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Scarabosio A, Surico PL, Tereshenko V, Singh RB, Salati C, Spadea L, Caputo G, Parodi PC, Gagliano C, Winograd JM, Zeppieri M. Whole-eye transplantation: Current challenges and future perspectives. World J Transplant 2024; 14:95009. [PMID: 38947970 PMCID: PMC11212585 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v14.i2.95009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Whole-eye transplantation emerges as a frontier in ophthalmology, promising a transformative approach to irreversible blindness. Despite advancements, formidable challenges persist. Preservation of donor eye viability post-enucleation necessitates meticulous surgical techniques to optimize retinal integrity and ganglion cell survival. Overcoming the inhibitory milieu of the central nervous system for successful optic nerve regeneration remains elusive, prompting the exploration of neurotrophic support and immunomodulatory interventions. Immunological tolerance, paramount for graft acceptance, confronts the distinctive immunogenicity of ocular tissues, driving research into targeted immunosuppression strategies. Ethical and legal considerations underscore the necessity for stringent standards and ethical frameworks. Interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing research endeavors are imperative to navigate these complexities. Biomaterials, stem cell therapies, and precision immunomodulation represent promising avenues in this pursuit. Ultimately, the aim of this review is to critically assess the current landscape of whole-eye transplantation, elucidating the challenges and advancements while delineating future directions for research and clinical practice. Through concerted efforts, whole-eye transplantation stands to revolutionize ophthalmic care, offering hope for restored vision and enhanced quality of life for those afflicted with blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scarabosio
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Pier Luigi Surico
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Vlad Tereshenko
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Rohan Bir Singh
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome 00142, Italy
| | - Glenda Caputo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Pier Camillo Parodi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Caterina Gagliano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna "Kore", Enna 94100, Italy
- Eye Clinic Catania University San Marco Hospital, Viale Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 95121 Catania, Italy
| | - Jonathan M Winograd
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
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2
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Stoddart PR, Begeng JM, Tong W, Ibbotson MR, Kameneva T. Nanoparticle-based optical interfaces for retinal neuromodulation: a review. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1360870. [PMID: 38572073 PMCID: PMC10987880 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1360870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of photoreceptors in the retina is a leading cause of blindness, but commonly leaves the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and/or bipolar cells extant. Consequently, these cells are an attractive target for the invasive electrical implants colloquially known as "bionic eyes." However, after more than two decades of concerted effort, interfaces based on conventional electrical stimulation approaches have delivered limited efficacy, primarily due to the current spread in retinal tissue, which precludes high-acuity vision. The ideal prosthetic solution would be less invasive, provide single-cell resolution and an ability to differentiate between different cell types. Nanoparticle-mediated approaches can address some of these requirements, with particular attention being directed at light-sensitive nanoparticles that can be accessed via the intrinsic optics of the eye. Here we survey the available known nanoparticle-based optical transduction mechanisms that can be exploited for neuromodulation. We review the rapid progress in the field, together with outstanding challenges that must be addressed to translate these techniques to clinical practice. In particular, successful translation will likely require efficient delivery of nanoparticles to stable and precisely defined locations in the retinal tissues. Therefore, we also emphasize the current literature relating to the pharmacokinetics of nanoparticles in the eye. While considerable challenges remain to be overcome, progress to date shows great potential for nanoparticle-based interfaces to revolutionize the field of visual prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Stoddart
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - James M. Begeng
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Tong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael R. Ibbotson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tatiana Kameneva
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
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3
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Lees RM, Pichler B, Packer AM. Contribution of optical resolution to the spatial precision of two-photon optogenetic photostimulation in vivo. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:015006. [PMID: 38322022 PMCID: PMC10846536 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.1.015006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Significance Two-photon optogenetics combines nonlinear excitation with noninvasive activation of neurons to enable the manipulation of neural circuits with a high degree of spatial precision. Combined with two-photon population calcium imaging, these approaches comprise a flexible platform for all-optical interrogation of neural circuits. However, a multitude of optical and biological factors dictate the exact precision of this approach in vivo, where it is most usefully applied. Aim We aimed to assess how the optical point spread function (OPSF) contributes to the spatial precision of two-photon photostimulation in neurobiology. Approach We altered the axial spread of the OPSF of the photostimulation beam using a spatial light modulator. Subsequently, calcium imaging was used to monitor the axial spatial precision of two-photon photostimulation of layer 2 neurons in the mouse neocortex. Results We found that optical resolution is not always the limiting factor of the spatial precision of two-photon optogenetic photostimulation and, by doing so, reveal the key factors that must be improved to achieve maximal precision. Conclusions Our results enable future work to focus on the optimal factors by providing key insight from controlled experiments in a manner not previously reported. This research can be applied to advance the state-of-the-art of all-optical interrogation, extending the toolkit for neuroscience research to achieve spatiotemporal precision at the crucial levels in which neural circuits operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Lees
- Science and Technology Facilities Council, Octopus Imaging Facility, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Pichler
- Independent NeuroScience Services INSS Ltd., East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Adam M. Packer
- University of Oxford, Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom
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4
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Hyung S, Park JH, Jung K. Application of optogenetic glial cells to neuron-glial communication. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1249043. [PMID: 37868193 PMCID: PMC10585272 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1249043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic techniques combine optics and genetics to enable cell-specific targeting and precise spatiotemporal control of excitable cells, and they are increasingly being employed. One of the most significant advantages of the optogenetic approach is that it allows for the modulation of nearby cells or circuits with millisecond precision, enabling researchers to gain a better understanding of the complex nervous system. Furthermore, optogenetic neuron activation permits the regulation of information processing in the brain, including synaptic activity and transmission, and also promotes nerve structure development. However, the optimal conditions remain unclear, and further research is required to identify the types of cells that can most effectively and precisely control nerve function. Recent studies have described optogenetic glial manipulation for coordinating the reciprocal communication between neurons and glia. Optogenetically stimulated glial cells can modulate information processing in the central nervous system and provide structural support for nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system. These advances promote the effective use of optogenetics, although further experiments are needed. This review describes the critical role of glial cells in the nervous system and reviews the optogenetic applications of several types of glial cells, as well as their significance in neuron-glia interactions. Together, it briefly discusses the therapeutic potential and feasibility of optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Hyung
- Precision Medicine Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Park
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhwan Jung
- DAWINBIO Inc., Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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5
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Katada Y, Kunimi H, Serizawa N, Lee D, Kobayashi K, Negishi K, Okano H, Tanaka KF, Tsubota K, Kurihara T. Starburst amacrine cells amplify optogenetic visual restoration through gap junctions. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:1-13. [PMID: 37324975 PMCID: PMC10265492 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic induction of optogenetic actuators, such as channelrhodopsin, is a promising approach to restoring vision in the degenerating retina. However, the cell type-specific response of ectopic photoreception has not been well understood. There are limits to obtaining efficient gene expression in a specifically targeted cell population by a transgenic approach. In the present study, we established a murine model with high efficiency of gene induction to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and amacrine cells using an improved tetracycline transactivator-operator bipartite system (KENGE-tet system). To investigate the cell type-specific visual restorative effect, we expressed the channelrhodopsin gene into RGCs and amacrine cells using the KENGE-tet system. As a result, enhancement in the visual restorative effect was observed to RGCs and starburst amacrine cells. In conclusion, a photoresponse from amacrine cells may enhance the maintained response of RGCs and further increase or improve the visual restorative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Katada
