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Xiu F, Li X, Liu L, Xi Y, Yi X, Li Y, You X. Mycoplasma invasion into host cells: An integrated model of infection strategy. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:814-830. [PMID: 38293733 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasma belong to the genus Mollicutes and are notable for their small genome sizes (500-1300 kb) and limited biosynthetic capabilities. They exhibit pathogenicity by invading various cell types to survive as intracellular pathogens. Adhesion is a crucial prerequisite for successful invasion and is orchestrated by the interplay between mycoplasma surface adhesins and specific receptors on the host cell membrane. Invasion relies heavily on clathrin- and caveolae-mediated internalization, accompanied by multiple activated kinases, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and a myriad of morphological alterations, such as membrane invagination, nuclear hypertrophy and aggregation, cytoplasmic edema, and vacuolization. Once mycoplasma successfully invade host cells, they establish resilient sanctuaries in vesicles, cytoplasm, perinuclear regions, and the nucleus, wherein specific environmental conditions favor long-term survival. Although lysosomal degradation and autophagy can eliminate most invading mycoplasmas, some viable bacteria can be released into the extracellular environment via exocytosis, a crucial factor in the prolonging infection persistence. This review explores the intricate mechanisms by which mycoplasma invades host cells and perpetuates their elusive survival, with the aim of highlighting the challenge of eradicating this enigmatic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feichen Xiu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinru Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yixuan Xi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinchao Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoxing You
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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2
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Huang X, Yu M, Wang B, Zhang Y, Xue J, Fu Y, Wang X. Prevention, Diagnosis and Eradication of Mycoplasma Contamination in Cell Culture. J Biol Methods 2023; 10:e99010005. [PMID: 38023772 PMCID: PMC10668599 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2023.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas, which are the smallest and simplest prokaryotes, lack a cell wall but possess the ability to undergo self-replication. Mycoplasma contamination is a common problem for laboratories engaging in cell culture. Due to their small size, Mycoplasmas can easily permeate filters designed to prevent bacterial and fungal contamination in cell culture. Although Mycoplasma contamination usually does not result in cell death, it can significantly affect cell proliferation, metabolism, and cause chromosomal aberrations. Therefore, it is crucial to detect and eliminate Mycoplasma contamination in cell culture. This step-by-step protocol presents a comprehensive approach to prevent Mycoplasma contamination in cell culture, as well as to detect and eradicate Mycoplasma to ensure accurate experimental and sequencing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100015, P.R. China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing,100015, P.R. China
| | - Minghang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100015, P.R. China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing,100015, P.R. China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100015, P.R. China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing,100015, P.R. China
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, P.R. China
| | - Junjing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, P.R. China
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, 250000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
- Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing, 100015, P.R. China
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing,100015, P.R. China
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3
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Wang J, Liang K, Chen L, Su X, Liao D, Yu J, He J. Unveiling the stealthy tactics: mycoplasma's immune evasion strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1247182. [PMID: 37719671 PMCID: PMC10502178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1247182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas, the smallest known self-replicating organisms, possess a simple structure, lack a cell wall, and have limited metabolic pathways. They are responsible for causing acute or chronic infections in humans and animals, with a significant number of species exhibiting pathogenicity. Although the innate and adaptive immune responses can effectively combat this pathogen, mycoplasmas are capable of persisting in the host, indicating that the immune system fails to eliminate them completely. Recent studies have shed light on the intricate and sophisticated defense mechanisms developed by mycoplasmas during their long-term co-evolution with the host. These evasion strategies encompass various tactics, including invasion, biofilm formation, and modulation of immune responses, such as inhibition of immune cell activity, suppression of immune cell function, and resistance against immune molecules. Additionally, antigen variation and molecular mimicry are also crucial immune evasion strategies. This review comprehensively summarizes the evasion mechanisms employed by mycoplasmas, providing valuable insights into the pathogenesis of mycoplasma infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Wang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Keying Liang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Li Chen
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Su
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Daoyong Liao
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jun He
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Lesiak-Markowicz I, Walochnik J, Stary A, Fürnkranz U. Detection of Putative Virulence Genes alr, goiB, and goiC in Mycoplasma hominis Isolates from Austrian Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7993. [PMID: 37175701 PMCID: PMC10178246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In Mycoplasma hominis, two genes (alr and goiB) have been found to be associated with the invasion of the amniotic cavity, and a single gene (goiC) to be associated with intra-amniotic infections and a high risk of preterm birth. The syntopic presence of Ureaplasma spp. in the same patient has been shown to correlate with the absence of goiC in M. hominis. The aim of our study was to investigate the presence of alr, goiB, and goiC genes in two groups of M. hominis isolates collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic male and non-pregnant female patients attending an Outpatients Centre. Group A consisted of 26 isolates from patients with only M. hominis confirmed; group B consisted of 24 isolates from patients with Ureaplasma spp. as the only co-infection. We extracted DNA from all M. hominis isolates and analysed the samples for the presence of alr, goiB, and goiC in a qPCR assay. Additionally, we determined their cytotoxicity against HeLa cells. We confirmed the presence of the alr gene in 85% of group A isolates and in 100% of group B isolates; goiB was detected in 46% of the samples in both groups, whereas goiC was found in 73% of group A and 79% of group B isolates, respectively. It was shown that co-colonisation with Ureaplasma spp. in the same patient had no effect on the presence of goiC in the respective M. hominis isolate. We did not observe any cytotoxic effect of the investigated isolates on human cells, regardless of the presence or absence of the investigated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Lesiak-Markowicz
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Stary
- Outpatients Centre for the Diagnosis of Venero-Dermatological Diseases, Pilzambulatotrium Schlösselgasse, 1080 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Fürnkranz
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Outpatients Centre for the Diagnosis of Venero-Dermatological Diseases, Pilzambulatotrium Schlösselgasse, 1080 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Mycoplasma hominis Causes DNA Damage and Cell Death in Primary Human Keratinocytes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101962. [PMID: 36296238 PMCID: PMC9608843 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis can be isolated from the human urogenital tract. However, its interaction with the host remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of M. hominis infection on primary human keratinocytes (PHKs). Cells were quantified at different phases of the cell cycle. Proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis progression were evaluated. The expression of genes encoding proteins that are associated with the DNA damage response and Toll-like receptor pathways was evaluated, and the cytokines involved in inflammatory responses were quantified. A greater number of keratinocytes were observed in the Sub-G0/G1 phase after infection with M. hominis. In the viable keratinocytes, infection resulted in G2/M-phase arrest; GADD45A expression was increased, as was the expression of proteins such as p53, p27, and p21 and others involved in apoptosis regulation and oxidative stress. In infected PHKs, the expression of genes associated with the Toll-like receptor pathways showed a change, and the production of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-18, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor alpha increased. The infection of PHKs by M. hominis causes cellular damage that can affect the cell cycle by activating the response pathways to cellular damage, oxidative stress, and Toll-like receptors. Overall, this response culminated in the reduction of cell proliferation/viability in vitro.
