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Malone HA, Roberts CWM. Chromatin remodellers as therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:661-681. [PMID: 39014081 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-00978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Large-scale cancer genome sequencing studies have revealed that chromatin regulators are frequently mutated in cancer. In particular, more than 20% of cancers harbour mutations in genes that encode subunits of SWI/SNF (BAF) chromatin remodelling complexes. Additional links of SWI/SNF complexes to disease have emerged with the findings that some oncogenes drive transformation by co-opting SWI/SNF function and that germline mutations in select SWI/SNF subunits are the basis of several neurodevelopmental disorders. Other chromatin remodellers, including members of the ISWI, CHD and INO80/SWR complexes, have also been linked to cancer and developmental disorders. Consequently, therapeutic manipulation of SWI/SNF and other remodelling complexes has become of great interest, and drugs that target SWI/SNF subunits have entered clinical trials. Genome-wide perturbation screens in cancer cell lines with SWI/SNF mutations have identified additional synthetic lethal targets and led to further compounds in clinical trials, including one that has progressed to FDA approval. Here, we review the progress in understanding the structure and function of SWI/SNF and other chromatin remodelling complexes, mechanisms by which SWI/SNF mutations cause cancer and neurological diseases, vulnerabilities that arise because of these mutations and efforts to target SWI/SNF complexes and synthetic lethal targets for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden A Malone
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- St. Jude Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles W M Roberts
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Wankhede D, Grover S, Hofman P. SMARCA4 alterations in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Pathol 2024; 77:457-463. [PMID: 38702192 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2024-209394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
AIMS A mutation in the SMARCA4 gene which encodes BRG1, a common catalytic subunit of switch/sucrose non-fermentable chromatin-remodelling complexes, plays a vital role in carcinogenesis. SMARCA4 mutations are present in approximately 10% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), making it a crucial gene in NSCLC, but with varying prognostic associations. To explore this, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the prognostic significance of SMARCA4 mutations in NSCLC. METHODS Electronic database search was performed from inception to December 2022. Study characteristics and prognostic data were extracted from each eligible study. Depending on heterogeneity, pooled HR and 95% CI were derived using the random-effects or fixed-effects models. RESULTS 8 studies (11 cohorts) enrolling 8371 patients were eligible for inclusion. Data on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were available from 8 (10 cohorts) and 1 (3 cohorts) studies, respectively. Comparing SMARCA4-mutated NSCLC patients with SMARCA4-wild-type NSCLC patients, the summary HRs for OS and PFS were 1.49 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.87; I2=84%) and 3.97 (95% CI 1.32 to 11.92; I2=79%), respectively. The results from the trim-and-fill method for publication bias and sensitivity analysis were inconsistent with the primary analyses. Three studies reported NSCLC prognosis for category I and II mutations separately; category I was significantly associated with OS. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that SMARCA4 mutation negatively affects NSCLC OS and PFS. The prognostic effects of SMARCA4-co-occurring mutations and the predictive role of SMARCA4 mutation status in immunotherapy require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgesh Wankhede
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Univeristy of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Center for Human Genetics, Universitatsklinikum Giessen und Marburg - Standort Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur Hospital, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Hospital-Integrated Biobank BB-0033-00025, Pasteur Hospital, Nice, France
- University Hospital Federation OncoAge, CHU de Nice, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Zhou P, Fu Y, Wang W, Tang Y, Jiang L. Gastric SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor (SMARCA4-UT): a clinicopathological analysis of four rare cases. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:237. [PMID: 38877473 PMCID: PMC11179226 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SMARCA4, as one of the subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, drives SMARCA4-deficient tumors. Gastric SMARCA4-deficient tumors may include gastric SMARCA4-deficient carcinoma and gastric SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor (SMARCA4-UT). Gastric SMARCA4-UT is rare and challenging to diagnose in clinical practice. The present report aims to provide insight into the clinicopathological characteristics and genetic alterations of gastric SMARCA4-UTs. RESULTS We retrospectively reported four rare cases of gastric SMARCA4-UTs. All four cases were male, aged between 61 and 82 years. These tumors presented as ulcerated and transmural masses with infiltration, staged as TNM IV in cases 1, 2 and 4, and TNM IIIA in case 3. Pathologically, four cases presented solid architecture with undifferentiated morphology. Cases 2 and 3 showed focal necrosis and focal rhabdoid morphology. Immunohistochemical staining showed negative expression of epithelial markers and deficient expression of SMARCA4. Furthermore, positivity for Syn (cases 1, 2 and 3) and SALL4 (cases 1 and 2) were observed. Mutant p53 expression occurred in four cases, resulting in strong and diffuse staining of p53 expression in cases 1, 2 and 4, and complete loss in case 3. The Ki67 proliferative index exceeded 80%. 25% (1/4, case 4) of cases had mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR). Two available cases (cases 1 and 3) were detected with SMRACA4 gene alterations. The response to neoadjuvant therapy was ineffective in case 1. CONCLUSIONS Gastric SMARCA4-UT is a rare entity of gastric cancer with a poor prognosis, predominantly occurs in male patients. The tumors are typically diagnosed at advanced stages and shows a solid architecture with undifferentiated morphology. Negative expression of epithelial markers and complete loss of SMARCA4 immunoexpression are emerging as a useful diagnostic tool for rare gastric SMARCA4-UTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yiyun Fu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Weiya Wang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P.R. China.
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Kontomanolis EN, Symeonidis P, Nikolettos K, Perros P, Rody A, Tsikouras P, Nikolettos N, Giatromanolaki A. ARID1 and BRG1 Expression in Endometrial Cancer. In Vivo 2024; 38:1260-1265. [PMID: 38688602 PMCID: PMC11059895 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Endometrial cancer (EC) is the predominant malignancy among gynecologic cancers and ranks fourth among all types of cancer. Recently, researchers have focused on the development of new prognostic biomarkers. Subunits of the SWI/SNF protein complex, like the ARID1 and BRG1, have been associated with the development of endometrial cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression patterns of ARID1A and BRG1 in a collection of endometrioid adenocarcinomas of the uterus using immunohistochemistry. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study comprised a total of thirty-three individuals diagnosed with stage I endometrioid endometrial cancer, treated with radical hysterectomy. The histological material was then examined to assess the cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of the proteins. RESULTS ARID1A exhibited expression in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of cancer cells, whereas BRG1 was mainly expressed in the nuclei. In addition, ARID1A exhibited a notable decrease in expression in grade 3 histology, with no significant correlation with the depth of myometrial invasion. The reduced expression was highly related to tumor expansion into the endocervix. The findings demonstrated a total absence of ARID1A expression in 27% of endometrioid carcinomas, with a significant reduction in expression in an additional 51% of cancer cells. These findings align with the most recent published data. In contrast, in the current study, BRG1 was rarely down-regulated and was extensively expressed in the majority of endometrioid carcinomas, preventing the possibility of statistical analysis. CONCLUSION In summary, ARID1A expression loss can be used as a biomarker to guide post-operative therapy; however, further investigation is needed, especially for early-stage endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel N Kontomanolis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Symeonidis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Nikolettos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Paraskevas Perros
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital of Athens 'ALEXANDRA', Athens, Greece;
| | - Achim Rody
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Tsikouras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikolettos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Hoffman JA, Muse GW, Langer LF, Patterson AI, Gandara I, Ward JM, Archer TK. BRG1 establishes the neuroectodermal chromatin landscape to restrict dorsal cell fates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj5107. [PMID: 38427725 PMCID: PMC10906928 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj5107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Cell fate decisions are achieved with gene expression changes driven by lineage-specific transcription factors (TFs). These TFs depend on chromatin remodelers including the Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1)-associated factor (BAF) complex to activate target genes. BAF complex subunits are essential for development and frequently mutated in cancer. Thus, interrogating how BAF complexes contribute to cell fate decisions is critical for human health. We examined the requirement for the catalytic BAF subunit BRG1 in neural progenitor cell (NPC) specification from human embryonic stem cells. During the earliest stages of differentiation, BRG1 was required to establish chromatin accessibility at neuroectoderm-specific enhancers. Depletion of BRG1 dorsalized NPCs and promoted precocious neural crest specification and enhanced neuronal differentiation. These findings demonstrate that BRG1 mediates NPC specification by ensuring proper expression of lineage-specific TFs and appropriate activation of their transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson A. Hoffman
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ginger W. Muse
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lee F. Langer
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - A. Isabella Patterson
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Isabella Gandara
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - James M. Ward
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Trevor K. Archer