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kunimi
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Naho Serizawa
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8650, Japan
| | - Deokho Lee
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji F. Tanaka
- Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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6
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Bounds HA, Sadahiro M, Hendricks WD, Gajowa M, Gopakumar K, Quintana D, Tasic B, Daigle TL, Zeng H, Oldenburg IA, Adesnik H. All-optical recreation of naturalistic neural activity with a multifunctional transgenic reporter mouse. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112909. [PMID: 37542722 PMCID: PMC10755854 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining which features of the neural code drive behavior requires the ability to simultaneously read out and write in neural activity patterns with high precision across many neurons. All-optical systems that combine two-photon calcium imaging and targeted photostimulation enable the activation of specific, functionally defined groups of neurons. However, these techniques are unable to test how patterns of activity across a population contribute to computation because of an inability to both read and write cell-specific firing rates. To overcome this challenge, we make two advances: first, we introduce a genetic line of mice for Cre-dependent co-expression of a calcium indicator and a potent soma-targeted microbial opsin. Second, using this line, we develop a method for read-out and write-in of precise population vectors of neural activity by calibrating the photostimulation to each cell. These advances offer a powerful and convenient platform for investigating the neural codes of computation and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A Bounds
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Masato Sadahiro
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William D Hendricks
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marta Gajowa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karthika Gopakumar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Quintana
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ian Antón Oldenburg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Hillel Adesnik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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7
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Wong TLH, Talbot CB, Miesenböck G. Transient photocurrents in a subthreshold evidence accumulator accelerate perceptual decisions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2770. [PMID: 37179392 PMCID: PMC10182991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Perceptual decisions are complete when a continuously updated score of sensory evidence reaches a threshold. In Drosophila, αβ core Kenyon cells (αβc KCs) of the mushroom bodies integrate odor-evoked synaptic inputs to spike threshold at rates that parallel the speed of olfactory choices. Here we perform a causal test of the idea that the biophysical process of synaptic integration underlies the psychophysical process of bounded evidence accumulation in this system. Injections of single brief, EPSP-like depolarizations into the dendrites of αβc KCs during odor discrimination, using closed-loop control of a targeted opsin, accelerate decision times at a marginal cost of accuracy. Model comparisons favor a mechanism of temporal integration over extrema detection and suggest that the optogenetically evoked quanta are added to a growing total of sensory evidence, effectively lowering the decision bound. The subthreshold voltage dynamics of αβc KCs thus form an accumulator memory for sequential samples of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L H Wong
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Clifford B Talbot
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Gero Miesenböck
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behavior, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK.
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8
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Optogenetic Therapy for Visual Restoration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315041. [PMID: 36499371 PMCID: PMC9735806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics is a recent breakthrough in neuroscience, and one of the most promising applications is the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases. Multiple clinical trials are currently ongoing, less than a decade after the first attempt at visual restoration using optogenetics. Optogenetic therapy has great value in providing hope for visual restoration in late-stage retinal degeneration, regardless of the genotype. This alternative gene therapy consists of multiple elements including the choice of target retinal cells, optogenetic tools, and gene delivery systems. Currently, there are various options for each element, all of which have been developed as a product of technological success. In particular, the performance of optogenetic tools in terms of light and wavelength sensitivity have been improved by engineering microbial opsins and applying human opsins. To provide better post-treatment vision, the optimal choice of optogenetic tools and effective gene delivery to retinal cells is necessary. In this review, we provide an overview of the advancements in optogenetic therapy for visual restoration, focusing on available options for optogenetic tools and gene delivery methods.
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9
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Emerging strategies for the genetic dissection of gene functions, cell types, and neural circuits in the mammalian brain. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:422-435. [PMID: 34561609 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01292-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian brain is composed of a large number of highly diverse cell types with different molecular, anatomical, and functional features. Distinct cellular identities are generated during development under the regulation of intricate genetic programs and manifested through unique combinations of gene expression. Recent advancements in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the assembly, function, and pathology of the brain circuitry depend on the invention and application of genetic strategies that engage intrinsic gene regulatory mechanisms. Here we review the strategies for gene regulation on DNA, RNA, and protein levels and their applications in cell type targeting and neural circuit dissection. We highlight newly emerged strategies and emphasize the importance of combinatorial approaches. We also discuss the potential caveats and pitfalls in current methods and suggest future prospects to improve their comprehensiveness and versatility.
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10
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Linghu C, Chen IW, Tanese D, Zampini V, Shemesh OA. Single-Cell Resolution Optogenetics Via Expression of Soma-Targeted Rhodopsins. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2501:229-257. [PMID: 35857231 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2329-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics allows control of neural activity in genetically targeted neuron populations by light. Optogenetic control of individual neurons in neural circuits would enable powerful, causal investigations of neural connectivity and function at single-cell level and provide insights into how neural circuits operate. Such single-cell resolution optogenetics in neuron populations requires precise sculpting of light and subcellular targeting of optogenetic molecules. Here we describe a group of methods for single-cell resolution optogenetics in neuron cultures, in mouse brain slices, and in mouse cortex in-vivo, via patterned light and soma-targeted optogenetic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I-Wen Chen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Dimitrii Tanese
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Valeria Zampini
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Or A Shemesh
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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11
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Adesnik H, Abdeladim L. Probing neural codes with two-photon holographic optogenetics. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1356-1366. [PMID: 34400843 PMCID: PMC9793863 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics ushered in a revolution in how neuroscientists interrogate brain function. Because of technical limitations, the majority of optogenetic studies have used low spatial resolution activation schemes that limit the types of perturbations that can be made. However, neural activity manipulations at finer spatial scales are likely to be important to more fully understand neural computation. Spatially precise multiphoton holographic optogenetics promises to address this challenge and opens up many new classes of experiments that were not previously possible. More specifically, by offering the ability to recreate extremely specific neural activity patterns in both space and time in functionally defined ensembles of neurons, multiphoton holographic optogenetics could allow neuroscientists to reveal fundamental aspects of the neural codes for sensation, cognition and behavior that have been beyond reach. This Review summarizes recent advances in multiphoton holographic optogenetics that substantially expand its capabilities, highlights outstanding technical challenges and provides an overview of the classes of experiments it can execute to test and validate key theoretical models of brain function. Multiphoton holographic optogenetics could substantially accelerate the pace of neuroscience discovery by helping to close the loop between experimental and theoretical neuroscience, leading to fundamental new insights into nervous system function and disorder.