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Margarita V, Bailey NP, Rappelli P, Diaz N, Dessì D, Fettweis JM, Hirt RP, Fiori PL. Two Different Species of Mycoplasma Endosymbionts Can Influence Trichomonas vaginalis Pathophysiology. mBio 2022; 13:e0091822. [PMID: 35608298 PMCID: PMC9239101 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00918-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis can host the endosymbiont Mycoplasma hominis, an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium capable of modulating T. vaginalis pathobiology. Recently, a new noncultivable mycoplasma, "Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii," has been shown to be closely associated with women affected by trichomoniasis, suggesting a biological association. Although several features of "Ca. M. girerdii" have been investigated through genomic analysis, the nature of the potential T. vaginalis-"Ca. M. girerdii" consortium and its impact on the biology and pathogenesis of both microorganisms have not yet been explored. Here, we investigate the association between "Ca. M. girerdii" and T. vaginalis isolated from patients affected by trichomoniasis, demonstrating their intracellular localization. By using an in vitro model system based on single- and double-Mycoplasma infection of Mycoplasma-free isogenic T. vaginalis, we investigated the ability of the protist to establish a relationship with the bacteria and impact T. vaginalis growth. Our data indicate likely competition between M. hominis and "Ca. M. girerdii" while infecting trichomonad cells. Comparative dual-transcriptomics data showed major shifts in parasite gene expression in response to the presence of Mycoplasma, including genes associated with energy metabolism and pathogenesis. Consistent with the transcriptomics data, both parasite-mediated hemolysis and binding to host epithelial cells were significantly upregulated in the presence of either Mycoplasma species. Taken together, these results support a model in which this microbial association could modulate the virulence of T. vaginalis. IMPORTANCE T. vaginalis and M. hominis form a unique case of endosymbiosis that modulates the parasite's pathobiology. Recently, a new nonculturable mycoplasma species ("Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii") has been described as closely associated with the protozoon. Here, we report the characterization of this endosymbiotic relationship. Clinical isolates of the parasite demonstrate that mycoplasmas are common among trichomoniasis patients. The relationships are studied by devising an in vitro system of single and/or double infections in isogenic protozoan recipients. Comparative growth experiments and transcriptomics data demonstrate that the composition of different microbial consortia influences the growth of the parasite and significantly modulates its transcriptomic profile, including metabolic enzymes and virulence genes such as adhesins and pore-forming proteins. The data on modulation from RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) correlated closely with those of the cytopathic effect and adhesion to human target cells. We propose the hypothesis that the presence and the quantitative ratios of endosymbionts may contribute to modulating protozoan virulence. Our data highlight the importance of considering pathogenic entities as microbial ecosystems, reinforcing the importance of the development of integrated diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas P. Bailey
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Rappelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicia Diaz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Dessì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), Sassari, Italy
| | - Jennifer M. Fettweis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Center for Microbiome Engineering and Data Analysis, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert P. Hirt
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Pier Luigi Fiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), Sassari, Italy
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Arabatzis M, Velegraki A. Evidence for the presence of a human saprophytic oral bacterium, Mycoplasma faucium, in the skin lesions of a psoriatic patient. J Cutan Pathol 2021; 49:463-467. [PMID: 34877696 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is currently regarded a mixed autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease. This report describes for the first time the detection of a saprophytic, human oral Tenericutes species, Mycoplasma faucium, in the skin lesions of a patient presenting initially guttate and later plaque psoriasis. An unusual finding in standard histopathology investigation consisted of round and oval thinly stained or unstained, possibly intracellular structures, apparently directly pressing on keratinocyte nuclei of the psoriatic stratum spinosum. In ultrastructural study, wall-less bacteria were present intracellularly in the keratinocytes, mainly of the psoriatic stratum spinosum, and extracellularly in the upper dermis of the psoriatic lesions. M. faucium was consistently detected and identified in the psoriatic skin by general Tenericutes polymerase chain reaction and sequencing in two biopsies performed 31 months apart. This case raises new questions concerning the pathogenesis of psoriasis and its accepted autoimmune/autoinflammatory nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Arabatzis
- First Department of Dermatology-Venereology, Medical School, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristea Velegraki
- Mycology Research Laboratory and UOA/HCPF Culture Collection, Microbiology Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Mycology Laboratory, BIOIATRIKI S.A., Athens, Greece
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Mouzykantov AA, Rozhina EV, Fakhrullin RF, Gomzikova MO, Zolotykh MA, Chernova OA, Chernov VM. Extracellular Vesicles from Mycoplasmas Can Penetrate Eukaryotic Cells In Vitro and Modulate the Cellular Proteome. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:82-88. [PMID: 35127151 PMCID: PMC8807532 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by bacteria transport a wide range of compounds, including proteins, DNA and RNA, mediate intercellular interactions, and may be important participants in the mechanisms underlying the persistence of infectious agents. This study focuses on testing the hypothesis that the EVs of mycoplasmas, the smallest prokaryotes capable of independent reproduction, combined in the class referred to as Mollicutes, can penetrate into eukaryotic cells and modulate their immunoreactivity. To verify this hypothesis, for the first time, studies of in vitro interaction between human skin fibroblasts and vesicles isolated from Acholeplasma laidlawii (the ubiquitous mycoplasma that infects higher eukaryotes and is the main contaminant of cell cultures and vaccines) were conducted using confocal laser scanning microscopy and proteome profiling, employing a combination of 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF, the Mascot mass-spectrum analysis software and the DAVID functional annotation tool. These studies have revealed for the first time that the extracellular vesicles of A. laidlawii can penetrate into eukaryotic cells in vitro and modulate the expression of cellular proteins. The molecular mechanisms behind the interaction of mycoplasma vesicles with eukaryotic cells and the contribution of the respective nanostructures to the molecular machinery of cellular permissiveness still remain to be elucidated. The study of these aspects is relevant both for fundamental research into the "logic of life" of the simplest prokaryotes, and the practical development of efficient control over hypermutable bacteria infecting humans, animals and plants, as well as contaminating cell cultures and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Mouzykantov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, 420111 Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - O. A. Chernova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, 420111 Russia
| | - V. M. Chernov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, 420111 Russia
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Saadat S, Karami P, Jafari M, Kholoujini M, Rikhtegaran Tehrani Z, Mohammadi Y, Alikhani MY. The silent presence of Mycoplasma hominis in patients with prostate cancer. Pathog Dis 2021; 78:5907690. [PMID: 32940669 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hominis, an opportunistic pathogen in human genitourinary tract, can cause chronic infection in the prostate. Intracellular survival of M. hominis leads to a prolonged presence in the host cells that can affect the cell's biological cycle. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of M. hominis DNA in prostate tissue of Iranian patients with prostate cancer (PCa) in comparison to a control group with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS This research was a retrospective case-control study using 61 archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks of prostate tissue from patients with PCa and 70 FFPE blocks of patients with BPH. Real-time PCR, targeting two different genes, 16S rRNA and yidC, in the M. hominis genome was performed for all specimens. RESULTS Out of 61 blocks of prostate biopsy from patients with PCa, eight samples (13%) were positive for M. hominis, while the bacterium was not detected in any of the 70 blocks of patients with BPH (P value, 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The high frequency of M. hominis in patients with PCa likely shows a hidden role of the organism in prostate cancer during its chronic, apparently silent and asymptomatic colonization in prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Saadat
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, Iran, 65178.,Department of Microbiology, Sarem Cell Research Center, Sarem Women's Hospital, Phase 3 Ekbatan, Tehran, Iran, 13969-56111.,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, USA, 21201
| | - Pezhman Karami
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, Iran, 65178
| | - Mohammad Jafari
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, Iran, 65178
| | - Mahdi Kholoujini
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, University of Tarbiate Modares, Jalal Ale-Ahmad Highway, Tehran, Iran, 14115
| | - Zahra Rikhtegaran Tehrani
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, USA, 21201
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, Iran, 65178
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, Iran, 65178
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10
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Huang H, Dabrazhynetskaya A, Pluznik J, Zheng J, Wu Y, Chizhikov V, Buehler PW, Yamada KM, Dhawan S. Hemin activation abrogates Mycoplasma hyorhinis replication in chronically infected prostate cancer cells via heme oxygenase-1 induction. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:2727-2739. [PMID: 34375508 PMCID: PMC8487054 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) lacks a cell wall and resists multiple antibiotics. We describe here the striking > 90% inhibitory effect of hemin, a natural inducer of the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), on M. hyorhinis replication in chronically infected LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The role of HO‐1 in interrupting M. hyorhinis replication was confirmed by HO‐1‐specific siRNA suppression of hemin‐induced HO‐1 protein expression, which increased intracellular M. hyorhinis DNA levels in LNCaP cells. Proteomic analysis and transmission electron microscopy of hemin‐treated cells confirmed the complete absence of M. hyorhinis proteins and intact microorganisms, respectively, strongly supporting these findings. Our study is the first to our knowledge suggesting therapeutic potential for activated HO‐1 in cellular innate responses against mycoplasma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxia Huang
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring
| | - Alena Dabrazhynetskaya
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring
| | - Jacob Pluznik
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring
| | - Yong Wu
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring
| | - Vladimir Chizhikov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring
| | - Paul W Buehler
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring.,Department of Pathology, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Kenneth M Yamada
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Subhash Dhawan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring.,Retired Senior FDA Research & Regulatory Scientist, 9890 Washingtonian Blvd., #703, Gaithersburg, 20878
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11
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Henrich B, Hammerlage S, Scharf S, Haberhausen D, Fürnkranz U, Köhrer K, Peitzmann L, Fiori PL, Spergser J, Pfeffer K, Dilthey AT. Characterisation of mobile genetic elements in Mycoplasma hominis with the description of ICEHo-II, a variant mycoplasma integrative and conjugative element. Mob DNA 2020; 11:30. [PMID: 33292499 PMCID: PMC7648426 DOI: 10.1186/s13100-020-00225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobile genetic elements are found in genomes throughout the microbial world, mediating genome plasticity and important prokaryotic phenotypes. Even the cell wall-less mycoplasmas, which are known to harbour a minimal set of genes, seem to accumulate mobile genetic elements. In Mycoplasma hominis, a facultative pathogen of the human urogenital tract and an inherently very heterogeneous species, four different MGE-classes had been detected until now: insertion sequence ISMhom-1, prophage MHoV-1, a tetracycline resistance mediating transposon, and ICEHo, a species-specific variant of a mycoplasma integrative and conjugative element encoding a T4SS secretion system (termed MICE). RESULTS To characterize the prevalence of these MGEs, genomes of 23 M. hominis isolates were assembled using whole genome sequencing and bioinformatically analysed for the presence of mobile genetic elements. In addition to the previously described MGEs, a new ICEHo variant was found, which we designate ICEHo-II. Of 15 ICEHo-II genes, five are common MICE genes; eight are unique to ICEHo-II; and two represent a duplication of a gene also present in ICEHo-I. In 150 M. hominis isolates and based on a screening PCR, prevalence of ICEHo-I was 40.7%; of ICEHo-II, 28.7%; and of both elements, 15.3%. Activity of ICEHo-I and -II was demonstrated by detection of circularized extrachromosomal forms of the elements through PCR and subsequent Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSIONS Nanopore sequencing enabled the identification of mobile genetic elements and of ICEHo-II, a novel MICE element of M. hominis, whose phenotypic impact and potential impact on pathogenicity can now be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Henrich
