challenge were reversed by 7-day semaglutide treatment. We suggest that semaglutide treatment improves FGF21 sensitivity which is attenuated by HFD challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Nuo Feng
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoCanada
| | - Weijuan Shao
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoCanada
| | - Tianru Jin
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoCanada
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research InstituteUniversity Health NetworkTorontoCanada
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7
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Le TDV, Fathi P, Watters AB, Ellis BJ, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Perez MB, Sullivan AI, Rose JP, Baggio LL, Koehler J, Brown JL, Bales MB, Nwaba KG, Campbell JE, Drucker DJ, Potthoff MJ, Seeley RJ, Ayala JE. Liver Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is Required for the Full Anorectic Effect of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide in Male Mice fed High Carbohydrate Diets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.03.522509. [PMID: 36711605 PMCID: PMC9881863 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.03.522509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) confer similar metabolic benefits. Studies report that GLP-1RA induce FGF21. Here, we investigated the mechanisms engaged by the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide to increase FGF21 levels and the metabolic relevance of liraglutide-induced FGF21. We show that liraglutide increases FGF21 levels via neuronal GLP-1R activation. We also demonstrate that lack of liver Fgf21 expression confers partial resistance to liraglutide-induced weight loss. Since FGF21 reduces carbohydrate intake, we tested whether the contribution of FGF21 to liraglutide-induced weight loss is dependent on dietary carbohydrate content. In control and liver Fgf21 knockout (Liv Fgf21 -/- ) mice fed calorically matched diets with low- (LC) or high-carbohydrate (HC) content, we found that only HC-fed Liv Fgf21 -/- mice were resistant to liraglutide-induced weight loss. Similarly, liraglutide-induced weight loss was partially impaired in Liv Fgf21 -/- mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet. Lastly, we show that loss of neuronal β-klotho expression also diminishes liraglutide-induced weight loss in mice fed a HC or HFHS diet, indicating that FGF21 mediates liraglutide-induced weight loss via neuronal FGF21 action. Our findings support a novel role for a GLP-1R-FGF21 axis in regulating body weight in the presence of high dietary carbohydrate content.
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Zhang C, Gao G, Li Y, Ying J, Li J, Hu S. Design of a Dual Agonist of Exendin-4 and FGF21 as a Potential Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2023; 22:e131015. [PMID: 38116563 PMCID: PMC10728834 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-131015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a metabolic, endocrine hormone regulating insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, and lipid metabolism. It has significant potential as a therapeutic drug for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, the clinical efficacy of FGF21 analogs is limited due to their instability and short half-life. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been recognized as effective medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity over the past two decades. Methods This study designed a new long-acting dual-agonist, exendin-4/FGF21, utilizing albumin-binding-designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) as carriers. The purified fusion proteins were subcutaneously injected into mice for pharmacokinetic and biological activity studies. Results Ex-DARP-FGF21 had a high binding affinity for human serum albumin (HSA) in vitro and a prolonged half-life of 27.6 hours in vivo. Bioactivity results reveal that Ex-DARP-FGF21 significantly reduced blood glucose levels in healthy mice. Moreover, compared to Ex-DARP alone, the Ex-DARP-FGF21 dual agonist displayed enhanced blood glucose lowering bioactivity and superior body weight management in the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. Conclusions These results indicate that the long-acting dual agonist of exendin-4 and FGF21 holds considerable potential as a treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guosheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Duchuangsanzhong Biotech Co., Ltd., Jiaxing, China
| | - Jingjing Ying
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Supei Hu
- Department of Science and Education, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
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9
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Jin T. Fibroblast growth factor 21 and dietary interventions: what we know and what we need to know next. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:524-530. [PMID: 37724164 PMCID: PMC10388781 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Dietary interventions include the change of dietary styles, such as fasting and dietary or nutrient restrictions; or the addition of plant-derived compounds (such as polyphenols known as curcumin, resveratrol, or anthocyanin, or other nutraceuticals) into the diet. During the past a few decades, large number of studies have demonstrated therapeutic activities of these dietary interventions on metabolic and other diseases in human subjects or various animal models. Mechanisms underlying those versatile therapeutic activities, however, remain largely unclear. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a liver-derived hormone or hepatokine, mediates metabolic beneficial effects of certain dietary polyphenols as well as protein restriction. Here I have briefly summarized functions of FGF21, highlighted related dietary interventions, and presented literature discussions on role of FGF21 in mediating function of dietary polyphenol intervention and protein restriction. This is followed by presenting my perspective view, with the involvement of gut microbiota. It is anticipated that further breakthroughs in this field in the near future will facilitate conceptual merge of classical medicine and modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, TorontoCanada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, TorontoCanada
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10
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Glucagon-like peptide 1 and fibroblast growth factor-21 in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: An experimental to clinical perspective. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106426. [PMID: 36075510 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive form of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which slowly progresses toward cirrhosis and finally leads to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome are major risk factors contributing to NAFLD. Targeting these risk factors is a rational option for inhibiting NASH progression. In addition, NASH could be treated with therapies that target the metabolic abnormalities causing disease pathogenesis (such as de novo lipogenesis and insulin resistance) as well with medications targeting downstream processes such as cellular damage, apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), is an incretin hormone dysregulated in both experimental and clinical NASH, which triggers many signaling pathways including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) that augments NASH pathogenesis. Growing evidence indicates that GLP-1 in concert with FGF-21 plays crucial roles in the conservation of glucose and lipid homeostasis in metabolic disorders. In line, GLP-1 stimulation improves hepatic ballooning, steatosis, and fibrosis in NASH. A recent clinical trial on NASH patients showed that the upregulation of FGF-21 decreases liver fibrosis and hepatic steatosis, thus improving the pathogenesis of NASH. Hence, therapeutic targeting of the GLP-1/FGF axis could be therapeutically beneficial for the remission of NASH. This review outlines the significance of the GLP-1/FGF-21 axis in experimental and clinical NASH and highlights the activity of modulators targeting this axis as potential salutary agents for the treatment of NASH.
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11
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Shao W, Jin T. Hepatic hormone FGF21 and its analogues in clinical trials. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2021; 8:19-25. [PMID: 35620160 PMCID: PMC9126297 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a fasting or stress inducible metabolic hormone produced mainly in the liver. It plays important roles in regulating both glucose and lipid homeostasis via interacting with a heterodimeric receptor complex comprising FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) and β‐klotho (KLB). For the past decade, great effort has been made on developing FGF21 derivatives or specific FGF21 receptor agonists into therapeutic agents for various metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and more importantly, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here we have reviewed FGF21 gene and protein structures, its expression pattern, cellular signaling cascades that mediate FGF21 production and function. We have then summarized the six clinical trials utilizing four FGF21 analogues. Finally, two recent literatures on the development of GLP‐1 and FGF21 dual agonists were presented briefly.