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12
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Idzhilova OS, Roshchin MV, Smirnova GR, Malyshev AY. Central Targeting of Channelrhodopsin2 by the Motif of Potassium Channel Kv2.1 Can be Altered Due to Overexpression of the Construct. BIONANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-021-00863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Chien MP, Brinks D, Testa-Silva G, Tian H, Phil Brooks F, Adam Y, Bloxham B, Gmeiner B, Kheifets S, Cohen AE. Photoactivated voltage imaging in tissue with an archaerhodopsin-derived reporter. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/19/eabe3216. [PMID: 33952514 PMCID: PMC8099184 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivated genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) have the potential to enable optically sectioned voltage imaging at the intersection of a photoactivation beam and an imaging beam. We developed a pooled high-throughput screen to identify archaerhodopsin mutants with enhanced photoactivation. After screening ~105 cells, we identified a novel GEVI, NovArch, whose one-photon near-infrared fluorescence is reversibly enhanced by weak one-photon blue or two-photon near-infrared excitation. Because the photoactivation leads to fluorescent signals catalytically rather than stoichiometrically, high fluorescence signals, optical sectioning, and high time resolution are achieved simultaneously at modest blue or two-photon laser power. We demonstrate applications of the combined molecular and optical tools to optical mapping of membrane voltage in distal dendrites in acute mouse brain slices and in spontaneously active neurons in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Ping Chien
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daan Brinks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Guilherme Testa-Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - He Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - F Phil Brooks
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yoav Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Blox Bloxham
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Benjamin Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Simon Kheifets
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Adam E Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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14
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An engineered channelrhodopsin optimized for axon terminal activation and circuit mapping. Commun Biol 2021; 4:461. [PMID: 33846537 PMCID: PMC8042110 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic tools such as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) enable the manipulation and mapping of neural circuits. However, ChR2 variants selectively transported down a neuron’s long-range axonal projections for precise presynaptic activation remain lacking. As a result, ChR2 activation is often contaminated by the spurious activation of en passant fibers that compromise the accurate interpretation of functional effects. Here, we explored the engineering of a ChR2 variant specifically localized to presynaptic axon terminals. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) C-terminal domain fused with a proteolytic motif and axon-targeting signal (mGluR2-PA tag) localized ChR2-YFP at axon terminals without disturbing normal transmission. mGluR2-PA-tagged ChR2 evoked transmitter release in distal projection areas enabling lower levels of photostimulation. Circuit connectivity mapping in vivo with the Spike Collision Test revealed that mGluR2-PA-tagged ChR2 is useful for identifying axonal projection with significant reduction in the polysynaptic excess noise. These results suggest that the mGluR2-PA tag helps actuate trafficking to the axon terminal, thereby providing abundant possibilities for optogenetic experiments. Hamada et al. engineer and utilise a channelrhodopsin-2 variant that is localized to presynaptic axon terminals. They demonstrate its use for circuitry mapping in vivo and thus provide a useful tool for future optogenetic experiments
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15
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Autonomous Purkinje cell activation instructs bidirectional motor learning through evoked dendritic calcium signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2153. [PMID: 33846328 PMCID: PMC8042043 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The signals in cerebellar Purkinje cells sufficient to instruct motor learning have not been systematically determined. Therefore, we applied optogenetics in mice to autonomously excite Purkinje cells and measured the effect of this activity on plasticity induction and adaptive behavior. Ex vivo, excitation of channelrhodopsin-2-expressing Purkinje cells elicits dendritic Ca2+ transients with high-intensity stimuli initiating dendritic spiking that additionally contributes to the Ca2+ response. Channelrhodopsin-2-evoked Ca2+ transients potentiate co-active parallel fiber synapses; depression occurs when Ca2+ responses were enhanced by dendritic spiking. In vivo, optogenetic Purkinje cell activation drives an adaptive decrease in vestibulo-ocular reflex gain when vestibular stimuli are paired with relatively small-magnitude Purkinje cell Ca2+ responses. In contrast, pairing with large-magnitude Ca2+ responses increases vestibulo-ocular reflex gain. Optogenetically induced plasticity and motor adaptation are dependent on endocannabinoid signaling, indicating engagement of this pathway downstream of Purkinje cell Ca2+ elevation. Our results establish a causal relationship among Purkinje cell Ca2+ signal size, opposite-polarity plasticity induction, and bidirectional motor learning. Plastic reweighting of parallel fiber synaptic strength is a mechanism for the acquisition of cerebellum-dependent motor learning. Here, the authors found that optogenetic activation of PCs generates dendritic Ca2+ signals that induce plasticity in vitro and instruct learned changes to coincident eye movements in vivo.