- Institute of Med. Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Hammerlage
- Institute of Med. Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Scharf
- Institute of Med. Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Department of Haematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Diana Haberhausen
- Institute of Med. Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ursula Fürnkranz
- Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Immunology and Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ) of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Lena Peitzmann
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ) of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Pier Luigi Fiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- Institute of Med. Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander T Dilthey
- Institute of Med. Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Bhakta SB, Moran JA, Mercer F. Neutrophil interactions with the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis: implications for immunity and pathogenesis. Open Biol 2020; 10:200192. [PMID: 32873151 PMCID: PMC7536067 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is the third most common sexually transmitted infection in humans and is caused by the protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv). Pathogenic outcomes are more common in women and generally include mild vaginitis or cervicitis. However, more serious effects associated with trichomoniasis include adverse reproductive outcomes. Like other infectious agents, pathogenesis from Tv infection is predicted to be the result of both parasite and host factors. At the site of infection, neutrophils are the most abundant immune cells present and probably play key roles in both parasite clearance and inflammatory pathology. Here, we discuss the evidence that neutrophils home to the site of Tv infection, kill the parasite, and that in some circumstances, parasites possibly evade neutrophil-directed killing. In vitro, the parasite is killed by neutrophils using a novel antimicrobial mechanism called trogocytosis, which probably involves both innate and adaptive immunity. While mechanisms of evasion are mostly conjecture at present, the persistence of Tv infections in patients argues strongly for their existence. Additionally, many strains of Tv harbour microbial symbionts Mycoplasma hominis or Trichomonasvirus, which are both predicted to impact neutrophil responses against the parasite. Novel research tools, especially animal models, will help to reveal the true outcomes of many factors involved in neutrophil-Tv interactions during trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frances Mercer
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA
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13
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FTIR Microspectroscopy for the Assessment of Mycoplasmas in HepG2 Cell Culture. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10113766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To assess the presence and absence of mycoplasma contamination in cell culture, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy, coupled with multivariate analysis, was deployed to determine the biomolecular changes in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, HepG2, before and after mycoplasma contamination. The contaminated HepG2 cells were treated with antibiotic BM-Cyclin to decontaminate the mycoplasma, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was then performed to confirm the presence or the absence of mycoplasma contamination. The contaminated and decontaminated HepG2 cells were analyzed by FTIR microspectroscopy with principal component analysis (PCA) and peak integral area analysis. The results showed that the FTIR spectra of contaminated HepG2 cells demonstrated the alteration in the IR spectra corresponding to the lipid, protein, and nucleic acid regions. PCA analysis distinguished the spectral differences between the groups of mycoplasma-contaminated and -decontaminated cells. The PCA loading plots suggest that lipid and protein are the main contributed molecules for the difference between these two cell groups. Peak integral area analysis illustrated the increase of lipid and nucleic acid and the decrease of protein contents in the contaminated HepG2 cells. FTIR microspectroscopy is, therefore, proven to be a potential tool for assessing mycoplasma removal by monitoring biomolecular alterations in cell culture.
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14
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Cacciotto C, Dessì D, Cubeddu T, Cocco AR, Pisano A, Tore G, Fiori PL, Rappelli P, Pittau M, Alberti A. MHO_0730 as a Surface-Exposed Calcium-Dependent Nuclease of Mycoplasma hominis Promoting Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Escape. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1999-2008. [PMID: 31420650 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma lipoproteins play a relevant role in pathogenicity and directly interact with the host immune system. Among human mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma hominis is described as a commensal bacterium that can be associated with a number of genital and extragenital conditions. Mechanisms of M. hominis pathogenicity are still largely obscure, and only a limited number of proteins have been associated with virulence. The current study focused on investigating the role of MHO_0730 as a virulence factor and demonstrated that MHO_0730 is a surface lipoprotein, potentially expressed in vivo during natural infection, acting both as a nuclease with its amino acidic portion and as a potent inducer of Neutrophil extracellular trapsosis with its N-terminal lipid moiety. Evidence for M. hominis neutrophil extracellular trap escape is also presented. Results highlight the relevance of MHO_0730 in promoting infection and modulation and evasion of innate immunity and provide additional knowledge on M. hominis virulence and survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cacciotto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Dessì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy.,Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cubeddu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Cocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Pisano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Gessica Tore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Fiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy.,Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Rappelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy.,Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Pittau
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy.,Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy.,Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Italy
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15
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Zhao W, Bendickson L, Nilsen-Hamilton M. The Lipocalin2 Gene is Regulated in Mammary Epithelial Cells by NFκB and C/EBP In Response to Mycoplasma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7641. [PMID: 32376831 PMCID: PMC7203223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lcn2 gene expression increases in response to cell stress signals, particularly in cells involved in the innate immune response. Human Lcn2 (NGAL) is increased in the blood and tissues in response to many stressors including microbial infection and in response to LPS in myeloid and epithelial cells. Here we extend the microbial activators of Lcn2 to mycoplasma and describe studies in which the mechanism of Lcn2 gene regulation by MALP-2 and mycoplasma infection was investigated in mouse mammary epithelial cells. As for the LPS response of myeloid cells, Lcn2 expression in epithelial cells is preceded by increased TNFα, IL-6 and IκBζ expression and selective reduction of IκBζ reduces Lcn2 promoter activity. Lcn2 promoter activation remains elevated well beyond the period of exposure to MALP-2 and is persistently elevated in mycoplasma infected cells. Activation of either the human or the mouse Lcn2 promoter requires both NFκB and C/EBP for activation. Thus, Lcn2 is strongly and enduringly activated by mycoplasma components that stimulate the innate immune response with the same basic regulatory mechanism for the human and mouse genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology and the Interdepartmental Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Interdepartmental Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Bayview Physicians Group, Battlefield Medical association, 675 North Battlefield Boulevard, Chesapeake, VA, 23320, USA
| | - Lee Bendickson
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology and the Interdepartmental Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Marit Nilsen-Hamilton
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology and the Interdepartmental Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
- Interdepartmental Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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16
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Dowling AJ, Hill GE, Bonneaud C. Multiple differences in pathogen-host cell interactions following a bacterial host shift. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6779. [PMID: 32322086 PMCID: PMC7176683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel disease emergence is often associated with changes in pathogen traits that enable pathogen colonisation, persistence and transmission in the novel host environment. While understanding the mechanisms underlying disease emergence is likely to have critical implications for preventing infectious outbreaks, such knowledge is often based on studies of viral pathogens, despite the fact that bacterial pathogens may exhibit very different life histories. Here, we investigate the ability of epizootic outbreak strains of the bacterial pathogen, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, which jumped from poultry into North American house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), to interact with model avian cells. We found that house finch epizootic outbreak strains of M. gallisepticum displayed a greater ability to adhere to, invade, persist within and exit from cultured chicken embryonic fibroblasts, than the reference virulent (R_low) and attenuated (R_high) poultry strains. Furthermore, unlike the poultry strains, the house finch epizootic outbreak strain HF_1994 displayed a striking lack of cytotoxicity, even exerting a cytoprotective effect on avian cells. Our results suggest that, at epizootic outbreak in house finches, M. gallisepticum was particularly adept at using the intra-cellular environment, which may have facilitated colonisation, dissemination and immune evasion within the novel finch host. Whether this high-invasion phenotype is similarly displayed in interactions with house finch cells, and whether it contributed to the success of the host shift, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Dowling
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Geoffrey E Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL36849-5414, USA
| | - Camille Bonneaud
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.
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17
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Effects of Mycoplasmas on the Host Cell Signaling Pathways. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040308. [PMID: 32331465 PMCID: PMC7238135 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms. Reduced sizes of their genomes put constraints on the ability of these bacteria to live autonomously and make them highly dependent on the nutrients produced by host cells. Importantly, at the organism level, mycoplasmal infections may cause pathological changes to the host, including cancer and severe immunological reactions. At the molecular level, mycoplasmas often activate the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) inflammatory response and concomitantly inhibit the p53-mediated response, which normally triggers the cell cycle and apoptosis. Thus, mycoplasmal infections may be considered as cancer-associated factors. At the same time, mycoplasmas through their membrane lipoproteins (LAMPs) along with lipoprotein derivatives (lipopeptide MALP-2, macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2) are able to modulate anti-inflammatory responses via nuclear translocation and activation of Nrf2 (the nuclear factor-E2-related anti-inflammatory transcription factor 2). Thus, interactions between mycoplasmas and host cells are multifaceted and depend on the cellular context. In this review, we summarize the current information on the role of mycoplasmas in affecting the host’s intracellular signaling mediated by the interactions between transcriptional factors p53, Nrf2, and NF-κB. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathologic processes associated with reprogramming eukaryotic cells that arise during the mycoplasma-host cell interaction should facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat oncogenic and inflammatory processes.
