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Sırrı Akosman M, Türkmen R, Demirel HH. The protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against MK-801-induced neurodegeneration in mice. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10287-10299. [PMID: 37971568 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological disorders result in not only a decline in the quality of life of patients but also a global economic burden. Therefore, protective medicine becomes more important for society. MK-801 is a chemical agent used to understand the etiology of behavioral disorders and brain degeneration in animal models. This study aims to determine whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is useful to treat brain degeneration caused by MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist. METHODS AND RESULTS Four groups were formed by dividing 24 male BALB/c mice into groups of six. The control group was given a saline solution (10 ml/kg-i.p.). MK-801 (1 mg/kg-i.p.) was given alone to one group, and it was given with NAC (100 mg/kg-i.p.) to another group, while the last group was given only NAC (100 mg/kg-i.p.). The administration of drugs lasted for fourteen days. After the behavioral tests (open field and elevated plus-maze), all animals were euthanised, and brain tissues were collected for real-time PCR, TAS-TOS analysis, hematoxylin-eosin, Kluver-Barrera, and TUNEL staining. In the MK-801 group, besides nuclear shrinkage in neurons, glial cell infiltration, vacuolization in cortical neurons, white matter damage, and apoptosis were observed. CONCLUSION In the mice given NAC as a protective agent, it was observed that behavioral problems improved, antioxidant levels increased, and nuclear shrinkage, glial cell infiltration, vacuolization in neurons, and white matter degeneration were prevented. Moreover, MBP expression increased, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells significantly decreased. As a result, it was observed that NAC may have a protective effect against brain degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Sırrı Akosman
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, 03200, Turkey.
| | - Ruhi Türkmen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, 03200, Turkey
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2
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Sarcosine (glycine transporter inhibitor) attenuates behavioural and biochemical changes induced by ketamine, in the rat model of schizophrenia. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:451-467. [PMID: 36577922 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurological disorder that alters the behavior and affects the quality of life of a patient. It is characterized by hallucinations, disorganized behavior, cognitive dysfunction, hyperlocomotion, and loss of the reward system. Schizophrenia constitutes three symptoms' domains, viz. positive, negative and cognitive. Typical and atypical antipsychotics do not fully resolve all the symptoms' domains thus paving the way to the genesis of the glutamatergic hypothesis, i.e. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Positive modulation of NMDA receptors by enhancing co-agonist, glycine effect is proposed to produce a therapeutic effect in schizophrenia. Hence, sarcosine (N-methyl glycine), natural amino acid, and a glycine transporter inhibitor (GlyT-1) which also acts on NMDA receptors were used in the present study. The present study unravels the role of sarcosine in the attenuation of ketamine-induced three symptom domains in a rat model through modulation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammatory pathways. The animal model of schizophrenia was established by injecting ketamine intraperitoneal (ip) at a 30 mg/kg dose for 10 consecutive days, after which sarcosine (300, 600 mg/kg, ip) as a treatment was given for 7 days followed by behavioral, biochemical, molecular, and histopathological analysis. It was revealed that sarcosine reversed ketamine-induced behavioral impairments. Moreover, sarcosine ameliorated oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation and showed protective effects in histopathological examination by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Hence, conclusively, sarcosine was regarded to attenuate the behavioural symptoms of schizophrenia by alleviating oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction established by the ketamine.