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16
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Batabyal S, Gajjeraman S, Pradhan S, Bhattacharya S, Wright W, Mohanty S. Sensitization of ON-bipolar cells with ambient light activatable multi-characteristic opsin rescues vision in mice. Gene Ther 2020; 28:162-176. [PMID: 33087861 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-00200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy-based treatment such as optogenetics offers a potentially powerful way to bypass damaged photoreceptors in retinal degenerative diseases and use the remaining retinal cells for functionalization to achieve photosensitivity. However, current approaches of optogenetic treatment rely on opsins that require high intensity light for activation thus adding to the challenge for use as part of a wearable device. Here, we report AAV2 assisted delivery of highly photosensitive multi-characteristic opsin (MCO1) into ON-bipolar cells of mice with retinal degeneration to allow activation by ambient light. Rigorous characterization of delivery efficacy by different doses of AAV2 carrying MCO1 (vMCO1) into targeted cells showed durable expression over 6 months after delivery as measured by reporter expression. The enduring MCO1 expression was correlated with the significantly improved behavioral outcome, that was longitudinally measured by visual water-maze and optomotor assays. The pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in plasma and vitreous humor of the vMCO1-injected group did not change significantly from baseline or control group. Furthermore, biodistribution studies at various time points after injection in animal groups injected with different doses of vMCO1 showed non-detectable vector copies in non-targeted tissues. Immunohistochemistry of vMCO1 transfected retinal tissues showed bipolar specific expression of MCO1 and the absence of immune/inflammatory response. Furthermore, ocular imaging using SD-OCT showed no change in the structural architecture of vMCO1-injected eyes. Induction of ambient light responsiveness to remaining healthy bipolar cells in subjects with retinal degeneration will allow the retinal circuitry to gain visual acuity without requiring an active stimulation device.
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17
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Shemesh OA, Linghu C, Piatkevich KD, Goodwin D, Celiker OT, Gritton HJ, Romano MF, Gao R, Yu CCJ, Tseng HA, Bensussen S, Narayan S, Yang CT, Freifeld L, Siciliano CA, Gupta I, Wang J, Pak N, Yoon YG, Ullmann JFP, Guner-Ataman B, Noamany H, Sheinkopf ZR, Park WM, Asano S, Keating AE, Trimmer JS, Reimer J, Tolias AS, Bear MF, Tye KM, Han X, Ahrens MB, Boyden ES. Precision Calcium Imaging of Dense Neural Populations via a Cell-Body-Targeted Calcium Indicator. Neuron 2020; 107:470-486.e11. [PMID: 32592656 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Methods for one-photon fluorescent imaging of calcium dynamics can capture the activity of hundreds of neurons across large fields of view at a low equipment complexity and cost. In contrast to two-photon methods, however, one-photon methods suffer from higher levels of crosstalk from neuropil, resulting in a decreased signal-to-noise ratio and artifactual correlations of neural activity. We address this problem by engineering cell-body-targeted variants of the fluorescent calcium indicators GCaMP6f and GCaMP7f. We screened fusions of GCaMP to natural, as well as artificial, peptides and identified fusions that localized GCaMP to within 50 μm of the cell body of neurons in mice and larval zebrafish. One-photon imaging of soma-targeted GCaMP in dense neural circuits reported fewer artifactual spikes from neuropil, an increased signal-to-noise ratio, and decreased artifactual correlation across neurons. Thus, soma-targeting of fluorescent calcium indicators facilitates usage of simple, powerful, one-photon methods for imaging neural calcium dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or A Shemesh
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Changyang Linghu
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kiryl D Piatkevich
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Daniel Goodwin
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Orhan Tunc Celiker
- MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Howard J Gritton
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael F Romano
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ruixuan Gao
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chih-Chieh Jay Yu
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hua-An Tseng
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Seth Bensussen
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sujatha Narayan
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Chao-Tsung Yang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Limor Freifeld
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Cody A Siciliano
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ishan Gupta
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joyce Wang
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nikita Pak
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Young-Gyu Yoon
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeremy F P Ullmann
- Epilepsy Genetics Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Burcu Guner-Ataman
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Habiba Noamany
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zoe R Sheinkopf
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Shoh Asano
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy E Keating
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - James S Trimmer
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Reimer
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Neuroscience and AI, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andreas S Tolias
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Neuroscience and AI, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark F Bear
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kay M Tye
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xue Han
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Misha B Ahrens
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- The MIT Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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18
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Villette V, Chavarha M, Dimov IK, Bradley J, Pradhan L, Mathieu B, Evans SW, Chamberland S, Shi D, Yang R, Kim BB, Ayon A, Jalil A, St-Pierre F, Schnitzer MJ, Bi G, Toth K, Ding J, Dieudonné S, Lin MZ. Ultrafast Two-Photon Imaging of a High-Gain Voltage Indicator in Awake Behaving Mice. Cell 2020; 179:1590-1608.e23. [PMID: 31835034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Optical interrogation of voltage in deep brain locations with cellular resolution would be immensely useful for understanding how neuronal circuits process information. Here, we report ASAP3, a genetically encoded voltage indicator with 51% fluorescence modulation by physiological voltages, submillisecond activation kinetics, and full responsivity under two-photon excitation. We also introduce an ultrafast local volume excitation (ULoVE) method for kilohertz-rate two-photon sampling in vivo with increased stability and sensitivity. Combining a soma-targeted ASAP3 variant and ULoVE, we show single-trial tracking of spikes and subthreshold events for minutes in deep locations, with subcellular resolution and with repeated sampling over days. In the visual cortex, we use soma-targeted ASAP3 to illustrate cell-type-dependent subthreshold modulation by locomotion. Thus, ASAP3 and ULoVE enable high-speed optical recording of electrical activity in genetically defined neurons at deep locations during awake behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Villette
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Mariya Chavarha
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ivan K Dimov
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Bradley
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Lagnajeet Pradhan
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin Mathieu
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Stephen W Evans
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Simon Chamberland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Dongqing Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Renzhi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Biology PhD Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Benjamin B Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Annick Ayon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Abdelali Jalil
- Université de Paris, SPPIN - Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, CNRS, Paris F-75006, France
| | - François St-Pierre
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guoqiang Bi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 20031, China
| | - Katalin Toth
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France.
| | - Michael Z Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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19
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Comparison of AAV-Mediated Optogenetic Vision Restoration between Retinal Ganglion Cell Expression and ON Bipolar Cell Targeting. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 18:15-23. [PMID: 32548211 PMCID: PMC7287188 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The loss of photoreceptors in individuals with retinal degenerative diseases leads to partial or complete blindness. Optogenetic therapy is a promising approach for restoring vision to the blind. Multiple strategies have been employed by targeting genetically encoded light sensors, particularly channelrhodopsins, to surviving retinal neurons in animal models. In particular, the strategy of targeting retinal bipolar cells has commonly been expected to result in better vision than ubiquitous expression in retinal ganglion cells. However, a direct comparison of the channelrhodopsin-restored vision between these two strategies has not been performed. Here, we compared the restored visual functions achieved by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of a channelrhodopsin in ON-type bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells driven by an improved mGluR6 promoter and a CAG promoter, respectively, in a blind mouse model by performing electrophysiological recordings and behavioral assessments. Unexpectedly, the efficacy of the restored vision based on light sensitivity and visual acuity was much higher following ubiquitous retinal ganglion cell expression than that of the strategy targeting ON-type bipolar cells. Our study suggests that, at least based on currently available gene delivery techniques, the expression of genetically encoded light sensors in retinal ganglion cells is likely a practical and advantageous strategy for optogenetic vision restoration.