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Zhou P, Fu Y, Tang Y, Jiang L, Wang W. Thoracic SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor: A clinicopathological and prognostic analysis of 35 cases and immunotherapy efficacy. Lung Cancer 2024; 189:107471. [PMID: 38306886 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2024.107471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thoracic SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor (SMARCA4-UT) is a recently recognized distinct clinicopathological entity according to the fifth edition of the 2021 World Health Organization Classification (WHO) for thoracic tumors. Thoracic SMARCA4-UTs are diagnostically challenging to diagnose, especially on small biopsies. METHODS We identified 35 thoracic SMARCA4-UTs from the Department of Pathology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, between January 2017 and December 2022. In the present study, we summarized the clinicopathological features, prognostic significance and immunotherapy efficacy of thoracic SMARCA4-UTs. RESULTS All 35 patients were male, and 88.6 % were smokers. The left upper lobe (25.7 %) and mediastinum (20.0 %) were the most affected sites. 17.1 % of the patients received surgical treatment. 30.4 % of the patients were stage III, and 69.6 % were stage IV. Solid architecture (100 %), rhabdoid morphology (51.4 %) and necrosis (42.9 %) were the common histological features. Immunohistochemical staining revealed CD34 and synaptophysin positivity in most patients (76.9 % and 65.2 %, respectively). Patients had unfavorable outcomes. Patients who received immunotherapy had better OS and PFS than those who did not (p = 0.007 and p = 0.02, respectively). Five patients were evaluated for immunotherapy efficacy, and four of those patients were negative expression of PD-L1. Cases 1-4 presented TIL counts ranging from 20 to 1000/HPF. Case 5 presented TIL counts of 5-10/HPF. Mutations in SMARCA4 were confirmed in cases 4 and 5, and the TMB was 5.98 and 5.03 mutations/Mb, respectively. Case 1 achieved a CR, cases 2-4 achieved a PR, and case 5 had a PD. Five patients who received immunotherapy were all alive, with OS ranging from 10.7 to 33.6 months. CONCLUSIONS Thoracic SMARCA4-UTs exhibited an aggressive clinical course, presented solid architecture with or without necrosis and/or rhabdoid morphology, and frequently expressed CD34 and synaptophysin. Some thoracic SMARCA4-UTs appear to be associated with responsiveness to immunotherapy, suggesting the need for validation in larger series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yiyun Fu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Weiya Wang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Li K, Wang B, Hu H. Research progress of SWI/SNF complex in breast cancer. Epigenetics Chromatin 2024; 17:4. [PMID: 38365747 PMCID: PMC10873968 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-024-00531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, numerous epigenetic mechanisms have been discovered to be associated with cancer. The mammalian SWI/SNF complex is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex whose mutations are associated with various malignancies including breast cancer. As the SWI/SNF complex has become one of the most commonly mutated complexes in cancer, targeting epigenetic mutations acquired during breast cancer progress is a potential means of improving clinical efficacy in treatment strategies. This article reviews the composition of the SWI/SNF complex, its main roles and research progress in breast cancer, and links these findings to the latest discoveries in cancer epigenomics to discuss the potential mechanisms and therapeutic potential of SWI/SNF in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexuan Li
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baocai Wang
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Haolin Hu
- Breast Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhou P, Fu Y, Tang Y, Jiang L, Wang W. Thoracic SMARCA4-deficient tumors: a clinicopathological analysis of 52 cases with SMARCA4-deficient non-small cell lung cancer and 20 cases with thoracic SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16923. [PMID: 38374950 PMCID: PMC10875988 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Thoracic SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor (SMARCA4-UT) is a distinct clinicopathological entity with an aggressive clinical course. Additionally, SMARCA4/BRG1 deficiency can be observed in a few patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to compare the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and prognostic features of SMARCA4-deficient NSCLC (SMARCA4-dNSCLC) with those of thoracic SMARCA4-UT. Methods Patients with BRG1-deficient tumors in the lung or thorax were enrolled in the study from the Department of Pathology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, from January 2014 to June 2022. We retrospectively collected the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features and outcomes of these patients. Results Seventy-two patients had tumors in the lung or thorax with BRG1-deficient expression, including 52 patients with SMARCA4-dNSCLC and 20 patients with thoracic SMARCA4-UT. Among the patients with SMARCA4-dNSCLC, 98.1% were male, 85.7% were smokers, and 79.5% (35/44) had tumor-node-metas-tasis (TNM) III-IV tumors. Among the patients with thoracic SMARCA4-UT, all were males who smoked, and 93.75% (15/16) had TNM III-IV tumors. Pure solid architecture and necrosis were the predominant pathological features. Rhabdoid morphology was observed in some SMARCA4-dNSCLCs (10/52, 19.2%) and thoracic SMARCA4-UTs (11/20, 55%). In most patients with thoracic SMARCA4-UT, the tumors exhibited scattered weak expression or negative expression of epithelial markers, and positive expression of CD34 and Syn. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were not significantly different between patients with SMARCA4-dNSCLC and patients with thoracic SMARCA4-UT (p = 0.63 and p = 0.20, respectively). Conclusions Thoracic SMARCA4-DTs include SMARCA4-dNSCLC and thoracic SMARCA4-UT. Both have overlapping clinicopathological features and poor prognosis. We hypothesize that thoracic SMARCA4-UT may be the undifferentiated or dedifferentiated form of SMARCA4-dNSCLC. However, further studies with larger cohorts and longer follow-up periods are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiyun Fu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiya Wang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Ren X, Xu J, Xue Q, Tong Y, Xu T, Wang J, Yang T, Chen Y, Shi D, Li X. BRG1 enhances porcine iPSC pluripotency through WNT/β-catenin and autophagy pathways. Theriogenology 2024; 215:10-23. [PMID: 38000125 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) enhances the pluripotency of embryonic and adult stem cells, however, its effect on induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) pluripotency has not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BRG1 on porcine iPSC pluripotency and its mechanisms. The effect of BRG1 on porcine iPSC pluripotency was explored by positive and negative control it. The mechanism was investigated by regulating the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and autophagy flux. The results showed that inhibition of BRG1 decreased pluripotency-related gene expression in porcine iPSCs; while its overexpression had the opposite effect, the expression of WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway- and autophagy-related genes was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05) in the BRG1 overexpressed group when compared to the control group. Inhibited pluripotency-related gene or protein expression, decreased autophagy flux, and increased mitochondrial length and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were observed when porcine iPSCs were treated with the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway inhibitor IWR-1. Forced BRG1 expression restored porcine iPSC pluripotency, increased autophagy flux, shortened mitochondria, and reduced MMP. Lastly, Compound C was used to activate porcine iPSC autophagy, and it was found that the expression of BRG1 and β-catenin increased, and pluripotency-related gene and protein expression was up-regulated; these effects were reversed when the BRG1 inhibitor PFI-3 and IWR-1 were added. These results suggested that BRG1 enhanced the pluripotency of porcine iPSCs through WNT/β-catenin and autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ren
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Jianchun Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Qingsong Xue
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yi Tong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Tairan Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Deshun Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
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Kuang X, Salinger A, Benavides F, Muller WJ, Dent SYR, Koutelou E. USP22 overexpression fails to augment tumor formation in MMTV-ERBB2 mice but loss of function impacts MMTV promoter activity. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0290837. [PMID: 38236941 PMCID: PMC10796002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 22 (USP22), a component of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase (SAGA) histone modifying complex, is overexpressed in multiple human cancers, but how USP22 impacts tumorigenesis is not clear. We reported previously that Usp22 loss in mice impacts execution of several signaling pathways driven by growth factor receptors such as erythroblastic oncogene B b2 (ERBB2). To determine whether changes in USP22 expression affects ERBB2-driven tumorigenesis, we introduced conditional overexpression or deletion alleles of Usp22 into mice bearing the Mouse mammary tumor virus-Neu-Ires-Cre (MMTV-NIC) transgene, which drives both rat ERBB2/NEU expression and Cre recombinase activity from the MMTV promoter resulting in mammary tumor formation. We found that USP22 overexpression in mammary glands did not further enhance primary tumorigenesis in MMTV-NIC female mice, but increased lung metastases were observed. However, deletion of Usp22 significantly decreased tumor burden and increased survival of MMTV-NIC mice. These effects were associated with markedly decreased levels of both Erbb2 mRNA and protein, indicating Usp22 loss impacts MMTV promoter activity. Usp22 loss had no impact on ERBB2 expression in other settings, including MCF10A cells bearing a Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-driven ERBB2 transgene or in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+ human SKBR3 and HCC1953 cells. Decreased activity of the MMTV promoter in MMTV-NIC mice correlated with decreased expression of known regulatory factors, including the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the progesterone receptor (PR), and the chromatin remodeling factor Brahma-related gene-1 (BRG1). Together our findings indicate that increased expression of USP22 does not augment the activity of an activated ERBB2/NEU transgene but impacts of Usp22 loss on tumorigenesis cannot be assessed in this model due to unexpected effects on MMTV-driven Erbb2/Neu expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Kuang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Andrew Salinger
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Fernando Benavides
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - William J. Muller
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sharon Y. R. Dent
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Evangelia Koutelou
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
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Binabaj MM, Asgharzadeh F, Rahmani F, Al-Asady AM, Hashemzehi M, Soleimani A, Avan A, Mehraban S, Ghorbani E, Ryzhikov M, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM. Vactosertib potently improves anti-tumor properties of 5-FU for colon cancer. Daru 2023; 31:193-203. [PMID: 37740873 PMCID: PMC10624787 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-023-00474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that the TGF-β signaling pathway plays a critical role in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. The aim of the current study is to investigate the therapeutic potential of Vactosertib (EW-7197), a selective inhibitor of TGF-β receptor type I, either alone or in combination with the standard first-line chemotherapeutic treatment, 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), in CRC progression in both cellular and animal models. METHODS Real-Time PCR, Zymography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) tissue staining, and Flow cytometry techniques were applied to determine the anti-tumor properties of this novel TGF-β inhibitor in in vitro (CT-26 cell line) and in vivo (inbred BALB/C mice) samples. RESULTS Our findings showed that Vactosertib decreased cell proliferation and induced spheroid shrinkage. Moreover, this inhibitor suppressed the cell cycle and its administration either alone or in combination with 5-FU induced apoptosis by regulating the expression of p53 and BAX proteins. It also improved 5-FU anti-cancer effects by decreasing the tumor volume and weight, increasing tumor necrosis, and regulating tumor fibrosis and inflammation in an animal model. Vactosertib also enhanced the inhibitory effect of 5-FU on invasive behavior of CRC cells by upregulating the expression of E-cadherin and inhibiting MMP-9 enzymatic activity. CONCLUSION This study demonstrating the potent anti-tumor effects of Vactosertib against CRC progression. Our results clearly suggest that this inhibitor could be a promising agent reducing CRC tumor progression when administered either alone or in combination with standard treatment in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moradi Binabaj
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- Kashmar School of Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdulridha Mohammed Al-Asady
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Kerbala, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kerbala, Kerbala, Iraq
| | | | - Atena Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Mehraban