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3
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Malik JA, Yaseen Z, Thotapalli L, Ahmed S, Shaikh MF, Anwar S. Understanding translational research in schizophrenia: A novel insight into animal models. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3767-3785. [PMID: 36692676 PMCID: PMC10042983 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia affects millions of people worldwide and is a major challenge for the scientific community. Like most psychotic diseases, it is also considered a complicated mental disorder caused by an imbalance in neurotransmitters. Due to the complexity of neuropathology, it is always a complicated disorder. The lack of proper understanding of the pathophysiology makes the disorder unmanageable in clinical settings. However, due to recent advances in animal models, we hope we can have better therapeutic approaches with more success in clinical settings. Dopamine, glutamate, GABA, and serotonin are the neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Various animal models have been put forward based on these neurotransmitters, including pharmacological, neurodevelopmental, and genetic models. Polymorphism of genes such as dysbindin, DICS1, and NRG1 has also been reported in schizophrenia. Hypothesis based on dopamine, glutamate, and serotonin are considered successful models of schizophrenia on which drug therapies have been designed to date. New targets like the orexin system, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, and cannabinoid receptors have been approached to alleviate the negative and cognitive symptoms. The non-pharmacological models like the post-weaning social isolation model (maternal deprivation), the isolation rearing model etc. have been also developed to mimic the symptoms of schizophrenia and to create and test new approaches of drug therapy which is a breakthrough at present in psychiatric disorders. Different behavioral tests have been evaluated in these specific models. This review will highlight the currently available animal models and behavioral tests in psychic disorders concerning schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
| | - Zahid Yaseen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Delhi, India
| | - Lahari Thotapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JNTU University, Anantapur, India
| | - Sakeel Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia. .,School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, 2800, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, 81422, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Białoń M, Wąsik A. Advantages and Limitations of Animal Schizophrenia Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115968. [PMID: 35682647 PMCID: PMC9181262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental illness modeling is still a major challenge for scientists. Animal models of schizophrenia are essential to gain a better understanding of the disease etiopathology and mechanism of action of currently used antipsychotic drugs and help in the search for new and more effective therapies. We can distinguish among pharmacological, genetic, and neurodevelopmental models offering various neuroanatomical disorders and a different spectrum of symptoms of schizophrenia. Modeling schizophrenia is based on inducing damage or changes in the activity of relevant regions in the rodent brain (mainly the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus). Such artificially induced dysfunctions approximately correspond to the lesions found in patients with schizophrenia. However, notably, animal models of mental illness have numerous limitations and never fully reflect the disease state observed in humans.
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5
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Beeraka NM, Avila-Rodriguez MF, Aliev G. Recent Reports on Redox Stress-Induced Mitochondrial DNA Variations, Neuroglial Interactions, and NMDA Receptor System in Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2472-2496. [PMID: 35083660 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic psychiatric disorder affecting several people worldwide. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations could invoke changes in the OXPHOS system, calcium buffering, and ROS production, which have significant implications for glial cell survival during SZ. Oxidative stress has been implicated in glial cells-mediated pathogenesis of SZ; the brain comparatively more prone to oxidative damage through NMDAR. A confluence of scientific evidence points to mtDNA alterations, Nrf2 signaling, dynamic alterations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and provocation of oxidative stress that enhance pathophysiology of SZ. Furthermore, the alterations in excitatory signaling related to NMDAR signaling were particularly reported for SZ pathophysiology. Current review reported the recent evidence for the role of mtDNA variations and oxidative stress in relation to pathophysiology of SZ, NMDAR hypofunction, and glutathione deficiency. NMDAR system is influenced by redox dysregulation in oxidative stress, inflammation, and antioxidant mediators. Several studies have demonstrated the relationship of these variables on severity of pathophysiology in SZ. An extensive literature search was conducted using Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL PLUS, BIOSIS Preview, Google scholar, and Cochrane databases. We summarize consistent evidence pointing out a plausible model that may elucidate the crosstalk between mtDNA alterations in glial cells and redox dysregulation during oxidative stress and the perturbation of NMDA neurotransmitter system during current therapeutic modalities for the SZ treatment. This review can be beneficial for the development of promising novel diagnostics, and therapeutic modalities by ascertaining the mtDNA variations, redox state, and efficacy of pharmacological agents to mitigate redox dysregulation and augment NMDAR function to treat cognitive and behavioral symptoms in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M Beeraka
- Department of Human Anatomy, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Marco F Avila-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Barrio Santa Helena, University of Tolima, 730006, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Department of Human Anatomy, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia.,Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russia.,GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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6
