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Červená B, Prokopová T, Cameira RM, Pafčo B, Samaš P, Romportl D, Uwamahoro C, Noheri JB, Ntwari AE, Bahizi M, Nzayisenga G, Nziza J, Gilardi K, Eckardt W, Ndagijimana F, Mudakikwa A, Muvunyi R, Uwingeli P, Cranfield M, Šlapeta J, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D. Anoplocephalid tapeworms in mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei) inhabiting the Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. Parasitology 2024; 151:135-150. [PMID: 38017606 PMCID: PMC10941052 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Cestodes of the family Anoplocephalidae parasitize a wide range of usually herbivorous hosts including e.g. rodents, ungulates, primates, elephants and hyraxes. While in some hosts, the epidemiology of the infection is well studied, information is lacking in others. In this study of mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif, an extensive sample set comprising adult cestodes collected via necropsies, proglottids shed in feces, and finally, fecal samples from both night nests and identified individuals were analysed. Anoplocephala gorillae was the dominant cestode species detected in night nest samples and individually known gorillas, of which only 1 individual hosted a Bertiella sp. It was shown that the 2 species can be distinguished through microscopy based on egg morphology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for diagnostics of both species were provided. Sequences of mitochondrial (cox 1) and nuclear (ITS1, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA) markers were used to evaluate the phylogenetic position of the 2 cestodes detected in mountain gorillas. Both types of fecal samples, from night nests and from identified individuals, provided comparable information about the prevalence of anoplocephalid cestodes, although the analysis of samples collected from identified gorilla individuals showed significant intra-individual fluctuation of A. gorillae egg shedding within a short period. Therefore, multiple samples should be examined to obtain reliable data for wildlife health management programmes, especially when application of anthelmintic treatment is considered. However, while A. gorillae is apparently a common symbiont of mountain gorillas, it does not seem to impair the health of its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Červená
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Prokopová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rita Maria Cameira
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Samaš
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Romportl
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Klára Judita Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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2
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Krief S, Spirhanzlova P, Masi S, Couturier C, Okwir E, Asalu E, Bustamante P, Costantini D. High urinary oxidative DNA damage in wild chimpanzees ranging in proximity of agricultural fields in Sebitoli area, Uganda. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:110600-110611. [PMID: 37792200 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture expansion is a major cause of habitat loss and exposure to phytochemical pollution for non-human primates. In addition to endocrine disruption, exposure to pesticides may have other sublethal physiological consequences for animals, such as generation of oxidative damage to macromolecules. In this study, we analyzed the pesticides contained in the river water across the home range of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Sebitoli area located on the Northern part of Kibale National Park (Uganda). We tested whether levels of three urinary markers of oxidative damage vary among individuals in relation to their ranging patterns, as a proxy for pesticide exposure intensity. To better characterize the foraging habitat use, the trophic level, and the energetic status of study individuals, we also quantified urinary levels of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures and of C-peptide. Among the 511 pesticides screened, 18 compounds including herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides were found in the water sampled in the Western part of the home range of chimpanzees. In this area, chimpanzees used to feed on maize crops. By contrast, in the Eastern part where crop feeding was never observed, we found only seven pesticides. According to their ranging patterns and thus crop feeding frequency, the 139 urine samples collected from 43 Sebitoli chimpanzees were categorized as belonging to low, medium, and high exposure level. Chimpanzees from the high exposure zone had higher oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) than chimpanzees from both the low and medium exposure groups, who had similar levels of oxidative DNA damage. In addition, individuals with higher C-peptide tended to have significantly higher oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxides. The three exposure groups had similar levels of urinary 8-isoprostanes and of urinary lipid peroxides. These results were robust for any potential confounding effect of other variables because neither age category nor sex or isotope levels were significantly associated with markers of oxidative damage. Our study points to genotoxic effects as one potential sublethal consequence of ranging in proximity of agricultural fields owing to exposure to pesticides or other unidentified sources of stress. Given our phylogenetic proximity, this information is relevant for the conservation of this species which is endangered and also sentinel for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Krief
- UMR7206, Eco-Anthropologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle/CNRS/Paris, 17 Place du Trocadéro, Paris, France.
- Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Great Ape Conservation Project, Fort Portal, Uganda.
| | - Petra Spirhanzlova
- UMR7206, Eco-Anthropologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle/CNRS/Paris, 17 Place du Trocadéro, Paris, France
- Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Great Ape Conservation Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Shelly Masi
- UMR7206, Eco-Anthropologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle/CNRS/Paris, 17 Place du Trocadéro, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Couturier
- UMR7206, Eco-Anthropologie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle/CNRS/Paris, 17 Place du Trocadéro, Paris, France
- Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Great Ape Conservation Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Eric Okwir
- Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Great Ape Conservation Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Edward Asalu
- Uganda Wildlife Authority, Plot, 7 Kira Rd, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement Et Sociétés (LIENS), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université La Rochelle, 2 Rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | - David Costantini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo Dell'Università S.N.C, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
- Unité Physiologie Moléculaire Et Adaptation, UMR 7221, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, 57 Rue Cuvier, CP3275005, Paris, France
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3
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Rosenbaum S, Kuzawa CW. The promise of great apes as model organisms for understanding the downstream consequences of early life experiences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105240. [PMID: 37211151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Early life experiences have a significant influence on adult health and aging processes in humans. Despite widespread interest in the evolutionary roots of this phenomenon, very little research on this topic has been conducted in humans' closest living relatives, the great apes. The longitudinal data sets that are now available on wild and captive great ape populations hold great promise to clarify the nature, evolutionary function, and mechanisms underlying these connections in species which share key human life history characteristics. Here, we explain features of great ape life history and socioecologies that make them of particular interest for this topic, as well as those that may limit their utility as comparative models; outline the ways in which available data are complementary to and extend the kinds of data that are available for humans; and review what is currently known about the connections among early life experiences, social behavior, and adult physiology and biological fitness in our closest living relatives. We conclude by highlighting key next steps for this emerging area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher W Kuzawa
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, USA; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, USA
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Philippon J, Serrano-Martínez E, Poirotte C. Fecal avoidance and gastrointestinal parasitism in semi-free ranging woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-023-03317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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5
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Cooksey KE, Sanz C, Massamba JM, Ebombi TF, Teberd P, Abea G, Mbebouti G, Kienast I, Brogan S, Stephens C, Morgan D. Predictors of respiratory illness in western lowland gorillas. Primates 2023:10.1007/s10329-022-01045-6. [PMID: 36653552 PMCID: PMC9849104 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease is hypothesized to be one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in wild great apes. Specific socioecological factors have been shown to influence incidences of respiratory illness and disease prevalence in some primate populations. In this study, we evaluated potential predictors (including age, sex, group size, fruit availability, and rainfall) of respiratory illness across three western lowland gorilla groups in the Republic of Congo. A total of 19,319 observational health assessments were conducted during daily follows of habituated gorillas in the Goualougo and Djéké Triangles over a 4-year study period. We detected 1146 incidences of clinical respiratory signs, which indicated the timing of probable disease outbreaks within and between groups. Overall, we found that males were more likely to exhibit signs than females, and increasing age resulted in a higher likelihood of respiratory signs. Silverback males showed the highest average monthly prevalence of coughs and sneezes (Goualougo: silverback Loya, 9.35 signs/month; Djéké: silverback Buka, 2.65 signs/month; silverback Kingo,1.88 signs/month) in each of their groups. Periods of low fruit availability were associated with an increased likelihood of respiratory signs. The global pandemic has increased awareness about the importance of continuous monitoring and preparedness for infectious disease outbreaks, which are also known to threaten wild ape populations. In addition to the strict implementation of disease prevention protocols at field sites focused on great apes, there is a need for heightened vigilance and systematic monitoring across sites to protect both wildlife and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristena E. Cooksey
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1114, Saint Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - Crickette Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1114, Saint Louis, MO 63130 USA ,Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Jean Marie Massamba
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Thierry Fabrice Ebombi
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Prospère Teberd
