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Karpinska B, Foyer CH. Superoxide signalling and antioxidant processing in the plant nucleus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4599-4610. [PMID: 38460122 PMCID: PMC11317529 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The superoxide anion radical (O2·-) is a one-electron reduction product of molecular oxygen. Compared with other forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide has limited reactivity. Nevertheless, superoxide reacts with nitric oxide, ascorbate, and the iron moieties of [Fe-S] cluster-containing proteins. Superoxide has largely been neglected as a signalling molecule in the plant literature in favour of the most stable ROS form, hydrogen peroxide. However, superoxide can accumulate in plant cells, particularly in meristems, where superoxide dismutase activity and ascorbate accumulation are limited (or absent), or when superoxide is generated within the lipid environment of membranes. Moreover, oxidation of the nucleus in response to environmental stresses is a widespread phenomenon. Superoxide is generated in many intracellular compartments including mitochondria, chloroplasts, and on the apoplastic/cell wall face of the plasma membrane. However, nuclear superoxide production and functions remain poorly documented in plants. Accumulating evidence suggests that the nuclear pools of antioxidants such as glutathione are discrete and separate from the cytosolic pools, allowing compartment-specific signalling in the nucleus. We consider the potential mechanisms of superoxide generation and targets in the nucleus, together with the importance of antioxidant processing in regulating superoxide signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Karpinska
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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2
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Baldet P, Mori K, Decros G, Beauvoit B, Colombié S, Prigent S, Pétriacq P, Gibon Y. Multi-regulated GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase calls the tune in ascorbate biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2631-2643. [PMID: 38349339 PMCID: PMC11066804 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Ascorbate is involved in numerous vital processes, in particular in response to abiotic but also biotic stresses whose frequency and amplitude increase with climate change. Ascorbate levels vary greatly depending on species, tissues, or stages of development, but also in response to stress. Since its discovery, the ascorbate biosynthetic pathway has been intensely studied and it appears that GDP-l-galactose phosphorylase (GGP) is the enzyme with the greatest role in the control of ascorbate biosynthesis. Like other enzymes of this pathway, its expression is induced by various environmental and also developmental factors. Although mRNAs encoding it are among the most abundant in the transcriptome, the protein is only present in very small quantities. In fact, GGP translation is repressed by a negative feedback mechanism involving a small open reading frame located upstream of the coding sequence (uORF). Moreover, its activity is inhibited by a PAS/LOV type photoreceptor, the action of which is counteracted by blue light. Consequently, this multi-level regulation of GGP would allow fine control of ascorbate synthesis. Indeed, experiments varying the expression of GGP have shown that it plays a central role in response to stress. This new understanding will be useful for developing varieties adapted to future environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Baldet
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Kentaro Mori
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Guillaume Decros
- Max Planck-Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sylvain Prigent
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 BFP, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
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3
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Király L, Zechmann B, Albert R, Bacsó R, Schwarczinger I, Kolozsváriné Nagy J, Gullner G, Hafez YM, Künstler A. Enhanced Resistance to Viruses in Nicotiana edwardsonii 'Columbia' Is Dependent on Salicylic Acid, Correlates with High Glutathione Levels, and Extends to Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria and Abiotic Stress. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:36-50. [PMID: 37750816 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-23-0106-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier research showed that an interspecific tobacco hybrid (Nicotiana edwardsonii 'Columbia' [NEC]) displays elevated levels of salicylic acid (SA) and enhanced resistance to localized necrotic symptoms (hypersensitive response [HR]) caused by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tobacco necrosis virus (TNV), as compared with another interspecific hybrid (Nicotiana edwardsonii [NE]) derived from the same parents. In the present study, we investigated whether symptomatic resistance in NEC is indeed associated with the inhibition of TMV and TNV and whether SA plays a role in this process. We demonstrated that enhanced viral resistance in NEC is manifested as both milder local necrotic (HR) symptoms and reduced levels of TMV and TNV. The presence of an adequate amount of SA contributes to the enhanced defense response of NEC to TMV and TNV, as the absence of SA resulted in seriously impaired viral resistance. Elevated levels of subcellular tripeptide glutathione (GSH) in NEC plants in response to viral infection suggest that in addition to SA, GSH may also contribute to the elevated viral resistance of NEC. Furthermore, we found that NEC displays an enhanced resistance not only to viral pathogens but also to bacterial infections and abiotic oxidative stress induced by paraquat treatments. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránt Király
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place, no. 97046, Waco, TX 76798, U.S.A
| | - Réka Albert
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Szeged, H-6800, Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
| | - Renáta Bacsó
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Schwarczinger
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Kolozsváriné Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gullner
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yaser Mohamed Hafez
- EPCRS Excellence Center & Plant Pathology and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr-El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - András Künstler
- Department of Plant Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, H-1022, Budapest, Hungary