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18
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Tantibhedhyangkul W, Wongsawat E, Matamnan S, Inthasin N, Sueasuay J, Suputtamongkol Y. Anti-Mycoplasma Activity of Daptomycin and Its Use for Mycoplasma Elimination in Cell Cultures of Rickettsiae. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E123. [PMID: 31438510 PMCID: PMC6784056 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma contamination detrimentally affects cellular functions and the growth of intracellular pathogens in cell cultures. Although several mycoplasmacidal agents are commercially available for sterile cell cultures, they are not applicable to rickettsia-infected cells. In our attempt to find an anti-mycoplasma drug for contaminated rickettsial cultures, we determined the susceptibilities of three common Mycoplasma species to daptomycin. Mycoplasma orale and M. arginini showed low-level resistance to daptomycin (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 2 mg/L), whereas M. hyorhinis was high-level resistant (MIC = 32 mg/L). However, some Mycoplasma isolates developed higher resistance to daptomycin after failed treatments with inadequate doses or durations. An aminoglycoside (gentamicin) was still active against M. hyorhinis and could be used in Orientia cultures. For complete eradication of mycoplasmas in Rickettsia cultures, we recommend a 3-week treatment with daptomycin at 256 mg/L. In contaminated Orientia cultures, daptomycin at 32 mg/L was effective in eradicating M. orale, whereas either gentamicin or amikacin (100 mg/L) was effective in eradicating M. hyorhinis. Unlike each drug alone, the combinations of daptomycin plus clindamycin and/or quinupristin/dalfopristin proved effective in eradicating M. hyorhinis. In summary, our study demonstrated the in vitro anti-mycoplasma activity of daptomycin and its application as a new mycoplasma decontamination method for Rickettsia and Orientia cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwit Tantibhedhyangkul
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Ekkarat Wongsawat
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sutthicha Matamnan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Naharuthai Inthasin
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Jintapa Sueasuay
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Yupin Suputtamongkol
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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19
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Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic protist, responsible for the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection in humans. One of the most intriguing aspects of T. vaginalis pathobiology is the complex relationship with intracellular microbial symbionts: a group of dsRNA viruses belonging to family of Totiviridae (T. vaginalis virus), and eubacteria belonging to the Mycoplasma genus, in particular Mycoplasma hominis. Both microorganisms seem to strongly influence the lifestyle of T. vaginalis, suggesting a role of the symbiosis in the high variability of clinical presentation and sequelae during trichomoniasis. In the last few years many aspects of this unique symbiotic relationship have been investigated: M. hominis resides and replicates in the protozoan cell, and T. vaginalis is able to pass the bacterial infection to both mycoplasma-free protozoan isolates and human epithelial cells; M. hominis synergistically upregulates the proinflammatory response of human monocytes to T. vaginalis. Furthermore, the influence of M. hominis over T. vaginalis metabolism and physiology has been characterized. The identification of a novel species belonging to the class of Mollicutes (Candidatus Mycoplasma girerdii) exclusively associated to T. vaginalis opens new perspectives in the research of the complex series of events taking place in the multifaceted world of the vaginal microbiota, both under normal and pathological conditions.
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20
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Roachford O, Nelson KE, Mohapatra BR. Virulence and molecular adaptation of human urogenital mycoplasmas: a review. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1607556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Orville Roachford
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | | | - Bidyut Ranjan Mohapatra
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
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21
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Perra L, Balloy V, Foussignière T, Moissenet D, Petat H, Mungrue IN, Touqui L, Corvol H, Chignard M, Guillot L. CHAC1 Is Differentially Expressed in Normal and Cystic Fibrosis Bronchial Epithelial Cells and Regulates the Inflammatory Response Induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2823. [PMID: 30555487 PMCID: PMC6282009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) colonizes the lungs, leading to chronic inflammation of the bronchial epithelium. ChaC glutathione-specific γ-glutamylcyclotransferase 1 (CHAC1) mRNA is differentially expressed in primary human airway epithelial cells from bronchi (hAECBs) from patients with CF and healthy patients at baseline and upon infection with Pa. CHAC1 degrades glutathione and is associated with ER stress and apoptosis pathways. In this study, we examined the roles of CHAC1 in the inflammatory response and apoptosis in lung epithelial cells. First, we confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction that CHAC1 mRNA was overexpressed in hAECBs from patients without CF compared with the expression in hAECBs from patients with CF upon Pa (PAK strain) infection. Moreover, the Pa virulence factors LPS and flagellin were shown to induce CHAC1 expression in cells from patients without CF. Using NCI-H292 lung epithelial cells, we found that LPS-induced CHAC1 mRNA expression was PERK-independent and involved ATF4. Additionally, using CHAC1 small interfering RNA, we showed that reduced CHAC1 expression in the context of LPS and flagellin stimulation was associated with modulation of inflammatory markers and alteration of NF-κB signaling. Finally, we showed that Pa was not able to induce apoptosis in NCI-H292 cells. Our results suggest that CHAC1 is involved in the regulation of inflammation in bronchial cells during Pa infection and may explain the excessive inflammation present in the respiratory tracts of patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Perra
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Viviane Balloy
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Tobias Foussignière
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Didier Moissenet
- Department of Bacteriology, APHP, Hôpital St-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Hortense Petat
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Imran N Mungrue
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Equipe mixte Institut Pasteur/Paris V "Mucoviscidose et Bronchopathies Chroniques" Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Harriet Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Pneumologie Pédiatrique, APHP, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Michel Chignard
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Loic Guillot
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
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22
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Melgaço ACC, Blohem Pessoa WF, Freire HP, Evangelista de Almeida M, Santos Barbosa M, Passos Rezende R, Timenetsky J, Miranda Marques L, Romano CC. Potential of Maintaining a Healthy Vaginal Environment by Two Lactobacillus Strains Isolated from Cocoa Fermentation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7571954. [PMID: 30364031 PMCID: PMC6186379 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7571954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria in the genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma do not have cell walls and therefore interact with host cells through lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMP). These lipoproteins are important for both surface adhesion and modulation of host immune responses. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma have been implicated in cases of bacterial vaginosis (BV), which can cause infertility, abortion, and premature delivery. In contrast, bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, which are present in the vaginal microbiota of healthy women, are thought to inhibit local colonization by pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro interactions between lipoproteins of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species and vaginal lineage (HMVII) cells and to study the effect of Lactobacillus isolates from cocoa fermentation on these interactions. The tested Lactobacillus strains showed some important probiotic characteristics, with autoaggregation percentages of 28.55% and 31.82% for L. fermentum FA4 and L. plantarum PA3 strains, respectively, and percent adhesion values of 31.66 and 41.65%, respectively. The two strains were hydrophobic, with moderate to high hydrophobicity values, 65.33% and 71.12% for L. fermentum FA4 and L. plantarum PA3 in toluene. Both strains secreted acids into the culture medium with pH=4.32 and pH=4.33, respectively, and showed antibiotics susceptibility profiles similar to those of other lactobacilli. The strains were also able to inhibit the death of vaginal epithelial cells after incubation with U. parvum LAMP from 41.03% to 2.43% (L. fermentum FA4) and 0.43% (L. plantarum PA3) and also managed to significantly decrease the rate of cell death caused by the interaction with LAMP of M. hominis from 34.29% to 14.06% (L. fermentum FA4) and 14.61% (L. plantarum PA3), thus demonstrating their potential for maintaining a healthy vaginal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Correia Melgaço
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Imunologia, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Salobrinho, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Wallace Felipe Blohem Pessoa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Imunologia, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Salobrinho, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Herbert Pina Freire
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Imunologia, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Salobrinho, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Milena Evangelista de Almeida
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Imunologia, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Salobrinho, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Maysa Santos Barbosa
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rachel Passos Rezende
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Microbiana, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Salobrinho, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Micoplasmas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde/Campus Anísio Teixeira, Universidade Federal da Bahia, IMS/CAT-UFBA, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristina Romano
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Imunologia, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Salobrinho, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
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23
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Trichomonas vaginalis Transports Virulent Mycoplasma hominis and Transmits the Infection to Human Cells after Metronidazole Treatment: A Potential Role in Bacterial Invasion of Fetal Membranes and Amniotic Fluid. J Pregnancy 2018; 2018:5037181. [PMID: 30174955 PMCID: PMC6098910 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5037181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis is considered an opportunistic pathogen able to colonize the lower urogenital tract; in females the infection is associated with severe pregnancy and postpartum complications, including abortion, endometritis, preterm delivery, and low birth weight. Molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity and virulence effectors remain poorly characterized. A number of studies in the last decade have demonstrated that M. hominis can establish an endosymbiotic relationship with Trichomonas vaginalis, a urogenital parasitic protozoon, also associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Recently, two bacterial genes (alr and goiB) associated with amniotic cavity invasion and a single gene (goiC) associated with intra-amniotic infections and high risk of preterm delivery have been identified in M. hominis isolated from a group of pregnant patients. In this work we demonstrate that a high number of M. hominis intracellularly associated with T. vaginalis have goiC gene, in association with alr and goiB. In addition, we demonstrate that metronidazole treatment of M. hominis-infected T. vaginalis allows delivering viable intracellular goiC positive M. hominis from antibiotic-killed protozoa and that free M. hominis can infect human cell cultures. Results suggest that molecular diagnostic strategies to identify both pathogens and their virulence genes should be adopted to prevent severe complications during pregnancy.