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Ghorbani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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12
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Khanna P, Mehta R, Mehta GA, Bhatt V, Guo JY, Gatza ML. SOX4-SMARCA4 complex promotes glycolysis-dependent TNBC cell growth through transcriptional regulation of Hexokinase 2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.10.557071. [PMID: 37745600 PMCID: PMC10515838 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.10.557071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells rely on increased glycolytic capacity to promote cell growth and progression. While glycolysis is known to be upregulated in the majority of triple negative (TNBC) or basal-like subtype breast cancers, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we used integrative genomic analyses to identify a subset of basal-like tumors characterized by increased expression of the oncogenic transcription factor SOX4 and its co-factor the SWI/SNF ATPase SMARCA4. These tumors are defined by unique gene expression programs that correspond with increased tumor proliferation and activation of key metabolic pathways, including glycolysis. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the SOX4-SMARCA4 complex mediates glycolysis through direct transcriptional regulation of Hexokinase 2 (HK2) and that aberrant HK2 expression and altered glycolytic capacity are required to mediate SOX4-SMARCA4-dependent cell growth. Collectively, we have defined the SOX4-SMARCA4-HK2 signaling axis in basal-like breast tumors and established that this axis promotes metabolic reprogramming which is required to maintain tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Khanna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Rushabh Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Gaurav A. Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Vrushank Bhatt
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jessie Y. Guo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Michael L. Gatza
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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13
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Sample RA, Nogueira MF, Mitra RD, Puram SV. Epigenetic regulation of hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal cell states in cancer. Oncogene 2023; 42:2237-2248. [PMID: 37344626 PMCID: PMC10578205 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which cells lose their epithelial characteristics and gain mesenchymal phenotypes. In cancer, EMT is thought to drive tumor invasion and metastasis. Recent efforts to understand EMT biology have uncovered that cells undergoing EMT attain a spectrum of intermediate "hybrid E/M" states, which exist along an epithelial-mesenchymal continuum. Here, we summarize recent studies characterizing the epigenetic drivers of hybrid E/M states. We focus on the histone-modification writers, erasers, and readers that assist or oppose the canonical hybrid E/M transcription factors that modulate hybrid E/M state transitions. We also examine the role of chromatin remodelers and DNA methylation in hybrid E/M states. Finally, we highlight the challenges of targeting hybrid E/M pharmacologically, and we propose future directions that might reveal the specific and targetable mechanisms by which hybrid E/M drives metastasis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reilly A Sample
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marina F Nogueira
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robi D Mitra
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Sidharth V Puram
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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14
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Reddy D, Bhattacharya S, Workman JL. (mis)-Targeting of SWI/SNF complex(es) in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:455-470. [PMID: 37093326 PMCID: PMC10349013 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF (also called BAF) is critical for the regulation of gene expression. During the evolution from yeast to mammals, the BAF complex has evolved an enormous complexity that contains a high number of subunits encoded by various genes. Emerging studies highlight the frequent involvement of altered mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes in human cancers. Here, we discuss the recent advances in determining the structure of SWI/SNF complexes, highlight the mechanisms by which mutations affecting these complexes promote cancer, and describe the promising emerging opportunities for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Reddy
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | | | - Jerry L Workman
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
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15
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BRG1: Promoter or Suppressor of Cancer? The Outcome of BRG1's Interaction with Specific Cellular Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032869. [PMID: 36769189 PMCID: PMC9917617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BRG1 is one of two catalytic subunits of the SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complex. In cancer, it has been hypothesized that BRG1 acts as a tumor suppressor. Further study has shown that, under certain circumstances, BRG1 acts as an oncogene. Targeted knockout of BRG1 has proven successful in most cancers in suppressing tumor growth and proliferation. Furthermore, BRG1 effects cancer proliferation in oncogenic KRAS mutated cancers, with varying directionality. Thus, dissecting BRG1's interaction with various cellular pathways can highlight possible intermediates that can facilitate the design of different treatment methods, including BRG1 inhibition. Autophagy and apoptosis are two important cellular responses to stress. BRG1 plays a direct role in autophagy and apoptosis and likely promotes autophagy and suppresses apoptosis, supporting unfettered cancer growth. PRMT5 inhibits transcription by interacting with ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, such as SWI/SNF. When PRMT5 associates with the SWI/SNF complex, including BRG1, it represses tumor suppressor genes. The Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway in cancers is a signal transduction pathway involved in the transcription of genes related to cancer survival. BRG1 has been shown to effect KRAS-driven cancer growth. BRG1 associates with several proteins within the signal transduction pathway. In this review, we analyze BRG1 as a promising target for cancer inhibition and possible synergy with other cancer treatments.
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16
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Sahoo OS, Pethusamy K, Srivastava TP, Talukdar J, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Dhar R, Karmakar S. The metabolic addiction of cancer stem cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:955892. [PMID: 35957877 PMCID: PMC9357939 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.955892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are the minor population of cancer originating cells that have the capacity of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity (when transplanted into an immunocompromised animal). These low-copy number cell populations are believed to be resistant to conventional chemo and radiotherapy. It was reported that metabolic adaptation of these elusive cell populations is to a large extent responsible for their survival and distant metastasis. Warburg effect is a hallmark of most cancer in which the cancer cells prefer to metabolize glucose anaerobically, even under normoxic conditions. Warburg's aerobic glycolysis produces ATP efficiently promoting cell proliferation by reprogramming metabolism to increase glucose uptake and stimulating lactate production. This metabolic adaptation also seems to contribute to chemoresistance and immune evasion, a prerequisite for cancer cell survival and proliferation. Though we know a lot about metabolic fine-tuning in cancer, what is still in shadow is the identity of upstream regulators that orchestrates this process. Epigenetic modification of key metabolic enzymes seems to play a decisive role in this. By altering the metabolic flux, cancer cells polarize the biochemical reactions to selectively generate "onco-metabolites" that provide an added advantage for cell proliferation and survival. In this review, we explored the metabolic-epigenetic circuity in relation to cancer growth and proliferation and establish the fact how cancer cells may be addicted to specific metabolic pathways to meet their needs. Interestingly, even the immune system is re-calibrated to adapt to this altered scenario. Knowing the details is crucial for selective targeting of cancer stem cells by choking the rate-limiting stems and crucial branch points, preventing the formation of onco-metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of technology, Durgapur, India
| | - Karthikeyan Pethusamy
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Joyeeta Talukdar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Computers and communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Ruby Dhar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhradip Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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17
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Chai D, Shi SY, Sobhani N, Ding J, Zhang Z, Jiang N, Wang G, Li M, Li H, Zheng J, Bai J. IFI35 Promotes Renal Cancer Progression by Inhibiting pSTAT1/pSTAT6-Dependent Autophagy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122861. [PMID: 35740527 PMCID: PMC9221357 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced protein 35 (IFI35), is currently acknowledged to govern the virus-related immune inflammatory responses. However, the biological significance and function of IFI35 in renal cell cancer (RCC) is still not well understood. Here, IFI35 expression and function were investigated in RCC tissues, renal cancer cells, and animal models. The results showed that IFI35 expression was significantly increased in 200 specimens of RCC patients. We found that higher IFI35 levels were significantly correlated with poor RCC prognosis. In human cell lines, the knockdown of IFI35 suppressed the malignant behavior of renal cancer cells. Similarly, the IFI35 knockdown resulted in significant inhibition of tumor progression in the subcutaneous or lung metastasis mouse model. Furthermore, the knockdown of IFI35 promoted the induction of autophagy by enhancing the autophagy-related gene expression (LC3-II, Beclin-1, and ATG-5). Additionally, blockade of STAT1/STAT6 phosphorylation (pSTAT1/pSTAT6) abrogated the induced autophagy by IFI35 knockdown in renal cancer cells. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA also abolished the prevention of tumor growth by deleting IFI35 in renal cancer models. The above results suggest that the knockdown of IFI35 suppressed tumor progression of renal cancer by pSTAT1/pSTAT6-dependent autophagy. Our research revealed that IFI35 may serve as a potential diagnosis and therapeutic target for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China; (D.C.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.); (N.J.); (G.W.); (M.L.)
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Shang Yuchen Shi
- Department of Stereotactic Radiotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China;
| | - Navid Sobhani
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Jiage Ding
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China; (D.C.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.); (N.J.); (G.W.); (M.L.)
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Zichun Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China; (D.C.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.); (N.J.); (G.W.); (M.L.)
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China;
| | - Nan Jiang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China; (D.C.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.); (N.J.); (G.W.); (M.L.)
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China;
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China; (D.C.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.); (N.J.); (G.W.); (M.L.)
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Minle Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China; (D.C.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.); (N.J.); (G.W.); (M.L.)
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China;
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (J.B.)
| | - Jin Bai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China; (D.C.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.); (N.J.); (G.W.); (M.L.)
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (J.B.)