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Zhu W, Ding Z, Zhang Z, Wu X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Li S, Zhou L, Tian G, Qin J. Enhancement of Oxytocin in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Reverses Behavioral Deficits Induced by Repeated Ketamine Administration in Mice. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:723064. [PMID: 34566567 PMCID: PMC8462509 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.723064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a popular recreational substance of abuse that induces persistent behavioral deficits. Although disrupted oxytocinergic systems have been considered to modulate vulnerability to developing drugs of abuse, the involvement of central oxytocin in behavioral abnormalities caused by chronic ketamine has remained largely unknown. Herein, we aimed to investigate the potential role of oxytocin in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in social avoidance and cognitive impairment resulting from repeated ketamine administration in mice. We found that ketamine injection (5 mg/kg, i.p.) for 10 days followed by a 6-day withdrawal period induced behavioral disturbances in social interaction and cognitive performance, as well as reduced oxytocin levels both at the periphery and in the mPFC. Repeated ketamine exposure also inhibited mPFC neuronal activity as measured by a decrease in c-fos-positive cells. Furthermore, direct microinjection of oxytocin into the mPFC reversed the social avoidance and cognitive impairment following chronic ketamine exposure. In addition, oxytocin administration normalized ketamine-induced inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels. Moreover, the activation of immune markers such as neutrophils and monocytes, by ketamine was restored in oxytocin-treated mice. Finally, the reversal effects of oxytocin on behavioral performance were blocked by pre-infusion of the oxytocin receptor antagonist atosiban into the mPFC. These results demonstrate that enhancing oxytocin signaling in the mPFC is a potential pathway to reverse social avoidance and cognitive impairment caused by ketamine, partly through inhibition of inflammatory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Zhu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University & Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengbo Ding
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University & Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University & Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Precision Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Precision Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Suxia Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University & Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Precision Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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7
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Cyclooxygenase Inhibition Safety and Efficacy in Inflammation-Based Psychiatric Disorders. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225388. [PMID: 33217958 PMCID: PMC7698629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, the major psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders include major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder. The potential role of inflammation in the onset and progression of these disorders is increasingly being studied. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), well-known cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, combined with first-choice specific drugs have been long investigated. The adjunctive administration of COX inhibitors to classic clinical treatments seems to improve the prognosis of people who suffer from psychiatric disorders. In this review, a broad overview of the use of COX inhibitors in the treatment of inflammation-based psychiatric disorders is provided. For this purpose, a critical analysis of the use of COX inhibitors in the last ten years of clinical trials of the major psychiatric disorders was carried out.
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8
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Meurer YDSR, Brito RMDM, da Silva VP, Andade JMDA, Linhares SSG, Pereira Junior A, de Andrade-Neto VF, de Sá AL, Oliveira CBSD. Toxoplasma gondii infection damages the perineuronal nets in a murine model. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200007. [PMID: 32935749 PMCID: PMC7491278 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral and neurochemical alterations associated with toxoplasmosis may be influenced by the persistence of tissue cysts and activation of an immune response in the brain of Toxoplasma gondii-infected hosts. The cerebral extracellular matrix is organised as perineuronal nets (PNNs) that are both released and ensheath by some neurons and glial cells. There is evidences to suggest that PNNs impairment is a pathophysiological mechanism associated with neuropsychiatric conditions. However, there is a lack of information regarding the impact of parasitic infections on the PNNs integrity and how this could affect the host’s behavior. OBJECTIVES In this context, we aimed to analyse the impact of T. gondii infection on cyst burden, PNNs integrity, and possible effects in the locomotor activity of chronically infected mice. METHODS We infected mice with T. gondii ME-49 strain. After thirty days, we assessed locomotor performance of animals using the open field test, followed by evaluation of cysts burden and PNNs integrity in four brain regions (primary and secondary motor cortices, prefrontal and somesthetic cortex) to assess the PNNs integrity using Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) labeling by immunohistochemical analyses. FINDINGS AND MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed a random distribution of cysts in the brain, the disruption of PNNs surrounding neurons in four areas of the cerebral cortex and hyperlocomotor behavior in T. gondii-infected mice. These results can contribute to elucidate the link toxoplasmosis with the establishment of neuroinflammatory response in neuropsychiatric disorders and to raise a discussion about the mechanisms related to changes in brain connectivity, with possible behavioral repercussions during chronic T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ywlliane da Silva Rodrigues Meurer