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12
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Liu D, Pang J, Shao W, Gu J, Zeng Y, He HH, Ling W, Qian X, Jin T. Hepatic Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Is Involved in Mediating Functions of Liraglutide in Mice With Dietary Challenge. Hepatology 2021; 74:2154-2169. [PMID: 33851458 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several studies have shown that expression of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) can be stimulated by glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based diabetes drugs. As GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is unlikely to be expressed in hepatocytes, we aimed to compare such stimulation in mice and in mouse hepatocytes, determine the involvement of GLP-1R, and clarify whether FGF21 mediates certain functions of the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide. APPROACH AND RESULTS Liver FGF21 expression was assessed in mice receiving a daily liraglutide injection for 3 days or in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs) undergoing direct liraglutide treatment. The effects of liraglutide on metabolic improvement and FGF21 expression were then assessed in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and compared with the effects of the dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitor sitagliptin. Animal studies were also performed in Glp1r-/- mice and liver-specific FGF21-knockout (lFgf21-KO) mice. In wild-type mouse liver that underwent RNA sequencing and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, we observed liraglutide-stimulated hepatic Fgf21 expression and a lack of Glp1r expression. In MPHs, liraglutide did not stimulate Fgf21. In mice with HFD-induced obesity, liraglutide or sitagliptin treatment reduced plasma triglyceride levels, whereas their effect on reducing body-weight gain was different. Importantly, increased hepatic FGF21 expression was observed in liraglutide-treated mice but was not observed in sitagliptin-treated mice. In HFD-fed Glp1r-/- mice, liraglutide showed no beneficial effects and could not stimulate Fgf21 expression. In lFgf21-KO mice undergoing dietary challenge, the body-weight-gain attenuation and lipid homeostatic effects of liraglutide were lost or significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that liraglutide-stimulated hepatic Fgf21 expression may require GLP-1R to be expressed in extrahepatic organs. Importantly, we revealed that hepatic FGF21 is required for liraglutide to lower body weight and improve hepatic lipid homeostasis. These observations advanced our mechanistic understanding of the function of GLP-1-based drugs in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinghui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Pang
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijuan Shao
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jianqiu Gu
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Yang K, Wang H, Wei R, Xiao W, Tian Q, Wang C, Yang J, Hong T. High baseline FGF21 levels are associated with poor glucose-lowering efficacy of exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:595-602. [PMID: 33452595 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01660-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the association between fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels and glycemic response to exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS The exploratory analysis of a multi-center trial included 190 patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by monotherapy or combination therapy of metformin and insulin secretagogues. All participants received exenatide twice daily as an add-on therapy for 16 weeks. Serum FGF21 and other information at the baseline and end of follow-ups were obtained. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the correlations between baseline FGF21 levels and HbA1c reduction from baseline after the treatment. RESULTS After 16 weeks of treatment with exenatide, a decline in the HbA1c levels from baseline was associated with higher baseline FGF21 levels among all participants (r = 0.193, P = 0.008) and in subgroup of the participants receiving background metformin monotherapy (r = 0.231, P = 0.034). Compared with patients in the lowest FGF21 quartile, patients in the highest FGF21 quartile showed a significantly weakened decline in HbA1c levels from baseline among all participants (β = - 0.16 [95% Cl - 0.31 to - 0.01], P < 0.05) and in subgroup of the participants receiving background metformin monotherapy (β = - 0.23 [95% Cl - 0.43 to - 0.03], P < 0.05), after adjusting for the confounding factors, including age, sex, and baseline HbA1c levels. CONCLUSIONS The high baseline FGF21 levels are associated with poor glycemic responses to exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, FGF21 could be used as a biomarker for predicting the efficacy of exenatide treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR-IPR-15006558, date registered May 27, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haining Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenhua Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Geng S, Qin L, He Y, Li X, Yang M, Li L, Liu D, Li Y, Niu D, Yang G. Effective and safe delivery of GLP-1AR and FGF-21 plasmids using amino-functionalized dual-mesoporous silica nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 2021; 271:120763. [PMID: 33780737 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have attracted increased attention because of their excellent drug-carrying capacity. However, these nanomaterials are rarely used in the treatment of metabolic diseases. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has been widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Furthermore, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) has been found to improve glucose metabolism and insulin resistance (IR). To investigate whether these two molecules have synergistic effects in vivo, we developed a novel drug delivery system using amino-functionalized and embedded dual-mesoporous silica nanoparticles (N-EDMSNs) to simultaneously carry liraglutide and FGF-21, and observed their biological effects. The resultant N-EDMSNs possessed unique hierarchical porous structures consisting of open large pores (>10 nm) and small mesopores (~2.5 nm) in the silica framework, highly positively charged surfaces and good disperisity in aqueous solution. We found that N-EDMSNs had a high loading capacity for exogenous genes and low toxicity to Hepa1-6 cells. Moreover, N-EDMSNs can simultaneously carry FGF-21 plasmids and liraglutide and successfully transfect them into Hepa1-6 cells. The transfection efficiency of N-EDMSNs was higher than that of Lipofectamine 2000 in vitro. In mice experiments, N-EDMSNs/pFGF21 treatment resulted in higher FGF-21 expression in the liver than pFGF21 treatment with hydrodynamic delivery. Compared with both pFGF21 and liraglutide, N-EDMSNs/pFGF21/Lira treatment significantly reduced the food intake, body weight, and blood glucose; increased the energy expenditure and improved hepatic IR in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Our results demonstrated that the biological effects of N-EDMSNs/pFGF21/Lira complexes were better than those of pFGF21 combined with liraglutide in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Geng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Limei Qin
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, School of Materials Science AndEngineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yirui He
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xinrun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Mengliu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, School of Materials Science AndEngineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dechao Niu
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, School of Materials Science AndEngineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Jin S, Xia N, Han L. Association between serum fibroblast growth factor 21 level and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e002126. [PMID: 33789910 PMCID: PMC8016097 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We conducted this cross-sectional study to explore the relationship between serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) level and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 654 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was evaluated by the bilateral retinal photography, and patients were assigned into groups of no DR (NDR) (n=345, 52.75%), non-sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (NSTDR) (n=207, 31.65%), involving patients with mild or moderate non-proliferative retinopathy (NPDR) and STDR (n=102, 15.60%), including those with severe NPDR or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Serum FGF21 levels were quantified by a sandwich ELISA. Patients were divided into quartiles according to their serum FGF21 level. RESULTS There was a significant difference in serum FGF21 level among the three groups of patients (p<0.01). Compared with other quartiles (Q1-Q3), the patients in Q4 had a higher prevalence of DR and STDR (p<0.05). Compared with Q1, a positive association was observed between serum FGF21 level and DR in Q3 and Q4 (p<0.01). After adjusting for age, gender and other risk factors, serum FGF21 level in Q4 was found to be associated with increased risk of DR and STDR (p<0.01). Serum FGF21 level was noted as an independent risk factor for DR and STDR (p<0.01). Serum FGF21 level >478.76 pg/mL suggested the occurrence of DR and that level >554.69 pg/mL indicated STDR (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Serum FGF21 level was a biomarker for the risk of developing DR or STDR. The risk of STDR increased when the serum FGF21 level of patients with type 2 diabetes was >554.69 pg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingling Han
- Department of Endocrinology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Pan Q, Lin S, Li Y, Liu L, Li X, Gao X, Yan J, Gu B, Chen X, Li W, Tang X, Chen C, Guo L. A novel GLP-1 and FGF21 dual agonist has therapeutic potential for diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. EBioMedicine 2021; 63:103202. [PMID: 33421947 PMCID: PMC7806870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has become a promising therapeutic target for metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, the clinical application of natural FGF21 molecule is limited because of its instability in vitro and short half-life in vivo. To improve FGF21's therapeutic property, we screened high receptor binding FGF21 analogs and made FGF21-Fc-GLP-1 dual-targeted constructs to investigate their activity in a number of experiments . METHODS Utilizing phage display high-throughput screening we identified mutations that could improve β-Klotho binding property of FGF21. IgG4 Fc was fused to FGF21 variants to extend the in vivo half-life. We further explored the potential synergistic actions of FGF21 with the incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by generating GLP-1-Fc-FGF21 dual agonists. FINDINGS Two Fc-FGF21 variants showed enhanced β-Klotho binding affinity in vitro as well as improved glucose lowering effect in vivo. One of the dual agonists, GLP-1-Fc-FGF21 D1, provided potent and sustained glucose lowering effect in diabetic mice models. It also demonstrated superior weight loss effect to GLP-1 or FGF21 alone. Moreover, GLP-1-Fc-FGF21 D1 exhibited strong anti-NASH effect in the high-fat diet-induced ob/ob model as it improved liver function, serum and hepatic lipid profile and reduced NAFLD activity score with an efficacy superior to either FGF21 or GLP-1 analogs alone. INTERPRETATION This novel GLP-1/FGF21 dual agonist is worth clinical development for the treatment of T2D, obesity and NASH. FUNDING HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd, National natural science fund of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shushan Lin
- Biologics Institute, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Biologics, HEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Xianglei Gao
- Department of Biologics, HEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangyu Yan
- Department of Biologics, HEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Baohua Gu
- Biologics Institute, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Biologics Institute, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Biologics Institute, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Xinfa Tang
- Biologics Institute, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Biologics, HEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China.