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18
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Smith JJ, Xiao Y, Parsan N, Medwig-Kinney TN, Martinez MAQ, Moore FEQ, Palmisano NJ, Kohrman AQ, Chandhok Delos Reyes M, Adikes RC, Liu S, Bracht SA, Zhang W, Wen K, Kratsios P, Matus DQ. The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling assemblies BAF and PBAF differentially regulate cell cycle exit and cellular invasion in vivo. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009981. [PMID: 34982771 PMCID: PMC8759636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin remodelers such as the SWI/SNF complex coordinate metazoan development through broad regulation of chromatin accessibility and transcription, ensuring normal cell cycle control and cellular differentiation in a lineage-specific and temporally restricted manner. Mutations in genes encoding the structural subunits of chromatin, such as histone subunits, and chromatin regulating factors are associated with a variety of disease mechanisms including cancer metastasis, in which cancer co-opts cellular invasion programs functioning in healthy cells during development. Here we utilize Caenorhabditis elegans anchor cell (AC) invasion as an in vivo model to identify the suite of chromatin agents and chromatin regulating factors that promote cellular invasiveness. We demonstrate that the SWI/SNF ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex is a critical regulator of AC invasion, with pleiotropic effects on both G0 cell cycle arrest and activation of invasive machinery. Using targeted protein degradation and enhanced RNA interference (RNAi) vectors, we show that SWI/SNF contributes to AC invasion in a dose-dependent fashion, with lower levels of activity in the AC corresponding to aberrant cell cycle entry and increased loss of invasion. Our data specifically implicate the SWI/SNF BAF assembly in the regulation of the G0 cell cycle arrest in the AC, whereas the SWI/SNF PBAF assembly promotes AC invasion via cell cycle-independent mechanisms, including attachment to the basement membrane (BM) and activation of the pro-invasive fos-1/FOS gene. Together these findings demonstrate that the SWI/SNF complex is necessary for two essential components of AC invasion: arresting cell cycle progression and remodeling the BM. The work here provides valuable single-cell mechanistic insight into how the SWI/SNF assemblies differentially contribute to cellular invasion and how SWI/SNF subunit-specific disruptions may contribute to tumorigeneses and cancer metastasis. Cellular invasion is required for animal development and homeostasis. Inappropriate activation of invasion however can result in cancer metastasis. Invasion programs are orchestrated by complex gene regulatory networks (GRN) that function in a coordinated fashion to turn on and off pro-invasive genes. While the core of GRNs are DNA binding transcription factors, they require aid from chromatin remodelers to access the genome. To identify the suite of pro-invasive chromatin remodelers, we paired high resolution imaging with RNA interference to individually knockdown 269 chromatin factors, identifying the evolutionarily conserved SWItching defective/Sucrose Non-Fermenting (SWI/SNF) ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex as a new regulator of Caenorhabditis elegans anchor cell (AC) invasion. Using a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering and targeted protein degradation we demonstrate that the core SWI/SNF complex functions in a dose-dependent manner to control invasion. Further, we determine that the accessory SWI/SNF complexes, BAF and PBAF, contribute to invasion via distinctive mechanisms: BAF is required to prevent inappropriate proliferation while PBAF promotes AC attachment and remodeling of the basement membrane. Together, our data provide insights into how the SWI/SNF complex, which is mutated in many human cancers, can function in a dose-dependent fashion to regulate switching from invasive to proliferative fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayson J. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Yutong Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Nithin Parsan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Taylor N. Medwig-Kinney
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Q. Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Frances E. Q. Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Palmisano
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Abraham Q. Kohrman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mana Chandhok Delos Reyes
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebecca C. Adikes
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Biology Department, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, United States of America
| | - Simeiyun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Sydney A. Bracht
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kailong Wen
- The Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Paschalis Kratsios
- The Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David Q. Matus
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Sun S, Li Q, Zhang Z, Xiong S, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Li Z, Yang F, Zhang S. SMARCA2 deficiency in NSCLC: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of a large series from a single institution. Environ Health Prev Med 2022; 27:3. [PMID: 35289322 PMCID: PMC9093611 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.21-00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Sun
- Department of Oncology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | - Qiujing Li
- Department of Pathology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | | | | | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | | | - Fujun Yang
- Department of Oncology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
| | - Shukun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University
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20
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Alessi JV, Ricciuti B, Spurr LF, Gupta H, Li YY, Glass C, Nishino M, Cherniack AD, Lindsay J, Sharma B, Felt KD, Rodig SJ, Cheng ML, Sholl LM, Awad MM. SMARCA4 and Other SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable Family Genomic Alterations in NSCLC: Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Outcomes to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. J Thorac Oncol 2021; 16:1176-1187. [PMID: 33845210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The SWItch/Sucrose Nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex acts as a regulatory component of transcription, and inactivating mutations (muts) within the complex are implicated in genomic instability, higher tumor mutational burden, and an aggressive cancer phenotype. Whether SMARCA4 and other SWI/SNF alterations are independent prognostic factors or associated with clinical outcomes to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in NSCLC remains unclear. METHODS We collected clinicopathologic and genomic data from patients with NSCLC who underwent targeted next-generation sequencing at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Tumors were characterized on the basis of the presence or absence of muts across a set of six SWI/SNF genes (ARID1A, ARID1B, ARID2, PBRM1, SMARCA4, and SMARCB1). RESULTS Of 2689 patients with NSCLC, 20.6% (N = 555) had SWI/SNF genomic alterations. Compared with SWI/SNF wild-type (wt) NSCLC, patients with SWI/SNF-mutant NSCLCs had a lower prevalence of concurrent targetable driver muts (33.2% versus 22.2%; p < 0.001), a higher tumor mutational burden (median 8.5 versus 12.2 muts/megabase; p < 0.001), and a shorter median overall survival (mOS) from the time of advanced disease diagnosis (25.0 versus 19.3 mo, p = 0.01); the detrimental effect in OS seemed to be largely driven by SMARCA4 muts (mOS: 25.0 for SMARCA4 wt versus 15.6 mo for SMARCA4 mutant; p < 0.001). Among 532 patients who received ICIs, 25.5% (N = 136) harbored SWI/SNF muts. From the start of immunotherapy, there was no difference in objective response rate (ORR = 19.9% versus 25.0%, p = 0.2), median progression-free survival (mPFS = 3.0 versus 3.0 mo, hazard ratio [HR] = 0.96 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77-1.18], p = 0.7), or mOS (13.1 versus 9.5 mo, HR = 0.81 [95% CI: 0.64-1.02], p = 0.07) in SWI/SNF-wt versus SWI/SNF-mutant NSCLC, respectively. Nevertheless, among KRAS-mutant NSCLCs treated with ICIs (N = 176), a concurrent SWI/SNF mut (N = 39) conferred a numerically lower ORR (21.9% versus 12.8%, p = 0.2), a significantly shorter mPFS (4.1 versus 1.8 mo, HR = 0.57 [95% CI: 0.38-0.84], p = 0.005), and a significantly shorter mOS (15.5 versus 8.2 mo, HR = 0.56 [95% CI: 0.36-0.86], p = 0.008). The deleterious effect on immunotherapy outcomes in KRAS-mutant NSCLC was most pronounced in the SMARCA4-mutant subset (N = 17), with a lower ORR (22% versus 0%, p = 0.03), a significantly shorter mPFS (4.1 versus 1.4 mo, HR = 0.25 [95% CI: 0.14-0.42], p < 0.001), and a significantly shorter mOS (15.1 versus 3.0 mo, HR = 0.29 [95% CI: 0.17-0.50], p < 0.001) compared with SMARCA4-wt KRAS-mutant NSCLCs. CONCLUSIONS Although there were no associations between SWI/SNF mut status and immunotherapy efficacy in the overall NSCLC cohort, the presence of a SMARCA4 alteration may confer a worse outcome to immunotherapy among KRAS-mutant NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao V Alessi
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Biagio Ricciuti
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liam F Spurr
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hersh Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yvonne Y Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Carolyn Glass
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mizuki Nishino
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew D Cherniack
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - James Lindsay
- Knowledge Systems Group, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bijaya Sharma
- ImmunoProfile, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristen D Felt
- ImmunoProfile, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott J Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael L Cheng
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark M Awad
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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21
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Cha S, Lee E, Won HH. Comprehensive characterization of distinct genetic alterations in metastatic breast cancer across various metastatic sites. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:93. [PMID: 34272397 PMCID: PMC8285498 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of death in breast cancer patients. Although previous large-scale analyses have identified frequently altered genes specific to metastatic breast cancer (MBC) compared with those in primary breast cancer (PBC), metastatic site-specific altered genes in MBC remain largely uncharacterized. Moreover, large-scale analyses are required owing to the low expected frequency of such alterations, likely caused by tumor heterogeneity and late dissemination of breast cancer. To clarify MBC-specific genetic alterations, we integrated publicly available clinical and mutation data of 261 genes, including MBC drivers, from 4268 MBC and 5217 PBC patients from eight different cohorts. We performed meta-analyses and logistic regression analyses to identify MBC-enriched genetic alterations relative to those in PBC across 15 different metastatic site sets. We identified 11 genes that were more frequently altered in MBC samples from pan-metastatic sites, including four genes (SMARCA4, TSC2, ATRX, and AURKA) which were not identified previously. ARID2 mutations were enriched in treatment-naïve de novo and post-treatment MBC samples, compared with that in treatment-naïve PBC samples. In metastatic site-specific analyses, associations of ESR1 with liver metastasis and RICTOR with bone metastasis were significant, regardless of intrinsic subtypes. Among the 15 metastatic site sets, ESR1 mutations were enriched in the liver and depleted in the lymph nodes, whereas TP53 mutations showed an opposite trend. Seven potential MBC driver mutations showed similar preferential enrichment in specific metastatic sites. This large-scale study identified new MBC genetic alterations according to various metastatic sites and highlights their potential role in breast cancer organotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Cha
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Esak Lee
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hong-Hee Won
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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22
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The genomic architecture of metastasis in breast cancer: focus on mechanistic aspects, signalling pathways and therapeutic strategies. Med Oncol 2021; 38:95. [PMID: 34268641 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a multifactorial, heterogeneous disease and the second most frequent cancer amongst women worldwide. Metastasis is one of the most leading causes of death in these patients. Early-stage or locally advanced breast cancer is limited to the breast or nearby lymph nodes. When breast cancer spreads to farther tissues/organs from its original site, it is referred to as metastatic or stage IV breast cancer. Normal breast development is regulated by specific genes and signalling pathways controlling cell proliferation, cell death, cell differentiation and cell motility. Dysregulation of genes involved in various signalling pathways not only leads to the formation of primary tumour but also to the metastasis as well. The metastatic cascade is represented by a multi-step process including invasion of the local tumour cell followed by its entry into the vasculature, exit of malignant cells from the circulation and ultimately their colonization at the distant sites. These stages are referred to as formation of primary tumour, angiogenesis, invasion, intravasation and extravasation, respectively. The major sites of metastasis of breast cancer are the lymph nodes, bone, brain and lung. Only about 28% five-year survival rate has been reported for stage IV breast cancer. Metastasis is a serious concern for breast cancer and therefore, various therapeutic strategies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been developed to target specific dysregulated genes and various signalling pathways involved in different steps of metastasis. In addition, other therapies like hyperbaric oxygen therapy, RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 are also being explored as novel strategies to cure the stage IV/metastatic breast cancer. Therefore, the current review has been compiled with an aim to evaluate the genetic basis of stage IV breast cancer with a focus on the molecular mechanisms. In addition, the therapeutic strategies targeting these dysregulated genes involved in various signalling pathways have also been discussed. Genome editing technologies that can target specific genes in the affected areas by making knock-in and knock-out alternations and thereby bring significant treatment outcomes in breast cancer have also been summarized.