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência Cognitiva e Comportamento, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicobiologia, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Ramayana Morais de Medeiros Brito
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Biologia da Málaria e Toxoplasmose - LABMAT, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Valeria Palheta da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicobiologia, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Joelma Maria de Araujo Andade
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Biologia da Málaria e Toxoplasmose - LABMAT, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | | | - Antonio Pereira Junior
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências da Sáude, Laboratório de Neuroplasticidade, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Valter Ferreira de Andrade-Neto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Biologia da Málaria e Toxoplasmose - LABMAT, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Andrea Lima de Sá
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Biologia da Málaria e Toxoplasmose - LABMAT, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Claudio Bruno Silva de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Biologia da Málaria e Toxoplasmose - LABMAT, Natal, RN, Brasil
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Hsu MC, Huang YS, Ouyang WC. Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia: possible mechanisms. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:159. [PMID: 32620164 PMCID: PMC7333328 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a serious long-term psychotic disorder marked by positive and negative symptoms, severe behavioral problems and cognitive function deficits. The cause of this disorder is not completely clear, but is suggested to be multifactorial, involving both inherited and environmental factors. Since human brain regulates all behaviour, studies have focused on identifying changes in neurobiology and biochemistry of brain in schizophrenia. Brain is the most lipid rich organ (approximately 50% of brain dry weight). Total brain lipids is constituted of more than 60% of phospholipids, in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the most abundant (more than 40%) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in brain membrane phospholipids. Results from numerous studies have shown significant decreases of PUFAs, in particular, DHA in peripheral blood (plasma and erythrocyte membranes) as well as brain of schizophrenia patients at different developmental phases of the disorder. PUFA deficiency has been associated to psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. These findings have led to a number of clinical trials examining whether dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could improve the course of illness in patients with schizophrenia. Results are inconsistent. Some report beneficial whereas others show not effective. The discrepancy can be attributed to the heterogeneity of patient population. METHODS In this review, results from recent experimental and clinical studies, which focus on illustrating the role of PUFAs in the development of schizophrenia were examined. The rationale why omega-3 supplementation was beneficial on symptoms (presented by subscales of the positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS), and cognitive functions in certain patients but not others was reviewed. The potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects were discussed. RESULTS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduced the conversion rate to psychosis and improved both positive and negative symptoms and global functions in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could also improve negative symptoms and global functions in the first-episode patients with schizophrenia, but improve mainly total or general PANSS subscales in chronic patients. Patients with low PUFA (particularly DHA) baseline in blood were more responsive to the omega-3 fatty acid intervention. CONCLUSION Omega-3 supplementation is more effective in reducing psychotic symptom severity in young adults or adolescents in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia who have low omega-3 baseline. Omega-3 supplementation was more effective in patients with low PUFA baseline. It suggests that patients with predefined lipid levels might benefit from lipid treatments, but more controlled clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sheng Huang
- College of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Ouyang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No.539, Yuzhong Rd., Rende Dist., Tainan City, 71742 Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, No.452, Huanqiu Rd. Luzhu Dist, Kaohsiung, 82144 Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
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Koo B, Bae HJ, Goo N, Kim J, Kim J, Cai M, Jung IH, Cho K, Jung SY, Chang SW, Jang DS, Ryu JH. A botanical drug composed of three herbal materials attenuates the sensorimotor gating deficit and cognitive impairment induced by MK-801 in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 72:149-160. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
A botanical drug derived from the ethanolic extract composed of Clematis chinensis Osbeck (Ranunculaceae), Trichosanthes kirilowii Maximowicz (Cucurbitaceae) and Prunella vulgaris Linné (Lamiaceae) has been used to ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis as an ethical drug in Korea. In our study, we investigated the effect of this herbal complex extract (HCE) on schizophrenia-like behaviours induced by MK-801.
Methods
HCE (30, 100 or 300 mg/kg, p.o) was orally administered to male ICR mice to a schizophrenia-like animal model induced by MK-801. We conducted an acoustic startle response task, an open-field task, a novel object recognition task and a social novelty preference task.
Key findings
We found that a single administration of HCE (100 or 300 mg/kg) ameliorated MK-801-induced abnormal behaviours including sensorimotor gating deficits and social or object recognition memory deficits. In addition, MK-801-induced increases in phosphorylated Akt and GSK-3β expression levels in the prefrontal cortex were reversed by HCE (30, 100 or 300 mg/kg).