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Gaston Abea
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Gaeton Mbebouti
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Ivonne Kienast
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA ,K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA
| | - Sean Brogan
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Colleen Stephens
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1114, Saint Louis, MO 63130 USA
| | - David Morgan
- Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 N. Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614 USA
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Mason B, Petrzelkova KJ, Kreisinger J, Bohm T, Cervena B, Fairet E, Fuh T, Gomez A, Knauf S, Maloueki U, Modry D, Shirley MH, Tagg N, Wangue N, Pafco B. Gastrointestinal symbiont diversity in wild gorilla: a comparison of bacterial and strongylid communities across multiple localities. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4127-4145. [PMID: 35661299 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are Critically Endangered and show continued population decline. Consequently, pressure mounts to better understand their conservation threats and ecology. Gastrointestinal symbionts, such as bacterial and eukaryotic communities, are believed to play vital roles in the physiological landscape of the host. Gorillas host a broad spectrum of eucaryotes, so called parasites, with strongylid nematodes being particularly prevalent. While these communities are partially consistent, they are also shaped by various ecological factors, such as diet or habitat type. To investigate gastrointestinal symbionts of wild western lowland gorillas, we analysed 215 faecal samples from individuals in five distinct localities across the Congo Basin, using high-throughput sequencing techniques. We describe the gut bacterial microbiome and genetic diversity of strongylid communities, including strain-level identification of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). We identified strongylid ASVs from eight genera and bacterial ASVs from twenty phyla. We compared these communities across localities, with reference to varying environmental factors among populations, finding differences in alpha diversity and community compositions of both gastrointestinal components. Moreover, we also investigated covariation between strongylid nematodes and the bacterial microbiome, finding correlations between strongylid taxa and Prevotellaceae and Rikenellaceae ASVs that were consistent across multiple localities. Our research highlights complexity of the bacterial microbiome and strongylid communities in several gorilla populations and emphasizes potential interactions between these two symbiont communities. This study provides a framework for ongoing research into strongylid nematode diversity, and their interactions with the bacterial microbiome, amongst great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Mason
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences
| | - Klara J Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences.,Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Torsten Bohm
- African Parks, Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Republic of, Congo
| | | | - Emilie Fairet
- SFM Safari Gabon, Loango National Park, Gabon.,Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Institute of International Animal Health / One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrich Maloueki
- African Parks, Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Republic of, Congo
| | - David Modry
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
| | - Matthew H Shirley
- SFM Safari Gabon, Loango National Park, Gabon.,Institute of Environment, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nikki Tagg
- Project Grands Singes, , Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp
| | | | - Barbora Pafco
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences
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Costa TDSO, Nogueira-Filho SLG, De Vleeschouwer KM, Coutinho LA, Nogueira SSDC. Relationships between food shortages, endoparasite loads and health status of golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas). BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2021-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Both anthropogenic actions and abiotic parameters, such as rainfall, temperature and photoperiod, can affect fruit and flower availability for animals, which consequently affects nutritional status and thus animals’ health. Herein, we investigated whether abiotic factors are related to changes in fruit availability that can lead to changes in feeding behavior and, consequently, in endoparasite load and general health status in two groups of golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) living in degraded fragments of Atlantic forest in Southern Bahia, Brazil. We detected that there was a high variation in availability of ripe fruits throughout the year, with lower availability occurring at the end of spring and beginning of summer. Despite this, there was no difference in tamarins’ general health status, body mass and blood counts between seasons. This is probably because during native fruit scarcity, the tamarins eat cultivated species, such as banana (Musa spp.) and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). Temperature and daylength were negatively correlated with golden-headed lion tamarin endoparasite loads. Contrary to our expectations, endoparasite loads are not linked to fruit scarcity and consequent changes in feeding behavior. Nevertheless, we found higher parasite diversity in the group of golden-headed lion tamarins that occupied the smallest home range. The smaller the area available, the greater the contact with parasites the animal will have, as they are forced to travel constantly along the same routes in the forest, increasing infection risk and re-infection rates. Our results highlight how animals’ health is associated with environmental health as well as the need for constant monitoring to ensure the effective conservation of endangered species, such as the golden-headed lion tamarin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sérgio Luiz Gama Nogueira-Filho
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Estudos Interdisciplinares e Transdisciplinares em Ecologia e Evolução (INCT IN-TREE), Brasil
| | | | | | - Selene Siqueira da Cunha Nogueira
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Estudos Interdisciplinares e Transdisciplinares em Ecologia e Evolução (INCT IN-TREE), Brasil
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8
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Köster PC, Renelies-Hamilton J, Dotras L, Llana M, Vinagre-Izquierdo C, Prakas P, Sneideris D, Dashti A, Bailo B, Lanza M, Jiménez-Mejías A, Muñoz-García C, Muadica AS, González-Barrio D, Rubio JM, Fuentes I, Ponce-Gordo F, Calero-Bernal R, Carmena D. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Intestinal and Blood Parasites in Wild Chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes verus) in Senegal. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113291. [PMID: 34828022 PMCID: PMC8614354 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Western chimpanzees are currently listed as a Critically Endangered subspecies. Human encroachment has taken a toll on this great ape due to fragmented habitat and the exchange of pathogens. This epidemiological study investigated the occurrence and genetic diversity of intestinal and blood parasites in faecal samples from wild chimpanzees living in the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve, Senegal. We paid special attention to potential human-driven sources of infection and transmission pathways. Potential diarrhoea-causing protist parasites (e.g., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica) were detected at low infection rates (and densities) or absent, whereas commensals (Entamoeba dispar) or protist of uncertain pathogenicity (Blastocystis sp.) were far more abundant. We detected Sarcocystis spp. in chimpanzee faeces. Blood protist parasites such as Plasmodium spp. and Trypanosoma brucei spp. (the etiological agents of malaria and sleeping sickness, respectively, in humans) were also found at low prevalences, but microfilariae of the nematode Mansonella perstans were frequently found. Molecular analyses primarily revealed host-adapted species/genotypes and an apparent absence of gastrointestinal clinical manifestations in infected chimpanzees. Zoonotic events of still unknown frequency and directionality may have taken part between wild chimpanzees and humans sharing natural habitats and resources. Abstract Wild chimpanzee populations in West Africa (Pan troglodytes verus) have dramatically decreased as a direct consequence of anthropogenic activities and infectious diseases. Little information is currently available on the epidemiology, pathogenic significance, and zoonotic potential of protist species in wild chimpanzees. This study investigates the occurrence and genetic diversity of intestinal and blood protists as well as filariae in faecal samples (n = 234) from wild chimpanzees in the Dindefelo Community Nature Reserve, Senegal. PCR-based results revealed the presence of intestinal potential pathogens (Sarcocystis spp.: 11.5%; Giardia duodenalis: 2.1%; Cryptosporidium hominis: 0.9%), protist of uncertain pathogenicity (Blastocystis sp.: 5.6%), and commensal species (Entamoeba dispar: 18.4%; Troglodytella abrassarti: 5.6%). Entamoeba histolytica, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Balantioides coli were undetected. Blood protists including Plasmodium malariae (0.4%), Trypanosoma brucei (1.3%), and Mansonella perstans (9.8%) were also identified. Sanger sequencing analyses revealed host-adapted genetic variants within Blastocystis, but other parasitic pathogens (C. hominis, P. malariae, T. brucei, M. perstans) have zoonotic potential, suggesting that cross-species transmission between wild chimpanzees and humans is possible in areas where both species overlap. Additionally, we explored potential interactions between intestinal/blood protist species and seasonality and climate variables. Chimpanzees seem to play a more complex role on the epidemiology of pathogenic and commensal protist and nematode species than initially anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Justinn Renelies-Hamilton
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Laia Dotras
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal; (L.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Manuel Llana
- Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal; (L.D.); (M.L.)
| | | | - Petras Prakas
- Nature Research Centre, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.P.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Marta Lanza
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Alejandra Jiménez-Mejías
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Carlota Muñoz-García
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Aly S. Muadica
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
- Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Licungo, Quelimane 106, Mozambique
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - José M. Rubio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Isabel Fuentes
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
| | - Francisco Ponce-Gordo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- Salud Veterinaria y Zoonosis (SALUVET), Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.C.-B.); (D.C.)
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain; (P.C.K.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (M.L.); (A.J.-M.); (C.M.-G.); (A.S.M.); (D.G.-B.); (J.M.R.); (I.F.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.-B.); (D.C.)