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24
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do Nascimento NC, Guimaraes AMS, Dos Santos AP, Chu Y, Marques LM, Messick JB. RNA-Seq based transcriptome of whole blood from immunocompetent pigs (Sus scrofa) experimentally infected with Mycoplasma suis strain Illinois. Vet Res 2018; 49:49. [PMID: 29914581 PMCID: PMC6006945 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are popular animal models in biomedical research. RNA-Seq is becoming the predominant tool to investigate transcriptional changes of the pig’s response to infection. The high sensitivity of this tool requires a strict control of the study design beginning with the selection of healthy animals to provide accurate interpretation of research data. Pigs chronically infected with Mycoplasma suis often show no obvious clinical signs, however the infection may affect the validity of animal research. The goal of this study was to investigate whether or not this silent infection is also silent at the host transcriptional level. Therefore, immunocompetent pigs were experimentally infected with M. suis and transcriptional profiles of whole blood, generated by RNA-Seq, were analyzed and compared to non-infected animals. RNA-Seq showed 55 differentially expressed (DE) genes in the M. suis infected pigs. Down-regulation of genes related to innate immunity (tlr8, chemokines, chemokines receptors) and genes containing IFN gamma-activated sequence (gbp1, gbp2, il15, cxcl10, casp1, cd274) suggests a general suppression of the immune response in the infected animals. Sixteen (29.09%) of the DE genes were involved in two protein interaction networks: one involving chemokines, chemokine receptors and interleukin-15 and another involving the complement cascade. Genes related to vascular permeability, blood coagulation, and endothelium integrity were also DE in infected pigs. These findings suggest that M. suis subclinical infection causes significant alterations in blood mRNA levels, which could impact data interpretation of research using pigs. Screening of pigs for M. suis infection before initiating animal studies is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naíla C do Nascimento
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Ana M S Guimaraes
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea P Dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lucas M Marques
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joanne B Messick
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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25
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Nikas I, Hapfelmeier A, Mollenhauer M, Angermeier D, Bettstetter M, Götz R, Schmidmayr M, Seifert-Klauss V, Muckenhuber A, Schenck U, Weirich G. Integrated morphologic and molecular analysis of Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, and human papillomavirus using cytologic smear preparations. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1443-1451. [PMID: 29549429 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes may colonize the female genital tract via sexual transmission and cause health issues like inflammation or malignancy, summarized as sexually transmitted disease (STD). A major representative of such pathogens is Trichomonas vaginalis (T.v.), whose role in the etiology of cervical cancer remains elusive. Traditional morphologic screening of cervical smears is able to detect T.v., although its identification may be complicated by look-alikes such as degenerated granulocytes and basal cells. In addition, the parasite's endosymbiont Mycoplasma hominis (M.h.) cannot be detected in the Pap test. This investigation was aimed at designing a PCR-based method to detect specific pathogenic germs by using cervical cytology slides to overcome morphologic uncertainty and increase diagnostic accuracy. To test our molecular screening method on T.v., M.h., and HPV in archival smears, we elaborated a multiplex PCR approach based on microdissection. This assay was applied to a minute quantity of starting material which harbored or was suspected to harbor T.v.; the resulting isolated DNA was used for subsequent molecular analyses of T.v., M.h., and HPV. We clarified the diagnosis of genital T.v. infection in 88 and 1.8% of morphologically suspicious and T.v.-negative cases, respectively. We also revealed a tendency of M.h. co-infection in high-risk HPV cases. In conclusion, a microdissection-based approach to detect pathogenic microbes such as T.v., HPV, and M.h. is a molecular tool easy to implement and may help to better understand the interactivity of these germs with respect to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nikas
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, Munich, Germany.,School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Hapfelmeier
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - M Mollenhauer
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - D Angermeier
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | | | - R Götz
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - M Schmidmayr
- Frauenklinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - V Seifert-Klauss
- Frauenklinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - A Muckenhuber
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - U Schenck
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, Munich, Germany.,MVZ Gynäkologie & Pathologie, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor Weirich
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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26
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Khan S, Zakariah M, Rolfo C, Robrecht L, Palaniappan S. Prediction of mycoplasma hominis proteins targeting in mitochondria and cytoplasm of host cells and their implication in prostate cancer etiology. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30830-30843. [PMID: 27027344 PMCID: PMC5458171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the idea of bacteria causing different types of cancer has exploded about century ago, the potential mechanisms of carcinogenesis is still not well established. Many reports showed the involvement of M. hominis in the development of prostate cancer, however, mechanistic approach for growth and development of prostate cancer has been poorly understood. In the current study, we predicted M. hominis proteins targeting in the mitochondria and cytoplasm of host cells and their implication in prostate cancer. A total of 77 and 320 proteins from M. hominis proteome were predicted to target in the mitochondria and cytoplasm of host cells respectively. In particular, various targeted proteins may interfere with normal growth behaviour of host cells, thereby altering the decision of programmed cell death. Furthermore, we investigated possible mechanisms of the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic targeted proteins of M. hominis in etiology of prostate cancer by screening the whole proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanavaj Khan
- Nanomedicine & Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Bioscience, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Mohammed Zakariah
- Research Center, College of Computer and Information Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I- Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, "Centre for Oncological Research (CORE)", Edegem, Belgium
| | - Lembrechts Robrecht
- Phase I- Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, "Centre for Oncological Research (CORE)", Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sellappan Palaniappan
- School of Science and Engineeringing, Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Selangor, Malaysia
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27
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Fürnkranz U, Henrich B, Walochnik J. Mycoplasma hominis impacts gene expression in Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:841-847. [PMID: 29368037 PMCID: PMC5846828 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In Europe, up to 90% of isolated Trichomonas vaginalis strains are naturally infected with Mycoplasma hominis, a facultative pathogen of the human genital tract. The consequences of this endosymbiosis are not yet well understood. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of natural and artificial infections with M. hominis on the RNA expression levels of metronidazole susceptibility-associated genes of T. vaginalis. Three T. vaginalis strains (TVSS10-, TVSS25-, G3) without M. hominis, as well as the same strains naturally (TVSS10+, TVSS25+) and artificially (G3-MhSS25, TVSS25-MhSS25) infected with M. hominis, were investigated for their expression profiles of three genes associated with metronidazole resistance (ferredoxin, flavin reductase 1 and pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of metronidazole were evaluated for all combinations and the respective M. hominis-free T. vaginalis strains were used as controls. The sole presence of M. hominis led to a down-regulation of metronidazole susceptibility-associated genes in all T. vaginalis strains tested. Interestingly, the effect was more prominent in the artificial symbioses. Moreover, a twofold enhancement of metronidazole tolerability was observed in three infected T. vaginalis strains, compared to the respective strains without M. hominis. In conclusion, M. hominis had an impact on gene expression in all T. vaginalis strains and on metronidazole MIC in all but one strain tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Fürnkranz
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Birgit Henrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Sesso A, Yamashiro-Kanashiro EH, Arruda LB, Kawakami J, Higuchi MDL, Orii NM, Taniwaki NN, Carvalho FMDC, Brito MP, Gottardi M, Carneiro SM, Taga R. Bacteria arise at the border of mycoplasma-infected HeLa cells, containing cytoplasm with either malformed cytosol, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum or tightly adjoined smooth vacuoles. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e84. [PMID: 29267592 PMCID: PMC5738769 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A study with transmission electron microscopy of mycoplasma-contaminated HeLa cells using five cell donors referred to as donors A, B, C, D and E, observations are herein presented. Experiments performed with cells from donors B, C and D, revealed the presence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis after PCR and sequencing experiments. Bacteria probably originated from a cytoplasm with compacted tiny granular particles replacing the normal cytosol territories, or from the contact with the cytoplasm through a clear semi-solid material. The compact granularity (CG) of the cytoplasm was crossed by stripes of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Among apparently normal mitochondria, it was noted, in variable proportions, mitochondria with crista-delimited lucent central regions that expand to and occupied the interior of a crista-less organelle, which can undergo fission. Other components of the scenarios of mycoplasma-induced cell demolition are villus-like structures with associated 80-200 nm vesicles and a clear, flexible semi-solid, process-sensitive substance that we named jam-like material. This material coated the cytoplasmic surface, its recesses, irregular protrusions and detached cytoplasmic fragments. It also cushioned forming bacteria. Cyst-like structures were often present in the cytoplasm. Cells, mainly apoptotic, exhibiting ample cytoplasmic sectors with characteristic net-like profile due to adjoined vacuoles, as well as ovoid or elongated profiles, consistently appeared in all cells from the last four cell donors. These cells were named “modified host cells” because bacteria arose in the vacuoles. The possibility that, in some samples, there was infection and/or coinfection of the host cell by another organism(s) cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sesso
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunopatologia - LIM-06, Setor de Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edite Hatsumi Yamashiro-Kanashiro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunologia, LIM-48, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liã Bárbara Arruda
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências - LIM- 56, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce Kawakami
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, Setor de Estudo da Inflamação, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Higuchi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, Setor de Estudo da Inflamação, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noemia Mie Orii
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Dermatologia, Laboratório de Investigação Médica em Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências - LIM- 56, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Mendes da Cunha Carvalho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunopatologia - LIM-06, Setor de Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane Pereira Brito