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Liu Y, Yu Y, Fei S, Chen Y, Xu Y, Zhu Z, He Y. Overexpression of Sly-miR398b Compromises Disease Resistance against Botrytis cinerea through Regulating ROS Homeostasis and JA-Related Defense Genes in Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2572. [PMID: 37447133 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be critical components in plant immunity. MicroRNA398 (miR398) is a highly conserved miRNA in all land plants and plays crucial roles in diverse biotic stress responses. However, the role of miR398 has not yet been characterized in tomato resistance against Botrytis cinerea. In this report, the transcript levels of sly-miR398b were strongly decreased in B. cinerea-infected leaves and the overexpression of sly-miR398b resulted in enhanced susceptibility. The attenuated expression of cytosol Cu/Zn-SOD (CSD1), chloroplast Cu/Zn-SOD (CSD2), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD), as well as the decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GPOD, collectively led to increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in sly-miR398b overexpressing plants. Furthermore, sly-miR398b was induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. The overexpression of sly-miR398b suppressed the expression of TomLoxD, LapA, and PR-STH2 in response to B. cinerea and MeJA treatment. Our data demonstrate that sly-miR398b overexpression negatively regulates the resistance to B. cinerea in tomato by inducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and downregulating the expression of MeJA-responsive defense genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yiren Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shihong Fei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yunmin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yong He
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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5
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Lacrampe N, Colombié S, Dumont D, Nicot P, Lecompte F, Lugan R. Nitrogen-mediated metabolic patterns of susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infection in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) stems. PLANTA 2023; 257:41. [PMID: 36680621 PMCID: PMC9867679 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe N stress allows an accumulation of C-based compounds but impedes that of N-based compounds required to lower the susceptibility of tomato stem to Botrytis cinerea. Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic filamentous fungus, forms potentially lethal lesions on the stems of infected plants. Contrasted levels of susceptibility to B. cinerea were obtained in a tomato cultivar grown on a range of nitrate concentration: low N supply resulted in high susceptibility while high N supply conferred a strong resistance. Metabolic deviations and physiological traits resulting from both infection and nitrogen limitation were investigated in the symptomless stem tissue surrounding the necrotic lesion. Prior to infection, nitrogen-deficient plants showed reduced levels of nitrogen-based compounds such as amino acids, proteins, and glutathione and elevated levels of carbon-based and defence compounds such as α-tomatine and chlorogenic acid. After B. cinerea inoculation, all plants displayed a few common responses, mainly alanine accumulation and galactinol depletion. The metabolome of resistant plants grown under high N supply showed no significant change after inoculation. On the contrary, the metabolome of susceptible plants grown under low N supply showed massive metabolic adjustments, including changes in central metabolism around glutamate and respiratory pathways, suggesting active resource mobilization and production of energy and reducing power. Redox and defence metabolisms were also stimulated by the infection in plants grown under low N supply; glutathione and chlorogenic acid accumulated, as well as metabolites with more controversial defensive roles, such as polyamines, GABA, branched-chain amino acids and phytosterols. Taken together, the results showed that nitrogen deficiency, although leading to an increase in secondary metabolites even before the pathogen attack, must have compromised the constitutive levels of defence proteins and delayed or attenuated the induced responses. The involvement of galactinol, alanine, cycloartenol and citramalate in the tomato stem response to B. cinerea is reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lacrampe
- PSH Unit, INRAE, 84914 Avignon, France
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, 84916 Avignon, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Univ Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | | | - Raphaël Lugan
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, 84916 Avignon, France
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6
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AtGSTU19 and AtGSTU24 as Moderators of the Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to Turnip mosaic virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911531. [PMID: 36232831 PMCID: PMC9570173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce glutathione as a response to the intercellular redox state. Glutathione actively participates in the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent signaling pathway, especially under biotic stress conditions. Most of the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are induced in cells during the defense response of plants not only through highly specific glutathione-binding abilities but also by participating in the signaling function. The tau class of GSTs has been reported to be induced as a response under stress conditions. Although several studies have focused on the role of the tau class of GSTs in plant–pathogen interactions, knowledge about their contribution to the response to virus inoculation is still inadequate. Therefore, in this study, the response of Atgstu19 and Atgstu24 knockout mutants to mechanical inoculation of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) was examined. The systemic infection of TuMV was more dynamically promoted in Atgstu19 mutants than in wild-type (Col-0) plants, suggesting the role of GSTU19 in TuMV resistance. However, Atgstu24 mutants displayed virus limitation and downregulation of the relative expression of TuMV capsid protein, accompanied rarely by TuMV particles only in vacuoles, and ultrastructural analyses of inoculated leaves revealed the lack of virus cytoplasmic inclusions. These findings indicated that Atgstu24 mutants displayed a resistance-like reaction to TuMV, suggesting that GSTU24 may suppress the plant resistance. In addition, these findings confirmed that GSTU1 and GSTU24 are induced and contribute to the susceptible reaction to TuMV in the Atgstu19–TuMV interaction. However, the upregulation of GSTU19 and GSTU13 highly correlated with virus limitation in the resistance-like reaction in the Atgstu24–TuMV interaction. Furthermore, the highly dynamic upregulation of GST and glutathione reductase (GR) activities resulted in significant induction (between 1 and 14 days post inoculation [dpi]) of the total glutathione pool (GSH + GSSG) in response to TuMV, which was accompanied by the distribution of active glutathione in plant cells. On the contrary, in Atgstu19, which is susceptible to TuMV interaction, upregulation of GST and GR activity only up to 7 dpi symptom development was reported, which resulted in the induction of the total glutathione pool between 1 and 3 dpi. These observations indicated that GSTU19 and GSTU24 are important factors in modulating the response to TuMV in Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, it was clear that glutathione is an important component of the regulatory network in resistance and susceptible response of A. thaliana to TuMV. These results help achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating the Arabidopsis–TuMV pathosystem.