Conclusions
These results imply that HCE ameliorates MK-801-induced dysfunctions in prepulse inhibition, social interactions and cognitive function, partly by regulating the Akt and GSK-3β signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Koo
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Jung Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nayeon Goo
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaehoon Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mudan Cai
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Ho Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungnam Cho
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Yun Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Woo Chang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Konte B, Leicht G, Giegling I, Pogarell O, Karch S, Hartmann AM, Friedl M, Hegerl U, Rujescu D, Mulert C. A genome-wide association study of early gamma-band response in a schizophrenia case-control sample. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:602-609. [PMID: 28922980 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1366054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Disturbances in the gamma-frequency band of electroencephalography (EEG) measures are among the most consistently observed intermediate phenotypes in schizophrenia. We assessed whether genetic variations are associated with gamma-band activity. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association analysis of the early auditory evoked gamma-band response in schizophrenia affected subjects and healthy control individuals (in total N = 315). RESULTS No marker surpassed the threshold for genome-wide significant association. Several of the markers that were closest to significance mapped to genes involved in neuronal development and the Neuregulin-ErbB signalling network, such as NRG2 and KALRN. Using a gene-set enrichment analysis, we found suggestive evidence for association with genes involved in EEG abnormality (P = .048). CONCLUSIONS We identified no marker genome-wide significantly associating with gamma response; independent replication of the gene-set analysis result and larger sample sizes will be required to provide leads to cellular pathways involved in gamma-band activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Konte
- a Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Gregor Leicht
- b Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, Imaging Center NeuroImage Nord and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Ina Giegling
- a Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Oliver Pogarell
- c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany
| | - Susanne Karch
- c Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University , Munich , Germany
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- a Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Marion Friedl
- a Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- d Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- a Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle , Germany
| | - Christoph Mulert
- b Psychiatry Neuroimaging Branch, Imaging Center NeuroImage Nord and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany
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Loureiro CM, Shuhama R, Fachim HA, Menezes PR, Del-Ben CM, Louzada-Junior P. Low plasma concentrations of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits as a possible biomarker for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2018; 202:55-63. [PMID: 29935886 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) has been largely implicated in the neurobiology of schizophrenia and other psychosis. Aiming to evaluate their potential as peripheral biomarkers for psychosis, we quantified the plasma concentrations of NR1 and NR2 NMDAR subunits of first-episode psychosis patients in their first contact with mental health services due to psychotic symptoms, compared with siblings and matched community-based controls. METHODS The quantifications of NR1 and NR2 plasma concentrations were performed by ELISA. Data were analysed by nonparametric tests and Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis. RESULTS We included 166 first-episode psychosis patients (mean age = 30.3 ± 12.2 years; 64% men), with the diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum (n = 84), bipolar disorder (n = 51) and psychotic depression (n = 31), 76 siblings (mean age = 31.5 ± 11.0 years; 30.3% men) and 166 healthy community-based controls (mean age = 31.4 ± 12.0 years; 63.9% men). NMDAR subunits were significantly lower in patients compared with siblings and controls (p < 0.001), except by NR1 plasma concentrations of bipolar patients compared with siblings and controls. NR1 plasma concentrations lower than 17.65 pg/ml (AUC = 0.621) showed sensitivity of 42.8%, specificity of 84.3%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 73.2% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 59.6%. Individuals with NR2 plasma concentrations lower than 2.92 ng/ml (AUC = 0.801) presented a 10.61-fold increased risk of psychosis, with a sensibility of 71.9%, specificity of 80.6%, PPV of 79.0% and NPV of 73.9%. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting the measurement and the reduction of NR1 and NR2 NMDAR subunits plasma concentrations in psychiatric disorders. In particular, the NR2 subunit may be a possible plasma biomarker for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Loureiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - R Shuhama
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H A Fachim
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and Behaviour- INeC, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P R Menezes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C M Del-Ben