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9
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Shutt-Phillips K, Pafčo B, Heistermann M, Kasim A, Petrželková KJ, Profousová-Pšenková I, Modrý D, Todd A, Fuh T, Dicky JF, Bopalanzognako JB, Setchell JM. Fecal glucocorticoids and gastrointestinal parasite infections in wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) involved in ecotourism. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 312:113859. [PMID: 34298054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife ecotourism can offer a source of revenue which benefits local development and conservation simultaneously. However, habituation of wildlife for ecotourism can cause long-term elevation of glucocorticoid hormones, which may suppress immune function and increase an animal's vulnerability to disease. We have previously shown that western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) undergoing habituation in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic, have higher fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGCM) levels than both habituated and unhabituated gorillas. Here, we tested the relationship between FGCM levels and strongylid infections in the same gorillas. If high FGCM levels suppress the immune system, we predicted that FGCM levels will be positively associated with strongylid egg counts and that gorillas undergoing habituation will have the highest strongylid egg counts, relative to both habituated and unhabituated gorillas. We collected fecal samples over 12 months in two habituated gorilla groups, one group undergoing habituation and completely unhabituated gorillas. We established FGCM levels and fecal egg counts of Necator/Oesophagostomum spp. and Mammomonogamus sp. Controlling for seasonal variation and age-sex category in strongylid infections we found no significant relationship between FGCMs and Nectator/Oesophagostomum spp. or Mammomonogamus sp. egg counts in a within group comparison in either a habituated group or a group undergoing habituation. However, across groups, egg counts of Nectator/Oesophagostomum spp. were lowest in unhabituated animals and highest in the group undergoing habituation, matching the differences in FGCM levels among these gorilla groups. Our findings partially support the hypothesis that elevated glucocorticoids reduce a host's ability to control the extent of parasitic infections, and show the importance of non-invasive monitoring of endocrine function and parasite infection in individuals exposed to human pressure including habituation process and ecotourism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Shutt-Phillips
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK; UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Center, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Adetayo Kasim
- Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University Queen's Campus University Boulevard, Thornaby, UK
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | | | - David Modrý
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Terence Fuh
- WWF-CAR, BP 1053 Bangui, Central African Republic
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10
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Hasegawa H, McLennan MR, Huffman MA, Matsuura K. Notes on Morphology and Life History of Probstmayria gombensis (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea: Atractidae), Parasitic in Eastern Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, in Bulindi, Uganda. J Parasitol 2021; 107:155-162. [PMID: 33662115 DOI: 10.1645/20-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Probstmayria gombensis File, 1976 (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea: Atractidae) individuals discharged in the feces of eastern chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, in Bulindi, Uganda, were examined morphologically. Adults and fourth-stage larvae, all females, found in the feces, and the third-stage larvae excised from the uterus of the gravid females were described. By close observation of the molting worms, it was considered that the uterine third-stage larvae attain molting phase, and then are laid to become fourth-stage larvae. Nutrients required for larval development in the uterus seem to be supplied by the mother after the eggshell is formed. After some growth in the host intestine, the fourth-stage larvae undergo the final molt to the adult stage. The genital primordium was very small in the early fourth-stage larvae but rapidly developed with embryonation in the pre-molt and molting phases. Such precocity suggests parthenogenetic reproduction without insemination by males. This style may enhance rapid autoinfection in the host intestine under the condition of male worm scarcity. Several ellipsoidal pseudocoelomocytes with granules of unknown function were found ventral to the intestine of the adults, fourth-stage larvae, and third-stage larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Matthew R McLennan
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom.,Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, P.O. Box 245, Hoima, Uganda
| | - Michael A Huffman
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsuura
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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11
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Roth AM, Keiser CN, Williams JB, Gee JM. Prevalence and intensity of avian malaria in a quail hybrid zone. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8123-8135. [PMID: 34188875 PMCID: PMC8216944 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid zones have been described as natural laboratories by researchers who study speciation and the various mechanisms that may affect gene flow. The evolutionary consequences of hybridization depend not only on reproductive compatibility between sympatric species, but also on factors like vulnerability to each other's predators and parasites. We examined infection patterns of the blood parasite Haemoproteus lophortyx, a causative agent of avian malaria, at a site in the contact zone between California quail (Callipepla californica) and Gambel's quail (C. gambelii). Controlling for the potential influence of sex and year, we tested whether species identity predicted infection status and intensity. We found that infection prevalence was lower in California and hybrid quail compared with Gambel's quail. However, infected California and hybrid quail had higher infection intensities than Gambel's quail. California and hybrid quail exhibited no significant differences in prevalence or intensity of infection. These findings suggest that infection by H. lophortyx has the potential to influence species barrier dynamics in this system; however, more work is necessary to determine the exact evolutionary consequences of this blood parasite on hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl N. Keiser
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Judson B. Williams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
- Present address:
Department of SurgeryDuke UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jennifer M. Gee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
- Present address:
James San Jacinto Mountains ReserveUniversity of California – RiversideUniversity of California Natural Reserve SystemIdyllwildCAUSA
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12
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Masi S, Austerlitz F, Chabaud C, Lafosse S, Marchi N, Georges M, Dessarps‐Freichey F, Miglietta S, Sotto‐Mayor A, Galli AS, Meulman E, Pouydebat E, Krief S, Todd A, Fuh T, Breuer T, Ségurel L. No evidence for female kin association, indications for extragroup paternity, and sex-biased dispersal patterns in wild western gorillas. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7634-7646. [PMID: 34188840 PMCID: PMC8216920 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterizing animal dispersal patterns and the rational behind individuals' transfer choices is a long-standing question of interest in evolutionary biology. In wild western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), a one-male polygynous species, previous genetic findings suggested that, when dispersing, females might favor groups with female kin to promote cooperation, resulting in higher-than-expected within-group female relatedness. The extent of male dispersal remains unclear with studies showing conflicting results. To investigate male and female dispersal patterns and extragroup paternity, we analyzed long-term field observations, including female spatial proximity data, together with genetic data (10 autosomal microsatellites) on individuals from a unique set of four habituated western gorilla groups, and four additional extragroup males (49 individuals in total). The majority of offspring (25 of 27) were sired by the group male. For two offspring, evidence for extragroup paternity was found. Contrarily to previous findings, adult females were not significantly more related within groups than across groups. Consistently, adult female relatedness within groups did not correlate with their spatial proximity inferred from behavioral data. Adult females were similarly related to adult males from their group than from other groups. Using R ST statistics, we found significant genetic structure and a pattern of isolation by distance, indicating limited dispersal in this species. Comparing relatedness among females and among males revealed that males disperse farer than females, as expected in a polygamous species. Our study on habituated western gorillas shed light on the dispersal dynamics and reproductive behavior of this polygynous species and challenge some of the previous results based on unhabituated groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Masi
- UMR7206 Eco‐anthropologieMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRSUniversité de Paris; Musée de l'HommeParisFrance
| | - Frédéric Austerlitz
- UMR7206 Eco‐anthropologieMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRSUniversité de Paris; Musée de l'HommeParisFrance
| | - Chloé Chabaud
- UMR7206 Eco‐anthropologieMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRSUniversité de Paris; Musée de l'HommeParisFrance
- Department of BiologyEcole normale supérieurePSL University ParisParisFrance
| | - Sophie Lafosse
- UMR7206 Eco‐anthropologieMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRSUniversité de Paris; Musée de l'HommeParisFrance
| | - Nina Marchi
- UMR7206 Eco‐anthropologieMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRSUniversité de Paris; Musée de l'HommeParisFrance
- Present address:
CMPGInstitute for Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BerneBerneSwitzerland
| | - Myriam Georges
- UMR7206 Eco‐anthropologieMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRSUniversité de Paris; Musée de l'HommeParisFrance
- Present address:
UMS2700 2AD ‐ Acquisition et Analyse de Données pour l'Histoire naturelleConcarneauFrance
| | - Françoise Dessarps‐Freichey
- UMR7206 Eco‐anthropologieMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRSUniversité de Paris; Musée de l'HommeParisFrance
| | - Silvia Miglietta
- UMR7206 Eco‐anthropologieMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRSUniversité de Paris; Musée de l'HommeParisFrance
| | - Andrea Sotto‐Mayor
- UMR7206 Eco‐anthropologieMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRSUniversité de Paris; Musée de l'HommeParisFrance
| | - Aurore San Galli
- UMR7206 Eco‐anthropologieMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRSUniversité de Paris; Musée de l'HommeParisFrance
| | - Ellen Meulman