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23
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Chai D, Zhang Z, Jiang N, Ding J, Qiu D, Shi SY, Wang G, Fang L, Li H, Tian H, Yang J, Zhang Q, Zheng J. Co-immunization with L-Myc enhances CD8 + or CD103 + DCs mediated tumor-specific multi-functional CD8 + T cell responses. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3469-3483. [PMID: 34157192 PMCID: PMC8409417 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal carcinoma shows a high risk of invasion and metastasis without effective treatment. Herein, we developed a chitosan (CS) nanoparticle-mediated DNA vaccine containing an activated factor L-Myc and a tumor-specific antigen CAIX for renal carcinoma treatment. The subcutaneous tumor models were intramuscularly immunized with CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX or control vaccine, respectively. Compared with single immunization group, the tumor growth was significantly suppressed in CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX co-immunization group. The increased proportion and mature of CD11c+ DCs, CD8+ CD11c+ DCs and CD103+ CD11c+ DCs were observed in the splenocytes from CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX co-immunized mice. Furthermore, the enhanced antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, and multi-functional CD8+ T cell induction were detected in CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX co-immunization group compared with CS-pCAIX immunization group. Of note, the depletion of CD8 T cells resulted in the reduction of CD8+ T cells or CD8+ CD11c+ DCs and the loss of anti-tumor efficacy induced by CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX vaccine, suggesting the therapeutic efficacy of the vaccine was required for CD8+ DCs and CD103+ DCs mediated CD8+ T cells responses. Likewise, CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX co-immunization also significantly inhibited the lung metastasis of renal carcinoma models accompanied with the increased induction of multi-functional CD8+ T cell responses. Therefore, these results indicated that CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX vaccine could effectively induce CD8+ DCs and CD103+ DCs mediated tumor-specific multi-functional CD8+ T cell responses and exert the anti-tumor efficacy. This vaccine strategy offers a potential and promising approach for solid or metastatic tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zichun Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiage Ding
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dong Qiu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shang Yuchen Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huizhong Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Tian
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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24
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Rahmani F, Hashemzehi M, Avan A, Barneh F, Asgharzadeh F, Moradi Marjaneh R, Soleimani A, Parizadeh M, Ferns GA, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Ryzhikov M, Afshari AR, Ahmadian MR, Giovannetti E, Jafari M, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM. Rigosertib elicits potent anti-tumor responses in colorectal cancer by inhibiting Ras signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2021; 85:110069. [PMID: 34214591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic potency of Rigosertib (RGS) in the treatment of the myelodysplastic syndrome has been investigated previously, but little is known about its mechanisms of action. METHODS The present study integrates systems and molecular biology approaches to investigate the mechanisms of the anti-tumor effects of RGS, either alone or in combination with 5-FU in cellular and animal models of colorectal cancer (CRC). RESULTS The effects of RGS were more pronounced in dedifferentiated CRC cell types, compared to cell types that were epithelial-like. RGS inhibited cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in a cell-type specific manner, and that was dependent on the presence of mutations in KRAS, or its down-stream effectors. RGS increased both early and late apoptosis, by regulating the expression of p53, BAX and MDM2 in tumor model. We also found that RGS induced cell senescence in tumor tissues by increasing ROS generation, and impairing oxidant/anti-oxidant balance. RGS also inhibited angiogenesis and metastatic behavior of CRC cells, by regulating the expression of CD31, E-cadherin, and matrix metalloproteinases-2 and 9. CONCLUSION Our findings support the therapeutic potential of this potent RAS signaling inhibitor either alone or in combination with standard regimens for the management of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Rahmani
- Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Milad Hashemzehi
- Tropical and Communicable Diseases Research Centre, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Barneh
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Moradi Marjaneh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atena Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Parizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amir Reza Afshari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, AIRC Start-up, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mohieddin Jafari
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran.
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25
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Wanior M, Krämer A, Knapp S, Joerger AC. Exploiting vulnerabilities of SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complexes for cancer therapy. Oncogene 2021; 40:3637-3654. [PMID: 33941852 PMCID: PMC8154588 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multi-subunit ATPase-dependent chromatin remodelling complexes SWI/SNF (switch/sucrose non-fermentable) are fundamental epigenetic regulators of gene transcription. Functional genomic studies revealed a remarkable mutation prevalence of SWI/SNF-encoding genes in 20-25% of all human cancers, frequently driving oncogenic programmes. Some SWI/SNF-mutant cancers are hypersensitive to perturbations in other SWI/SNF subunits, regulatory proteins and distinct biological pathways, often resulting in sustained anticancer effects and synthetic lethal interactions. Exploiting these vulnerabilities is a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we review the importance of SWI/SNF chromatin remodellers in gene regulation as well as mechanisms leading to assembly defects and their role in cancer development. We will focus in particular on emerging strategies for the targeted therapy of SWI/SNF-deficient cancers using chemical probes, including proteolysis targeting chimeras, to induce synthetic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Wanior
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- German Translational Cancer Network (DKTK) site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Andreas C Joerger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- German Translational Cancer Network (DKTK) site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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26
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Mehta GA, Angus SP, Khella CA, Tong K, Khanna P, Dixon SAH, Verzi MP, Johnson GL, Gatza ML. SOX4 and SMARCA4 cooperatively regulate PI3k signaling through transcriptional activation of TGFBR2. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:40. [PMID: 33837205 PMCID: PMC8035213 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of PI3K/Akt signaling is a dominant feature in basal-like or triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). However, the mechanisms regulating this pathway are largely unknown in this subset of aggressive tumors. Here we demonstrate that the transcription factor SOX4 is a key regulator of PI3K signaling in TNBC. Genomic and proteomic analyses coupled with mechanistic studies identified TGFBR2 as a direct transcriptional target of SOX4 and demonstrated that TGFBR2 is required to mediate SOX4-dependent PI3K signaling. We further report that SOX4 and the SWI/SNF ATPase SMARCA4, which are uniformly overexpressed in basal-like tumors, form a previously unreported complex that is required to maintain an open chromatin conformation at the TGFBR2 regulatory regions in order to mediate TGFBR2 expression and PI3K signaling. Collectively, our findings delineate the mechanism by which SOX4 and SMARCA4 cooperatively regulate PI3K/Akt signaling and suggest that this complex may play an essential role in TNBC genesis and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav A Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Steven P Angus
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christen A Khella
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kevin Tong
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Pooja Khanna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Shelley A H Dixon
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Genetics, Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael L Gatza
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Undifferentiated carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction is a recently recognized entity in the fifth edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Digestive Tumors and is diagnostically challenging, particularly on small biopsies. SMARCA4 and SMARCA2 are chromatin remodeling genes with key roles in oncogenesis. We retrieved 14 cases of SMARCA4/SMARCA2-deficient undifferentiated carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction and esophagus from the authors' institutions. The tumors showed similar histologic findings: the sheet-like proliferation of tumor cells characterized by discohesion, large nuclei, and prominent macronucleoli with many tumor cells exhibiting a rhabdoid appearance. In 8 cases, adjacent specialized intestinal metaplasia was noted and 3 cases exhibited adjacent high-grade dysplasia. Immunohistochemically, tumors variably expressed keratins and disclosed loss of expression of SMARCA4 in 12 and SMARCA2 in 7 cases. In 2 cases SMARCA2 alone was lost without SMARCA4 loss. A mutant p53 immunohistochemical pattern was seen in 4 of 4 cases, 3 of which showed diffuse, strong nuclear expression, and 1 case displayed a complete loss of nuclear expression of p53, including invasive carcinoma and associated dysplasia, when present. Limited clinical follow-up was available, but 3 patients died of disease within 0.6, 2, and 7 months of diagnosis. We present the first series of undifferentiated carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction with this characteristic morphology associated with loss of SMARCA4 and/or SMARCA2 expression. This tumor type likely arises from dedifferentiation of a lower grade carcinoma in some cases, and Barrett esophagus and appears to be associated with an aggressive clinical course.
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28
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Hashemzehi M, Rahmani F, Khoshakhlagh M, Avan A, Asgharzadeh F, Barneh F, Moradi-Marjaneh R, Soleimani A, Fiuji H, Ferns GA, Ryzhikov M, Jafari M, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM. Angiotensin receptor blocker Losartan inhibits tumor growth of colorectal cancer. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:506-521. [PMID: 33883980 PMCID: PMC8056058 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is up-regulated in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and is reported to be associated with poor prognosis and chemo-resistance. Here we explored the therapeutic potential of targeting RAS in CRC using Losartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker. An integrative-systems biology approach was used to explore a proteome-level dataset of a gene signature that is modulated by Losartan. The anti-proliferative activity of Losartan was evaluated using 2- and 3-dimensional cell culture models. A xenograft model of colon cancer was used to investigate tumor growth with Losartan alone and in combination with 5-FU followed by histological staining (Hematoxylin & Eosin and Masson trichrome staining), biochemical analyses, gene expression analyses by RT-PCR, western blot/IHC, or MMP Gelatin Zymography studies. Effects on cell cycle and cell death were assessed by flow cytometry. Losartan inhibited cell growth and suppressed cell cycle progression, causing an increase in CRC cells in the G1 phase. Losartan significantly reduced tumor growth and enhanced tumor cell necrosis. An impact on the inflammatory response, including up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in CRC cells are potential mechanisms that could partially explain Losartan's anti-proliferative effects. Moreover, metastasis and angiogenesis were reduced in Losartan-treated mice as observed by inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activities and decreased tumor vasculature. These data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of combining chemotherapeutic regimens with Losartan to synergistically enhance its activity and target the renin-angiotensin system as a new approach in colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Hashemzehi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.,Tropical and Communicable Diseases Research Centre, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farnaz Barneh
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Current address: Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584, CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reyhaneh Moradi-Marjaneh
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atena Soleimani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Fiuji
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | | | - Mohieddin Jafari
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Giles KA, Gould CM, Achinger-Kawecka J, Page SG, Kafer GR, Rogers S, Luu PL, Cesare AJ, Clark SJ, Taberlay PC. BRG1 knockdown inhibits proliferation through multiple cellular pathways in prostate cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:37. [PMID: 33596994 PMCID: PMC7888175 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BRG1 (encoded by SMARCA4) is a catalytic component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex, with key roles in modulating DNA accessibility. Dysregulation of BRG1 is observed, but functionally uncharacterised, in a wide range of malignancies. We have probed the functions of BRG1 on a background of prostate cancer to investigate how BRG1 controls gene expression programmes and cancer cell behaviour. Results Our investigation of SMARCA4 revealed that BRG1 is over-expressed in the majority of the 486 tumours from The Cancer Genome Atlas prostate cohort, as well as in a complementary panel of 21 prostate cell lines. Next, we utilised a temporal model of BRG1 depletion to investigate the molecular effects on global transcription programmes. Depleting BRG1 had no impact on alternative splicing and conferred only modest effect on global expression. However, of the transcriptional changes that occurred, most manifested as down-regulated expression. Deeper examination found the common thread linking down-regulated genes was involvement in proliferation, including several known to increase prostate cancer proliferation (KLK2, PCAT1 and VAV3). Interestingly, the promoters of genes driving proliferation were bound by BRG1 as well as the transcription factors, AR and FOXA1. We also noted that BRG1 depletion repressed genes involved in cell cycle progression and DNA replication, but intriguingly, these pathways operated independently of AR and FOXA1. In agreement with transcriptional changes, depleting BRG1 conferred G1 arrest. Conclusions Our data have revealed that BRG1 promotes cell cycle progression and DNA replication, consistent with the increased cell proliferation associated with oncogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-021-01023-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Giles
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7000, Australia
| | - Cathryn M Gould
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Joanna Achinger-Kawecka
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Scott G Page
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Georgia R Kafer
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Samuel Rogers
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Phuc-Loi Luu
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Susan J Clark
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Phillippa C Taberlay
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS, Hobart, 7000, Australia.