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20
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Kleinlogel S, Vogl C, Jeschke M, Neef J, Moser T. Emerging approaches for restoration of hearing and vision. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1467-1525. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairments of vision and hearing are highly prevalent conditions limiting the quality of life and presenting a major socioeconomic burden. For long, retinal and cochlear disorders have remained intractable for causal therapies, with sensory rehabilitation limited to glasses, hearing aids, and electrical cochlear or retinal implants. Recently, the application of gene therapy and optogenetics to eye and ear has generated hope for a fundamental improvement of vision and hearing restoration. To date, one gene therapy for the restoration of vision has been approved and undergoing clinical trials will broaden its application including gene replacement, genome editing, and regenerative approaches. Moreover, optogenetics, i.e. controlling the activity of cells by light, offers a more general alternative strategy. Over little more than a decade, optogenetic approaches have been developed and applied to better understand the function of biological systems, while protein engineers have identified and designed new opsin variants with desired physiological features. Considering potential clinical applications of optogenetics, the spotlight is on the sensory systems. Multiple efforts have been undertaken to restore lost or hampered function in eye and ear. Optogenetic stimulation promises to overcome fundamental shortcomings of electrical stimulation, namely poor spatial resolution and cellular specificity, and accordingly to deliver more detailed sensory information. This review aims at providing a comprehensive reference on current gene therapeutic and optogenetic research relevant to the restoration of hearing and vision. We will introduce gene-therapeutic approaches and discuss the biotechnological and optoelectronic aspects of optogenetic hearing and vision restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tobias Moser
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, University Medical Center Goettingen, Germany
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21
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Scholl B, Wilson DE, Jaepel J, Fitzpatrick D. Functional Logic of Layer 2/3 Inhibitory Connectivity in the Ferret Visual Cortex. Neuron 2019; 104:451-457.e3. [PMID: 31495646 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how cortical inhibition shapes circuit function requires identifying the connectivity rules relating the response properties of inhibitory interneurons and their postsynaptic targets. Here we explore the orientation tuning of layer 2/3 inhibitory inputs in the ferret visual cortex using a combination of in vivo axon imaging, functional input mapping, and physiology. Inhibitory boutons exhibit robust orientation-tuned responses with preferences that can differ significantly from the cortical column in which they reside. Inhibitory input fields measured with patterned optogenetic stimulation and intracellular recordings revealed that these inputs originate from a wide range of orientation domains, inconsistent with a model of co-tuned inhibition and excitation. Intracellular synaptic conductance measurements confirm that individual neurons can depart from a co-tuned regime. Our results argue against a simple rule for the arrangement of inhibitory inputs supplied by layer 2/3 circuits and suggest that heterogeneity in presynaptic inhibitory networks contributes to neural response properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Scholl
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, 1 Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | | | - Juliane Jaepel
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, 1 Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - David Fitzpatrick
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, 1 Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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22
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Piatkevich KD, Bensussen S, Tseng HA, Shroff SN, Lopez-Huerta VG, Park D, Jung EE, Shemesh OA, Straub C, Gritton HJ, Romano MF, Costa E, Sabatini BL, Fu Z, Boyden ES, Han X. Population imaging of neural activity in awake behaving mice. Nature 2019; 574:413-417. [PMID: 31597963 PMCID: PMC6858559 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A longstanding goal in neuroscience has been to image membrane voltage across a population of individual neurons in an awake, behaving mammal. Here we describe a genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicator, SomArchon, which exhibits millisecond response times and is compatible with optogenetic control, and which increases the sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, and number of neurons observable several-fold over previously published fully genetically encoded reagents1-8. Under conventional one-photon microscopy, SomArchon enables the routine population analysis of around 13 neurons at once, in multiple brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, and striatum) of head-fixed, awake, behaving mice. Using SomArchon, we detected both positive and negative responses of striatal neurons during movement, as previously reported by electrophysiology but not easily detected using modern calcium imaging techniques9-11, highlighting the power of voltage imaging to reveal bidirectional modulation. We also examined how spikes relate to the subthreshold theta oscillations of individual hippocampal neurons, with SomArchon showing that the spikes of individual neurons are more phase-locked to their own subthreshold theta oscillations than to local field potential theta oscillations. Thus, SomArchon reports both spikes and subthreshold voltage dynamics in awake, behaving mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiryl D Piatkevich
- Media Lab, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Seth Bensussen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hua-An Tseng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanaya N Shroff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Demian Park
- Media Lab, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erica E Jung
- Media Lab, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Or A Shemesh
- Media Lab, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christoph Straub
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Howard J Gritton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael F Romano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhanyan Fu
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Media Lab, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- MIT McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- MIT Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Koch Institute, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Petrovskaya LE, Roshchin MV, Smirnova GR, Kolotova DE, Balaban PM, Ostrovsky MA, Malyshev AY. Bicistronic Construct for Optogenetic Prosthesis of Ganglion Cell Receptive Field of Degenerative Retina. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2019; 486:184-186. [PMID: 31367817 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672919030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To perform optogenetic prosthetics of the retinal ganglion cell receptive field, a bicistronic genetic construct carrying the genes encoding the excitatory (channelrhodopsin-2) and inhibitory (Guillardia theta anion channelrhodopsin GtACR2) rhodopsins was created. A characteristic feature of this construct was the combination of these two genes with a mutant IRES insertion between them, which ensures the exact ratio of expression levels of the first and second genes in each transfected cell. Illumination of the central part of the neuron with light with a wavelength of 470 nm induced the action potential generation in the cell. Stimulation of the peripheral neuronal region with light induced the inhibition of action potential generation. Thus, using optogenetics methods, we simulated the ON-OFF interaction in the retinal ganglion cell receptive field. Theoretically, this construct can be used for optogenetic prosthetics of degenerative retina in the case of its delivery to the ganglion cells with lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Petrovskaya
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 117997, Moscow, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Roshchin
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia
| | - G R Smirnova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia
| | - D E Kolotova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia
| | - P M Balaban
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Ostrovsky
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Y Malyshev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, Moscow, Russia.