| | - Lixin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Wu CC, Hung CJ, Wang YY, Lin SY, Chen WY, Kuan YH, Liao SL, Yang CP, Chen CJ. Propofol Improved Glucose Tolerance Associated with Increased FGF-21 and GLP-1 Production in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143229. [PMID: 32679813 PMCID: PMC7397023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics, particularly volatile anesthetics, have been shown to impair glucose metabolism and cause hyperglycemia, closely linking them with mortality and morbidity as related to surgery. Beyond being an anesthetic used for general anesthesia and sedation, intravenous hypnotic propofol displays an effect on glucose metabolism. To extend the scope of propofol studies, its effects on glucose metabolism were evaluated in male Sprague-Dawley rats of various ages. Unlike chloral hydrate and isoflurane, propofol had little effect on basal glucose levels in rats at 2 months of age, although it did reduce chloral hydrate- and isoflurane-induced hyperglycemia. Propofol reduced postload glucose levels after either intraperitoneal or oral administration of glucose in both 7- and 12-month-old rats, but not those at 2 months of age. These improved effects regarding propofol on glucose metabolism were accompanied by an increase in insulin, fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion. Additionally, an increase in hepatic FGF-21 expression, GLP-1 signaling, and FGF-21 signaling, along with a decrease in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, were noted in propofol-treated rats at 7 months of age. Current findings imply that propofol may turn into insulin-sensitizing molecules during situations of existing insulin resistance, which involve FGF-21, GLP-1, and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (C.-J.H.)
- Department of Financial Engineering, Providence University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan
- Department of Data Science and Big Data Analytics, Providence University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Hung
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (C.-J.H.)
| | - Ya-Yu Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; (S.-L.L.); (C.-P.Y.)
| | - Ching-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; (S.-L.L.); (C.-P.Y.)
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; (S.-L.L.); (C.-P.Y.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2359-2525 (ext. 4022)
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Liu J, Yang K, Yang J, Xiao W, Le Y, Yu F, Gu L, Lang S, Tian Q, Jin T, Wei R, Hong T. Liver-derived fibroblast growth factor 21 mediates effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in attenuating hepatic glucose output. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:73-84. [PMID: 30827929 PMCID: PMC6443026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its based agents improve glycemic control. Although their attenuating effect on hepatic glucose output has drawn our attention for decades, the potential mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS Cytokine array kit was used to assess cytokine profiles in db/db mice and mouse primary hepatocytes treated with exenatide (exendin-4). Two diabetic mouse models (db/db and Pax6m/+) were treated with a GLP-1 analog exenatide or liraglutide. The expression and secretion of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in the livers of diabetic mice, primary mouse and human hepatocytes, and the human hepatic cell line HepG2 treated with or without GLP-1 analog were measured. Blockage of FGF21 with neutralizing antibody or siRNA, or hepatocytes isolated from Fgf21 knockout mice were used, and the expression and activity of key enzymes in gluconeogenesis were analyzed. Serum FGF21 level was evaluated in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving exenatide treatment. FINDINGS Utilizing the cytokine array, we identified that FGF21 secretion was upregulated by exenatide (exendin-4). Similarly, FGF21 production in hepatocytes was stimulated by exenatide or liraglutide. FGF21 blockage attenuated the inhibitory effects of the GLP-1 analogs on hepatic glucose output. Similar results were also observed in primary hepatocytes from Fgf21 knockout mice. Furthermore, exenatide treatment increased serum FGF21 level in patients with T2D, particularly in those with better glucose control. INTERPRETATION We identify that function of GLP-1 in inhibiting hepatic glucose output is mediated via the liver hormone FGF21. Thus, we provide a new extra-pancreatic mechanism by which GLP-1 regulates glucose homeostasis. FUND: National Key Research and Development Program of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing and Peking University Medicine Seed Fund for Interdisciplinary Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyi Le
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liangbiao Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Lang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianru Jin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Banting and Best Diabetes Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Tianpei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China; Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Lee YS, Lee C, Choung JS, Jung HS, Jun HS. Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Increases β-Cell Regeneration by Promoting α- to β-Cell Transdifferentiation. Diabetes 2018; 67:2601-2614. [PMID: 30257975 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) can increase pancreatic β-cells, and α-cells could be a source for new β-cell generation. We investigated whether GLP-1 increases β-cells through α-cell transdifferentiation. New β-cells originating from non-β-cells were significantly increased in recombinant adenovirus expressing GLP-1 (rAd-GLP-1)-treated RIP-CreER;R26-YFP mice. Proliferating α-cells were increased in islets of rAd-GLP-1-treated mice and αTC1 clone 9 (αTC1-9) cells treated with exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Insulin+glucagon+ cells were significantly increased by rAd-GLP-1 or exendin-4 treatment in vivo and in vitro. Lineage tracing to label the glucagon-producing α-cells showed a higher proportion of regenerated β-cells from α-cells in rAd-GLP-1-treated Glucagon-rtTA;Tet-O-Cre;R26-YFP mice than rAd producing β-galactosidase-treated mice. In addition, exendin-4 increased the expression and secretion of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in αTC1-9 cells and β-cell-ablated islets. FGF21 treatment of β-cell-ablated islets increased the expression of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 and neurogenin-3 and significantly increased insulin+glucagon+ cells. Generation of insulin+glucagon+ cells by exendin-4 was significantly reduced in islets transfected with FGF21 small interfering RNA or islets of FGF21 knockout mice. Generation of insulin+ cells by rAd-GLP-1 treatment was significantly reduced in FGF21 knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. We suggest that GLP-1 has an important role in α-cell transdifferentiation to generate new β-cells, which might be mediated, in part, by FGF21 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Changmi Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jin-Seung Choung
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hye-Seung Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
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Elvert R, Bossart M, Herling AW, Weiss T, Zhang B, Kannt A, Wagner M, Haack T, Evers A, Dudda A, Keil S, Lorenz M, Lorenz K, Riz M, Hennerici W, Larsen PJ. Team Players or Opponents: Coadministration of Selective Glucagon and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Obese Diabetic Monkeys. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3105-3119. [PMID: 29992313 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the therapeutic contribution of the individual components of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucagon receptor (GCGR) agonists alone and in combination upon energy homeostasis and glycemic control in diet-induced obese, diabetic nonhuman primates. The pharmacological active dose ranges of selective agonists were established through a dose-finding study, followed by a 6-week chronic study. Repeated subcutaneous administration of a selective GCGR agonist (30 µg/kg once daily) did not affect food intake or body weight, whereas the selective GLP-1R agonist (3 µg/kg once daily) alone decreased energy intake by 18% and body weight by 3.8% ± 0.9%. Combination of both agonists reduced significantly cumulative food intake by 27% and body weight by 6.6% ± 0.9%. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was improved by GLP-1R agonist (baseline vs end of study, 176.7 ± 34.0 vs 115.9 ± 16.1 mg/dL). In contrast, groups exposed to GCGR agonist experienced nonsignificant elevations of FPG. More accurate assessment of therapeutic interventions on glucose homeostasis was tested by an IV glucose tolerance test. Glucose excursion was significantly elevated by chronic GCGR agonist administration, whereas it was significantly decreased in GLP-1R agonist-treated monkeys. In the combination group, a nonsignificant increase of glucose excursion was seen, concomitantly with significantly increased insulin secretion. We conclude that chronic glucagon agonism does not affect energy homeostasis in nonhuman primates. In combination with GLP-1R agonism, glucagon agonism synergistically enhances negative energy balance with resulting larger body weight loss. However, adding GCGR to GLP-1R agonism diminishes glycemic control in diabetic monkeys. Therefore, long-term therapeutic implications of using GLP-1R/GCGR coagonists for weight management in diabetes warrants further scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Elvert
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
| | - Martin Bossart
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
| | - Andreas W Herling
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
| | - Tilo Weiss
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
| | | | - Aimo Kannt
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
| | - Torsten Haack
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
| | - Andreas Evers
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
| | - Angela Dudda
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
| | - Stefanie Keil
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
| | - Martin Lorenz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
| | - Katrin Lorenz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
| | - Michela Riz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
| | - Wolfgang Hennerici
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
| | - Philip J Larsen
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, German
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21