- UMR7206 Eco‐anthropologieMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRSUniversité de Paris; Musée de l'HommeParisFrance
| | | | - Sabrina Krief
- UMR7206 Eco‐anthropologieMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRSUniversité de Paris; Musée de l'HommeParisFrance
| | - Angelique Todd
- Dzanga‐Sangha Protected AreasWorld Wide Fund for NatureBanguiCentral African Republic
- Present address:
Fauna & Flora InternationalCambridgeUK
| | - Terence Fuh
- Dzanga‐Sangha Protected AreasWorld Wide Fund for NatureBanguiCentral African Republic
| | - Thomas Breuer
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyGlobal Conservation ProgramBronxNYUSA
- Present address:
World Wide Fund for Nature –GermanyBerlinGermany
| | - Laure Ségurel
- UMR7206 Eco‐anthropologieMuséum national d’Histoire naturelleCNRSUniversité de Paris; Musée de l'HommeParisFrance
- Present address:
Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie EvolutiveCNRS ‐ Université de LyonVilleurbanneFrance
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13
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Traditional Human Populations and Nonhuman Primates Show Parallel Gut Microbiome Adaptations to Analogous Ecological Conditions. mSystems 2020; 5:5/6/e00815-20. [PMID: 33361321 PMCID: PMC7762792 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00815-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of this study highlight parallel gut microbiome traits in human and nonhuman primates, depending on subsistence strategy. Although these similarities have been reported before, the functional and ecological bases of this convergence are not fully understood. Compared with urban-industrial populations, small-scale human communities worldwide share a significant number of gut microbiome traits with nonhuman primates. This overlap is thought to be driven by analogous dietary triggers; however, the ecological and functional bases of this similarity are not fully understood. To start addressing this issue, fecal metagenomes of BaAka hunter-gatherers and traditional Bantu agriculturalists from the Central African Republic were profiled and compared with those of a sympatric western lowland gorilla group (Gorillagorilla gorilla) across two seasons of variable dietary intake. Results show that gorilla gut microbiomes shared similar functional traits with each human group, depending on seasonal dietary behavior. Specifically, parallel microbiome traits were observed between hunter-gatherers and gorillas when the latter consumed more structural polysaccharides during dry seasons, while small-scale agriculturalist and gorilla microbiomes showed significant functional overlap when gorillas consumed more seasonal ripe fruit during wet seasons. Notably, dominance of microbial transporters, transduction systems, and gut xenobiotic metabolism was observed in association with traditional agriculture and energy-dense diets in gorillas at the expense of a functional microbiome repertoire capable of metabolizing more complex polysaccharides. Differential abundance of bacterial taxa that typically distinguish traditional from industrialized human populations (e.g., Prevotella spp.) was also recapitulated in the human and gorilla groups studied, possibly reflecting the degree of polysaccharide complexity included in each group’s dietary niche. These results show conserved functional gut microbiome adaptations to analogous diets in small-scale human populations and nonhuman primates, highlighting the role of plant dietary polysaccharides and diverse environmental exposures in this convergence. IMPORTANCE The results of this study highlight parallel gut microbiome traits in human and nonhuman primates, depending on subsistence strategy. Although these similarities have been reported before, the functional and ecological bases of this convergence are not fully understood. Here, we show that this parallelism is, in part, likely modulated by the complexity of plant carbohydrates consumed and by exposures to diverse xenobiotics of natural and artificial origin. Furthermore, we discuss how divergence from these parallel microbiome traits is typically associated with adverse health outcomes in human populations living under culturally westernized subsistence patterns. This is important information as we trace the specific dietary and environmental triggers associated with the loss and gain of microbial functions as humans adapt to various dietary niches.
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14
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Sinayitutse E, Modry D, Slapeta J, Nyiramana A, Mudakikwa A, Muvunyi R, Eckardt W. Daily defecation outputs of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in the Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. Primates 2020; 62:311-320. [PMID: 33221967 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing population density can increase infectious disease risk and thus reduce population growth and size. Host-parasite interactions of threatened animals that remain in small protected forest fragments therefore need to be monitored carefully. Due to extreme conservation efforts, the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) population in the 450-km2 Virunga Massif has more than doubled since 1973, reaching 604 individuals in 2016. To better understand changes in the transmission risks of soil-borne and other enteric pathogens for mountain gorillas, we determined defecation outputs of different age-sex classes and the diurnal variation in feces deposition. We weighed 399 wet fecal samples deposited at nest sites and on trails between nest sites by gorillas of varying age and sex, determined by lobe diameter, from five social groups (n = 58 gorillas) that range in the Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. We found increasing daily average defecation outputs with increasing age-sex class (infants, 435 g; juveniles, 1346 g; medium-sized gorillas, 2446 g; silverbacks, 3609 g). Gorillas deposited two- to threefold the amount of feces at nest sites compared to on trails, suggesting that nest sites may function as hotspots for enteric pathogen infections through direct contact or when gorillas ingest foods contaminated with infectious larvae during site revisits in intervals matching the maturation period of environmentally transmitted gastrointestinal parasites. In combination with ranging and demographic data, these findings will enable the modeling of spatiotemporal variation in soil contamination and infectious disease risk for Virunga gorillas as their population density continues to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Sinayitutse
- The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, 800 Cherokee Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30315, USA.
- The University of Rwanda, Butare, Huye, Rwanda.
| | - David Modry
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackéhotřida 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackéhotřida 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, 370, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Slapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | | | - Antoine Mudakikwa
- Department of Tourism and Conservation, Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Richard Muvunyi
- Department of Tourism and Conservation, Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Winnie Eckardt
- The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, 800 Cherokee Ave SE, Atlanta, GA, 30315, USA
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15
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Phillips SR, Goldberg TL, Muller MN, Machanda ZP, Otali E, Friant S, Carag J, Langergraber KE, Mitani JC, Wroblewski EE, Wrangham RW, Thompson ME. Faecal parasites increase with age but not reproductive effort in wild female chimpanzees. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190614. [PMID: 32951547 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy investment in reproduction is predicted to trade off against other necessary physiological functions like immunity, but it is unclear to what extent this impacts fitness in long-lived species. Among mammals, female primates, and especially apes, exhibit extensive periods of investment in each offspring. During this time, energy diverted to gestation and lactation is hypothesized to incur short and long-term deficits in maternal immunity and lead to accelerated ageing. We examined the relationship between reproduction and immunity, as measured by faecal parasite counts, in wild female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of Kibale National Park, Uganda. While we observed higher parasite shedding (counts of eggs, cysts and larvae) in pregnant chimpanzees relative to cycling females, parasites rapidly decreased during early lactation, the most energetically taxing phase of the reproductive cycle. Additionally, while our results indicate that parasite shedding increases with age, females with higher fertility for their age had lower faecal parasite counts. Such findings support the hypothesis that the relatively conservative rate of female reproduction in chimpanzees may be protective against the negative effects of reproductive effort on health. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution of the primate ageing process'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M N Muller
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Z P Machanda
- Department of Anthropology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - E Otali
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - S Friant
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - J Carag
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - K E Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - J C Mitani
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E E Wroblewski
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R W Wrangham
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M Emery Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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16
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Shearer CL, Ezenwa VO. Rainfall as a driver of seasonality in parasitism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:8-12. [PMID: 32346510 PMCID: PMC7183095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parasite burdens are known to vary seasonally in wildlife, and rainfall is one key aspect of seasonality that has been linked to parasitism in a range of systems. Rainfall can have immediate effects on parasitism rates by affecting parasite survival and movement in the environment, or it can have delayed effects by affecting host susceptibility to parasites through changes in host body condition or immune function. In this study, we examined how helminth infection in a wild ungulate (Grant's gazelle, Nanger granti) is impacted by seasonal changes in rainfall. We looked at how the burdens of three helminth parasites varied in relation to current (immediate effect) and prior (delayed effect) rainfall by comparing parasite fecal egg and larval counts to rainfall 0, 1, and 2 months prior to parasite sampling. We found burdens of all three parasites to be negatively associated with rainfall, and that delayed effects were stronger than immediate effects. Our findings implicate rainfall as a driver of seasonal variation in infection and suggest one important mechanism may be through delayed effects on host susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa O. Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Corresponding author. Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E. Green Street, Athens, GA, USA.