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunopatologia - LIM-06, Setor de Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Gottardi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Imunopatologia - LIM-06, Setor de Biologia Estrutural, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rumio Taga
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Disciplinas de Histologia e Embriologia, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Weng J, Li Y, Cai L, Li T, Peng G, Fu C, Han X, Li H, Jiang Z, Zhang Z, Du J, Peng Q, Gao Y. Elimination of Mycoplasma Contamination from Infected Human Hepatocyte C3A Cells by Intraperitoneal Injection in BALB/c Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:440. [PMID: 29075618 PMCID: PMC5643414 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: The use of antibiotics to eliminate Mycoplasma contamination has some serious limitations. Mycoplasma contamination can be eliminated by intraperitoneal injection of BALB/c mice with contaminated cells combined with screening monoclonal cells. However, in vivo passage in mice after injection with contaminated cells requires a long duration (20-54 days). Furthermore, it is important to monitor for cross-contamination of mouse and human cells, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) infection, and altered cell function after the in vivo treatment. The present study aimed to validate a reliable and simplified method to eliminate mycoplasma contamination from human hepatocytes. BALB/c mice were injected with paraffin oil prior to injection with cells, in order to shorten duration of intraperitoneal passage. Cross-contamination of mouse and human cells, XMRV infection and cell function-related genes and proteins were also evaluated. Methods: PCR and DNA sequencing were used to confirm Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) contamination in human hepatocyte C3A cells. Five BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.5 ml paraffin oil 1 week before injection of the cells. The mice were then intraperitoneally injected with C3A hepatocytes (5.0 × 106/ml) contaminated with M. hyorhinis (6.2 ± 2.2 × 108 CFU/ml). Ascites were collected for monoclonal cell screening on the 14th day after injection of contaminated cells. Elimination of mycoplasma from cells was determined by PCR and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Human-mouse cell and XMRV contamination were also detected by PCR. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR and western blotting were used to compare the expression of genes and proteins among treated cells, non-treated infected cells, and uninfected cells. Results: Fourteen days after injection with cells, 4 of the 5 mice had ascites. Hepatocyte colonies extracted from the ascites of four mice were all mycoplasma-free. There was no cell cross-contamination or XMRV infection in treated cell cultures. Elimination of Mycoplasma resulted in partial or complete recovery in the expression of ALB, TF, and CYP3A4 genes as well as proteins. Proliferation of the treated cells was not significantly affected by this management. Conclusion: The method of elimination of Mycoplasma contamination in this study was validated and reproducible. Success was achieved in four of five cases examined. Compared to the previous studies, the duration of intraperitoneal passage in this study was significantly shorter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Weng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gongze Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoyi Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zesheng Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Artificial Organs and Tissue Engineering Centre of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Henrich B, Kretzmer F, Deenen R, Köhrer K. Validation of a novel Mho microarray for a comprehensive characterisation of the Mycoplasma hominis action in HeLa cell infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181383. [PMID: 28753664 PMCID: PMC5533444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis is the second smallest facultative pathogen of the human urogenital tract. With less than 600 protein-encoding genes, it represents an ideal model organism for the study of host-pathogen interactions. For a comprehensive characterisation of the M. hominis action in infection a customized Mho microarray, which was based on two genome sequences (PG21 and LBD-4), was designed to analyze the dynamics of the mycoplasma transcriptome during infection and validated for M. hominis strain FBG. RNA preparation was evaluated and adapted to ensure the highest recovery of mycoplasmal mRNAs from in vitro HeLa cell infection assays. Following cRNA hybridization, the read-out strategy of the hybridization results was optimized and confirmed by RT-PCR. A statistically robust infection assay with M. hominis strain FBG enabled the identification of differentially regulated key effector molecules such as critical cytoadhesins (4 h post infection (pI)), invasins (48 h pI) and proteins associated with establishing chronic infection of the host (336 h pI). Of the 294 differentially regulated genes (>2-fold) 128 (43.5%) encoded hypothetical proteins, including lipoproteins that seem to play a central role as virulence factors at each stage of infection: P75 as a novel cytoadhesin candidate, which is also differentially upregulated in chronic infection; the MHO_2100 protein, a postulated invasin and the MHO_730-protein, a novel ecto-nuclease and domain of an ABC transporter, the function of which in chronic infection has still to be elucidated. Implementation of the M. hominis microarray strategy led to a comprehensive identification of to date unknown candidates for virulence factors at relevant stages of host cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Henrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Freya Kretzmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - René Deenen
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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31
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Xue D, Li Y, Jiang Z, Deng G, Li M, Liu X, Wang Y. A ROS-dependent and Caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in sheep bronchial epithelial cells in response to Mycoplasma Ovipneumoniae infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 187:55-63. [PMID: 28494930 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma Ovipneumoniae (M. ovipneumoniae) is a primary etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia in sheep and goats. It can enter and colonize ovine respiratory epithelial cells to establish an infection, which leads a serious cell death of epithelial cells. However, the nature of the interaction between pathogen of M. ovipneumoniae and host cells in the cell injury is currently not well understood. In this study, we investigated the epithelial cell apoptosis caused by an infection of M. ovipneumoniae in sheep primary air-liquid interface (ALI) epithelial cultures. The results showed that M. ovipneumoniae could specifically bind to ciliated cells at early stage of infection. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that an infection of M. ovipneumoniae induced a time-dependent cell apoptotic cell death, accompanied with an increased production of extracellular nitric oxide (NO), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activation of caspase-3 signaling in sheep bronchial epithelial cells. The induced cell apoptosis was further confirmed by a transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. Interestingly, the M. ovipneumoniae-induced apoptosis and activation of caspase-3 were correlated with the production of ROS but not NO. Mechanistically, M. ovipneumoniae-induced cell apoptosis was mediated by a mechanism by increasing the expression of phosphorylation of p38 and pro-apoptotic proteins, and activating caspase-3, caspase-8 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. These results suggest a ROS-dependent and caspase-3-mediated cell apoptosis in sheep bronchial epithelial cells in response to M. ovipneumoniae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Xue
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
| | - Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
| | - Zhongjia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
| | - Guangcun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Clinical and Pathogenic Microbiology, the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China.
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western, China; College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
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Nishiumi F, Ogawa M, Nakura Y, Hamada Y, Nakayama M, Mitobe J, Hiraide A, Sakai N, Takeuchi M, Yoshimori T, Yanagihara I. Intracellular fate of Ureaplasma parvum entrapped by host cellular autophagy. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28088841 PMCID: PMC5458467 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genital mycoplasmas, including Ureaplasma spp., are among the smallest human pathogenic bacteria and are associated with preterm birth. Electron microscopic observation of U. parvum showed that these prokaryotes have a regular, spherical shape with a mean diameter of 146 nm. U. parvum was internalized into HeLa cells by clathrin‐mediated endocytosis and survived for at least 14 days around the perinuclear region. Intracellular U. parvum reached endosomes in HeLa cells labeled with EEA1, Rab7, and LAMP‐1 within 1 to 3 hr. After 3 hr of infection, U. parvum induced the cytosolic accumulation of galectin‐3 and was subsequently entrapped by the autophagy marker LC3. However, when using atg7−/−MEF cells, autophagy was inadequate for the complete elimination of U. parvum in HeLa cells. U. parvum also colocalized with the recycling endosome marker Rab11. Furthermore, the exosomes purified from infected HeLa cell culture medium included U. parvum. In these purified exosomes ureaplasma lipoprotein multiple banded antigen, host cellular annexin A2, CD9, and CD63 were detected. This research has successfully shown that Ureaplasma spp. utilize the host cellular membrane compartments possibly to evade the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Nishiumi
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michinaga Ogawa
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakura
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jiro Mitobe
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hiraide
- Critical Care Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Health Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Itaru Yanagihara
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka, Japan
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33
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Chopra-Dewasthaly R, Korb M, Brunthaler R, Ertl R. Comprehensive RNA-Seq Profiling to Evaluate the Sheep Mammary Gland Transcriptome in Response to Experimental Mycoplasma agalactiae Infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170015. [PMID: 28081235 PMCID: PMC5231372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae is a worldwide serious pathogen of small ruminants that usually spreads through the mammary route causing acute to subacute mastitis progressing to chronic persistent disease that is hard to eradicate. Knowledge of mechanisms of its pathogenesis and persistence in the mammary gland are still insufficient, especially the host-pathogen interplay that enables it to reside in a chronic subclinical state. This study reports transcriptome profiling of mammary tissue from udders of sheep experimentally infected with M. agalactiae type strain PG2 in comparison with uninfected control animals using Illumina RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). Several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in the infected udders and RT-qPCR analyses of selected DEGs showed their expression profiles to be in agreement with results from RNA-Seq. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed majority of the DEGs to be associated with mycoplasma defense responses that are directly or indirectly involved in host innate and adaptive immune responses. Similar RNA-Seq analyses were also performed with spleen cells of the same sheep to know the specific systemic transcriptome responses. Spleen cells exhibited a comparatively lower number of DEGs suggesting a less prominent host response in this organ. To our knowledge this is the first study that describes host transcriptomics of M. agalactiae infection and the related immune-inflammatory responses. The data provides useful information to further dissect the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying mycoplasma mastitis, which is a prerequisite for designing effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1,Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Melanie Korb
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1,Vienna, Austria
| | - René Brunthaler
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Ertl
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1,Vienna, Austria