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30
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Dietrich N, Hoffman JA, Archer TK. BAF Complexes and the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Breast Cancers. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2020; 15:8-14. [PMID: 35128145 PMCID: PMC8813045 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancers are a diverse group of diseases and are often characterized by their expression of receptors for hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Recently another steroid hormone receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been shown to be a key player in breast cancer progression, metastasis, and treatment. These receptors bind to chromatin to elicit transcriptional changes within cells, which are often inhibited by the structure of chromatin itself. Chromatin remodeling proteins, such as Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), function to overcome this physical inhibition of transcription factor function and have been linked to many cancers including breast cancer. Recent efforts to understand the interactions of BRG1 and GR, including genomic and single cell analyses, within breast cancers may give insight into personalized medicine and other potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dietrich
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jackson A. Hoffman
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, North Carolina, United States
| | - Trevor K. Archer
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, North Carolina, United States
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31
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Castagnoli L, Tagliabue E, Pupa SM. Inhibition of the Wnt Signalling Pathway: An Avenue to Control Breast Cancer Aggressiveness. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9069. [PMID: 33260642 PMCID: PMC7730964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common tumour in women. Although the introduction of novel therapeutic approaches in clinical practice has dramatically improved the clinical outcome of BC patients, this malignant disease remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The wingless/integrated (Wnt) signalling pathway represents a crucial molecular node relevantly implicated in the regulation of normal somatic stem cells as well as cancer stem cell (CSC) traits and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition cell program. Accordingly, Wnt signalling is heavily dysregulated in BC, and the altered expression of different Wnt genes is significantly associated with cancer-related aggressive behaviours. For all these reasons, Wnt signalling represents a promising therapeutic target currently under clinical investigation to achieve cancer eradication by eliminating CSCs, considered by most to be responsible for tumour initiation, relapse, and drug resistance. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on the Wnt signalling pathway in BC and have presented evidence implicating the suitability of Wnt targeting in an attempt to improve the outcome of patients without affecting the normal somatic stem cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Serenella M. Pupa
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.C.); (E.T.)
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32
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Wanior M, Preuss F, Ni X, Krämer A, Mathea S, Göbel T, Heidenreich D, Simonyi S, Kahnt AS, Joerger AC, Knapp S. Pan-SMARCA/PB1 Bromodomain Inhibitors and Their Role in Regulating Adipogenesis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14680-14699. [PMID: 33216538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accessibility of the human genome is modulated by the ATP-driven SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling multiprotein complexes BAF (BRG1/BRM-associated factor) and PBAF (polybromo-associated BAF factor), which involves reading of acetylated histone tails by the bromodomain-containing proteins SMARCA2 (BRM), SMARCA4 (BRG1), and polybromo-1. Dysregulation of chromatin remodeling leads to aberrant cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, we have characterized a set of potent and cell-active bromodomain inhibitors with pan-selectivity for canonical family VIII bromodomains. Targeted SWI/SNF bromodomain inhibition blocked the expression of key genes during adipogenesis, including the transcription factors PPARγ and C/EBPα, and impaired the differentiation of 3T3-L1 murine fibroblasts into adipocytes. Our data highlight the role of SWI/SNF bromodomains in adipogenesis and provide a framework for the development of SWI/SNF bromodomain inhibitors for indirect targeting of key transcription factors regulating cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Wanior
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franziska Preuss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xiaomin Ni
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Krämer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mathea
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tamara Göbel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David Heidenreich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Svenja Simonyi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Astrid S Kahnt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas C Joerger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Translational Cancer Network (DKTK), Frankfurt/Mainz Site, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Translational Cancer Network (DKTK), Frankfurt/Mainz Site, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 42-44, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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33
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Innis SM, Cabot B. GBAF, a small BAF sub-complex with big implications: a systematic review. Epigenetics Chromatin 2020; 13:48. [PMID: 33143733 PMCID: PMC7607862 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-020-00370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling by histone-modifying enzymes and chromatin remodeling complexes is crucial for maintaining chromatin organization and facilitating gene transcription. In the SWI/SNF family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, distinct complexes such as BAF, PBAF, GBAF, esBAF and npBAF/nBAF are of particular interest regarding their implications in cellular differentiation and development, as well as in various diseases. The recently identified BAF subcomplex GBAF is no exception to this, and information is emerging linking this complex and its components to crucial events in mammalian development. Furthermore, given the essential nature of many of its subunits in maintaining effective chromatin remodeling function, it comes as no surprise that aberrant expression of GBAF complex components is associated with disease development, including neurodevelopmental disorders and numerous malignancies. It becomes clear that building upon our knowledge of GBAF and BAF complex function will be essential for advancements in both mammalian reproductive applications and the development of more effective therapeutic interventions and strategies. Here, we review the roles of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling subcomplex GBAF and its subunits in mammalian development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Innis
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Birgit Cabot
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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34
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Reske JJ, Wilson MR, Holladay J, Wegener M, Adams M, Chandler RL. SWI/SNF inactivation in the endometrial epithelium leads to loss of epithelial integrity. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:3412-3430. [PMID: 33075803 PMCID: PMC7749707 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ARID1A mutations are a hallmark feature, mutations in other SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable) chromatin remodeling subunits are also observed in endometrial neoplasms. Here, we interrogated the roles of Brahma/SWI2-related gene 1 (BRG1, SMARCA4), the SWI/SNF catalytic subunit, in the endometrial epithelium. BRG1 loss affects more than one-third of all active genes and highly overlaps with the ARID1A gene regulatory network. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed widespread subunit-specific differences in transcriptional regulation, as BRG1 promoter interactions are associated with gene activation, while ARID1A binding is associated with gene repression. However, we identified a physiologically relevant subset of BRG1 and ARID1A co-regulated epithelial identity genes. Mice were genetically engineered to inactivate BRG1 specifically in the endometrial epithelium. Endometrial glands were observed embedded in uterine myometrium, indicating adenomyosis-like phenotypes. Molecular similarities were observed between BRG1 and ARID1A mutant endometrial cells in vivo, including loss of epithelial cell adhesion and junction genes. Collectively, these studies illustrate overlapping contributions of multiple SWI/SNF subunit mutations in the translocation of endometrium to distal sites, with loss of cell integrity being a common feature in SWI/SNF mutant endometrial epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake J Reske
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Mike R Wilson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jeanne Holladay
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Marc Wegener
- Genomics Core Facility, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Marie Adams
- Genomics Core Facility, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ronald L Chandler
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Grand Rapids Research Center, 400 Monroe NW, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA. Tel: +1 6162340980;
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35
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Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Protein Roles in Epigenetic Regulation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102807. [PMID: 33003565 PMCID: PMC7600434 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Loss of function of the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) is the rate-limiting step in the initiation of both the hereditary and sporadic forms of retinoblastoma tumor. Furthermore, loss of function of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB) is frequently found in most human cancers. In retinoblastoma, tumor progression is driven by epigenetic changes following pRB loss. This review focuses on the diverse functions of pRB in epigenetic regulation. Abstract Mutations that result in the loss of function of pRB were first identified in retinoblastoma and since then have been associated with the propagation of various forms of cancer. pRB is best known for its key role as a transcriptional regulator during cell cycle exit. Beyond the ability of pRB to regulate transcription of cell cycle progression genes, pRB can remodel chromatin to exert several of its other biological roles. In this review, we discuss the diverse functions of pRB in epigenetic regulation including nucleosome mobilization, histone modifications, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs.
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36
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The SWI/SNF complex in cancer - biology, biomarkers and therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 17:435-448. [PMID: 32303701 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer genome-sequencing studies have revealed a remarkably high prevalence of mutations in genes encoding subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complexes, with nearly 25% of all cancers harbouring aberrations in one or more of these genes. A role for such aberrations in tumorigenesis is evidenced by cancer predisposition in both carriers of germline loss-of-function mutations and genetically engineered mouse models with inactivation of any of several SWI/SNF subunits. Whereas many of the most frequently mutated oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes have been studied for several decades, the cancer-promoting role of mutations in SWI/SNF genes has been recognized only more recently, and thus comparatively less is known about these alterations. Consequently, increasing research interest is being focused on understanding the prognostic and, in particular, the potential therapeutic implications of mutations in genes encoding SWI/SNF subunits. Herein, we review the burgeoning data on the mechanisms by which mutations affecting SWI/SNF complexes promote cancer and describe promising emerging opportunities for targeted therapy, including immunotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibitors, presented by these mutations. We also highlight ongoing clinical trials open specifically to patients with cancers harbouring mutations in certain SWI/SNF genes.