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17
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Biodiversity of protists and nematodes in the wild nonhuman primate gut. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 14:609-622. [PMID: 31719654 PMCID: PMC6976604 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Documenting the natural diversity of eukaryotic organisms in the nonhuman primate (NHP) gut is important for understanding the evolution of the mammalian gut microbiome, its role in digestion, health and disease, and the consequences of anthropogenic change on primate biology and conservation. Despite the ecological significance of gut-associated eukaryotes, little is known about the factors that influence their assembly and diversity in mammals. In this study, we used an 18S rRNA gene fragment metabarcoding approach to assess the eukaryotic assemblage of 62 individuals representing 16 NHP species. We find that cercopithecoids, and especially the cercopithecines, have substantially higher alpha diversity than other NHP groups. Gut-associated protists and nematodes are widespread among NHPs, consistent with their ancient association with NHP hosts. However, we do not find a consistent signal of phylosymbiosis or host-species specificity. Rather, gut eukaryotes are only weakly structured by primate phylogeny with minimal signal from diet, in contrast to previous reports of NHP gut bacteria. The results of this study indicate that gut-associated eukaryotes offer different information than gut-associated bacteria and add to our understanding of the structure of the gut microbiome.
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18
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Löhrich T, Behringer V, Wittig RM, Deschner T, Leendertz FH. The Use of Neopterin as a Noninvasive Marker in Monitoring Diseases in Wild Chimpanzees. ECOHEALTH 2018; 15:792-803. [PMID: 30117002 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen analysis in wild great apes is both time- and resource-consuming. Therefore, we examined the potential use of urinary neopterin, a sensitive marker of cell-mediated immune system activation, as a disease marker and unspecific screening tool to facilitate informed pathogen analysis in great ape health monitoring. To test this, urinary neopterin was correlated to other disease markers such as sickness behaviors, fever, and urine parameters. Seasonal variation in urinary neopterin levels was investigated as well. The study encompassed noninvasively collected longitudinal data of young wild chimpanzees from the Taï National Park, Côte d´Ivoire. Relationships between disease markers were examined using a linear mixed model and a case study approach. Seasonal variation in urinary neopterin was tested using a linear mixed model. While the linear mixed model found no obvious relationship between urinary neopterin levels and other disease markers, the case study approach revealed a pattern resembling those found in humans. Urinary neopterin levels indicated seasonal immune system activation peaking in times of low ambient temperatures. We suggest the use of urinary neopterin as an unspecific screening tool in great ape health monitoring to identify relevant samples, individuals, and time periods for selective pathogen analysis and zoonotic risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Löhrich
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Free University, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Behringer
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Vlčková K, Pafčo B, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D, Todd A, Yeoman CJ, Torralba M, Wilson BA, Stumpf RM, White BA, Nelson KE, Leigh SR, Gomez A. Relationships Between Gastrointestinal Parasite Infections and the Fecal Microbiome in Free-Ranging Western Lowland Gorillas. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1202. [PMID: 29963018 PMCID: PMC6013710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Relationships between gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) and the gastrointestinal microbiome (GIM) are widely discussed topics across mammalian species due to their possible impact on the host's health. GIPs may change the environment determining alterations in GIM composition. We evaluated the associations between GIP infections and fecal microbiome composition in two habituated and two unhabituated groups of wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) from Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic. We examined 43 fecal samples for GIPs and quantified strongylid nematodes. We characterized fecal microbiome composition through 454 pyrosequencing of the V1-V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Entamoeba spp. infections were associated with significant differences in abundances of bacterial taxa that likely play important roles in nutrition and metabolism for the host, besides being characteristic members of the gorilla gut microbiome. We did not observe any relationships between relative abundances of several bacterial taxa and strongylid egg counts. Based on our findings, we suggest that there is a significant relationship between fecal microbiome and Entamoeba infection in wild gorillas. This study contributes to the overall knowledge about factors involved in modulating GIM communities in great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Vlčková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Central European Institute for Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Angelique Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | | | - Brenda A Wilson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Bryan A White
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States.,J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States
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20
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Odeniran PO, Ademola IO, Jegede HO. A review of wildlife tourism and meta-analysis of parasitism in Africa's national parks and game reserves. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2359-2378. [PMID: 29948206 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent increase of parasitic diseases associated with wildlife tourism can be traced to human contact with wildlife and intense modification of wildlife habitat. The continental estimates of parasitic diseases among visited wildlife-tourists and mammalian wildlife present in conservation areas are lacking; therefore, a general review was necessary to provide insights into Africa's parasitic disease burden and transmission between humans and wildlife. A two-step analysis was conducted with searches in Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science and Global Health. All diseases reported without prevalence were grouped and analysed as categorical data while meta-analysis of prevalence rates of parasitic diseases in wildlife from national parks and reserves in Africa was conducted. Only 4.7% of the tourist centres reported routine wildlife diagnosis for parasitic diseases. Disease intensity shows that cryptosporidiosis and seven other parasitic diseases were observed in both human and wildlife; however, no significant difference in intensity between human and wildlife hosts was observed. Schistosomiasis intensity reports showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) while entamoebiasis showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in humans as compared to wildlife. Visiting tourists were more infected with malaria, while wildlife was more infected with parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE). The meta-analysis of wildlife revealed the highest prevalence of PGE with mixed parasites and lowest prevalence of Giardia spp. at 99.9 and 5.7%, respectively. The zoonotic and socioeconomic impact of some of these parasites could pose a severe public threat to tourism. Pre- and post-travel clinical examinations are important for tourists while routine examination, treatment and rational surveillance are important for these animals to improve wildlife tourism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Olalekan Odeniran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Isaiah Oluwafemi Ademola
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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21
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Masi S, Breuer T. Dialium seed coprophagy in wild western gorillas: Multiple nutritional benefits and toxicity reduction hypotheses. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22752. [PMID: 29664132 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Unraveling the relationship between the unusual feeding behaviors and the nutritional intake of endangered species may provide crucial information for understanding species response to habitat unpredictable changes. Primates occasionally re-ingest fruit seeds alongside ingestion of feces, a behavior called coprophagy. The nutritional benefit is one of the several non-mutual exclusive hypotheses proposed to explain this behavior. We investigated the ecological correlates of coprophagy in wild western gorillas. We tested whether coprophagy occurred during periods of lower fruit availability and whether it led to higher nutrient intake in comparison to the other food. Data integrated phenological, fecal and nutritional analyses of gorilla food with behavioral observations collected at two sites in Central Africa (Mbeli Bai: ad libitum observations on 15 groups/solitary males, October 2002-November 2005; Bai Hokou: 5-min scan on a habituated group, December 2004-December 2005). Coprophagy occurred at the end of the high-fruiting season in association of two Dialium species. Coprophagy correlated positively with the occurrence of Dialium spp. fruit in gorilla feces and in the feeding scans, and showed a positive trend with Dialium availability but not with total fruit availability. Nutritional comparison of Dialium seeds with other important gorilla food showed higher fat and mineral content, particularly of Mg, but also of phenols and tannins in Dialium seeds. We discuss how the effect of gut processing and gut heat via coprophagy may act as cooking-like effect: increasing the ability to maximize nutrient intake by concurrently softening fibers and decreasing the toxic effect of antifeedants, like in human traditional cooking. Our results support both the multiple nutritional benefit hypothesis and the toxicity reduction hypothesis. Since Dialium is precious timber, the importance of this tree for the critically endangered western gorillas should be taken with high consideration when planning controlled logging of degraded forests or in face of habitat changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Masi
- Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Breuer
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York
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22
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LONSDORF ELIZABETHV, GILLESPIE THOMASR, WOLF TIFFANYM, LIPENDE IDDI, RAPHAEL JANE, BAKUZA JARED, MURRAY CARSONM, WILSON MICHAELL, KAMENYA SHADRACK, MJUNGU DEUS, COLLINS DANTHONY, GILBY IANC, STANTON MARGARETA, TERIO KARENA, BARBIAN HANNAHJ, LI YINGYING, RAMIREZ MIGUEL, KRUPNICK ALEXANDER, SEIDL EMILY, GOODALL JANE, HAHN BEATRICEH, PUSEY ANNEE, TRAVIS DOMINICA. Socioecological correlates of clinical signs in two communities of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:10.1002/ajp.22562. [PMID: 27182786 PMCID: PMC5112147 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Disease and other health hazards pose serious threats to the persistence of wild ape populations. The total chimpanzee population at Gombe National Park, Tanzania, has declined from an estimated 120 to 150 individuals in the 1960's to around 100 individuals by the end of 2013, with death associated with observable signs of disease as the leading cause of mortality. In 2004, we began a non-invasive health-monitoring program in the two habituated communities in the park (Kasekela and Mitumba) with the aim of understanding the prevalence of health issues in the population, and identifying the presence and impacts of various pathogens. Here we present prospectively collected data on clinical signs (observable changes in health) in the chimpanzees of the Kasekela (n = 81) and Mitumba (n = 32) communities over an 8-year period (2005-2012). First, we take a population approach and analyze prevalence of clinical signs in five different categories: gastrointestinal system (diarrhea), body condition (estimated weight loss), respiratory system (coughing, sneezing etc.), wounds/lameness, and dermatologic issues by year, month, and community membership. Mean monthly prevalence of each clinical sign per community varied, but typically affected <10% of observed individuals. Secondly, we analyze the presence of clinical signs in these categories as they relate to individual demographic and social factors (age, sex, and dominance rank) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) infection status. Adults have higher odds of being observed with diarrhea, loss of body condition, and wounds or lameness when compared to immatures, while males have a higher probability of being observed with wounds or lameness than females. In contrast, signs of respiratory illness appear not to be related to chimpanzee-specific factors and skin abnormalities are very rare. For a subset of known-rank individuals, dominance rank predicts the probability of wounding/lameness in adult males, but does not predict any adverse clinical signs in adult females. Instead, adult females with SIVcpz infection are more likely to be observed with diarrhea, a finding that warrants further investigation. Comparable data are needed from other sites to determine whether the prevalence of clinical signs we observe are relatively high or low, as well as to more fully understand the factors influencing health of wild apes at both the population and individual level. Am. J. Primatol. 80:e22562, 2018. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - THOMAS R. GILLESPIE