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Redkar A, Sabale M, Schudoma C, Zechmann B, Gupta YK, López-Berges MS, Venturini G, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Turrà D, Solano R, Di Pietro A. Conserved secreted effectors contribute to endophytic growth and multihost plant compatibility in a vascular wilt fungus. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3214-3232. [PMID: 35689625 PMCID: PMC9421472 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungal interactions with plant roots, either beneficial or detrimental, have a crucial impact on agriculture and ecosystems. The cosmopolitan plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) provokes vascular wilts in more than a hundred different crops. Isolates of this fungus exhibit host-specific pathogenicity, which is conferred by lineage-specific Secreted In Xylem (SIX) effectors encoded on accessory genomic regions. However, such isolates also can colonize the roots of other plants asymptomatically as endophytes or even protect them against pathogenic strains. The molecular determinants of endophytic multihost compatibility are largely unknown. Here, we characterized a set of Fo candidate effectors from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) root apoplastic fluid; these early root colonization (ERC) effectors are secreted during early biotrophic growth on main and alternative plant hosts. In contrast to SIX effectors, ERCs have homologs across the entire Fo species complex as well as in other plant-interacting fungi, suggesting a conserved role in fungus-plant associations. Targeted deletion of ERC genes in a pathogenic Fo isolate resulted in reduced virulence and rapid activation of plant immune responses, while ERC deletion in a nonpathogenic isolate led to impaired root colonization and biocontrol ability. Strikingly, some ERCs contribute to Fo infection on the nonvascular land plant Marchantia polymorpha, revealing an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for multihost colonization by root infecting fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mugdha Sabale
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Bernd Zechmann
- Baylor University, Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
| | - Yogesh K Gupta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | - Selena Gimenez-Ibanez
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologıa-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Turrà
- Department of Agriculture and Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-enviromental Technology, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Roberto Solano
- Plant Molecular Genetics Department, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologıa-CSIC (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Yang L, Chen H, Yan W, Huang S, Cheng D, Xu H, Zhang Z. A pH- and redox-stimulated responsive hollow mesoporous silica for triggered delivery of fungicides to control downy mildew of Luffa cylindrica. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3365-3375. [PMID: 35514211 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Downy mildew, a devastating disease of cucurbitaceous crops caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Although a variety of fungicides are used to control downy mildew, choosing an effective product can be challenging. Environmental stimulus-responsive pesticide delivery systems have great potential to improve the effectiveness of disease and pest control and reduce the impact on environmentally beneficial organisms. RESULTS In this work, a disulfide bond (SS)-modified and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS)-capped hollow mesoporous silica (HMS) pesticide delivery system was synthesized using a hard template method for the control of downy mildew in cucurbit crops. The synthesized nanoparticles were loaded with dimethomorph (DMM), denoted as DMM@HMS-SS-COS, and the developmental toxicity of these nanoparticles to zebrafish embryos were evaluated. The results showed that the prepared DMM@HMS-SS-COS exhibited excellent dual response properties to pH and glutathione (GSH), with an encapsulation rate of up to 24.36%. DMM@HMS-SS-COS has good ultraviolet (UV) radiation stability and adhesion properties. Compared with dimethomorph suspension concentrate (SC), DMM@HMS-SS-COS was more effective against downy mildew for up to 21 days. Toxicity tests showed that DMM@HMS-SS-COS significantly reduced the effect of DMM on the hatching rate and survival rate of zebrafish embryos. CONCLUSIONS This work not only demonstrates that DMM@HMS-SS-COS could be used as a nanodelivery system for intelligent control of downy mildew but also emphasizes the necessity of increasing the acute toxicity of nanoformulations to non-target organisms in environmental risk assessment. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liupeng Yang
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiya Chen
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Yan
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suqing Huang
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - HanHong Xu
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Otulak-Kozieł K, Kozieł E, Przewodowski W, Ciacka K, Przewodowska A. Glutathione Modulation in PVY NTN Susceptible and Resistant Potato Plant Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073797. [PMID: 35409157 PMCID: PMC8998174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione is a metabolite that plays an important role in plant response to biotic stress through its ability to remove reactive oxygen species, thereby limiting the degree of potential oxidative damage. It can couple changes in the intracellular redox state to the development, especially the defense responses, of plants. Several studies have focused on measuring glutathione levels in virus infected plants, but have not provided complete information. Therefore, we analyzed, for the first time, the content of glutathione as well as its ultrastructural distribution related to susceptible and hypersensitive potato–Potato virus Y NTN (PVYNTN) interaction, with an aim of providing new insight into interactive responses to PVYNTN stress. Our findings reported that the inoculation of PVYNTN caused a dynamic increase in the content of glutathione, not only in resistance but also in susceptible reaction, especially at the first steps of plant–virus interaction. Moreover, the increase in hypersensitive response was much more dynamic, and accompanied by a significant reduction in the content of PVYNTN. By contrast, in susceptible potato Irys, the content of glutathione decreased between 7 and 21 days after virus inoculation, which led to a significant increase in PVYNTN concentration. Additionally, our findings clearly indicated the steady induction of two selected potato glutathione S-transferase StGSTF1 and StGSTF2 genes after PVYNTN inoculation, regardless of the interaction type. However, the relative expression level of StGSTF1 did not significantly differ between resistant and susceptible plants, whereas the relative expression levels of StGSTF2 differed between susceptible and resistant reactions. Therefore, we proposed that StGSTF2 can act as a marker of the type of response to PVYNTN. Our observations indicated that glutathione is an important component of signaling as well as the regulatory network in the PVYNTN–potato pathosystem. In resistance responses to PVYNTN, this metabolite activates plant defenses by reducing potential damage to the host plant cell, causing a reduction in virus concentration, while it can also be involved in the development of PVYNTN elicited symptoms, as well as limiting oxidative stress, leading to systemic infection in susceptible potato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.O.-K.); (E.K.)
| | - Edmund Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.O.-K.); (E.K.)
| | - Włodzimierz Przewodowski
- Laboratory of Potato Gene Resources and Tissue Culture, Bonin Research Center, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, 76-009 Bonin, Poland; (W.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Katarzyna Ciacka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Przewodowska
- Laboratory of Potato Gene Resources and Tissue Culture, Bonin Research Center, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, 76-009 Bonin, Poland; (W.P.); (A.P.)