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24
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Ostrovsky MA, Kirpichnikov MP. Prospects of Optogenetic Prosthesis of the Degenerative Retina of the Eye. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:479-490. [PMID: 31234763 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919050031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The review discusses the prospects of using rhodopsin as an optogenetic tool for prosthetics of degenerative (blind) eye retina and the principles of optogenetic techniques. Retinal-containing proteins that depolarize/hyperpolarize the plasma membrane of nerve cells and, accordingly, excite/inhibit physiological activity of neurons, are described. The problem of what cells of the degenerative retina can be treated with what particular rhodopsins is discussed in detail. Viruses and promoters required for the rhodopsin gene delivery into the degenerative retina cells are described. In conclusion, main concepts and tasks associated with the optogenetic prosthetic treatment of degenerative retina employing rhodopsins are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ostrovsky
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Department of Molecular Physiology, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M P Kirpichnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Department of Bioengineering, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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25
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Voltage imaging and optogenetics reveal behaviour-dependent changes in hippocampal dynamics. Nature 2019; 569:413-417. [PMID: 31043747 PMCID: PMC6613938 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A technology to record membrane potential from multiple neurons, simultaneously, in behaving animals will have a transformative impact on neuroscience research1, 2. Genetically encoded voltage indicators are a promising tool for these purposes, but were so far limited to single-cell recordings with marginal signal to noise ratio (SNR) in vivo3-5. We developed improved near infrared voltage indicators, high speed microscopes and targeted gene expression schemes which enabled recordings of supra- and subthreshold voltage dynamics from multiple neurons simultaneously in mouse hippocampus, in vivo. The reporters revealed sub-cellular details of back-propagating action potentials and correlations in sub-threshold voltage between multiple cells. In combination with optogenetic stimulation, the reporters revealed brain state-dependent changes in neuronal excitability, reflecting the interplay of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. These tools open the possibility for detailed explorations of network dynamics in the context of behavior.
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Ganjawala TH, Lu Q, Fenner MD, Abrams GW, Pan ZH. Improved CoChR Variants Restore Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in a Mouse Model of Blindness under Ambient Light Conditions. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1195-1205. [PMID: 31010741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe photoreceptor cell death in retinal degenerative diseases leads to partial or complete blindness. Optogenetics is a promising strategy to treat blindness. The feasibility of this strategy has been demonstrated through the ectopic expression of microbial channelrhodopsins (ChRs) and other genetically encoded light sensors in surviving retinal neurons in animal models. A major drawback for ChR-based visual restoration is low light sensitivity. Here, we report the development of highly operational light-sensitive ChRs by optimizing the kinetics of a recently reported ChR variant, Chloromonas oogama (CoChR). In particular, we identified two CoChR mutants, CoChR-L112C and CoChR-H94E/L112C/K264T, with markedly enhanced light sensitivity. The improved light sensitivity of the CoChR mutants was confirmed by ex vivo electrophysiological recordings in the retina. Furthermore, the CoChR mutants restored the vision of a blind mouse model under ambient light conditions with remarkably good contrast sensitivity and visual acuity, as evidenced by the results of behavioral assays. The ability to restore functional vision under normal light conditions with the improved CoChR variants removed a major obstacle for ChR-based optogenetic vision restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar H Ganjawala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mitchell D Fenner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gary W Abrams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhuo-Hua Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Daigle TL, Madisen L, Hage TA, Valley MT, Knoblich U, Larsen RS, Takeno MM, Huang L, Gu H, Larsen R, Mills M, Bosma-Moody A, Siverts LA, Walker M, Graybuck LT, Yao Z, Fong O, Nguyen TN, Garren E, Lenz GH, Chavarha M, Pendergraft J, Harrington J, Hirokawa KE, Harris JA, Nicovich PR, McGraw MJ, Ollerenshaw DR, Smith KA, Baker CA, Ting JT, Sunkin SM, Lecoq J, Lin MZ, Boyden ES, Murphy GJ, da Costa NM, Waters J, Li L, Tasic B, Zeng H. A Suite of Transgenic Driver and Reporter Mouse Lines with Enhanced Brain-Cell-Type Targeting and Functionality. Cell 2019; 174:465-480.e22. [PMID: 30007418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Modern genetic approaches are powerful in providing access to diverse cell types in the brain and facilitating the study of their function. Here, we report a large set of driver and reporter transgenic mouse lines, including 23 new driver lines targeting a variety of cortical and subcortical cell populations and 26 new reporter lines expressing an array of molecular tools. In particular, we describe the TIGRE2.0 transgenic platform and introduce Cre-dependent reporter lines that enable optical physiology, optogenetics, and sparse labeling of genetically defined cell populations. TIGRE2.0 reporters broke the barrier in transgene expression level of single-copy targeted-insertion transgenesis in a wide range of neuronal types, along with additional advantage of a simplified breeding strategy compared to our first-generation TIGRE lines. These novel transgenic lines greatly expand the repertoire of high-precision genetic tools available to effectively identify, monitor, and manipulate distinct cell types in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Daigle
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Linda Madisen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Travis A Hage
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Ulf Knoblich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rylan S Larsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marc M Takeno
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lawrence Huang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hong Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rachael Larsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maya Mills
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Miranda Walker
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Olivia Fong
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Emma Garren
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Garreck H Lenz
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mariya Chavarha
- Departments of Neurobiology and Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julie A Harris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Medea J McGraw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Z Lin
- Departments of Neurobiology and Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- MIT Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Biological Engineering and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gabe J Murphy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Jack Waters
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lu Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bosiljka Tasic
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Chettih SN, Harvey CD. Single-neuron perturbations reveal feature-specific competition in V1. Nature 2019; 567:334-340. [PMID: 30842660 PMCID: PMC6682407 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The computations performed by local neural populations, such as a cortical layer, are typically inferred from anatomical connectivity and observations of neural activity. Here we describe a method-influence mapping-that uses single-neuron perturbations to directly measure how cortical neurons reshape sensory representations. In layer 2/3 of the primary visual cortex (V1), we use two-photon optogenetics to trigger action potentials in a targeted neuron and calcium imaging to measure the effect on spiking in neighbouring neurons in awake mice viewing visual stimuli. Excitatory neurons on average suppressed other neurons and had a centre-surround influence profile over anatomical space. A neuron's influence on its neighbour depended on their similarity in activity. Notably, neurons suppressed activity in similarly tuned neurons more than in dissimilarly tuned neurons. In addition, photostimulation reduced the population response, specifically to the targeted neuron's preferred stimulus, by around 2%. Therefore, V1 layer 2/3 performed feature competition, in which a like-suppresses-like motif reduces redundancy in population activity and may assist with inference of the features that underlie sensory input. We anticipate that influence mapping can be extended to investigate computations in other neural populations.