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Louzada-Junior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Langbein K, Hesse J, Gussew A, Milleit B, Lavoie S, Amminger GP, Gaser C, Wagner G, Reichenbach JR, Hipler UC, Winter D, Smesny S. Disturbed glutathione antioxidative defense is associated with structural brain changes in neuroleptic-naïve first-episode psychosis patients. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:103-110. [PMID: 29111383 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defense are reported in schizophrenia and are thought to be associated with disturbed neurodevelopment, brain structural alterations, glutamatergic imbalance, negative symptomatology, and cognitive impairment. To test some of these assumptions we investigated the glutathione (GSH) antioxidant defense system (AODS) and brain structural abnormalities in drug-naïve individuals with first acute episode of psychosis (FEP). METHOD The study involved 27 drug-naïve FEP patients and 31 healthy controls (HC). GSH AODS markers and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) were measured in blood plasma and erythrocytes. High-resolution T1-weighted 3T MRI were acquired from all subjects. To investigate brain structural abnormalities and effects of illness on interactions between GSH metabolites or enzyme activities and local grey matter density, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) with the computational anatomy toolbox (CAT12) was used. Symptomatology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Symptom Checklist 1990 revised (SCL-90-R). RESULTS (i) In FEP patients, glutathione reductase activity (GSR) was lower than in the HC group. GSR activity in plasma was inversely correlated with SCL-90-R scores of depression and PANSS scores of the negative symptom subscale. (ii) A reduction of GM was observed in left inferior frontal, bilateral temporal, as well as parietal cortices of FEP patients. (iii) Interaction analyses revealed an influence of illness on GSR/GM associations in the left orbitofrontal cortex (BA 47). CONCLUSION Our findings support the notion of altered GSH antioxidative defense in untreated acute psychosis as a potential pathomechanism for localized brain structural abnormalities. This pathology relates to a key brain region of social cognition, affective motivation control and decision making, and is clinically accompanied by depressive and negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Langbein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - J Hesse
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - A Gussew
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - B Milleit
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - S Lavoie
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - G P Amminger
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - C Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - G Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - J R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - U-C Hipler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - D Winter
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - S Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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McGregor C, Riordan A, Thornton J. Estrogens and the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia: Possible neuroprotective mechanisms. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 47:19-33. [PMID: 28673758 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric illness with marked sex differences. Women have later onset and lesser symptoms, which has led to the hypothesis that estrogens are protective in schizophrenia. Cognitive dysfunction is a hallmark of the disease and the symptom most correlated with functional outcome. Here we describe a number of mechanisms by which estrogens may be therapeutic in schizophrenia, with a focus on cognitive symptoms. We review the relationship between estrogens and brain derived neurotrophic factor, neuroinflammation, NMDA receptors, GABA receptors, and luteinizing hormone. Exploring these pathways may enable novel treatments for schizophrenia and a greater understanding of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire McGregor
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland St, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA.
| | - Alexander Riordan
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland St, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Janice Thornton
- Department of Neuroscience, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland St, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
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Dzyubenko E, Rozenberg A, Hermann DM, Faissner A. Colocalization of synapse marker proteins evaluated by STED-microscopy reveals patterns of neuronal synapse distribution in vitro. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 273:149-159. [PMID: 27615741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of synapses and their morphological analysis are extensively used in network development and connectivity studies, drug screening and other areas of neuroscience. Thus, a number of quantitative approaches were introduced so far. However, most of the available methods are highly tailored to specific applications and have limitations for widespread use. NEW METHOD We present a new plugin for the open-source software ImageJ to provide a modifiable, high-throughput and easy to use method for synaptic puncta analysis. Our approach is based on colocalization of pre- and postsynaptic protein markers. Structurally completed glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses were identified by VGLUT1-PSD95 and VGAT-gephyrin colocalization, respectively. By combining conventional confocal microscopy with stimulated emission depletion (STED) imaging, we propose a method to quantify the number of scaffolding protein clusters, recruited to a single postsynaptic density. RESULTS In a proof-of-concept study, we reveal the differential distribution of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse density with reference to perineuronal net (PNN) expression. Using super-resolution STED imaging, we demonstrate that postsynaptic puncta of completed synapses are composed of significantly more protein clusters, compared to uncompleted synapses. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our Synapse Counter plugin for ImageJ offers a rapid and unbiased research tool for a broad spectrum of neuroscientists. The proposed method of synaptic protein clusters quantification exploits super-resolution imaging to provide a comprehensive approach to the analysis of postsynaptic density composition. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly substantiate the benefits of colocalization-based synapse detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Dzyubenko