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10
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Zechmann B, Müller M, Möstl S, Zellnig G. Three-dimensional quantitative imaging of Tobacco mosaic virus and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus induced ultrastructural changes. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1201-1211. [PMID: 33619654 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional ultrastructural changes of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in tobacco and pumpkin plants, respectively, are well studied. To provide 3D data, representative control and infected cells were reconstructed using serial sectioning and transmission electron microscopy. Quantitative data of 3D ultrastructural changes were then extracted from the cytosol and organelles by image analysis. While TMV induced the accumulation of an average of 40 virus inclusion bodies in the cytosol, which covered about 13% of the cell volume, ZYMV caused the accumulation of an average of 1752 cylindrical inclusions in the cytosol, which covered about 2.7% of the total volume of the cell. TMV infection significantly decreased the number and size of mitochondria (- 49 and - 20%) and peroxisomes (- 62 and - 28%) of the reconstructed cell. The reconstructed ZYMV-infected cell contained more (105%) and larger (109%) mitochondria when compared to the control cell. While the reconstructed TMV-infected cell contained larger (20%) and the ZYMV-infected smaller (19%) chloroplasts, both contained less chloroplasts (- 40% for TMV and - 23% for ZYMV). In chloroplasts, the volume of starch and plastoglobules increased (664% and 150% for TMV and 1324% and 1300% for ZYMV) when compared to the control. The latter was correlated with a decrease in the volume of thylakoids in the reconstructed ZYMV-infected cell (- 31%) indicating that degradation products from thylakoids are transported and stored in plastoglobules. Summing up, the data collected in this study give a comprehensive overview of 3D changes induced by TMV and ZYMV in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97046, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
| | - Maria Müller
- Institute of Biology, Plant Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Schubertstrasse 51, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Möstl
- Institute of Biology, Plant Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Schubertstrasse 51, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Günther Zellnig
- Institute of Biology, Plant Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Schubertstrasse 51, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Boel A, Veszelyi K, Németh CE, Beyens A, Willaert A, Coucke P, Callewaert B, Margittai É. Arterial Tortuosity Syndrome: An Ascorbate Compartmentalization Disorder? Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:875-889. [PMID: 31621376 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cardiovascular disorders are the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Monogenic developmental disorders of the heart and vessels are highly valuable to study the physiological and pathological processes in cardiovascular system homeostasis. The arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is a rare, autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder showing lengthening, tortuosity, and stenosis of the large arteries, with a propensity for aneurysm formation. In histopathology, it associates with fragmentation and disorganization of elastic fibers in several tissues, including the arterial wall. ATS is caused by pathogenic variants in SLC2A10 encoding the facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT)10. Critical Issues: Although several hypotheses have been forwarded, the molecular mechanisms linking disrupted GLUT10 activity with arterial malformations are largely unknown. Recent Advances: The vascular and systemic manifestations and natural history of ATS patients have been largely delineated. GLUT10 was identified as an intracellular transporter of dehydroascorbic acid, which contributes to collagen and elastin cross-linking in the endoplasmic reticulum, redox homeostasis in the mitochondria, and global and gene-specific methylation/hydroxymethylation affecting epigenetic regulation in the nucleus. We revise here the current knowledge on ATS and the role of GLUT10 within the compartmentalization of ascorbate in physiological and diseased states. Future Directions: Centralization of clinical, treatment, and outcome data will enable better management for ATS patients. Establishment of representative animal disease models could facilitate the study of pathomechanisms underlying ATS. This might be relevant for other forms of vascular dysplasia, such as isolated aneurysm formation, hypertensive vasculopathy, and neovascularization. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 875-889.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annekatrien Boel
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Krisztina Veszelyi
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Molecular Biology, and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla E Németh
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aude Beyens
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andy Willaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Coucke
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Callewaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Éva Margittai
- Institute of Clinical Experimental Research, Molecular Biology, and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Drought and Pathogen Effects on Survival, Leaf Physiology, Oxidative Damage, and Defense in Two Middle Eastern Oak Species. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The charcoal disease agents, Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Obolarina persica are two latent, ascomycetous oak pathogens in the Middle Eastern Zagros forests, where they have devastating effects, particularly during drought. Under greenhouse conditions, we investigated the effects of the two charcoal disease agents individually and in combination with drought on survival, growth, foliar gas-exchange, pigment content, oxidative stress and the antioxidant response of Quercus infectoria and Q. libani, two of the dominant tree species in this region. Commonly, the strongest negative effects emerged in the drought–pathogen interaction treatments. Q. infectoria showed less severe lesions, higher survival, more growth, and less leaf loss than Q. libani under combined biotic and abiotic stress. In both oak species, the combination of pathogen infection and drought resulted in more than 50% reduction in foliar gas-exchange parameters with partial recovery over time in Q. infectoria suggesting a superior defense system. Indeed, enhanced foliar anthocyanin, total soluble protein and glutathione concentrations imply an upregulation of the antioxidant defense system in Q. infectoria under stress while none of these parameters showed a significant treatment response in Q. libani. Consequently, Q. infectoria foliage showed no significant increase in superoxide, lower lipoxygenase activity, and less electrolyte leakage compared to the highly elevated levels seen in Q. libani indicating oxidative damage. Our findings indicate greater drought tolerance and pathogen resilience in Q. infectoria compared to Q. libani. Under future climate scenarios, we therefore expect changes in forest community structure driven by a decline in Q. libani and closely associated organisms.
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Janse van Rensburg HC, Takács Z, Freynschlag F, Toksoy Öner E, Jonak C, Van den Ende W. Fructans Prime ROS Dynamics and Botrytis cinerea Resistance in Arabidopsis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E805. [PMID: 32882794 PMCID: PMC7555011 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally derived molecules can be used as priming or defense stimulatory agents to protect against biotic stress. Fructans have gained strong interest due to their ability to induce resistance in a number of crop species. In this study, we set out to establish the role of fructan-induced immunity against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that both inulin- and levan-type fructans from different sources can enhance Arabidopsis resistance against B. cinerea. We found that inulin from chicory roots and levan oligosaccharides from the exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium Halomonas smyrnensis primed the NADPH-oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in response to the elicitors flg22, derived from the bacterial flagellum, and oligogalacturonides (OGs), derived from the host cell wall. Neither induced a direct ROS burst typical of elicitors. We also found a primed response after infection with B. cinerea for H2O2 accumulation and the activities of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase. Sucrose accumulated as a consequence of fructan priming, and glucose and sucrose levels increased in fructan-treated plants after infection with B. cinerea. This study shows that levan-type fructans, specifically from bacterial origin, can prime plant defenses and that both inulin and levan oligosaccharide-mediated priming is associated with changes in ROS dynamics and sugar metabolism. Establishing fructan-induced immunity in Arabidopsis is an important step to further study the underlying mechanisms since a broad range of biological resources are available for Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoltan Takács
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (Z.T.); (F.F.); (C.J.)
| | - Florentina Freynschlag
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (Z.T.); (F.F.); (C.J.)
| | - Ebru Toksoy Öner
- IBSB, Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Bioengineering Department, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Claudia Jonak
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (Z.T.); (F.F.); (C.J.)