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NTnC-like genetically encoded calcium indicator with a positive and enhanced response and fast kinetics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15233. [PMID: 30323302 PMCID: PMC6189086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The NTnC genetically encoded calcium indicator has an advantageous design because of its smaller size, GFP-like N- and C-terminal ends and two-fold reduced number of calcium binding sites compared with widely used indicators from the GCaMP family. However, NTnC has an inverted and modest calcium response and a low temporal resolution. By replacing the mNeonGreen fluorescent part in NTnC with EYFP, we engineered an NTnC-like indicator, referred to as YTnC, that had a positive and substantially improved calcium response and faster kinetics. YTnC had a 3-fold higher calcium response and 13.6-fold lower brightness than NTnC in vitro. According to stopped-flow experiments performed in vitro, YTnC had 4-fold faster calcium-dissociation kinetics than NTnC. In HeLa cells, YTnC exhibited a 3.3-fold lower brightness and 4.9-fold increased response to calcium transients than NTnC. The spontaneous activity of neuronal cultures induced a 3.6-fold larger ΔF/F response of YTnC than previously shown for NTnC. On patched neurons, YTnC had a 2.6-fold lower ΔF/F than GCaMP6s. YTnC successfully visualized calcium transients in neurons in the cortex of anesthetized mice and the hippocampus of awake mice using single- and two-photon microscopy. Moreover, YTnC outperformed GCaMP6s in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of cultured HeLa and neuronal cells.
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Mahn M, Gibor L, Patil P, Cohen-Kashi Malina K, Oring S, Printz Y, Levy R, Lampl I, Yizhar O. High-efficiency optogenetic silencing with soma-targeted anion-conducting channelrhodopsins. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4125. [PMID: 30297821 PMCID: PMC6175909 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic silencing allows time-resolved functional interrogation of defined neuronal populations. However, the limitations of inhibitory optogenetic tools impose stringent constraints on experimental paradigms. The high light power requirement of light-driven ion pumps and their effects on intracellular ion homeostasis pose unique challenges, particularly in experiments that demand inhibition of a widespread neuronal population in vivo. Guillardia theta anion-conducting channelrhodopsins (GtACRs) are promising in this regard, due to their high single-channel conductance and favorable photon-ion stoichiometry. However, GtACRs show poor membrane targeting in mammalian cells, and the activity of such channels can cause transient excitation in the axon due to an excitatory chloride reversal potential in this compartment. Here, we address these problems by enhancing membrane targeting and subcellular compartmentalization of GtACRs. The resulting soma-targeted GtACRs show improved photocurrents, reduced axonal excitation and high light sensitivity, allowing highly efficient inhibition of neuronal activity in the mammalian brain. Current optogenetic inhibition methods like light-controlled ion pumps require high-intensity light and disrupt physiological ion gradients. Here, the authors somatically target the anion-conducting opsin GtACR to eliminate spiking in distal axons and improve photocurrents, thus enhancing its utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Mahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Lihi Gibor
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Pritish Patil
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | | | - Shir Oring
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yoav Printz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Rivka Levy
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ilan Lampl
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ofer Yizhar
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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31
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Hernandez O, Pietrajtis K, Mathieu B, Dieudonné S. Optogenetic stimulation of complex spatio-temporal activity patterns by acousto-optic light steering probes cerebellar granular layer integrative properties. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13768. [PMID: 30213968 PMCID: PMC6137064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics provides tools to control afferent activity in brain microcircuits. However, this requires optical methods that can evoke asynchronous and coordinated activity within neuronal ensembles in a spatio-temporally precise way. Here we describe a light patterning method, which combines MHz acousto-optic beam steering and adjustable low numerical aperture Gaussian beams, to achieve fast 2D targeting in scattering tissue. Using mossy fiber afferents to the cerebellar cortex as a testbed, we demonstrate single fiber optogenetic stimulation with micron-scale lateral resolution, >100 µm depth-penetration and 0.1 ms spiking precision. Protracted spatio-temporal patterns of light delivered by our illumination system evoked sustained asynchronous mossy fiber activity with excellent repeatability. Combining optical and electrical stimulations, we show that the cerebellar granular layer performs nonlinear integration, whereby sustained mossy fiber activity provides a permissive context for the transmission of salient inputs, enriching combinatorial views on mossy fiber pattern separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Hernandez
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
- Wavefront-engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS UMR8250, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Katarzyna Pietrajtis
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Mathieu
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Dieudonné
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
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Messier JE, Chen H, Cai ZL, Xue M. Targeting light-gated chloride channels to neuronal somatodendritic domain reduces their excitatory effect in the axon. eLife 2018; 7:e38506. [PMID: 30091701 PMCID: PMC6130974 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-gated chloride channels are emerging as promising optogenetic tools for inhibition of neural activity. However, their effects depend on the transmembrane chloride electrochemical gradient and may be complex due to the heterogeneity of this gradient in different developmental stages, neuronal types, and subcellular compartments. Here we characterized a light-gated chloride channel, GtACR2, in mouse cortical neurons. We found that GtACR2 activation inhibited the soma, but unexpectedly depolarized the presynaptic terminals resulting in neurotransmitter release. Other light-gated chloride channels had similar effects. Reducing the chloride concentrations in the axon and presynaptic terminals diminished the GtACR2-induced neurotransmitter release, indicating an excitatory effect of chloride channels in these compartments. A novel hybrid somatodendritic targeting motif reduced the GtACR2-induced neurotransmitter release while enhancing the somatic photocurrents. Our results highlight the necessity of precisely determining the effects of light-gated chloride channels under specific experimental conditions and provide a much-improved light-gated chloride channel for optogenetic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Messier
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHouston, TexasUnited States
- The Cain Foundation LaboratoriesJan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHouston, TexasUnited States
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHouston, TexasUnited States
- The Cain Foundation LaboratoriesJan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHouston, TexasUnited States
| | - Zhao-Lin Cai
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHouston, TexasUnited States
- The Cain Foundation LaboratoriesJan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHouston, TexasUnited States
| | - Mingshan Xue
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHouston, TexasUnited States
- The Cain Foundation LaboratoriesJan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHouston, TexasUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHouston, TexasUnited States
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Differential tuning of excitation and inhibition shapes direction selectivity in ferret visual cortex. Nature 2018; 560:97-101. [PMID: 30046106 PMCID: PMC6946183 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To encode specific sensory inputs, cortical neurons must generate selective responses for distinct stimulus features. In principle, a variety of factors contribute to a cortical neuron’s response selectivity: the tuning and strength of excitatory1–3 and inhibitory synaptic inputs4–6, dendritic nonlinearities7–9, and spike threshold10,11. Here we employ a combination of techniques including in vivo whole-cell recording, synaptic and cellular resolution in vivo two photon calcium imaging, and GABAergic-selective optogenetic manipulation to dissect the factors contributing to direction selective responses of layer 2/3 neurons in ferret visual cortex (V1). Two-photon calcium imaging of dendritic spines12,13 revealed that each neuron receives a mixture of excitatory synaptic inputs selective for the somatic preferred or null direction of motion. The relative number of preferred- and null-tuned excitatory inputs predicted a neuron’s somatic direction preference, but failed to account for the degree of direction selectivity. In contrast, in vivo whole-cell patch clamp recordings revealed a striking degree of direction selectivity in subthreshold responses that was significantly correlated with spiking direction selectivity. Subthreshold direction selectivity was predicted by the magnitude and variance of the response to the null direction of motion, and several lines of evidence including conductance measurements demonstrate that differential tuning of excitation and inhibition suppresses responses to the null direction of motion. Consistent with this idea, optogenetic inactivation of GABAergic neurons in layer 2/3 reduced direction selectivity by enhancing responses to the null direction. Furthermore, using a new technique to optogenetically map connections of inhibitory neurons in layer 2/3 in vivo, we find that layer 2/3 inhibitory neurons make long-range, intercolumnar projections to excitatory neurons that prefer the opposite direction of motion. We conclude that intracortical inhibition exerts a major influence on the degree of direction selectivity in layer 2/3 of ferret V1 by suppressing responses to the null direction of motion.