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Dias S, Paredes S, Ribeiro L. Drugs Involved in Dyslipidemia and Obesity Treatment: Focus on Adipose Tissue. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:2637418. [PMID: 29593789 PMCID: PMC5822899 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2637418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome can be defined as a state of disturbed metabolic homeostasis characterized by visceral obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, and insulin resistance. The growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome will certainly contribute to the burden of cardiovascular disease. Obesity and dyslipidemia are main features of metabolic syndrome, and both can present with adipose tissue dysfunction, involved in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this syndrome. We revised the effects, and underlying mechanisms, of the current approved drugs for dyslipidemia and obesity (fibrates, statins, niacin, resins, ezetimibe, and orlistat; sibutramine; and diethylpropion, phentermine/topiramate, bupropion and naltrexone, and liraglutide) on adipose tissue. Specifically, we explored how these drugs can modulate the complex pathways involved in metabolism, inflammation, atherogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and adipogenesis. The clinical outcomes of adipose tissue modulation by these drugs, as well as differences of major importance for clinical practice between drugs of the same class, were identified. Whether solutions to these issues will be found in further adjustments and combinations between drugs already in use or necessarily in new advances in pharmacology is not known. To better understand the effect of drugs used in dyslipidemia and obesity on adipose tissue not only is challenging for physicians but could also be the next step to tackle cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Dias
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Paredes
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243 Braga, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Sa-Nguanmoo P, Tanajak P, Kerdphoo S, Jaiwongkam T, Wang X, Liang G, Li X, Jiang C, Pratchayasakul W, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. FGF21 and DPP-4 inhibitor equally prevents cognitive decline in obese rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:1663-1672. [PMID: 29793329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) on metabolic function and neuroprotection have been shown in earlier research. We have previously shown that the Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 inhibitor, vildagliptin, also led to improved insulin sensitivity and brain function in the obese-insulin resistant condition. However, the comparative efficacy on the improvement of metabolic function and neuroprotection between FGF21 and vildagliptin in the obese-insulin resistant condition has never been investigated. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into two groups, and received either a normal diet (ND, n=6) or a high fat diet (HFD, n=18) for 16 weeks. At week 13, the HFD-fed rats were divided into three subgroups (n=6/subgroup) to receive either a vehicle, recombinant human FGF21 (0.1mg/kg/day) or vildagliptin (3mg/kg/day), for four weeks. ND-fed rats were given a vehicle for four weeks. The metabolic parameters and brain function were subsequently investigated. The results demonstrated that the rats fed on HFD had obese-insulin resistance, increased systemic inflammation, brain mitochondrial dysfunction, increased brain apoptosis, impaired hippocampal plasticity, and demonstrated cognitive decline. FGF21 and vildagliptin effectively attenuated peripheral insulin resistance, brain mitochondrial dysfunction, brain apoptosis and cognitive decline. However, only FGF21 treatment led to significantly reduced body weight gain, visceral fat, systemic inflammation, improved hippocampal synaptic plasticity, enhanced FGF21 mediated signaling in the brain leading to prevention of early cognitive decline. These findings suggest that FGF21 exerts greater efficacy than vildagliptin in restoring metabolic function as well as brain function in cases of obese-insulin resistant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piangkwan Sa-Nguanmoo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pongpan Tanajak
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sasiwan Kerdphoo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Jaiwongkam
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, University-Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wasana Pratchayasakul
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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23
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Ter Horst KW, Gilijamse PW, Demirkiran A, van Wagensveld BA, Ackermans MT, Verheij J, Romijn JA, Nieuwdorp M, Maratos-Flier E, Herman MA, Serlie MJ. The FGF21 response to fructose predicts metabolic health and persists after bariatric surgery in obese humans. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1493-1502. [PMID: 29107295 PMCID: PMC5681276 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fructose consumption has been implicated in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Emerging evidence shows that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has beneficial effects on glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism and may also mediate an adaptive response to fructose ingestion. Fructose acutely stimulates circulating FGF21 consistent with a hormonal response. We aimed to evaluate whether fructose-induced FGF21 secretion is linked to metabolic outcomes in obese humans before and after bariatric surgery-induced weight loss. METHODS We recruited 40 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients and assessed the serum FGF21 response to fructose (75-g fructose tolerance test) and basal and insulin-mediated glucose and lipid fluxes during a 2-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with infusion of [6,6-2H2] glucose and [1,1,2,3,3-2H5] glycerol. Liver biopsies were obtained during bariatric surgery. Nineteen subjects underwent the same assessments at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS Serum FGF21 increased 3-fold at 120 min after fructose ingestion and returned to basal levels at 300 min. Neither basal FGF21 nor the fructose-FGF21 response correlated with liver fat content or liver histopathology, but increased levels were associated with elevated endogenous glucose production, increased lipolysis, and peripheral/muscle insulin resistance. At 1-year follow-up, subjects had lost 28 ± 6% of body weight and improved in all metabolic outcomes, but fructose-stimulated FGF21 dynamics did not markedly differ from the pre-surgical state. The association between increased basal and stimulated FGF21 levels with poor metabolic health was no longer present after weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Fructose ingestion in obese humans stimulates FGF21 secretion, and this response is related to systemic metabolism. Further studies are needed to establish if FGF21 signaling is (patho)physiologically involved in fructose metabolism and metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper W Ter Horst
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim W Gilijamse
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmet Demirkiran
- Department of Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Vondellaan 13, 1942LE Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mariette T Ackermans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Romijn
- Department of Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Center for Life Sciences, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark A Herman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, 300 N. Duke Street, Carmichael Building, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Mireille J Serlie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Lewis JE, Samms RJ, Cooper S, Luckett JC, Perkins AC, Adams AC, Tsintzas K, Ebling FJP. Reduced adiposity attenuates FGF21 mediated metabolic improvements in the Siberian hamster. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4238. [PMID: 28652585 PMCID: PMC5484705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF21 exerts profound metabolic effects in Siberian hamsters exposed to long day (LD) photoperiods that increase appetite and adiposity, however these effects are attenuated in short day (SD) animals that display hypophagia and reduced adiposity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the beneficial effects of a novel mimetic of FGF21 in the LD state are a consequence of increased adiposity or of the central photoperiodic state. This was achieved by investigating effects of FGF21 in aged hamsters, which is associated with reduced adiposity. In LD hamsters with increased adiposity, FGF21 lowered body weight as a result of both reduced daily food intake and increased caloric expenditure, driven by an increase in whole-body fat oxidation. However, in LD animals with reduced adiposity, the effect of FGF21 on body weight, caloric intake and fat oxidation were significantly attenuated or absent when compared to those with increased adiposity. These attenuated/absent effects were underpinned by the inability of FGF21 to increase the expression of key thermogenic genes in interscapular and visceral WAT. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of a novel FGF21 mimetic in hamsters, but reveals attenuated effects in the animal model where adiposity is reduced naturally independent of photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo E Lewis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | | | - Scott Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jeni C Luckett
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alan C Perkins
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Andrew C Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Kostas Tsintzas
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Francis J P Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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25
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Hu Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Xu Y, Hong T, Wang G. Exenatide treatment decreases fasting fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2016; 42:358-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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iNKT Cells Induce FGF21 for Thermogenesis and Are Required for Maximal Weight Loss in GLP1 Therapy. Cell Metab 2016; 24:510-519. [PMID: 27593966 PMCID: PMC5061124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-resident invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are key players in metabolic regulation. iNKT cells are innate lipid sensors, and their activation, using their prototypic ligand α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer), induces weight loss and restores glycemic control in obesity. Here, iNKT activation induced fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) production and thermogenic browning of white fat. Complete metabolic analysis revealed that iNKT cell activation induced increased body temperature, V02, VC02, and fatty acid oxidation, without affecting food intake or activity. FGF21 induction played a major role in iNKT cell-induced weight loss, as FGF21 null mice lost significantly less weight after αGalCer treatment. The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, liraglutide, also activated iNKT cells in humans and mice. In iNKT-deficient mice, liraglutide promoted satiety but failed to induce FGF21, resulting in less weight loss. These findings reveal an iNKT cell-FGF21 axis that defines a new immune-mediated pathway that could be targeted for glycemic control and weight regulation.