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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14
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Zechmann B. Subcellular Roles of Glutathione in Mediating Plant Defense during Biotic Stress. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091067. [PMID: 32825274 PMCID: PMC7569779 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles, within different cell compartments, in activating plant defense and the development of resistance. In mitochondria, the accumulation of ROS and the change of glutathione towards its oxidized state leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, activates cell death, and triggers resistance. The accumulation of glutathione in chloroplasts and peroxisomes at the early stages of plant pathogen interactions is related to increased tolerance and resistance. The collapse of the antioxidative system in these two cell compartments at the later stages leads to cell death through retrograde signaling. The cytosol can be considered to be the switchboard during biotic stress where glutathione is synthesized, equally distributed to, and collected from different cell compartments. Changes in the redox state of glutathione and the accumulation of ROS in the cytosol during biotic stress can initiate the activation of defense genes in nuclei through pathways that involve salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, auxins, and abscisic acid. This review dissects the roles of glutathione in individual organelles during compatible and incompatible bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases in plants and explores the subcelluar roles of ROS, glutathione, ascorbate, and related enzymes in the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97046, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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15
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Rajarammohan S, Paritosh K, Pental D, Kaur J. Comparative genomics of Alternaria species provides insights into the pathogenic lifestyle of Alternaria brassicae - a pathogen of the Brassicaceae family. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:1036. [PMID: 31888481 PMCID: PMC6937934 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternaria brassicae, a necrotrophic pathogen, causes Alternaria Leaf Spot, one of the economically important diseases of Brassica crops. Many other Alternaria spp. such as A. brassicicola and A. alternata are known to cause secondary infections in the A. brassicae-infected Brassicas. The genome architecture, pathogenicity factors, and determinants of host-specificity of A. brassicae are unknown. In this study, we annotated and characterised the recently announced genome assembly of A. brassicae and compared it with other Alternaria spp. to gain insights into its pathogenic lifestyle. RESULTS We also sequenced the genomes of two A. alternata isolates that were co-infecting B. juncea using Nanopore MinION sequencing for additional comparative analyses within the Alternaria genus. Genome alignments within the Alternaria spp. revealed high levels of synteny between most chromosomes with some intrachromosomal rearrangements. We show for the first time that the genome of A. brassicae, a large-spored Alternaria species, contains a dispensable chromosome. We identified 460 A. brassicae-specific genes, which included many secreted proteins and effectors. Furthermore, we have identified the gene clusters responsible for the production of Destruxin-B, a known pathogenicity factor of A. brassicae. CONCLUSION The study provides a perspective into the unique and shared repertoire of genes within the Alternaria genus and identifies genes that could be contributing to the pathogenic lifestyle of A. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasubramanian Rajarammohan
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi , South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
- Present Address: National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Kumar Paritosh
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Pental
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Jagreet Kaur
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi , South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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16
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Xu Y, Magwanga RO, Cai X, Zhou Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Jin D, Guo X, Wei Y, Li Z, Wang K, Liu F. Deep Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Network Evolution, Response to Abiotic Stress, and Regulation of Fiber Development in Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1863. [PMID: 30991750 PMCID: PMC6514600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important molecules in the plant, which are involved in many biological processes, including fiber development and adaptation to abiotic stress in cotton. We carried out transcription analysis to determine the evolution of the ROS genes and analyzed their expression levels in various tissues of cotton plant under abiotic stress conditions. There were 515, 260, and 261 genes of ROS network that were identified in Gossypium hirsutum (AD₁ genome), G. arboreum (A genome), and G. raimondii (D genome), respectively. The ROS network genes were found to be distributed in all the cotton chromosomes, but with a tendency of aggregating on either the lower or upper arms of the chromosomes. Moreover, all the cotton ROS network genes were grouped into 17 families as per the phylogenetic tress analysis. A total of 243 gene pairs were orthologous in G. arboreum and G. raimondii. There were 240 gene pairs that were orthologous in G. arboreum, G. raimondii, and G. hirsutum. The synonymous substitution value (Ks) peaks of orthologous gene pairs between the At subgenome and the A progenitor genome (G. arboreum), D subgenome and D progenitor genome (G. raimondii) were 0.004 and 0.015, respectively. The Ks peaks of ROS network orthologous gene pairs between the two progenitor genomes (A and D genomes) and two subgenomes (At and Dt subgenome) were 0.045. The majority of Ka/Ks value of orthologous gene pairs between the A, D genomes and two subgenomes of TM-1 were lower than 1.0. RNA seq. analysis and RT-qPCR validation, showed that, CSD1,2,3,5,6; FSD1,2; MSD1,2; APX3,11; FRO5.6; and RBOH6 played a major role in fiber development while CSD1, APX1, APX2, MDAR1, GPX4-6-7, FER2, RBOH6, RBOH11, and FRO5 were integral for enhancing salt stress in cotton. ROS network-mediated signal pathway enhances the mechanism of fiber development and regulation of abiotic stress in Gossypium. This study will enhance the understanding of ROS network and form the basic foundation in exploring the mechanism of ROS network-involving the fiber development and regulation of abiotic stress in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Richard Odongo Magwanga
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang 455000, China.
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST), School of Biological and Physical Sciences (SPBS), P.O BOX 210-40600, Bondo, Kenya.
| | - Xiaoyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Zhongli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Xingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Yuhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Zhenmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Dingsha Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Xinlei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Yangyang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang 455000, China.
- Biological and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Zhenqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Kunbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ICR, CAAS), Anyang 455000, China.