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37
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Hu B, Lin JZ, Yang XB, Sang XT. The roles of mutated SWI/SNF complexes in the initiation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma and its regulatory effect on the immune system: A review. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12791. [PMID: 32162380 PMCID: PMC7162795 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver malignancy with a high global prevalence and a dismal prognosis. Studies are urgently needed to examine the molecular pathogenesis and biological characteristics of HCC. Chromatin remodelling, an integral component of the DNA damage response, protects against DNA damage‐induced genome instability and tumorigenesis by triggering the signalling events that activate the interconnected DNA repair pathways. The SWI/SNF complexes are one of the most extensively investigated adenosine triphosphate‐dependent chromatin remodelling complexes, and mutations in genes encoding SWI/SNF subunits are frequently observed in various human cancers, including HCC. The mutated SWI/SNF complex subunits exert dual functions by accelerating or inhibiting HCC initiation and progression. Furthermore, the abnormal SWI/SNF complexes influence the transcription of interferon‐stimulated genes, as well as the differentiation, activation and recruitment of several immune cell types. In addition, they exhibit synergistic effects with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of diverse tumour types. Therefore, understanding the mutations and deficiencies of the SMI/SNF complexes, together with the associated functional mechanisms, may provide a novel strategy to treat HCC through targeting the related genes or modulating the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Zhen Lin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Ting Sang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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38
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Ciechomska IA, Jayaprakash C, Maleszewska M, Kaminska B. Histone Modifying Enzymes and Chromatin Modifiers in Glioma Pathobiology and Therapy Responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:259-279. [PMID: 32034718 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways directly communicate and transform chromatin to change the epigenetic landscape and regulate gene expression. Chromatin acts as a dynamic platform of signal integration and storage. Histone modifications and alteration of chromatin structure play the main role in chromatin-based gene expression regulation. Alterations in genes coding for histone modifying enzymes and chromatin modifiers result in malfunction of proteins that regulate chromatin modification and remodeling. Such dysregulations culminate in profound changes in chromatin structure and distorted patterns of gene expression. Gliomagenesis is a multistep process, involving both genetic and epigenetic alterations. Recent applications of next generation sequencing have revealed that many chromatin regulation-related genes, including ATRX, ARID1A, SMARCA4, SMARCA2, SMARCC2, BAF155 and hSNF5 are mutated in gliomas. In this review we summarize newly identified mechanisms affecting expression or functions of selected histone modifying enzymes and chromatin modifiers in gliomas. We focus on selected examples of pathogenic mechanisms involving ATRX, histone methyltransferase G9a, histone acetylases/deacetylases and chromatin remodeling complexes SMARCA2/4. We discuss the impact of selected epigenetics alterations on glioma pathobiology, signaling and therapeutic responses. We assess the attempts of targeting defective pathways with new inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona A Ciechomska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chinchu Jayaprakash
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Maleszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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Jancewicz I, Siedlecki JA, Sarnowski TJ, Sarnowska E. BRM: the core ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex-a tumour suppressor or tumour-promoting factor? Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:68. [PMID: 31722744 PMCID: PMC6852734 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BRM (BRAHMA) is a core, SWI2/SNF2-type ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodelling complex (CRC) involved in various important regulatory processes including development. Mutations in SMARCA2, a BRM-encoding gene as well as overexpression or epigenetic silencing were found in various human diseases including cancer. Missense mutations in SMARCA2 gene were recently connected with occurrence of Nicolaides-Baraitser genetics syndrome. By contrast, SMARCA2 duplication rather than mutations is characteristic for Coffin-Siris syndrome. It is believed that BRM usually acts as a tumour suppressor or a tumour susceptibility gene. However, other studies provided evidence that BRM function may differ depending on the cancer type and the disease stage, where BRM may play a role in the disease progression. The existence of alternative splicing forms of SMARCA2 gene, leading to appearance of truncated functional, loss of function or gain-of-function forms of BRM protein suggest a far more complicated mode of BRM-containing SWI/SNF CRCs actions. Therefore, the summary of recent knowledge regarding BRM alteration in various types of cancer and highlighting of differences and commonalities between BRM and BRG1, another SWI2/SNF2 type ATPase, will lead to better understanding of SWI/SNF CRCs function in cancer development/progression. BRM has been recently proposed as an attractive target for various anticancer therapies including the use of small molecule inhibitors, synthetic lethality induction or proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC). However, such attempts have some limitations and may lead to severe side effects given the homology of BRM ATPase domain to other ATPases, as well as due to the tissue-specific appearance of BRM- and BRG1-containing SWI/SNF CRC classes. Thus, a better insight into BRM-containing SWI/SNF CRCs function in human tissues and cancers is clearly required to provide a solid basis for establishment of new safe anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Jancewicz
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center in Warsaw, Wawelska 15B, 02-034, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz A Siedlecki
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center in Warsaw, Wawelska 15B, 02-034, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz J Sarnowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elzbieta Sarnowska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Center in Warsaw, Wawelska 15B, 02-034, Warsaw, Poland.
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Muthuswami R, Bailey L, Rakesh R, Imbalzano AN, Nickerson JA, Hockensmith JW. BRG1 is a prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic target for prostate cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15194-15205. [PMID: 30667054 PMCID: PMC6563042 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) is one of two mutually exclusive ATPases that function as the catalytic subunit of human SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling enzymes. BRG1 has been identified as a tumor suppressor in some cancer types but has been shown to be expressed at elevated levels, relative to normal tissue, in other cancers. Using TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) prostate cancer database, we determined that BRG1 mRNA and protein expression is elevated in prostate tumors relative to normal prostate tissue. Only 3 of 491 (0.6%) sequenced tumors showed amplification of the locus or mutation in the protein coding sequence, arguing against the idea that elevated expression due to amplification or expression of a mutant BRG1 protein is associated with prostate cancer. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that BRG1 expression in prostate tumors inversely correlated with survival. However, BRG1 expression did not correlate with Gleason score/International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Grade Group, indicating it is an independent predictor of tumor progression/patient outcome. To experimentally assess BRG1 as a possible therapeutic target, we treated prostate cancer cells with a biologic inhibitor called ADAADi (active DNA-dependent ATPase A Domain inhibitor) that targets the activity of the SNF2 family of ATPases in biochemical assays but showed specificity for BRG1 in prior tissue culture experiments. The inhibitor decreased prostate cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. When directly injected into xenografts established by injection of prostate cancer cells in mouse flanks, the inhibitor decreased tumor growth and increased survival. These results indicate the efficacy of pursuing BRG1 as both an indicator of patient outcome and as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Muthuswami
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia,School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - LeeAnn Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | | | - Anthony N. Imbalzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A. Nickerson
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts
| | - Joel W. Hockensmith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Virginia School of MedicineCharlottesvilleVirginia
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Novel Interactions between the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Antisense Protein HBZ and the SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Family: Implications for Viral Life Cycle. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00412-19. [PMID: 31142665 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00412-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) regulatory proteins Tax and HBZ play indispensable roles in regulating viral and cellular gene expression. BRG1, the ATPase subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, has been demonstrated to be essential not only for Tax transactivation but also for viral replication. We sought to investigate the physical interaction between HBZ and BRG1 and to determine the effect of these interactions on Tax-mediated long terminal repeat (LTR) activation. We reveal that HTLV-1 cell lines and adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells harbor high levels of BRG1. Using glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown and coimmunoprecipitation assays, we have demonstrated physical interactions between BRG1 and HBZ and characterized the protein domains involved. Moreover, we have identified the PBAF signature subunits BAF200 and BAF180 as novel interaction partners of HBZ, suggesting that the PBAF complex may be required for HTLV-1 transcriptional repression by HBZ. Additionally, we found that BRG1 expression translocates HBZ into distinct nuclear foci. We show that HBZ substantially represses HTLV-1 LTR activation by Tax/BRG1. Interestingly, we found that Tax stabilizes the expression of exogenous and endogenous BRG1 and that HBZ reverses this effect. Finally, using a chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) assay, we illustrate that HBZ facilitates the downregulation of HTLV-1 transcription by deregulating the recruitment of SWI/SNF complexes to the promoter. Overall, we conclude that SWI/SNF complexes, in addition to other cellular transcription factors, are involved in HBZ-mediated suppression of HTLV-1 viral gene expression.IMPORTANCE The pathogenic potential of HTLV-1 is linked to the indispensable multifaceted functions of the viral regulatory proteins Tax and HBZ, encoded by the sense and antisense viral transcripts, respectively. The interaction between Tax and the SWI/SNF family of chromatin remodeling complexes has been associated with HTLV-1 transcriptional activation. To date, the relationship between the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling family and HBZ, the only viral protein that is consistently expressed in infected cells and ATL cells, has not been elucidated. Here, we have characterized the biological significance of the SWI/SNF family in regard to viral transcriptional repression by HBZ. This is important because it provides a better understanding of the function and role of HBZ in downregulating viral transcription and, hence, its contribution to viral latency and persistence in vivo, a process that may ultimately lead to the development of ATL.
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Xue Y, Meehan B, Macdonald E, Venneti S, Wang XQD, Witkowski L, Jelinic P, Kong T, Martinez D, Morin G, Firlit M, Abedini A, Johnson RM, Cencic R, Patibandla J, Chen H, Papadakis AI, Auguste A, de Rink I, Kerkhoven RM, Bertos N, Gotlieb WH, Clarke BA, Leary A, Witcher M, Guiot MC, Pelletier J, Dostie J, Park M, Judkins AR, Hass R, Levine DA, Rak J, Vanderhyden B, Foulkes WD, Huang S. CDK4/6 inhibitors target SMARCA4-determined cyclin D1 deficiency in hypercalcemic small cell carcinoma of the ovary. Nat Commun 2019; 10:558. [PMID: 30718512 PMCID: PMC6361890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in SMARCA4 (BRG1), a key SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling gene, underlie small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT). To reveal its druggable vulnerabilities, we perform kinase-focused RNAi screens and uncover that SMARCA4-deficient SCCOHT cells are highly sensitive to the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6). SMARCA4 loss causes profound downregulation of cyclin D1, which limits CDK4/6 kinase activity in SCCOHT cells and leads to in vitro and in vivo susceptibility to CDK4/6 inhibitors. SCCOHT patient tumors are deficient in cyclin D1 yet retain the retinoblastoma-proficient/p16INK4a-deficient profile associated with positive responses to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Thus, our findings indicate that CDK4/6 inhibitors, approved for a breast cancer subtype addicted to CDK4/6 activation, could be repurposed to treat SCCOHT. Moreover, our study suggests a novel paradigm whereby critically low oncogene levels, caused by loss of a driver tumor suppressor, may also be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Macdonald
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-0605, USA
| | - Xue Qing D Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Leora Witkowski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3JI, Canada
| | - Petar Jelinic
- Gynecologic Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Tim Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Geneviève Morin
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Michelle Firlit
- Gynecologic Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Atefeh Abedini
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Radia M Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Regina Cencic
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Jay Patibandla
- Gynecologic Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Hongbo Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sat University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Andreas I Papadakis
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Aurelie Auguste
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, INSERM U981, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Iris de Rink
- Genomics Core Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M Kerkhoven
- Genomics Core Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Bertos
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Walter H Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Segal Cancer Center, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Blaise A Clarke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Leary
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, INSERM U981, 94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Michael Witcher
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Department of Pathology, Montreal Neurological Hospital/Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Josée Dostie
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Alexander R Judkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Ralf Hass
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University Hannover, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Douglas A Levine
- Gynecologic Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Barbara Vanderhyden
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3JI, Canada.
| | - Sidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
- The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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LCE: an open web portal to explore gene expression and clinical associations in lung cancer. Oncogene 2018; 38:2551-2564. [PMID: 30532070 PMCID: PMC6477796 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We constructed a lung cancer-specific database housing expression data and clinical data from over 6700 patients in 56 studies. Expression data from 23 genome-wide platforms were carefully processed and quality controlled, whereas clinical data were standardized and rigorously curated. Empowered by this lung cancer database, we created an open access web resource—the Lung Cancer Explorer (LCE), which enables researchers and clinicians to explore these data and perform analyses. Users can perform meta-analyses on LCE to gain a quick overview of the results on tumor vs non-malignant tissue (normal) differential gene expression and expression-survival association. Individual dataset-based survival analysis, comparative analysis, and correlation analysis are also provided with flexible options to allow for customized analyses from the user.