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27
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Hepatic Fgf21 Expression Is Repressed after Simvastatin Treatment in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162024. [PMID: 27583452 PMCID: PMC5008788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21) is a hormone with emerging beneficial roles in glucose and lipid homeostasis. The interest in Fgf21 as a potential antidiabetic drug and the factors that regulate its production and secretion is growing. Statins are the most widely prescribed drug for the treatment of dyslipidemia. However, the function of statins is not limited to the lowering of cholesterol as they are associated with pleiotropic actions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. The recently described effect of statins on mitochondrial function and the induction of Fgf21 by mitochondrial stress prompted us to investigate the effect of statin treatment on Fgf21 expression in the liver. To this end, C57BL6J male mice and primary mouse hepatocytes were treated with simvastatin, and Fgf21 expression was subsequently assessed by immunoblotting and quantitative real-time PCR. Hepatic Fgf21 protein and mRNA and circulating levels of FGF21significantly decreased in mice that had received simvastatin in their food (0.1% w/w) for 1 week. This effect was also observed with simvastatin doses as low as 0.01% w/w for 1 week or following 2 intraperitoneal injections within a single day. The reduction in Fgf21 mRNA levels was further verified in primary mouse hepatocytes, indicating that the effect of simvastatin is cell autonomous. In conclusion, simvastatin treatment reduced the circulating and hepatic Fgf21 levels and this effect warrants further investigation with reference to its role in metabolism.
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28
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Yu D, Ye X, Wu Q, Li S, Yang Y, He J, Liu Y, Zhang X, Yuan Q, Liu M, Li D, Ren G. Insulin sensitizes FGF21 in glucose and lipid metabolisms via activating common AKT pathway. Endocrine 2016; 52:527-40. [PMID: 26607153 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies reveal that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) sensitizes insulin to achieve a synergy in regulating glucose metabolism. Here, we report that insulin sensitizes FGF21 in regulating both glucose and lipid metabolisms. db/db diabetic mice were subcutaneously administrated once a day for 6 weeks. Effective dose of insulin (1 U) could control blood glucose level of the db/db mice for maximum of 2 h, increased the body weight of the db/db mice and did not improve serum lipid parameters. In contrast, effective dose of FGF21 (0.5 mg/kg) could maintain blood glucose of the db/db mice at normal level for at least 24 h, repressed the weight gain of the mice and significantly improved lipid parameters. Ineffective doses of FGF21 (0.125 mg/kg) and insulin had no effect on blood glucose level of the db/db mice after 24 h administration, body weight or lipid parameters. However, combination of the two ineffective doses could maintain blood glucose level of the db/db mice for at least 24 h, suppressed weight gain and significantly improved lipid parameters. These results suggest that insulin sensitizes FGF21 in regulating both glucose and lipid metabolism. The results aimed to study the molecular basis of FGF21 sensitization indicates that combination of the two ineffective doses increased the mRNA expression of glut1, glut4, β-Klotho, sirt1, pgc-1α, ucp-1 and AKT phosphorylation, decreased fasn. The results demonstrate that insulin sensitizes FGF21 through elevating the phosphorylation of common gene Akt and amplifying FGF21 downstream signaling, including increasing expression of glut1 sirt1, pgc-1α, ucp-1, and decreasing fasn expression. In summary, we reports herein for the first time that insulin sensitizes FGF21 to achieve a synergy in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Along with previous studies, we conclude that the synergistic effect between FGF21 and insulin is realized through mutual sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, Life Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xianlong Ye
- School of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shujie Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, Life Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yongbi Yang
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, Life Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jinjiao He
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, Life Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yunye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qingyan Yuan
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, Life Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, Life Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Deshan Li
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, Life Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Guiping Ren
- Biopharmaceutical Lab, Life Science College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biological Functional Gene, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Sa-Nguanmoo P, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Potential roles of fibroblast growth factor 21 in the brain. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:239-48. [PMID: 26738728 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone, playing an important role in the regulation of metabolism. FGF21 is primarily expressed by several tissues, including liver, pancreas, thymus, heart, muscle, adipose tissue, and brain. In addition to the effects of FGF21 in lowering glucose and lipid levels, increasing insulin sensitivity and regulating energy homeostasis in rodents and non-human primate models of diabetes and obesity, previous reports have demonstrated that FGF21 also plays an important role in the brain involving it in potential effects in metabolic regulation, neuroprotection and cognition. In this review, the current available evidence from both in vitro and in vivo investigations regarding the roles of FGF21 and its function in the brain are comprehensively summarized. In addition, the mechanistic insights regarding the roles of FGF21 in the brain and its potential neuroprotective benefits are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piangkwan Sa-Nguanmoo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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30
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So WY, Leung PS. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 As an Emerging Therapeutic Target for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:672-704. [PMID: 27031294 DOI: 10.1002/med.21390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is a distinctive member of the FGF family that functions as an endocrine factor. It is expressed predominantly in the liver, but is also found in adipose tissue and the pancreas. Pharmacological studies have shown that FGF21 normalizes glucose and lipid homeostasis, thereby preventing the development of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes. Despite growing evidence for the therapeutic potential of FGF21, paradoxical increases of FGF21 in different disease conditions point to the existence of FGF21 resistance. In this review, we give a critical appraisal of recent advances in the understanding of the regulation of FGF21 production under various physiological conditions, its antidiabetic actions, and the clinical implications. We also discuss recent preclinical and clinical trials using engineered FGF21 analogs in the management of diabetes, as well as the potential side effects of FGF21 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yan So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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31
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Mao S, Ren X, Zhang J. The emerging role of fibroblast growth factor 21 in diabetic nephropathy. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 36:586-592. [PMID: 26915669 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2016.1147582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), an important cause of end-stage renal diseases, brings about great social and economic burden. Due to the variable pathological changes and clinical course, the prognosis of DN is very difficult to predict. DN is also usually associated with enhanced genomic damage and cellular injury. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a nutritionally regulated hormone secreted mainly by the liver, plays a critical role in metabolism. Administration of FGF21 decreases blood glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels, and improves insulin sensitivity, which is closely associated with the development and progression of glomerular diseases. In addition, FGF21 level was associated with renal function. However, the precise role of FGF21 in DN remains unclear. This review will give a comprehensive understanding of the underlying role of FGF21 and its possible interaction with other molecules in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Mao
- a Department of Pediatrics , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai , China and
| | - Xianguo Ren
- b Department of Pediatrics , Nanjing Jinling Hospital , Nanjing , China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- a Department of Pediatrics , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , Shanghai , China and
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32
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McCarty MF. Practical prospects for boosting hepatic production of the "pro-longevity" hormone FGF21. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 30:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2015-0057/hmbci-2015-0057.xml. [PMID: 26741352 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2015-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21), produced mainly in hepatocytes and adipocytes, promotes leanness, insulin sensitivity, and vascular health while down-regulating hepatic IGF-I production. Transgenic mice overexpressing FGF21 enjoy a marked increase in median and maximal longevity comparable to that evoked by calorie restriction - but without a reduction in food intake. Transcriptional factors which promote hepatic FGF21 expression include PPARα, ATF4, STAT5, and FXR; hence, fibrate drugs, elevated lipolysis, moderate-protein vegan diets, growth hormone, and bile acids may have potential to increase FGF21 synthesis. Sirt1 activity is required for optimal responsiveness of FGF21 to PPARα, and Sirt1 activators can boost FGF21 transcription. Conversely, histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) inhibits PPARα's transcriptional impact on FGF21, and type 1 deacetylase inhibitors such as butyrate therefore increase FGF21 expression. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increases hepatic expression of both PPARα and Sirt1; acarbose, which increases intestinal GLP-1 secretion, also increases FGF21 and lifespan in mice. Glucagon stimulates hepatic production of FGF21 by increasing the expression of the Nur77 transcription factor; increased glucagon secretion can be evoked by supplemental glycine administered during post-absorptive metabolism. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has also been reported recently to promote FGF21 transcription. Bilirubin is known to be an agonist for this receptor, and this may rationalize a recent report that heme oxygenase-1 induction in the liver boosts FGF21 expression. There is reason to suspect that phycocyanorubin, a bilirubin homolog that is a metabolite of the major phycobilin in spirulina, may share bilirubin's agonist activity for AhR, and perhaps likewise promote FGF21 induction. In the future, regimens featuring a plant-based diet, nutraceuticals, and safe drugs may make it feasible to achieve physiologically significant increases in FGF21 that promote metabolic health, leanness, and longevity.