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Zechmann B. Ultrastructure of plastids serves as reliable abiotic and biotic stress marker. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214811. [PMID: 30946768 PMCID: PMC6448886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastids perform many essential functions in plant metabolism including photosynthesis, synthesis of metabolites, and stress signaling. The most prominent type in green leaves is the chloroplast which contains thylakoids, plastoglobules, and starch. As these structures are closely linked to the metabolism of chloroplasts, changes during plant growth and development and during environmental stress situations are likely to occur. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in size and ultrastructure of chloroplast on cross-sections of leaves during high light stress, Botrytis infection, and dark induced senescence by quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The size of chloroplasts on cross sections of leaves decreased significantly when plants were subject to high light (49%), Botrytis infection (58%), and senescence (71%). The number of chloroplasts on cross sections of the palisade cell layer and spongy parenchyma, respectively, decreased significantly in plants exposed to high light conditions (48% and 29%), infected with Botrytis (48% and 46%), and during senescence (78% and 80%). Thylakoids on cross-sections of chloroplasts decreased significantly in plants exposed to high light (22%), inoculated with Botrytis cinerea (36%), and senescence (51%). This correlated with a massive increase in plastoglobules on cross-sections of chloroplasts of 88%, 2,306% and 19,617%, respectively. Starch contents on cross sections of chloroplasts were completely diminished in all three stress scenarios. These results demonstrate that the decrease in the number and size of chloroplasts is a reliable stress marker in plants during abiotic and biotic stress situations which can be easily detected with a light microscope. Further, lack of starch, the occurrence of large plastoglobules and decrease in thylakoids can also be regarded as reliable stress marker in plants which can be detected by TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
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18
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Rahman MU, Hanif M, Wan R, Hou X, Ahmad B, Wang X. Screening Vitis Genotypes for Responses to Botrytis cinerea and Evaluation of Antioxidant Enzymes, Reactive Oxygen Species and Jasmonic Acid in Resistant and Susceptible Hosts. Molecules 2018; 24:E5. [PMID: 30577474 PMCID: PMC6337682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungal phytopathogen with devastating effects on many Vitis genotypes. Here, a screening of 81 Vitis genotypes for leaf resistance to B. cinerea revealed two highly resistant (HR), twelve resistant (R), twenty-five susceptible (S) and forty-two highly susceptible (HS) genotypes. We focused on the HR genotype, 'Zi Qiu' (Vitis davidii), and the HS genotype 'Riesling' (V. vinifera), to elucidate mechanisms of host resistance and susceptibility against B. cinerea, using detached leaf assays. These involved a comparison of fungal growth, reactive oxygen species (ROS) responses, jasmonic acid (JA) levels, and changes in the anti-oxidative system between the two genotypes after inoculation with B. cinerea. Our results indicated that the high-level resistance of 'Zi Qiu' can be attributed to insignificant fungal development, low ROS production, timely elevation of anti-oxidative functions, and high JA levels. Moreover, severe fungal infection of 'Riesling' and sustained ROS production coincided with relatively unchanged anti-oxidative activity, as well as low JA levels. This study provides insights into B. cinerea infection in grape, which can be valuable for breeders by providing information for selecting suitable germplasm with enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mati Ur Rahman
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Ran Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Künstler A, Bacsó R, Albert R, Barna B, Király Z, Hafez YM, Fodor J, Schwarczinger I, Király L. Superoxide (O 2.-) accumulation contributes to symptomless (type I) nonhost resistance of plants to biotrophic pathogens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 128:115-125. [PMID: 29775863 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance is the most common form of disease resistance exhibited by plants against most pathogenic microorganisms. Type I nonhost resistance is symptomless (i.e. no macroscopically visible cell/tissue death), implying an early halt of pathogen growth. The timing/speed of defences is much more rapid during type I nonhost resistance than during type II nonhost and host ("gene-for-gene") resistance associated with a hypersensitive response (localized necrosis, HR). However, the mechanism(s) underlying symptomless (type I) nonhost resistance is not entirely understood. Here we assessed accumulation dynamics of the reactive oxygen species superoxide (O2.-) during interactions of plants with a range of biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens resulting in susceptibility, symptomless nonhost resistance or host resistance with HR. Our results show that the timing of macroscopically detectable superoxide accumulation (1-4 days after inoculation, DAI) is always associated with the speed of the defense response (symptomless nonhost resistance vs. host resistance with HR) in inoculated leaves. The relatively early (1 DAI) superoxide accumulation during symptomless nonhost resistance of barley to wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) is localized to mesophyll chloroplasts of inoculated leaves and coupled to enhanced NADPH oxidase (EC 1.6.3.1) activity and transient increases in expression of genes regulating superoxide levels and cell death (superoxide dismutase, HvSOD1 and BAX inhibitor-1, HvBI-1). Importantly, the partial suppression of symptomless nonhost resistance of barley to wheat powdery mildew by heat shock (49 °C, 45 s) and antioxidant (SOD and catalase) treatments points to a functional role of superoxide in symptomless (type I) nonhost resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Künstler
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Renáta Bacsó
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Réka Albert
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Balázs Barna
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Király
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Yaser Mohamed Hafez
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - József Fodor
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Schwarczinger
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary
| | - Lóránt Király
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman Ottó str. 15, Hungary.