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Chang Y, Cui M, Fu X, Zhang L, Li X, Li L, Wu J, Sun Z, Zhang X, Li Z, Nan F, Yan J, Zhang M. MiRNA-155 regulates lymphangiogenesis in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma by targeting BRG1. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:31-41. [PMID: 30299211 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1504721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND miR-155 was up-regulated in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL), an aggressive malignancy, and correlated with disease progression. However, minimal is known on biological activities and underlying mechanisms of miR-155 in NKTCL. In this study, we examined BRG1, a potential target of miR-155, and focused on the miR-155/BRG1 signaling in regulating lymphangiogenesis of NKTCL. METHODS The expression of miR-155, BRG1, VEGFC, and VEGFD was compared between two NKTCL cell lines and normal NK cells. The critical role of miR-155 and STAT3 was assessed using miR-155 inhibitor and STAT3 inhibitor S31-201, respectively. Two biological phenotypes, apoptosis and pro-lymphangiogenesis, were examined in vitro by flow cytometry and lymphatic tube formation, respectively, and in vivo using an NKTCL xenograft model. RESULTS The miR-155 level negatively correlated with BRG1, but positively with VEGFC in normal NK as well as two NKTCL cell lines. Targeting miR-155 in NKTCL cells significantly boosted BRG1 expression and decreased the activated STAT3 or VEGFC level, leading to enhanced apoptosis and reduced lymphangiogenesis. STAT3 acted downstream of BRG1 and essentially regulated miR-155-mediated up-regulation of VEGFC and pro-lymphangiogenesis. In vivo, targeting miR-155 inhibited primary xenograft growth as well as tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS By inhibiting BRG1 expression, miR-155 activated STAT3/VEGFC signaling and promoted lymphangiogenesis. In addition, miR-155 also controlled the viability of NKTCL cells. Therefore, targeting miR-155 provides a novel therapy for NKTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chang
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Meng Cui
- b Department of Head & Neck and Thyroid , The Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xiaorui Fu
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Zhenchang Sun
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Zhaoming Li
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Feifei Nan
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Jiaqin Yan
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- a Department of Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
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AIM2 is a potential therapeutic target in human renal carcinoma and suppresses its invasion and metastasis via enhancing autophagy induction. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:561-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chai D, Liu N, Li H, Wang G, Song J, Fang L, Lu Z, Yao H, Zheng J. H1/pAIM2 nanoparticles exert anti-tumour effects that is associated with the inflammasome activation in renal carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5670-5681. [PMID: 30160343 PMCID: PMC6201339 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a high metastasis tumour with less effective treatment available currently. Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) as a tumour suppressor might be used as a potential therapeutic target for RCC treatment. Here, we found that AIM2 expression was significantly decreased in RCC patient specimens and renal carcinoma cell lines (786‐O and OSRC‐2). To establish a safe and effective AIM2 gene delivery system, we formed the nanoparticles consisting of a folate grafted PEI600‐CyD (H1) nanoparticle‐mediated AIM2 gene (H1/pAIM2) as an effective delivery agent. Delivery of H1/pAIM2 in renal carcinoma cells could remarkably increase the expression of AIM2, and subsequently decrease cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as enhance cell apoptosis. In order to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of AIM2 in vivo, H1/pAIM2 nanoparticles were injected intratumorally into 786‐O‐xenograft mice. Administration of H1/pAIM2 nanoparticles could inhibit the tumour growth as evidenced by reduced tumour volume and weight. Furthermore, Blockade of inflammasome activation triggered by H1/pAIM2 nanoparticles using inflammasome inhibitor YVAD‐CMK abrogated the anti‐tumoral activities of H1/AIM2. These results indicated the therapeutic effect of H1/pAIM2 nanoparticles was mainly attributable to its capability to enhance the inflammasome activation. H1/AIM2 nanoparticles might act as an efficient therapeutic approach for RCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Nianli Liu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huizhong Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zheng Lu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Zaidi SK, Fritz AJ, Tracy KM, Gordon JA, Tye CE, Boyd J, Van Wijnen AJ, Nickerson JA, Imbalzano AN, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS. Nuclear organization mediates cancer-compromised genetic and epigenetic control. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 69:1-10. [PMID: 29759441 PMCID: PMC6102062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear organization is functionally linked to genetic and epigenetic regulation of gene expression for biological control and is modified in cancer. Nuclear organization supports cell growth and phenotypic properties of normal and cancer cells by facilitating physiologically responsive interactions of chromosomes, genes and regulatory complexes at dynamic three-dimensional microenvironments. We will review nuclear structure/function relationships that include: 1. Epigenetic bookmarking of genes by phenotypic transcription factors to control fidelity and plasticity of gene expression as cells enter and exit mitosis; 2. Contributions of chromatin remodeling to breast cancer nuclear morphology, metabolism and effectiveness of chemotherapy; 3. Relationships between fidelity of nuclear organization and metastasis of breast cancer to bone; 4. Dynamic modifications of higher-order inter- and intra-chromosomal interactions in breast cancer cells; 5. Coordinate control of cell growth and phenotype by tissue-specific transcription factors; 6. Oncofetal epigenetic control by bivalent histone modifications that are functionally related to sustaining the stem cell phenotype; and 7. Noncoding RNA-mediated regulation in the onset and progression of breast cancer. The discovery of components to nuclear organization that are functionally related to cancer and compromise gene expression have the potential for translation to innovative cancer diagnosis and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed K Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Andrew J Fritz
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Kirsten M Tracy
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jonathan A Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Coralee E Tye
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Joseph Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Andre J Van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Nickerson
- Department of Pediatrics, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Antony N Imbalzano
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States.
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48
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Abstract
CTCF, Zinc-finger protein, has been identified as a multifunctional transcription factor that regulates gene expression through various mechanisms, including recruitment of other co-activators and binding to promoter regions of target genes. Furthermore, it has been proposed to be an insulator protein that contributes to the establishment of functional three-dimensional chromatin structures. It can disrupt transcription through blocking the connection between an enhancer and a promoter. Previous studies revealed that the onset of various diseases, including breast cancer, could be attributed to the aberrant expression of CTCF itself or one or more of its target genes. In this review, we will describe molecular dysfunction involving CTCF that induces tumorigenesis and summarize the functional roles of CTCF in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Oh
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics, Department of Biological Science, and Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Chaeun Oh
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics, Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Yoo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Genomics, Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
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49
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Wu Q, Madany P, Dobson JR, Schnabl JM, Sharma S, Smith TC, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS, Muthuswami R, Imbalzano AN, Nickerson JA. The BRG1 chromatin remodeling enzyme links cancer cell metabolism and proliferation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38270-38281. [PMID: 27223259 PMCID: PMC5122388 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram cellular metabolism to meet the demands of growth. Identification of the regulatory machinery that regulates cancer-specific metabolic changes may open new avenues for anti-cancer therapeutics. The epigenetic regulator BRG1 is a catalytic ATPase for some mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes. BRG1 is a well-characterized tumor suppressor in some human cancers, but is frequently overexpressed without mutation in other cancers, including breast cancer. Here we demonstrate that BRG1 upregulates de novo lipogenesis and that this is crucial for cancer cell proliferation. Knockdown of BRG1 attenuates lipid synthesis by impairing the transcription of enzymes catalyzing fatty acid and lipid synthesis. Remarkably, exogenous addition of palmitate, the key intermediate in fatty acid synthesis, rescued the cancer cell proliferation defect caused by BRG1 knockdown. Our work suggests that targeting BRG1 to reduce lipid metabolism and, thereby, to reduce proliferation, has promise for epigenetic therapy in triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Pasil Madany
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jason R Dobson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jake M Schnabl
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Soni Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Tara C Smith
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, WA, USA
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, WA, USA
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, WA, USA
| | - Rohini Muthuswami
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Nickerson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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50
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Lin S, Jiang T, Ye L, Han Z, Liu Y, Liu C, Yuan C, Zhao S, Chen J, Wang J, Tang H, Lu S, Yang L, Wang X, Yan D, Peng Z, Fan J. The chromatin-remodeling enzyme BRG1 promotes colon cancer progression via positive regulation of WNT3A. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86051-86063. [PMID: 27852072 PMCID: PMC5349896 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to elucidate the clinical significance and underlying mechanisms of BRG1 in colon cancer. In the clinical analysis, overexpression of BRG1 correlates with colon cancer progression in two cohorts (n = 191 and n = 75). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that BRG1 is a prognosis predictor for overall survival (P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (P = 0.001). Knocking down BRG1 expression significantly suppressed the proliferation and invasion in colon cancer cells. The expression pattern of WNT3A is consistent with BRG1 in colon cancer tissues and WNT3A expression was inhibited in BRG1 knockdown cells. In addition, restoring WNT3A expression rescues the inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion induced by BRG1. In this study, we demonstrate that BRG1 may contribute to colon cancer progression through upregulating WNT3A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080,China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Anal-Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ling Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080,China
| | - Zhongbo Han
- Department of General Surgery, Central Hospital of Zi Bo, Zi Bo, Shandong 255000, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080,China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080,China
| | - Chenwei Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080,China
| | - Senlin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080,China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080,China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080,China
| | - Huamei Tang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Su Lu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Liguang Yang
- Key Lab of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080,China
| | - Dongwang Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080,China
| | - Zhihai Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080,China
| | - Junwei Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080,China
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