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Xiao J, Bei Y, Liu J, Dimitrova-Shumkovska J, Kuang D, Zhou Q, Li J, Yang Y, Xiang Y, Wang F, Yang C, Yang W. miR-212 downregulation contributes to the protective effect of exercise against non-alcoholic fatty liver via targeting FGF-21. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:204-16. [PMID: 26648452 PMCID: PMC4727558 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity and lifestyle, while exercise is beneficial for NAFLD. Dysregulated microRNAs (miRs) control the pathogenesis of NAFLD. However, whether exercise could prevent NAFLD via targeting microRNA is unknown. In this study, normal or high-fat diet (HF) mice were either subjected to a 16-week running program or kept sedentary. Exercise attenuated liver steatosis in HF mice. MicroRNA array and qRT-PCR demonstrated that miR-212 was overexpressed in HF liver, while reduced by exercise. Next, we investigated the role of miR-212 in lipogenesis using HepG2 cells with/without long-chain fatty acid treatment (± FFA). FFA increased miR-212 in HepG2 cells. Moreover, miR-212 promoted lipogenesis in HepG2 cells (± FFA). Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, a key regulator for lipid metabolism, was negatively regulated by miR-212 at protein level in HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, FFA downregulated FGF-21 both at mRNA and protein levels in HepG2 cells. Also, FGF-21 protein level was reduced in HF liver, while reversed by exercise in vivo. Furthermore, siRNA-FGF-21 abolished the lipogenesis-reducing effect of miR-212 inhibitor in HepG2 cells (± FFA), validating FGF-21 as a target gene of miR-212. These data link the benefit of exercise and miR-212 downregulation in preventing NAFLD via targeting FGF-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xiao
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Bei
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingqi Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jasmina Dimitrova-Shumkovska
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Experimental Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University Ss Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Dapeng Kuang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiulian Zhou
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Li
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanning Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Biochemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changqing Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhuo Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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DiNicolantonio JJ, Bhutani J, O'Keefe JH. Acarbose: safe and effective for lowering postprandial hyperglycaemia and improving cardiovascular outcomes. Open Heart 2015; 2:e000327. [PMID: 26512331 PMCID: PMC4620230 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are a class of oral glucose-lowering drugs used exclusively for treatment or prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. AGIs act by altering the intestinal absorption of carbohydrates through inhibition of their conversion into simple sugars (monosaccharides) and thus decrease the bioavailability of carbohydrates in the body, significantly lowering blood glucose levels. The three AGIs used in clinical practice are acarbose, voglibose and miglitol. This review will focus on the cardiovascular properties of acarbose. The current available data suggest that AGIs (particularly acarbose) may be safe and effective for the treatment of prediabetes and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James H O'Keefe
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute , Kansas City, Missouri , USA
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Lee J, Hong SW, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Park CY, Oh KW, Park SW, Lee WY. Exendin-4 Inhibits the Expression of SEPP1 and Fetuin-A via Improvement of Palmitic Acid-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by AMPK. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:177-84. [PMID: 26194078 PMCID: PMC4508262 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenoprotein P (SEPP1) and fetuin-A, both circulating liver-derived glycoproteins, are novel biomarkers for insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the effect of exendin-4 (Ex-4), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, on the expression of hepatokines, SEPP1, and fetuin-A, is unknown. METHODS The human hepatoma cell line HepG2 was treated with palmitic acid (PA; 0.4 mM) and tunicamycin (tuni; 2ug/ml) with or without exendin-4 (100 nM) for 24 hours. The change in expression of PA-induced SEPP1, fetuin-A, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers by exendin-4 treatment were evaluated using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Transfection of cells with AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) small interfering RNA (siRNA) was performed to establish the effect of exendin-4-mediated AMPK in the regulation of SEPP1 and fetuin-A expression. RESULTS Exendin-4 reduced the expression of SEPP1, fetuin-A, and ER stress markers including PKR-like ER kinase, inositol-requiring kinase 1α, activating transcription factor 6, and C/EBP homologous protein in HepG2 cells. Exendin-4 also reduced the expression of SEPP1 and fetuin-A in cells treated with tunicamycin, an ER stress inducer. In cells treated with the AMPK activator 5-aminoidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), the expression of hepatic SEPP1 and fetuin-A were negatively related by AMPK, which is the target of exendin-4. In addition, exendin-4 treatment did not decrease SEPP1 and fetuin-A expression in cells transfected with AMPK siRNA. CONCLUSION These data suggest that exendin-4 can attenuate the expression of hepatic SEPP1 and fetuin-A via improvement of PA-induced ER stress by AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmi Lee
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Woo Hong
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Eun Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Rhee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol Young Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Won Oh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Woo Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Young Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Berti L, Irmler M, Zdichavsky M, Meile T, Böhm A, Stefan N, Fritsche A, Beckers J, Königsrainer A, Häring HU, de Angelis MH, Staiger H. Fibroblast growth factor 21 is elevated in metabolically unhealthy obesity and affects lipid deposition, adipogenesis, and adipokine secretion of human abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes. Mol Metab 2015; 4:519-27. [PMID: 26137439 PMCID: PMC4481465 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serum concentrations of the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 are elevated in obesity, type-2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. We asked whether FGF21 levels differ between subjects with metabolically healthy vs. unhealthy obesity (MHO vs. MUHO), opening the possibility that FGF21 is a cross-talker between liver and adipose tissue in MUHO. Furthermore, we studied the effects of chronic FGF21 treatment on adipocyte differentiation, lipid storage, and adipokine secretion. METHODS In 20 morbidly obese donors of abdominal subcutaneous fat biopsies discordant for their whole-body insulin sensitivity (hereby classified as MHO or MUHO subjects), serum FGF21 was quantified. The impact of chronic FGF21 treatment on differentiation, lipid accumulation, and adipokine release was assessed in isolated preadipocytes differentiated in vitro. RESULTS Serum FGF21 concentrations were more than two-fold higher in MUHO as compared to MHO subjects (457 ± 378 vs. 211 ± 123 pg/mL; p < 0.05). FGF21 treatment of human preadipocytes for the entire differentiation period was modestly lipogenic (+15%; p < 0.05), reduced the expression of key adipogenic transcription factors (PPARG and CEBPA, -15% and -40%, respectively; p < 0.01 both), reduced adiponectin expression (-20%; p < 0.05), markedly reduced adiponectin release (-60%; p < 0.01), and substantially increased leptin (+60%; p < 0.01) and interleukin-6 (+50%; p < 0.001) release. CONCLUSIONS The hepatokine FGF21 exerts weak lipogenic and anti-adipogenic actions and marked adiponectin-suppressive and leptin and interleukin-6 release-promoting effects in human differentiating preadipocytes. Together with the higher serum concentrations in MUHO subjects, our findings reveal FGF21 as a circulating factor promoting the development of metabolically unhealthy adipocytes.