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Rossi FR, Krapp AR, Bisaro F, Maiale SJ, Pieckenstain FL, Carrillo N. Reactive oxygen species generated in chloroplasts contribute to tobacco leaf infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:761-773. [PMID: 28906064 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play fundamental roles in plant responses to pathogen infection, including modulation of cell death processes and defense-related gene expression. Cell death triggered as part of the hypersensitive response enhances resistance to biotrophic pathogens, but favors the virulence of necrotrophs. Even though the involvement of ROS in the orchestration of defense responses is well established, the relative contribution of specific subcellular ROS sources to plant resistance against microorganisms with different pathogenesis strategies is not completely known. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of chloroplastic ROS in plant defense against a typical necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea. For this purpose, we used transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) lines expressing a plastid-targeted cyanobacterial flavodoxin (pfld lines), which accumulate lower chloroplastic ROS in response to different stresses. Tissue damage and fungal growth were significantly reduced in infected leaves of pfld plants, as compared with infected wild-type (WT) counterparts. ROS build-up triggered by Botrytis infection and associated with chloroplasts was significantly decreased (70-80%) in pfld leaves relative to the wild type. Phytoalexin accumulation and expression of pathogenesis-related genes were induced to a lower degree in pfld plants than in WT siblings. The impact of fungal infection on photosynthetic activity was also lower in pfld leaves. The results indicate that chloroplast-generated ROS play a major role in lesion development during Botrytis infection. This work demonstrates that the modulation of chloroplastic ROS levels by the expression of a heterologous antioxidant protein can provide a significant degree of protection against a canonical necrotrophic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco R Rossi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Adriana R Krapp
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Bisaro
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Santiago J Maiale
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Fernando L Pieckenstain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
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21
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Johansen KS. Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases: The Microbial Power Tool for Lignocellulose Degradation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:926-936. [PMID: 27527668 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-enzymes that catalyze oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds. These enzymes are secreted by many microorganisms to initiate infection and degradation processes. In particular, the concept of fungal degradation of lignocellulose has been revised in the light of this recent finding. LPMOs require a source of electrons for activity, and both enzymatic and plant-derived sources have been identified. Importantly, light-induced electron delivery from light-harvesting pigments can efficiently drive LPMO activity. The possible implications of LPMOs in plant-symbiont and -pathogen interactions are discussed in the context of the very powerful oxidative capacity of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Salomon Johansen
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Geoscience and Natural Resources Management, Copenhagen University, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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22
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Li H, Ren B, Kang Z, Huang L. Comparison of cell death and accumulation of reactive oxygen species in wheat lines with or without Yr36 responding to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici under low and high temperatures at seedling and adult-plant stages. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:787-802. [PMID: 26070270 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Yr36 is an important gene conferring resistance to stripe rust of wheat caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). To determine if the Yr36 resistance is correlated to reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and cell death, wheat near-isogenic lines with (UC1041 + Yr36) and without (UC1041) the gene were histologically characterized for response to Pst infection. Yr36 conferred stripe rust resistance at both seedling and adult-plant stages when the gene line was tested with Pst race CYR29 at a high-temperature (HT) cycle (12 °C at night and 33 °C during the day). At the HT cycle, the growth of secondary hyphae was obviously suppressed in both seedlings and adult plants of UC1041 + Yr36 compared with those of UC1041. The percentages of infection sites with necrotic host cells in UC1041 + Yr36 were significantly higher than UC1041 60 hours after inoculation (hai) at both seedling and adult-plant stages. Mesophyll cell death in the inoculated UC1041 + Yr36 leaves at the HT cycle was stronger than at a low-temperature (LT) cycle (12 °C at night and 18 °C during the day). At the HT cycle, the level of ROS burst started increasing in the inoculated leaves of UC1041 + Yr36 when Pst hyphae started differentiating and extending, and simultaneously, the number of penetration sites with hypersensitive cell death was also increasing. The results indicate that Yr36 product affects the ROS accumulation and cell death of the host in interaction of wheat with Pst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Luschin-Ebengreuth N, Zechmann B. Compartment-specific investigations of antioxidants and hydrogen peroxide in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana during dark-induced senescence. ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM 2016; 38:133. [PMID: 27217598 PMCID: PMC4859865 DOI: 10.1007/s11738-016-2150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to gain insight into the compartment-specific roles of ascorbate and glutathione in leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. The subcellular distribution of ascorbate, glutathione, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and correlated with the activity of antioxidative enzymes in wildtype plants and the ascorbate- and glutathione-deficient mutants vtc2-1 and pad2-1, respectively. Both mutants showed earlier and stronger senescence than the wildtype indicating the importance of a functioning ascorbate and glutathione cycle in the induction and regulation of senescence. Glutathione levels dropped drastically and up to 93 % in all cell compartments of wildtype plants and the vtc2-1 mutant within the first day of dark-induced senescence while ascorbate contents remained unchanged until the very end. Glutathione contents in mitochondria of pad2-1 mutants decreased more slowly over the first 7 days than compared to the other plants indicating an important role of glutathione in mitochondria in this mutant during senescence. The strongest decrease (84 %) of glutathione contents in wildtype plants at this time point was found in mitochondria indicating an important role of mitochondria for the induction of senescence and cell death events. Due to the general decrease of the antioxidative capacity, a strong accumulation of H2O2 was observed in cell walls, plastids, and the cytosol in all plants. Activities of glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and catalase were strongly reduced while ascorbate peroxidase and monodehydroascorbate reductase were increased. The initial rapid drop of glutathione levels seemed to be the trigger for senescence, while ascorbate appeared to be the key factor in regulating senescence through controlling H2O2 levels by the oxidation of reduced ascorbate to monodehydroascorbate and the subsequent reduction to ascorbate by monodehydroascorbate reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- />Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97046, Waco, TX 76798 USA
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24
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Wan R, Hou X, Wang X, Qu J, Singer SD, Wang Y, Wang X. Resistance evaluation of Chinese wild Vitis genotypes against Botrytis cinerea and different responses of resistant and susceptible hosts to the infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:854. [PMID: 26579134 PMCID: PMC4620147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is a major threat to grapevine cultivation worldwide. A screen of 41 Vitis genotypes for leaf resistance to B. cinerea suggested species independent variation and revealed 18 resistant Chinese wild Vitis genotypes, while most investigated V. vinifera, or its hybrids, were susceptible. A particularly resistant Chinese wild Vitis, "Pingli-5" (V. sp. [Qinling grape]) and a very susceptible V. vinifera cultivar, "Red Globe" were selected for further study. Microscopic analysis demonstrated that B. cinerea growth was limited during early infection on "Pingli-5" before 24 h post-inoculation (hpi) but not on Red Globe. It was found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidative system were associated with fungal growth. O[Formula: see text] accumulated similarly in B. cinerea 4 hpi on both Vitis genotypes. Lower levels of O[Formula: see text] (not H2O2) were detected 4 hpi and ROS (H2O2 and O[Formula: see text]) accumulation from 8 hpi onwards was also lower in "Pingli-5" leaves than in "Red Globe" leaves. B. cinerea triggered sustained ROS production in "Red Globe" but not in "Pingli-5" with subsequent infection progresses. Red Globe displayed little change in antioxidative activities in response to B. cinerea infection, instead, antioxidative activities were highly and timely elevated in resistant "Pingli-5" which correlated with its minimal ROS increases and its high resistance. These findings not only enhance our understanding of the resistance of Chinese wild Vitis species to B. cinerea, but also lay the foundation for breeding B. cinerea resistant grapes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Xianhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Jingwu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Stacy D. Singer