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - TIFFANY M. WOLF
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - IDDI LIPENDE
- Gombe Stream Research Center, Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - JANE RAPHAEL
- Gombe National Park, Tanzania National Parks, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - JARED BAKUZA
- College of Education, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - CARSON M. MURRAY
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - MICHAEL L. WILSON
- Departments of Anthropology and Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - SHADRACK KAMENYA
- Gombe Stream Research Center, Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - DEUS MJUNGU
- Gombe Stream Research Center, Jane Goodall Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | | | - IAN C. GILBY
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - MARGARET A. STANTON
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - KAREN A. TERIO
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Brookfield, Illinois
| | - HANNAH J. BARBIAN
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - YINGYING LI
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - MIGUEL RAMIREZ
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - ALEXANDER KRUPNICK
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
| | - EMILY SEIDL
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
| | | | - BEATRICE H. HAHN
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - ANNE E. PUSEY
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - DOMINIC A. TRAVIS
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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23
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Prieur J, Barbu S, Blois-Heulin C, Pika S. Captive gorillas' manual laterality: The impact of gestures, manipulators and interaction specificity. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 175:130-145. [PMID: 29145029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Relationships between humans' manual laterality in non-communicative and communicative functions are still poorly understood. Recently, studies showed that chimpanzees' manual laterality is influenced by functional, interactional and individual factors and their mutual intertwinement. However, what about manual laterality in species living in stable social groups? We tackled this question by studying three groups of captive gorillas (N=35) and analysed their most frequent manual signals: three manipulators and 16 gesture types. Our multifactorial investigation showed that conspecific-directed gestures were overall more right-lateralized than conspecific-directed manipulators. Furthermore, it revealed a difference between conspecific- and human-directed gestural laterality for signallers living in one of the study groups. Our results support the hypothesis that gestural laterality is a relevant marker of language left-brain specialisation. We suggest that components of communication and of manipulation (not only of an object but also of a conspecific) do not share the same lateralised cerebral system in some primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Prieur
- Ethos "Ethologie Animale et Humaine", Université de Rennes 1 - CNRS UMR 6552, Station biologique de Paimpont, France.
| | - Stéphanie Barbu
- Ethos "Ethologie Animale et Humaine", Université de Rennes 1 - CNRS UMR 6552, Station biologique de Paimpont, France
| | - Catherine Blois-Heulin
- Ethos "Ethologie Animale et Humaine", Université de Rennes 1 - CNRS UMR 6552, Station biologique de Paimpont, France
| | - Simone Pika
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Do habituation, host traits and seasonality have an impact on protist and helminth infections of wild western lowland gorillas? Parasitol Res 2017; 116:3401-3410. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Catalano R, Gemmill A, Casey J, Karasek D, Stewart H, Saxton K. Separating the Bruce and Trivers-Willard effects in theory and in human data. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 30. [PMID: 29083077 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Theories of reproductive suppression predict that natural selection would conserve mechanisms that abort the gestation of offspring otherwise unlikely to thrive in prevailing environments. Research reports evidence among humans of at least two such mechanisms-the Trivers-Willard and Bruce Effects. No literature, however, compares the mechanisms nor estimates their relative contribution to observed characteristics of human birth cohorts. We describe similarities and differences between the Trivers-Willard and Bruce Effects and explore high quality historical data from Sweden to determine which mechanism better describes temporal variation in the ratio of males to females in birth cohorts. METHODS We measure Trivers-Willard exposures with the death rate among women of reproductive age. We measure Bruce exposures with the death rate among children. We use time-series regression methods to estimate the relative contribution of the Trivers-Willard and Bruce Effects to temporal variation in historical Swedish secondary sex ratio data. RESULTS We find that the Bruce Effect appears to be a better predictor of the secondary sex ratio than does the Trivers-Willard Effect. CONCLUSIONS Attempts to identify mechanisms by which reproductive suppression affects fetal loss and characteristics of human birth cohorts should consider the Bruce Effect as an alternative to the Trivers-Willard Effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Catalano
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94704
| | - Alison Gemmill
- Department of Demography, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Joan Casey
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94704
| | - Deborah Karasek
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94704
| | - Holly Stewart
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94704
| | - Katherine Saxton
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053
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26
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Prieur J, Pika S, Barbu S, Blois-Heulin C. Intraspecific gestural laterality in chimpanzees and gorillas and the impact of social propensities. Brain Res 2017; 1670:52-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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27
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McLennan MR, Hasegawa H, Bardi M, Huffman MA. Gastrointestinal parasite infections and self-medication in wild chimpanzees surviving in degraded forest fragments within an agricultural landscape mosaic in Uganda. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180431. [PMID: 28692673 PMCID: PMC5503243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring health in wild great apes is integral to their conservation and is especially important where they share habitats with humans, given the potential for zoonotic pathogen exchange. We studied the intestinal parasites of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) inhabiting degraded forest fragments amid farmland and villages in Bulindi, Uganda. We first identified protozoan and helminth parasites infecting this population. Sixteen taxa were demonstrated microscopically (9 protozoa, 5 nematodes, 1 cestode, and 1 trematode). DNA sequence analysis enabled more precise identification of larval nematodes (e.g. Oesophagostomum stephanostomum, O. bifurcum, Strongyloides fuelleborni, Necator sp. Type II) and tapeworm proglottids (genus Bertiella). To better understand the ecology of infections, we used multidimensional scaling analysis to reveal general patterns of association among parasites, climate, and whole leaf swallowing-a prevalent self-medicative behaviour at Bulindi linked to control of nodular worms (Oesophagostomum spp.). Prevalence of parasites varied with climate in diverse ways. For example, Oesophagostomum sp. was detected in faeces at higher frequencies with increasing rainfall but was most clearly associated with periods of low temperature. Certain parasites occurred together within chimpanzee hosts more or less frequently than expected by chance. For example, the commensal ciliate Troglodytella abrassarti was negatively associated with Balantidium coli and Oesophagostomum sp., possibly because the latter taxa make the large intestine less suitable for T. abrassarti. Whole leaves in faeces showed independent associations with the prevalence of Oesophagostomum sp., Strongyloides sp., and hookworm by microscopic examination, and with egestion of adult O. stephanostomum by macroscopic inspection. All parasites identified to species or genus have been reported in wild chimpanzees inhabiting less-disturbed environments than Bulindi. Nevertheless, several disease-causing taxa infecting these chimpanzees are potentially transmissible between apes and humans (e.g. rhabditoid and strongyle nematodes), underscoring the importance of identifying and reducing risks of pathogen exchange in shared landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. McLennan
- Anthropology Centre for Conservation, Environment and Development, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project, Hoima, Uganda
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama, Yufu, Oita, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Massimo Bardi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia, United States of America
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28
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Martínez-Mota R, Garber PA, Palme R, Gillespie TR. The relative effects of reproductive condition, stress, and seasonality on patterns of parasitism in wild female black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [PMID: 28407272 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infections in wildlife are shaped by host-related traits including individual reproductive condition. It has been argued that female primates are more susceptible to infectious diseases during pregnancy due to short-term changes in immune function that result in reduced ability to combat infections. Likewise, lactation, which is the most energetically expensive state, may affect immunity and infection risk due to tradeoffs between milk production and maintenance of immune function. Here, we examine the degree to which parasite prevalence and parasite richness are affected by female reproductive condition and stress levels in wild female black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Over the course of one year, we collected fresh fecal samples from 15 adult females belonging to seven black howler groups living in Escárcega, Mexico. Fecal samples were used for parasitological analysis and for measuring fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (i.e., stress biomarker). We found that the prevalence of intestinal parasites and parasite richness did not differ among non-pregnant, pregnant, and lactating females. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels increased significantly during pregnancy and during the first month of lactation, and positively predicted the probability of Controrchis biliophilus infection. Parasite prevalence and richness decreased during the months of increased rainfall. We conclude that reproductive physiology has limited consequences on intestinal parasitic infection risk in female black howler monkeys and that seasonal environmental fluctuations have greater effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Martínez-Mota
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Program in Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution and Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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29
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Host specificity and basic ecology ofMammomonogamus(Nematoda, Syngamidae) from lowland gorillas and forest elephants in Central African Republic. Parasitology 2017; 144:1016-1025. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYSyngamid strongylids of the genusMammomonogamusundoubtedly belong among the least known nematodes with apparent zoonotic potential and the real diversity of the genus remains hard to evaluate without extensive molecular data. Eggs ofMammomonogamussp. are frequently found in feces of African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas. Using sedimentation-based coproscopic techniques, we found the eggs ofMammomonogamusin 19·7% elephant and 54·1% gorilla fecal samples with 8–55 and 1–24 eggs per gram of fecal sediment for elephants and gorillas, respectively. We used a combination of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and analysis of cytochromecoxidase subunit I (cox1) and a partial sequence of 18S rDNA isolated from single eggs to test the hypothesis of possibleMammomonogamusconspecificity in gorillas and elephants. Whereas 18S rDNA sequences were identical in both gorillas and elephants, we distinguished seven different haplotypes within thecox1. Two haplotypes were found in both gorillas and elephants suggesting sharing ofMammomonogamus.Assignment of the parasite toM. loxodontisis proposed. Provided sequences represent the first genomic data onMammomonogamusspp.