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Key Words
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- Adipokine
- Adiponectin
- BMI, body mass index
- C/EBP-α, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α
- CIDEA, cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector a
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FGF21
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Hepatokine
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- MHO, metabolically healthy obesity
- MUHO, metabolically unhealthy obesity
- PGC-1α, PPAR-γ coactivator-1α
- PPAR-γ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ
- Secretome
- Type-2 diabetes
- UCP-1, uncoupling protein-1
- hasc, human abdominal subcutaneous
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- rh, recombinant human
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Berti
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich GmbH, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich GmbH, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marty Zdichavsky
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Meile
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Böhm
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany ; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Norbert Stefan
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany ; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany ; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich GmbH, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; Chair for Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany ; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Centre Munich GmbH, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; Chair for Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany ; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany ; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Straße 10, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Liu J, Xu Y, Hu Y, Wang G. The role of fibroblast growth factor 21 in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and implications for therapy. Metabolism 2015; 64:380-90. [PMID: 25516477 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a cluster of liver disorders ranging from simple fatty liver to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Due to its liver and vascular complications, NAFLD has become a public health problem with high morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is considered a "multi-hit hypothesis" that involves lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, a chronic inflammatory state and mitochondrial dysfunction. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family with multiple metabolic functions. FGF21 directly regulates lipid metabolism and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation in an insulin-independent manner. Several studies have shown that FGF21 can ameliorate the "multi-hits" in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The administration of FGF21 reverses hepatic steatosis, counteracts obesity and alleviates insulin resistance in rodents and nonhuman primates. Using several strategies, we show that the reversal of simple fatty liver and NASH is mediated by activation of the FGF21 signaling pathway. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms involved in the onset and/or progression of NAFLD, and review the current literature to highlight the therapeutic procedures associated with the FGF21 signaling pathway for simple fatty liver and NASH, which are the two most important types of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Yanjin Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8, Gongti South Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100020, China.
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Kanoski SE, Ong ZY, Fortin SM, Schlessinger ES, Grill HJ. Liraglutide, leptin and their combined effects on feeding: additive intake reduction through common intracellular signalling mechanisms. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 17:285-93. [PMID: 25475828 PMCID: PMC4320650 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the behavioural and intracellular mechanisms by which the glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, liraglutide, and leptin in combination enhance the food intake inhibitory and weight loss effects of either treatment alone. METHODS We examined the effects of liraglutide (a long-acting GLP-1 analogue) and leptin co-treatment, delivered in low or moderate doses subcutaneously (s.c.) or to the third ventricle, respectively, on cumulative intake, meal patterns and hypothalamic expression of intracellular signalling proteins [phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (pSTAT3) and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B)] in lean rats. RESULTS A low-dose combination of liraglutide (25 µg/kg) and leptin (0.75 µg) additively reduced cumulative food intake and body weight, a result mediated predominantly through a significant reduction in meal frequency that was not present with either drug alone. Liraglutide treatment alone also reduced meal size; an effect not enhanced with leptin co-administration. Moderate doses of liraglutide (75 µg/kg) and leptin (4 µg), examined separately, each reduced meal frequency, cumulative food intake and body weight; only liraglutide reduced meal size. In combination these doses did not further enhance the anorexigenic effects of either treatment alone. Ex vivo immunoblot analysis showed elevated pSTAT3 in the hypothalamic tissue after liraglutide-leptin co-treatment, an effect which was greater than that of leptin treatment alone. In addition, s.c. liraglutide reduced the expression of PTP1B (a negative regulator of leptin receptor signalling), revealing a potential mechanism for the enhanced pSTAT3 response after liraglutide-leptin co-administration. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results show novel behavioural and molecular mechanisms underlying the additive reduction in food intake and body weight after liraglutide-leptin combination treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Kanoski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California
| | - Zhi Yi Ong
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
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McCarty MF, DiNicolantonio JJ. Acarbose, lente carbohydrate, and prebiotics promote metabolic health and longevity by stimulating intestinal production of GLP-1. Open Heart 2015; 2:e000205. [PMID: 25685364 PMCID: PMC4316590 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2014-000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose, which slows carbohydrate digestion and blunts postprandial rises in plasma glucose, has long been used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes or glucose intolerance. Like metformin, acarbose tends to aid weight control, postpone onset of diabetes and decrease risk for cardiovascular events. Acarbose treatment can favourably affect blood pressure, serum lipids, platelet aggregation, progression of carotid intima-media thickness and postprandial endothelial dysfunction. In mice, lifetime acarbose feeding can increase median and maximal lifespan-an effect associated with increased plasma levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and decreased levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). There is growing reason to suspect that an upregulation of fasting and postprandial production of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-stemming from increased delivery of carbohydrate to L cells in the distal intestinal tract-is largely responsible for the versatile health protection conferred by acarbose. Indeed, GLP-1 exerts protective effects on vascular endothelium, the liver, the heart, pancreatic β cells, and the brain which can rationalise many of the benefits reported with acarbose. And GLP-1 may act on the liver to modulate its production of FGF21 and IGF-I, thereby promoting longevity. The benefits of acarbose are likely mimicked by diets featuring slowly-digested 'lente' carbohydrate, and by certain nutraceuticals which can slow carbohydrate absorption. Prebiotics that promote colonic generation of short-chain fatty acids represent an alternative strategy for boosting intestinal GLP-1 production. The health benefits of all these measures presumably would be potentiated by concurrent use of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, which slow the proteolysis of GLP-1 in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James J DiNicolantonio
- Mid America Heart Institute, St. Luke's Hospital , Kansas City, Missouri , USA ; Wegmans Pharmacy , Ithaca, New York , USA
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40
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Transcription factor TIP27 regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in a PI3-kinase/Akt-dependent manner in mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:949-58. [PMID: 25614086 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Juxtaposed with another zinc-finger gene 1 (TIP27 or JAZF1) is a 27-kDa transcription factor, and genome-wide association studies have recently revealed TIP27 to be associated with type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about its role in the regulation of metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effects of TIP27 overexpression on glucose homeostasis and insulin signaling in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed TIP27 transgenic (TIP27-Tg) mice and db/db mice. METHODS We assessed the effects of TIP27 overexpression in both TIP27-Tg mice and db/db mice on glucose metabolism and changes in insulin sensitivity during glucose (GTT) and insulin (ITT) tolerance tests. A hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed on TIP27-Tg mice. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to assess mRNA and protein expressions. RESULTS TIP27 overexpression in TIP27-Tg mice and in db/db mice led to reduced total cholesterol and fasting plasma insulin levels, and enhanced glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity during GTT and ITT. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp experiments demonstrated that HFD-fed TIP27-Tg mice had lower hepatic glucose production and higher insulin sensitivity compared with nontransgenic littermates. In addition, the hepatic expressions of phosphoenolpyruate carboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) mRNAs and proteins were significantly decreased, whereas the phosphorylation of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and Akt kinase (Akt) in the liver was significantly increased in HFD-fed TIP27-Tg mice compared with nontransgenic littermates. Adenovirus-mediated TIP27 overexpression in db/db mice also decreased the expression of gluconeogenic genes and increased the phosphorylation of insulin signaling molecules in the liver compared with controls. Finally, LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor, abolished the suppressive effect of TIP27 overexpression on PEPCK and G6Pase expression. CONCLUSIONS TIP27 has an important role in glucose homeostasis through the regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, this regulation requires activation of PI3-kinase.