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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25
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Lehmann S, Serrano M, L'Haridon F, Tjamos SE, Metraux JP. Reactive oxygen species and plant resistance to fungal pathogens. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:54-62. [PMID: 25264341 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been studied for their role in plant development as well as in plant immunity. ROS were consistently observed to accumulate in the plant after the perception of pathogens and microbes and over the years, ROS were postulated to be an integral part of the defence response of the plant. In this article we will focus on recent findings about ROS involved in the interaction of plants with pathogenic fungi. We will describe the ways to detect ROS, their modes of action and their importance in relation to resistance to fungal pathogens. In addition we include some results from works focussing on the fungal interactor and from studies investigating roots during pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Lehmann
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Mario Serrano
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Floriane L'Haridon
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Sotirios E Tjamos
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
| | - Jean-Pierre Metraux
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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26
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Anjum NA, Gill R, Kaushik M, Hasanuzzaman M, Pereira E, Ahmad I, Tuteja N, Gill SS. ATP-sulfurylase, sulfur-compounds, and plant stress tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:210. [PMID: 25904923 PMCID: PMC4387935 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) stands fourth in the list of major plant nutrients after N, P, and K. Sulfate (SO4 (2-)), a form of soil-S taken up by plant roots is metabolically inert. As the first committed step of S-assimilation, ATP-sulfurylase (ATP-S) catalyzes SO4 (2-)-activation and yields activated high-energy compound adenosine-5(')-phosphosulfate that is reduced to sulfide (S(2-)) and incorporated into cysteine (Cys). In turn, Cys acts as a precursor or donor of reduced S for a range of S-compounds such as methionine (Met), glutathione (GSH), homo-GSH (h-GSH), and phytochelatins (PCs). Among S-compounds, GSH, h-GSH, and PCs are known for their involvement in plant tolerance to varied abiotic stresses, Cys is a major component of GSH, h-GSH, and PCs; whereas, several key stress-metabolites such as ethylene, are controlled by Met through its first metabolite S-adenosylmethionine. With the major aim of briefly highlighting S-compound-mediated role of ATP-S in plant stress tolerance, this paper: (a) overviews ATP-S structure/chemistry and occurrence, (b) appraises recent literature available on ATP-S roles and regulations, and underlying mechanisms in plant abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, (c) summarizes ATP-S-intrinsic regulation by major S-compounds, and (d) highlights major open-questions in the present context. Future research in the current direction can be devised based on the discussion outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A. Anjum
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, AveiroPortugal
| | - Ritu Gill
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, RohtakIndia
| | - Manjeri Kaushik
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, RohtakIndia
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, DhakaBangladesh
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, AveiroPortugal
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, AveiroPortugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, AveiroPortugal
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New DelhiIndia
| | - Sarvajeet S. Gill
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, RohtakIndia
- *Correspondence: Sarvajeet S. Gill, Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124 001, India
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27
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Zechmann B. Compartment-specific importance of glutathione during abiotic and biotic stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:566. [PMID: 25368627 PMCID: PMC4202713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The tripeptide thiol glutathione (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is the most important sulfur containing antioxidant in plants and essential for plant defense against abiotic and biotic stress conditions. It is involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), redox signaling, the modulation of defense gene expression, and the regulation of enzymatic activities. Even though changes in glutathione contents are well documented in plants and its roles in plant defense are well established, still too little is known about its compartment-specific importance during abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Due to technical advances in the visualization of glutathione and the redox state through microscopical methods some progress was made in the last few years in studying the importance of subcellular glutathione contents during stress conditions in plants. This review summarizes the data available on compartment-specific importance of glutathione in the protection against abiotic and biotic stress conditions such as high light stress, exposure to cadmium, drought, and pathogen attack (Pseudomonas, Botrytis, tobacco mosaic virus). The data will be discussed in connection with the subcellular accumulation of ROS during these conditions and glutathione synthesis which are both highly compartment specific (e.g., glutathione synthesis takes place in chloroplasts and the cytosol). Thus this review will reveal the compartment-specific importance of glutathione during abiotic and biotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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28
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Kubínová Z, Janáček J, Lhotáková Z, Kubínová L, Albrechtová J. Unbiased estimation of chloroplast number in mesophyll cells: advantage of a genuine three-dimensional approach. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:609-20. [PMID: 24336344 PMCID: PMC3904715 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast number per cell is a frequently examined quantitative anatomical parameter, often estimated by counting chloroplast profiles in two-dimensional (2D) sections of mesophyll cells. However, a mesophyll cell is a three-dimensional (3D) structure and this has to be taken into account when quantifying its internal structure. We compared 2D and 3D approaches to chloroplast counting from different points of view: (i) in practical measurements of mesophyll cells of Norway spruce needles, (ii) in a 3D model of a mesophyll cell with chloroplasts, and (iii) using a theoretical analysis. We applied, for the first time, the stereological method of an optical disector based on counting chloroplasts in stacks of spruce needle optical cross-sections acquired by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. This estimate was compared with counting chloroplast profiles in 2D sections from the same stacks of sections. Comparing practical measurements of mesophyll cells, calculations performed in a 3D model of a cell with chloroplasts as well as a theoretical analysis showed that the 2D approach yielded biased results, while the underestimation could be up to 10-fold. We proved that the frequently used method for counting chloroplasts in a mesophyll cell by counting their profiles in 2D sections did not give correct results. We concluded that the present disector method can be efficiently used for unbiased estimation of chloroplast number per mesophyll cell. This should be the method of choice, especially in coniferous needles and leaves with mesophyll cells with lignified cell walls where maceration methods are difficult or impossible to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kubínová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Janáček
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Lhotáková
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kubínová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Albrechtová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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