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30
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Gomez A, Rothman JM, Petrzelkova K, Yeoman CJ, Vlckova K, Umaña JD, Carr M, Modry D, Todd A, Torralba M, Nelson KE, Stumpf RM, Wilson BA, Blekhman R, White BA, Leigh SR. Temporal variation selects for diet-microbe co-metabolic traits in the gut of Gorilla spp. THE ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:514-26. [PMID: 26315972 PMCID: PMC4737941 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although the critical role that our gastrointestinal microbes play in host physiology is now well established, we know little about the factors that influenced the evolution of primate gut microbiomes. To further understand current gut microbiome configurations and diet-microbe co-metabolic fingerprints in primates, from an evolutionary perspective, we characterized fecal bacterial communities and metabolomic profiles in 228 fecal samples of lowland and mountain gorillas (G. g. gorilla and G. b. beringei, respectively), our closest evolutionary relatives after chimpanzees. Our results demonstrate that the gut microbiomes and metabolomes of these two species exhibit significantly different patterns. This is supported by increased abundance of metabolites and bacterial taxa associated with fiber metabolism in mountain gorillas, and enrichment of markers associated with simple sugar, lipid and sterol turnover in the lowland species. However, longitudinal sampling shows that both species' microbiomes and metabolomes converge when hosts face similar dietary constraints, associated with low fruit availability in their habitats. By showing differences and convergence of diet-microbe co-metabolic fingerprints in two geographically isolated primate species, under specific dietary stimuli, we suggest that dietary constraints triggered during their adaptive radiation were potential factors behind the species-specific microbiome patterns observed in primates today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Klara Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Klara Vlckova
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juan D Umaña
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Monica Carr
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - David Modry
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC, Central European Institute for Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Angelique Todd
- World Wildlife Fund, Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Bayanga, Central African Republic
| | | | | | - Rebecca M Stumpf
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Bryan A White
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Steven R Leigh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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Narat V, Guillot J, Pennec F, Lafosse S, Grüner AC, Simmen B, Bokika Ngawolo JC, Krief S. Intestinal Helminths of Wild Bonobos in Forest-Savanna Mosaic: Risk Assessment of Cross-Species Transmission with Local People in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ECOHEALTH 2015; 12:621-633. [PMID: 26369331 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic and geographic proximities between humans and apes pose a risk of zoonotic transmission of pathogens. Bonobos (Pan paniscus) of the Bolobo Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo, live in a fragmented forest-savanna mosaic setting, a marginal habitat for this species used to living in dense forests. Human activities in the forest have increased the risk of contacts between humans and bonobos. Over 21 months (September 2010-October 2013), we monitored intestinal parasites in bonobo (n = 273) and in human (n = 79) fecal samples to acquire data on bonobo parasitology and to assess the risk of intestinal helminth transmission between these hosts. Coproscopy, DNA amplification, and sequencing of stored dried feces and larvae were performed to identify helminths. Little difference was observed in intestinal parasites of bonobos in this dryer habitat compared to those living in dense forests. Although Strongylids, Enterobius sp., and Capillaria sp. were found in both humans and bonobos, the species were different between the hosts according to egg size or molecular data. Thus, no evidence of helminth transmission between humans and bonobos was found. However, because humans and this threatened species share the same habitat, it is essential to continue to monitor this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Narat
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, UMR7206 (MNHN-CNRS-Paris7) Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, Site du Musée de l'Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75016, Paris, France.
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Parasitology department, Dynamyc research group, 7 avenue du Général De Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Flora Pennec
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, UMR7206 (MNHN-CNRS-Paris7) Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, Site du Musée de l'Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75016, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Lafosse
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, UMR7206 (MNHN-CNRS-Paris7) Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, Site du Musée de l'Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75016, Paris, France
| | - Anne Charlotte Grüner
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, UMR7206 (MNHN-CNRS-Paris7) Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, CP135, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Simmen
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR7206 (MNHN-CNRS-Paris7) Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, CP135, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris Cedex, France
| | | | - Sabrina Krief
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, UMR7206 (MNHN-CNRS-Paris7) Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, Site du Musée de l'Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75016, Paris, France
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Shaking the Tree: Multi-locus Sequence Typing Usurps Current Onchocercid (Filarial Nematode) Phylogeny. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004233. [PMID: 26588229 PMCID: PMC4654488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past twenty years, a number of molecular analyses have been performed to determine the evolutionary relationships of Onchocercidae, a family of filarial nematodes encompassing several species of medical or veterinary importance. However, opportunities for broad taxonomic sampling have been scarce, and analyses were based mainly on 12S rDNA and coxI gene sequences. While being suitable for species differentiation, these mitochondrial genes cannot be used to infer phylogenetic hypotheses at higher taxonomic levels. In the present study, 48 species, representing seven of eight subfamilies within the Onchocercidae, were sampled and sequences of seven gene loci (nuclear and mitochondrial) analysed, resulting in the hitherto largest molecular phylogenetic investigation into this family. Although our data support the current hypothesis that the Oswaldofilariinae, Waltonellinae and Icosiellinae subfamilies separated early from the remaining onchocercids, Setariinae was recovered as a well separated clade. Dirofilaria, Loxodontofilaria and Onchocerca constituted a strongly supported clade despite belonging to different subfamilies (Onchocercinae and Dirofilariinae). Finally, the separation between Splendidofilariinae, Dirofilariinae and Onchocercinae will have to be reconsidered.