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Liu C, Hu MY, Zhang M, Li F, Li J, Zhang J, Li Y, Guo HF, Xu P, Liu L, Liu XD. Association of GLP-1 secretion with anti-hyperlipidemic effect of ginsenosides in high-fat diet fed rats. Metabolism 2014; 63:1342-51. [PMID: 25060691 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ginsenosides, major bioactive constituents in Panax ginseng, have been shown to exert anti-hyperlipidemia effects. However, the underlying mechanism was not well-elucidated due to the low bioavailability of ginsenosides. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was considered to be a critical regulator of energy homeostasis. Our previous studies have showed that ginseng total saponins (GTS) exhibited antidiabetic effects partly via modulating GLP-1 release. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of GLP-1 in anti-hyperlipidemia effect of GTS in rats fed with high-fat diet. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with normal diet (CON) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks. Then, the HFD rats orally received vehicle (HFD), 150 mg/kg/day (HFD-GL) and 300 mg/kg/day of GTS (HFD-GH) for another 4 weeks, respectively. RESULTS Four-week GTS treatment significantly ameliorated hyperlipidemia, decreased body fat, liver weight and improved insulin resistance. It was found that high-dose GTS treatment increased portal GLP-1 level induced by glucose loading, accompanied by increased intestinal GLP-1 content, L-cell number and prohormone convertase 3 mRNA expression. Data from NCI-H716 cells showed that both GTS and ginsenoside Rb1 significantly increased GLP-1 secretion as well as proglucagon mRNA level in NCI-H716 cells supplemented with 10% HFD-rat serum. CONCLUSIONS Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance were attenuated effectively in response to GTS treatment. These improvements may be associated with the increased secretion of GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Meng-yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Mian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hai-fang Guo
- Bioanalytical and PK/TK Center, Jiangsu Tripod Preclinical Research Laboratories Inc., Nanjing 211899, China.
| | - Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiao-dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Lee J, Hong SW, Park SE, Rhee EJ, Park CY, Oh KW, Park SW, Lee WY. Exendin-4 regulates lipid metabolism and fibroblast growth factor 21 in hepatic steatosis. Metabolism 2014; 63:1041-8. [PMID: 24933399 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatokine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 takes part in the regulation of lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue. We investigated whether exendin-4 regulates the expression of FGF21 in the liver, and whether the effects of exendin-4 on the regulation of FGF21 expression are mediated via silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog (SIRT) 1 or SIRT6. MATERIALS/METHODS The C57BL/6J mice were fed a low fat diet, high fat diet, or high fat diet with 1 nmol/kg/day exendin-4 intraperitoneal injection for 10 weeks. HepG2 used in vitro study was treated with palmitic aicd (0.4 mM) with or without exendin-4 (100 nM) and FGF21 (50 nM) for 24 hours. The change of FGF21 and its receptors expression by exendin-4 were measured using quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. The intracellular lipid content in HepG2 cells was evaluated by Oil Red O staining. Inhibition of FGF21, SIRT1 and SIRT6, by 10 nM siRNA was performed to establish the signaling pathway of exendin-4 action in hepatic lipid metabolism. RESULTS Exendin-4 increased the expression of FGF21 and its receptors in high fat diet-induced obese mice. In addition, recombinant FGF21 treatment reduced lipid content in palmitic acid-treated HepG2 cells. We also observed significantly decreased expression of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α and medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) in hepatocytes transfected with FGF21 siRNA. In cells treated with exendin-4, inhibition of SIRT1, but not SIRT6, by siRNA significantly repressed the expression of FGF21 mRNA, whereas decreased SIRT1 expression by inhibition of FGF21 was not observed. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that exendin-4 could improve fatty liver by increasing SIRT1-mediated FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmi Lee
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Hong
- Institute of Medical Research, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Eun Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Rhee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Young Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Won Oh
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 110-746, Republic of Korea.
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Kim KH, Lee MS. FGF21 as a Stress Hormone: The Roles of FGF21 in Stress Adaptation and the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases. Diabetes Metab J 2014; 38:245-51. [PMID: 25215270 PMCID: PMC4160577 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2014.38.4.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone that is primarily expressed in the liver and exerts beneficial effects on obesity and related metabolic diseases. In addition to its remarkable pharmacologic actions, the physiological roles of FGF21 include the maintenance of energy homeostasis in the body in conditions of metabolic or environmental stress. The expression of FGF21 is induced in multiple organs in response to diverse physiological or pathological stressors, such as starvation, nutrient excess, autophagy deficiency, mitochondrial stress, exercise, and cold exposure. Thus, the FGF21 induction caused by stress plays an important role in adaptive response to these stimuli. Here, we highlight our current understanding of the functional importance of the induction of FGF21 by diverse stressors as a feedback mechanism that prevents excessive stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kook Hwan Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Liraglutide suppresses obesity and hyperglycemia associated with increases in hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 production in KKAy mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:751930. [PMID: 24804243 PMCID: PMC3997887 DOI: 10.1155/2014/751930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Social isolation contributes to the development of obesity and insulin-independent diabetes in KKAy mice. Here we show that systemic administration of liraglutide, a long-acting human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog, significantly decreased food intake, body weight, and blood glucose levels at 24 h after its administration while having no significant effects on plasma insulin and glucagon levels in individually housed KKAy mice. In addition, the systemic administration of liraglutide significantly increased plasma fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) 21 levels (1.8-fold increase) associated with increases in the expression of hepatic Fgf21 (1.9-fold increase) and Pparγ (1.8-fold increase), while having no effects on the expression of hepatic Pparα and Fgf21 in white adipose tissue. Moreover, systemic administration of liraglutide over 3 days significantly suppressed food intake, body weight gain, and hyperglycemia in KKAy mice. On the other hand, despite remarkably increased plasma active GLP-1 levels (4.2-fold increase), the ingestion of alogliptin, a selective dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, over 3 days had no effects on food intake, body weight, blood glucose levels, and plasma Fgf21 levels in KKAy mice. These findings suggest that systemic administration of liraglutide induces hepatic Fgf21 production and suppresses the social isolation-induced obesity and diabetes independently of insulin, glucagon, and active GLP-1 in KKAy mice.
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Wang C, Dai J, Yang M, Deng G, Xu S, Jia Y, Boden G, Ma ZA, Yang G, Li L. Silencing of FGF-21 expression promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis by regulation of the STAT3-SOCS3 signal. FEBS J 2014; 281:2136-47. [PMID: 24593051 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder associated with type 2 diabetes. Recent reports have shown that fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) plays an important role in the progression of insulin resistance. However, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which changes in FGF-21 activation result in changes in the rates of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis remain to be elucidated. In this study, we developed adenovirus-mediated shRNA against FGF-21 to inhibit FGF-21 expression in ApoE knockout mice. Using this mouse model, we determined the effects of FGF-21 knockdown in vivo on hepatic glucose production, gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, and their relationship with the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)/suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) signal pathways. We show that liver-specific knockdown of FGF-21 in high-fat diet-fed ApoE knockout mice resulted in a 39% increase in glycogenolysis and a 75% increase in gluconeogenesis, accompanied by increased hepatic expression of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Furthermore, FGF-21 knockdown decreased phosphorylation of STAT3 and SOCS3 expression in high-fat diet-fed mice. Our data suggest that hepatic FGF-21 knockdown increases gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis by activation of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase via the STAT3/SOCS3 pathway, ultimately leading to exacerbation of hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education) and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, 400016, China
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Hui E, Xu A, Bo Yang H, Lam KSL. Obesity as the common soil of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes: Role of adipokines. J Diabetes Investig 2013; 4:413-25. [PMID: 24843689 PMCID: PMC4025109 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) describes a spectrum of liver conditions from simple steatosis, steatohepatitis to end‐stage liver disease. The prevalence of NAFLD has been on the rise in many parts of the world, including Asia, and NAFLD is now the liver disease associated with the highest mortality, consequent to the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. Whereas NAFLD is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, increased hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance contribute to the pathogenesis of both NAFLD and diabetes, which are associated with enhanced cardiovascular risk. Studies in humans and animal models have suggested obesity as the common link of these two diseases, likely mediated by adipose tissue inflammation and dysregulated adipokine production in obesity. In the present review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the role of several novel adipokines (adiponectin, adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and fibroblast growth factor‐21) in the pathophysiology of NAFLD and diabetes, as well as their use as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for dysglycemia in NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Hui
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division Department of Medicine the University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Aimin Xu
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging the University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Hong Bo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology Peking Union Medical College Hospital Beijing China
| | - Karen S L Lam
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division Department of Medicine the University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China ; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging the University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
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