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Matyushkina D, Pobeguts O, Butenko I, Vanyushkina A, Anikanov N, Bukato O, Evsyutina D, Bogomazova A, Lagarkova M, Semashko T, Garanina I, Babenko V, Vakhitova M, Ladygina V, Fisunov G, Govorun V. Phase Transition of the Bacterium upon Invasion of a Host Cell as a Mechanism of Adaptation: a Mycoplasma gallisepticum Model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35959. [PMID: 27775027 PMCID: PMC5075909 DOI: 10.1038/srep35959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
What strategies do bacteria employ for adaptation to their hosts and are these strategies different for varied hosts? To date, many studies on the interaction of the bacterium and its host have been published. However, global changes in the bacterial cell in the process of invasion and persistence, remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated phase transition of the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum upon invasion of the various types of eukaryotic cells (human, chicken, and mouse) which was stable during several passages after isolation of intracellular clones and recultivation in a culture medium. It was shown that this phase transition is manifested in changes at the proteomic, genomic and metabolomic levels. Eukaryotic cells induced similar proteome reorganization of M. gallisepticum during infection, despite different origins of the host cell lines. Proteomic changes affected a broad range of processes including metabolism, translation and oxidative stress response. We determined that the activation of glycerol utilization, overproduction of hydrogen peroxide and the upregulation of the SpxA regulatory protein occurred during intracellular infection. We propose SpxA as an important regulator for the adaptation of M. gallisepticum to an intracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Matyushkina
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Olga Pobeguts
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Ivan Butenko
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Anna Vanyushkina
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Nicolay Anikanov
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Olga Bukato
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Daria Evsyutina
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia.,Department of Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Alexandra Bogomazova
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia.,Stem Cell Laboratory, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maria Lagarkova
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Tatiana Semashko
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Irina Garanina
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia.,Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vladislav Babenko
- Laboratory of Post-Genomic Research in Biology, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Maria Vakhitova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - Valentina Ladygina
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Gleb Fisunov
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Vadim Govorun
- Laboratory of Proteomic Analysis, Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia.,Laboratory of Proteomics, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
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Khan S, Zakariah M, Palaniappan S. Computational prediction of Mycoplasma hominis proteins targeting in nucleus of host cell and their implication in prostate cancer etiology. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10805-13. [PMID: 26874727 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has long been assumed to be a genetic disease. However, recent evidence supports the enigmatic connection of bacterial infection with the growth and development of various types of cancers. The cause and mechanism of the growth and development of prostate cancer due to Mycoplasma hominis remain unclear. Prostate cancer cells are infected and colonized by enteroinvasive M. hominis, which controls several factors that can affect prostate cancer growth in susceptible persons. We investigated M. hominis proteins targeting the nucleus of host cells and their implications in prostate cancer etiology. Many vital processes are controlled in the nucleus, where the proteins targeting M. hominis may have various potential implications. A total of 29/563 M. hominis proteins were predicted to target the nucleus of host cells. These include numerous proteins with the capability to alter normal growth activities. In conclusion, our results emphasize that various proteins of M. hominis targeted the nucleus of host cells and were involved in prostate cancer etiology through different mechanisms and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanavaj Khan
- Nanomedicine & Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Bioscience, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar, UP, India.
| | - Mohammed Zakariah
- Research Center, College of Computer and Information Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sellappan Palaniappan
- School of Science and Engineering, Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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36
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Goret J, Le Roy C, Touati A, Mesureur J, Renaudin H, Claverol S, Bébéar C, Béven L, Pereyre S. Surface lipoproteome of Mycoplasma hominis PG21 and differential expression after contact with human dendritic cells. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:179-94. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the lipoproteins that are involved in the interaction between Mycoplasma hominis and human dendritic cells. Materials & methods: The surface lipoproteome of M. hominis PG21 was characterized by using Triton X-114 extraction and LC–MS/MS identification. The transcriptional changes in lipoprotein genes upon contact with human dendritic cells were determined by using reverse transcription quantitative PCR after identification of reference genes suitable for normalization. Results: A large-scale overexpression of lipoprotein genes was observed with 21 upregulated transcripts. Seven genes of unknown function were M. hominis species specific and six genes were putatively associated with increased nutrient capture from the host cell and adhesion. Conclusion: M. hominis regulates lipoprotein gene expression and may use species-specific mechanisms during the host colonization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Goret
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Chloé Le Roy
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arabella Touati
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Hélène Renaudin
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Pôle Protéomique, Plateforme Génomique Fonctionnelle de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Bébéar
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laure Béven
- INRA, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sabine Pereyre
- Université de Bordeaux, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- INRA, USC EA 3671 Mycoplasmal & Chlamydial Infections in Humans, Bordeaux, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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37
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Morris G, Berk M, Walder K, Maes M. The Putative Role of Viruses, Bacteria, and Chronic Fungal Biotoxin Exposure in the Genesis of Intractable Fatigue Accompanied by Cognitive and Physical Disability. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2550-71. [PMID: 26081141 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients who present with severe intractable apparently idiopathic fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability present a significant therapeutic challenge. The effect of psychological counseling is limited, with significant but very slight improvements in psychometric measures of fatigue and disability but no improvement on scientific measures of physical impairment compared to controls. Similarly, exercise regimes either produce significant, but practically unimportant, benefit or provoke symptom exacerbation. Many such patients are afforded the exclusionary, non-specific diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome if rudimentary testing fails to discover the cause of their symptoms. More sophisticated investigations often reveal the presence of a range of pathogens capable of establishing life-long infections with sophisticated immune evasion strategies, including Parvoviruses, HHV6, variants of Epstein-Barr, Cytomegalovirus, Mycoplasma, and Borrelia burgdorferi. Other patients have a history of chronic fungal or other biotoxin exposure. Herein, we explain the epigenetic factors that may render such individuals susceptible to the chronic pathology induced by such agents, how such agents induce pathology, and, indeed, how such pathology can persist and even amplify even when infections have cleared or when biotoxin exposure has ceased. The presence of active, reactivated, or even latent Herpes virus could be a potential source of intractable fatigue accompanied by profound physical and or cognitive disability in some patients, and the same may be true of persistent Parvovirus B12 and mycoplasma infection. A history of chronic mold exposure is a feasible explanation for such symptoms, as is the presence of B. burgdorferi. The complex tropism, life cycles, genetic variability, and low titer of many of these pathogens makes their detection in blood a challenge. Examination of lymphoid tissue or CSF in such circumstances may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA15 2LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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38
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Olarerin-George AO, Hogenesch JB. Assessing the prevalence of mycoplasma contamination in cell culture via a survey of NCBI's RNA-seq archive. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2535-42. [PMID: 25712092 PMCID: PMC4357728 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are notorious contaminants of cell culture and can have profound effects on host cell biology by depriving cells of nutrients and inducing global changes in gene expression. Over the last two decades, sentinel testing has revealed wide-ranging contamination rates in mammalian culture. To obtain an unbiased assessment from hundreds of labs, we analyzed sequence data from 9395 rodent and primate samples from 884 series in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive. We found 11% of these series were contaminated (defined as ≥100 reads/million mapping to mycoplasma in one or more samples). Ninety percent of mycoplasma-mapped reads aligned to ribosomal RNA. This was unexpected given 37% of contaminated series used poly(A)-selection for mRNA enrichment. Lastly, we examined the relationship between mycoplasma contamination and host gene expression in a single cell RNA-seq dataset and found 61 host genes (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with mycoplasma-mapped read counts. In all, this study suggests mycoplasma contamination is still prevalent today and poses substantial risk to research quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony O Olarerin-George
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John B Hogenesch
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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39
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Chernov AV, Reyes L, Xu Z, Gonzalez B, Golovko G, Peterson S, Perucho M, Fofanov Y, Strongin AY. Mycoplasma CG- and GATC-specific DNA methyltransferases selectively and efficiently methylate the host genome and alter the epigenetic landscape in human cells. Epigenetics 2015; 10:303-18. [PMID: 25695131 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1020000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is frequently observed in disease, including many cancer types, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Because germline and somatic mutations in the genes that are responsible for DNA methylation are infrequent in malignancies, additional mechanisms must be considered. Mycoplasmas spp., including Mycoplasma hyorhinis, efficiently colonize human cells and may serve as a vehicle for delivery of enzymatically active microbial proteins into the intracellular milieu. Here, we performed, for the first time, genome-wide and individual gene mapping of methylation marks generated by the M. hyorhinis CG- and GATC-specific DNA cytosine methyltransferases (MTases) in human cells. Our results demonstrated that, upon expression in human cells, MTases readily translocated to the cell nucleus. In the nucleus, MTases selectively and efficiently methylated the host genome at the DNA sequence sites free from pre-existing endogenous methylation, including those in a variety of cancer-associated genes. We also established that mycoplasma is widespread in colorectal cancers, suggesting that either the infection contributed to malignancy onset or, alternatively, that tumors provide a favorable environment for mycoplasma growth. In the human genome, ∼ 11% of GATC sites overlap with CGs (e.g., CGAT(m)CG); therefore, the methylated status of these sites can be perpetuated by human DNMT1. Based on these results, we now suggest that the GATC-specific methylation represents a novel type of infection-specific epigenetic mark that originates in human cells with a previous exposure to infection. Overall, our findings unveil an entirely new panorama of interactions between the human microbiome and epigenome with a potential impact in disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Chernov