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Cibot M, Guillot J, Lafosse S, Bon C, Seguya A, Krief S. Nodular Worm Infections in Wild Non-human Primates and Humans Living in the Sebitoli Area (Kibale National Park, Uganda): Do High Spatial Proximity Favor Zoonotic Transmission? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004133. [PMID: 26451592 PMCID: PMC4599739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodular Oesophagostomum genus nematodes are a major public health concern in some African regions because they can be lethal to humans. Their relatively high prevalence in people has been described in Uganda recently. While non-human primates also harbor Oesophagostomum spp., the epidemiology of this oesophagostomosis and the role of these animals as reservoirs of the infection in Eastern Africa are not yet well documented. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The present study aimed to investigate Oesophagostomum infection in terms of parasite species diversity, prevalence and load in three non-human primates (Pan troglodytes, Papio anubis, Colobus guereza) and humans living in close proximity in a forested area of Sebitoli, Kibale National Park (KNP), Uganda. The molecular phylogenetic analyses provided the first evidence that humans living in the Sebitoli area harbored O. stephanostomum, a common species in free-ranging chimpanzees. Chimpanzees were also infected by O. bifurcum, a common species described in human populations throughout Africa. The recently described Oesophagostomum sp. found in colobine monkeys and humans and which was absent from baboons in the neighboring site of Kanyawara in KNP (10 km from Sebitoli), was only found in baboons. Microscopic analyses revealed that the infection prevalence and parasite load in chimpanzees were significantly lower in Kanyawara than in Sebitoli, an area more impacted by human activities at its borders. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Three different Oesophagostomum species circulate in humans and non-human primates in the Sebitoli area and our results confirm the presence of a new genotype of Oesophagostomum recently described in Uganda. The high spatiotemporal overlap between humans and chimpanzees in the studied area coupled with the high infection prevalence among chimpanzees represent factors that could increase the risk of transmission for O. stephanostomum between the two primate species. Finally, the importance of local-scale research for zoonosis risk management is important because environmental disturbance and species contact can differ, leading to different parasitological profiles between sites that are close together within the same forest patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cibot
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
- UMR 7179, Mécanismes adaptatifs: Des organismes aux communautés, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
- Great Apes Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Department of Parasitology, Dynamyc research group EnvA-UPEC, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPE, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie Lafosse
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Céline Bon
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | | | - Sabrina Krief
- UMR 7206, Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
- Great Apes Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda
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Masi S, Mundry R, Ortmann S, Cipolletta C, Boitani L, Robbins MM. The Influence of Seasonal Frugivory on Nutrient and Energy Intake in Wild Western Gorillas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129254. [PMID: 26154509 PMCID: PMC4495928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The daily energy requirements of animals are determined by a combination of physical and physiological factors, but food availability may challenge the capacity to meet nutritional needs. Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) are an interesting model for investigating this topic because they are folivore-frugivores that adjust their diet and activities to seasonal variation in fruit availability. Observations of one habituated group of western gorillas in Bai-Hokou, Central African Republic (December 2004-December 2005) were used to examine seasonal variation in diet quality and nutritional intake. We tested if during the high fruit season the food consumed by western gorillas was higher in quality (higher in energy, sugar, fat but lower in fibre and antifeedants) than during the low fruit season. Food consumed during the high fruit season was higher in digestible energy, but not any other macronutrients. Second, we investigated whether the gorillas increased their daily intake of carbohydrates, metabolizable energy (KCal/g OM), or other nutrients during the high fruit season. Intake of dry matter, fibers, fat, protein and the majority of minerals and phenols decreased with increased frugivory and there was some indication of seasonal variation in intake of energy (KCal/g OM), tannins, protein/fiber ratio, and iron. Intake of non-structural carbohydrates and sugars was not influenced by fruit availability. Gorillas are probably able to extract large quantities of energy via fermentation since they rely on proteinaceous leaves during the low fruit season. Macronutrients and micronutrients, but not digestible energy, may be limited for them during times of low fruit availability because they are hind-gut fermenters. We discuss the advantages of seasonal frugivores having large dietary breath and flexibility, significant characteristics to consider in the conservation strategies of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Masi
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roger Mundry
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- RG Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, D-10315, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Luigi Boitani
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Martha M. Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Smith TM, Boesch C. Developmental defects in the teeth of three wild chimpanzees from the Taï forest. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:556-70. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M. Smith
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02138
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig D-04103 Germany
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Macho GA, Lee-Thorp JA. Niche partitioning in sympatric Gorilla and Pan from Cameroon: implications for life history strategies and for reconstructing the evolution of hominin life history. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102794. [PMID: 25054380 PMCID: PMC4108342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors influencing the hominoid life histories are poorly understood, and little is known about how ecological conditions modulate the pace of their development. Yet our limited understanding of these interactions underpins life history interpretations in extinct hominins. Here we determined the synchronisation of dental mineralization/eruption with brain size in a 20th century museum collection of sympatric Gorilla gorilla and Pan troglodytes from Central Cameroon. Using δ13C and δ15N of individuals' hair, we assessed whether and how differences in diet and habitat use may have impacted on ape development. The results show that, overall, gorilla hair δ13C and δ15N values are more variable than those of chimpanzees, and that gorillas are consistently lower in δ13C and δ15N compared to chimpanzees. Within a restricted, isotopically-constrained area, gorilla brain development appears delayed relative to dental mineralization/eruption [or dental development is accelerated relative to brains]: only about 87.8% of adult brain size is attained by the time first permanent molars come into occlusion, whereas it is 92.3% in chimpanzees. Even when M1s are already in full functional occlusion, gorilla brains lag behind those of chimpanzee (91% versus 96.4%), relative to tooth development. Both bootstrap analyses and stable isotope results confirm that these results are unlikely due to sampling error. Rather, δ15N values imply that gorillas are not fully weaned (physiologically mature) until well after M1 are in full functional occlusion. In chimpanzees the transition from infant to adult feeding appears (a) more gradual and (b) earlier relative to somatic development. Taken together, the findings are consistent with life history theory that predicts delayed development when non-density dependent mortality is low, i.e. in closed habitats, and with the "risk aversion" hypothesis for frugivorous species as a means to avert starvation. Furthermore, the results highlight the complexity and plasticity of hominoid/hominin development.
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Assessment of gastrointestinal parasites in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southeast Cameroon. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2541-50. [PMID: 24781023 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We tested 114 faecal samples from wild simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-positive (n = 43) and SIV-negative (n = 71) chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southeast Cameroon for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites by direct smear. We observed cysts from different protozoa (Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba histolytica / Entamoeba dispar, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii, Chilomastix mesnili, Balantidium coli and Blastocystis cells) and trophozoites from Troglodytella abrassarti and Balantidium coli. Eggs from different helminths (strongylids, Ascaris lumbricoides, Abbreviata caucasica, Trichuris sp., Capillaria sp., Enterobius anthropopeci, Bertiella sp., Hymenolepis diminuta and an undetermined fluke) were also observed. Finally, we observed eggs that could not be properly identified and classified. We did not observe any differences between the SIV+ and SIV- samples except for the unidentified eggs. The studied chimpanzees were highly parasitised by strongylid (85.1% of prevalence), Troglodytella (43.8%) and Blastocystis (2.9%), and the frequency of the other parasites ranged from 0.9 to 8.8%. These high levels of parasite infections could represent an additional burden in a population where there is a high rate of the SIV virus in circulation.
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Fruth B, Ikombe NB, Matshimba GK, Metzger S, Muganza DM, Mundry R, Fowler A. New evidence for self-medication in bonobos: Manniophyton fulvum leaf- and stemstrip-swallowing from LuiKotale, Salonga National Park, DR Congo. Am J Primatol 2013; 76:146-58. [PMID: 24105933 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The swallowing of entire leaves by apes across Africa without chewing has been observed for over 40 plant species. Here we add evidence for (a) a new site, LuiKotale where leaf-swallowing of Manniophyton fulvum (Euphorbiaceae) is observed in bonobos, (b) a so far unreported ingestion of unchewed stemstrips of M. fulvum, we name stemstrip-swallowing; and (c) a test of some of the requirements put forward by Huffman for the assessment of plants ingested for medical purpose. As ecological correlates we analyzed M. fulvum phenological data and examined 1,094 dung piles collected between 2002 and 2009. By that we assessed availability and choice of leaves. In addition, we provide the first full description of the behavior related to this plant species' use by chimpanzees or bonobos using 56 bouts of M. fulvum ingestion observed between October 2007 and February 2010. With these data we tested and met 4 of the 6 requirements given by Huffman, supporting ingestion of this species as self-medication. Despite species' year-round availability and abundance, M. fulvum was ingested only at specific times, in very small amounts, and by a small proportion of individuals per party. In the absence of our own parasitological data, we used M. fulvum swallowing as evidence for parasite infestation, and seasonality as a proxy for stressors underlying seasonal fluctuation and impacting immune responses. Using these indirect factors available, we investigated conditions for a parasite to develop to its infective stage as well as conditions for the host to cope with infections. Both rain and temperature were good predictors for M. fulvum ingestion. We discuss the use of M. fulvum with respect to its hispidity and subsequent purging properties and provide insight into its ethnomedicinal uses by humans, stimulating speculations about potentially additional pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fruth
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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