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany; International School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrey Rozenberg
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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Müller N, Weidinger E, Leitner B, Schwarz MJ. The role of inflammation in schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:372. [PMID: 26539073 PMCID: PMC4612505 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of pro-inflammatory substances such as cytokines have been described in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients. Animal models of schizophrenia show that under certain conditions an immune disturbance during early life, such as an infection-triggered immune activation, might trigger lifelong increased immune reactivity. A large epidemiological study clearly demonstrated that severe infections and autoimmune disorders are risk factors for schizophrenia. Genetic studies have shown a strong signal for schizophrenia on chromosome 6p22.1, in a region related to the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system and other immune functions. Another line of evidence demonstrates that chronic (dis)stress is associated with immune activation. The vulnerability-stress-inflammation model of schizophrenia includes the contribution of stress on the basis of increased genetic vulnerability for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, because stress may increase pro-inflammatory cytokines and even contribute to a lasting pro-inflammatory state. Immune alterations influence the dopaminergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic, and glutamatergic neurotransmission. The activated immune system in turn activates the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) of the tryptophan/kynurenine metabolism which influences the serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission via neuroactive metabolites such as kynurenic acid. The described loss of central nervous system volume and the activation of microglia, both of which have been clearly demonstrated in neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia patients, match the assumption of a (low level) inflammatory neurotoxic process. Further support for the inflammatory hypothesis comes from the therapeutic benefit of anti-inflammatory medication. Metaanalyses have shown an advantageous effect of cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors in early stages of schizophrenia. Moreover, intrinsic anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects of antipsychotic drugs are known since a long time. Anti-inflammatory effects of antipsychotics, therapeutic effects of anti-inflammtory compounds, genetic, biochemical, and immunological findings point to a major role of inflammation in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Elif Weidinger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Bianka Leitner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Markus J Schwarz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
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17
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Smesny S, Milleit B, Schaefer MR, Hipler UC, Milleit C, Wiegand C, Hesse J, Klier CM, Holub M, Holzer I, Berk M, McGorry PD, Sauer H, Amminger GP. Effects of omega-3 PUFA on the vitamin E and glutathione antioxidant defense system in individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 101:15-21. [PMID: 26260538 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defenses are reported in schizophrenia and are associated with disturbed neurodevelopment, brain structural alterations, glutamatergic imbalance, increased negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment. There is evidence that oxidative stress predates the onset of acute psychotic illness. Here, we investigate the effects of omega-3 PUFA on the vitamin E and glutathione antioxidant defense system (AODS). METHOD In 64 help-seeking UHR-individuals (13-25 years of age), vitamin E levels and glutathione were investigated before and after 12 weeks of treatment with either 1.2g/d omega-3 (PUFA-E) or saturated fatty acids (SFA-E), with each condition also containing 30.4mg/d alpha-tocopherol to ensure absorption without additional oxidative risk. RESULTS In multivariate tests, the effects on the AODS (alpha-tocopherol, total glutathione) were not significantly different (p=0.13, p=0.11, respectively) between treatment conditions. According to univariate findings, only PUFA-E caused a significant alpha-tocopherol increase, while PUFA-E and SFA-E caused a significant gamma- and delta-tocopherol decrease. Total glutathione (GSHt) was decreased by PUFA-E supplementation. CONCLUSION Effects of the PUFA-E condition on the vitamin E and glutathione AODS could be mechanisms underlying its clinical effectiveness. In terms of the vitamin E protection system, PUFA-E seems to directly support the antioxidative defense at membrane level. The effect of PUFA-E on GSHt is not yet fully understood, but could reflect antioxidative effects, resulting in decreased demand for glutathione. It is still necessary to further clarify which type of PUFA/antioxidant combination, and in which dose, is effective at each stage of psychotic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Berko Milleit
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Thueringen-Kliniken GmbH, Rainweg 68, 07318 Saalfeld/Saale, Germany
| | - Miriam R Schaefer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, 35 Poplar Road Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Uta-Christina Hipler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Milleit
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Hesse
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia M Klier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Holub
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Holzer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Berk
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, 35 Poplar Road Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia; IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University of Melbourne, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick D McGorry