- a Infectious & Inflammatory Disease Center ; Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute ; La Jolla , CA USA
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40
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Tomczyk KM, Copeland S, Postey R, Ngeleka M. Mycoplasma hominis ssp. associated endocarditis with myocardial necrosis in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) in Manitoba in 2011. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2015; 56:141-3. [PMID: 25694661 PMCID: PMC4298263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe endocarditis with myonecrosis, moderate to severe pleural and pericardial effusions, and mild ascites were found on necropsy in 3 alpacas. Mycoplasma hominis ssp. was detected on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of fresh affected endocardial tissue in 1 alpaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof M. Tomczyk
- Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, 545 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5S6 (Tomczyk, Copeland, Postey); Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Ngeleka)
| | - Shelagh Copeland
- Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, 545 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5S6 (Tomczyk, Copeland, Postey); Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Ngeleka)
| | - Rosemary Postey
- Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, 545 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5S6 (Tomczyk, Copeland, Postey); Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Ngeleka)
| | - Musangu Ngeleka
- Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Veterinary Diagnostic Services, 545 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5S6 (Tomczyk, Copeland, Postey); Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc., Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Ngeleka)
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41
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Bai F, Ni B, Liu M, Feng Z, Xiong Q, Shao G. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins induce inflammation and apoptosis in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:58-67. [PMID: 25481242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of swine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a disease that causes considerable economic losss in swine industry. Lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) of mycoplasma play important roles in causing mycoplasma diseases. The present study explores the pathogenic mechanisms of M. hyopneumoniae LAMPs by elucidating their role in modulating the inflammation, apoptosis, and relevant signaling pathways of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of pig. LAMP treatment inhibited the growth of PBMCs. Up-regulation of cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-1β, as well as increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion were all detected in the supernatant of LAMPs-treated PBMCs. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis using dual staining with annexin-V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) showed that LAMPs of M. hyopneumoniae induced a time-dependent apoptosis in lymphocyts and monocytes from PBMCs, which was blocked by NOS inhibitor or antioxidant. In addition, LAMPs induced the phosphorylation of p38, the ratio of pro-apoptotic Bax protein to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage in PBMCs. These findings demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae LAMPs induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines, NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis of PBMCs in vitro through p38 MAPK and Bax/Bcl-2 signaling pathways, as well as caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Bai
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bo Ni
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Maojun Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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In vitro and in vivo cell invasion and systemic spreading of Mycoplasma agalactiae in the sheep infection model. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:1024-31. [PMID: 25129554 PMCID: PMC4282308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally regarded as extracellular pathogens, molecular mechanisms of mycoplasma persistence, chronicity and disease spread are largely unknown. Mycoplasma agalactiae, an economically important pathogen of small ruminants, causes chronic infections that are difficult to eradicate. Animals continue to shed the agent for several months and even years after the initial infection, in spite of long antibiotic treatment. However, little is known about the strategies that M. agalactiae employs to survive and spread within an immunocompetent host to cause chronic disease. Here, we demonstrate for the first time its ability to invade cultured human (HeLa) and ruminant (BEND and BLF) host cells. Presence of intracellular mycoplasmas is clearly substantiated using differential immunofluorescence technique and quantitative gentamicin invasion assays. Internalized M. agalactiae could survive and exit the cells in a viable state to repopulate the extracellular environment after complete removal of extracellular bacteria with gentamicin. Furthermore, an experimental sheep intramammary infection was carried out to evaluate its systemic spread to organs and host niches distant from the site of initial infection. Positive results obtained via PCR, culture and immunohistochemistry, especially the latter depicting the presence of M. agalactiae in the cytoplasm of mammary duct epithelium and macrophages, clearly provide the first formal proof of M. agalactiae's capability to translocate across the mammary epithelium and systemically disseminate to distant inner organs. Altogether, the findings of these in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that M. agalactiae is capable of entering host cells and this might be the strategy that it employs at a population level to ward off the host immune response and antibiotic action, and to disseminate to new and safer niches to later egress and once again proliferate upon the return of favorable conditions to cause persistent chronic infections.
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Chernov VM, Chernova OA, Sanchez-Vega JT, Kolpakov AI, Ilinskaya ON. Mycoplasma Contamination of Cell Cultures: Vesicular Traffic in Bacteria and Control over Infectious Agents. Acta Naturae 2014; 6:41-51. [PMID: 25349713 PMCID: PMC4207559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cultures are subject to contamination either with cells of other cultures or with microorganisms, including fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures is of particular importance. Since cell cultures are used for the production of vaccines and physiologically active compounds, designing a system for controlling contaminants becomes topical for fundamental science and biotechnological production. The discovery of extracellular membrane vesicles in mycoplasmas makes it necessary to take into consideration the bacterial vesicular traffic in systems designed for controlling infectious agents. The extracellular vesicles of bacteria mediate the traffic of proteins and genes, participate in cell-to-cell interactions, as well as in the pathogenesis and development of resistance to antibiotics. The present review discusses the features of mycoplasmas, their extracellular vesicles, and the interaction between contaminants and eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, it provides an analysis of the problems associated with modern methods of diagnosis and eradication of mycoplasma contamination from cell cultures and prospects for their solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Chernov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevskogo Str., 2/3, 1420111, Kazan, Russia
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str., 18, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | - O. A. Chernova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevskogo Str., 2/3, 1420111, Kazan, Russia
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str., 18, 420008, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - A. I. Kolpakov
- Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kremlyovskaya Str., 18, 420008, Kazan, Russia
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Siqueira FM, Thompson CE, Virginio VG, Gonchoroski T, Reolon L, Almeida LG, da Fonsêca MM, de Souza R, Prosdocimi F, Schrank IS, Ferreira HB, de Vasconcelos ATR, Zaha A. New insights on the biology of swine respiratory tract mycoplasmas from a comparative genome analysis. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:175. [PMID: 23497205 PMCID: PMC3610235 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma flocculare and Mycoplasma hyorhinis live in swine respiratory tracts. M. flocculare, a commensal bacterium, is genetically closely related to M. hyopneumoniae, the causative agent of enzootic porcine pneumonia. M. hyorhinis is also pathogenic, causing polyserositis and arthritis. In this work, we present the genome sequences of M. flocculare and M. hyopneumoniae strain 7422, and we compare these genomes with the genomes of other M. hyoponeumoniae strain and to the a M. hyorhinis genome. These analyses were performed to identify possible characteristics that may help to explain the different behaviors of these species in swine respiratory tracts. RESULTS The overall genome organization of three species was analyzed, revealing that the ORF clusters (OCs) differ considerably and that inversions and rearrangements are common. Although M. flocculare and M. hyopneumoniae display a high degree of similarity with respect to the gene content, only some genomic regions display considerable synteny. Genes encoding proteins that may be involved in host-cell adhesion in M. hyopneumoniae and M. flocculare display differences in genomic structure and organization. Some genes encoding adhesins of the P97 family are absent in M. flocculare and some contain sequence differences or lack of domains that are considered to be important for adhesion to host cells. The phylogenetic relationship of the three species was confirmed by a phylogenomic approach. The set of genes involved in metabolism, especially in the uptake of precursors for nucleic acids synthesis and nucleotide metabolism, display some differences in copy number and the presence/absence in the three species. CONCLUSIONS The comparative analyses of three mycoplasma species that inhabit the swine respiratory tract facilitated the identification of some characteristics that may be related to their different behaviors. M. hyopneumoniae and M. flocculare display many differences that may help to explain why one species is pathogenic and the other is considered to be commensal. However, it was not possible to identify specific virulence determinant factors that could explain the differences in the pathogenicity of the analyzed species. The M. hyorhinis genome contains differences in some components involved in metabolism and evasion of the host's immune system that may contribute to its growth aggressiveness. Several horizontal gene transfer events were identified. The phylogenomic analysis places M. hyopneumoniae, M. flocculare and M. hyorhinis in the hyopneumoniae clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claudia Elizabeth Thompson
- Laboratório de Bioinformática. Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica. Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veridiana Gomes Virginio
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Centro de Biotecnologia UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Taylor Gonchoroski
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciano Reolon
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Centro de Biotecnologia UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga Almeida
- Laboratório de Bioinformática. Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica. Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marbella Maria da Fonsêca
- Laboratório de Bioinformática. Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica. Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rangel de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioinformática. Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica. Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco Prosdocimi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica. Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Irene Silveira Schrank
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Centro de Biotecnologia UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Centro de Biotecnologia UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular. Centro de Biotecnologia UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas - Bioquímica. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências. UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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