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, 35 Poplar Road Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - G Paul Amminger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, 35 Poplar Road Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia
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Schifano F, Orsolini L, Duccio Papanti G, Corkery JM. Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2015; 14:15-26. [PMID: 25655145 PMCID: PMC4329884 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances include synthetic cannabinoids, cathinone derivatives, psychedelic phenethylamines, novel stimulants, synthetic opioids, tryptamine derivatives, phencyclidine-like dissociatives, piperazines, GABA-A/B receptor agonists, a range of prescribed medications, psychoactive plants/herbs, and a large series of performance and image enhancing drugs. Users are typically attracted by these substances due to their intense psychoactive effects and likely lack of detection in routine drug screenings. This paper aims at providing psychiatrists with updated knowledge of the clinical pharmacology and psychopathological consequences of the use of these substances. Indeed, these drugs act on a range of neurotransmitter pathways/receptors whose imbalance has been associated with psychopathological conditions, including dopamine, cannabinoid CB1, GABA-A/B, 5-HT2A, glutamate, and k opioid receptors. An overall approach in terms of clinical management is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Schifano
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, UK
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19
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Abstract
This review aims to demonstrate how an understanding of the brain mechanisms involved in memory provides a basis for; (i) reconceptualizing some mental disorders; (ii) refining existing therapeutic tools; and (iii) designing new ones for targeting processes that maintain these disorders. First, some of the stages which a memory undergoes are defined, and the clinical relevance of an understanding of memory processing by the brain is discussed. This is followed by a brief review of some of the clinical studies that have targeted memory processes. Finally, some new insights provided by the field of neuroscience with implications for conceptualizing mental disorders are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Nader
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Oliver Hardt
- Chancellor's Fellow, Centre for Cognitive & Neural Systems, The University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ruth Lanius
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Spellmann I, Rujescu D, Musil R, Meyerwas S, Giegling I, Genius J, Zill P, Dehning S, Cerovecki A, Seemüller F, Schennach R, Hartmann AM, Schäfer M, Müller N, Möller HJ, Riedel M. Pleckstrin homology domain containing 6 protein (PLEKHA6) polymorphisms are associated with psychopathology and response to treatment in schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 51:190-5. [PMID: 24576533 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pleckstrin homology domain (PH domain) comprises approximately 120 amino acids and is integrated in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton. This domain can bind phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-biphosphate and proteins such as the βγ-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins and protein kinase C. Associations with psychiatric diseases have not been investigated yet. To identify genes involved in response to antipsychotics, mice were treated with haloperidol (1mg/kg, n = 11) or saline (n = 12) for one week. By analyzing microarray data, we observed an increase of pleckstrin homology domain containing 6 (PLEKHA6) gene expression. Furthermore, we genotyped 263 schizophrenic patients, who were treated monotherapeutically with different antipsychotics within randomized-controlled trials. Psychopathology was measured weekly using the PANSS for a minimum of four and a maximum of twelve weeks. Correlations between PANSS subscale scores at baseline and PANSS improvement scores after four weeks of treatment and genotypes were calculated by using a linear model for all investigated SNPs. We found associations between four PLEKHA6 polymorphisms (rs17333933 (T/G), rs3126209 (C/T), rs4951338 (A/G) and rs100900571 (T/C)) and different PANSS subscales at baseline. Furthermore two different polymorphisms (rs7513240 (T/C), rs4951353 (A/G)) were found to be associated with therapy response in terms of a significant correlation with different PANSS improvement subscores after four weeks of antipsychotic treatment. Our observation of an association between genetic polymorphisms of a protein of the PH domain and psychopathology data in schizophrenic patients might be indicative for an involvement of PLEKHA6 in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the therapy response towards antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Spellmann
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy.
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Martin Luther University of Halle (Saale), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
| | - Richard Musil
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
| | | | - Ina Giegling
- Martin Luther University of Halle (Saale), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
| | - Just Genius
- LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
| | - Peter Zill
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
| | - Sandra Dehning
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
| | - Anja Cerovecki
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
| | - Florian Seemüller
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
| | - Rebecca Schennach
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
| | - Norbert Müller
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
| | - Hans-Jürgen Möller
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Bezirkskrankenhaus Kaufbeuren, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
| | - Michael Riedel
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Vinzenz-von-Paul-Hospital Rottweil
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