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Identification of VAPA and VAPB as Kv2 Channel-Interacting Proteins Defining Endoplasmic Reticulum-Plasma Membrane Junctions in Mammalian Brain Neurons. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7562-7584. [PMID: 30012696 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0893-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane contacts between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (PM), or ER-PM junctions, are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells and are platforms for lipid and calcium signaling and homeostasis. Recent studies have revealed proteins crucial to the formation and function of ER-PM junctions in non-neuronal cells, but little is known of the ER-PM junctions prominent in aspiny regions of mammalian brain neurons. The Kv2.1 voltage-gated potassium channel is abundantly clustered at ER-PM junctions in brain neurons and is the first PM protein that functions to organize ER-PM junctions. However, the molecular mechanism whereby Kv2.1 localizes to and remodels these junctions is unknown. We used affinity immunopurification and mass spectrometry-based proteomics on brain samples from male and female WT and Kv2.1 KO mice and identified the resident ER vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated proteins isoforms A and B (VAPA and VAPB) as prominent Kv2.1-associated proteins. Coexpression with Kv2.1 or its paralog Kv2.2 was sufficient to recruit VAPs to ER-PM junctions. Multiplex immunolabeling revealed colocalization of Kv2.1 and Kv2.2 with endogenous VAPs at ER-PM junctions in brain neurons from male and female mice in situ and in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, and KO of VAPA in mammalian cells reduces Kv2.1 clustering. The association of VAPA with Kv2.1 relies on a "two phenylalanines in an acidic tract" (FFAT) binding domain on VAPA and a noncanonical phosphorylation-dependent FFAT motif comprising the Kv2-specific clustering or PRC motif. These results suggest that Kv2.1 localizes to and organizes neuronal ER-PM junctions through an interaction with VAPs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our study identified the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated proteins isoforms A and B (VAPA and VAPB) as proteins copurifying with the plasma membrane (PM) Kv2.1 ion channel. We found that expression of Kv2.1 recruits VAPs to ER-PM junctions, specialized membrane contact sites crucial to distinct aspects of cell function. We found endogenous VAPs at Kv2.1-mediated ER-PM junctions in brain neurons and other mammalian cells and that knocking out VAPA expression disrupts Kv2.1 clustering. We identified domains of VAPs and Kv2.1 necessary and sufficient for their association at ER-PM junctions. Our study suggests that Kv2.1 expression in the PM can affect ER-PM junctions via its phosphorylation-dependent association to ER-localized VAPA and VAPB.
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Mardinly AR, Oldenburg IA, Pégard NC, Sridharan S, Lyall EH, Chesnov K, Brohawn SG, Waller L, Adesnik H. Precise multimodal optical control of neural ensemble activity. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:881-893. [PMID: 29713079 PMCID: PMC5970968 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding brain function requires technologies that can control the activity of large populations of neurons with high fidelity in space and time. We developed a multiphoton holographic approach to activate or suppress the activity of ensembles of cortical neurons with cellular resolution and sub-millisecond precision. Since existing opsins were inadequate, we engineered new soma-targeted (ST) optogenetic tools, ST-ChroME and IRES-ST-eGtACR1, optimized for multiphoton activation and suppression. Employing a three-dimensional all-optical read-write interface, we demonstrate the ability to simultaneously photostimulate up to 50 neurons distributed in three dimensions in a 550 × 550 × 100-µm3 volume of brain tissue. This approach allows the synthesis and editing of complex neural activity patterns needed to gain insight into the principles of neural codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Mardinly
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ian Antón Oldenburg
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas C Pégard
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Savitha Sridharan
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Evan H Lyall
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kirill Chesnov
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stephen G Brohawn
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Laura Waller
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hillel Adesnik
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Anastasiades PG, Marques‐Smith A, Butt SJB. Studies of cortical connectivity using optical circuit mapping methods. J Physiol 2018; 596:145-162. [PMID: 29110301 PMCID: PMC5767689 DOI: 10.1113/jp273463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An important consideration when probing the function of any neuron is to uncover the source of synaptic input onto the cell, its intrinsic physiology and efferent targets. Over the years, electrophysiological approaches have generated considerable insight into these properties in a variety of cortical neuronal subtypes and circuits. However, as researchers explore neuronal function in greater detail, they are increasingly turning to optical techniques to bridge the gap between local network interactions and behaviour. The application of optical methods has increased dramatically over the past decade, spurred on by the optogenetic revolution. In this review, we provide an account of recent innovations, providing researchers with a primer detailing circuit mapping strategies in the cerebral cortex. We will focus on technical aspects of performing neurotransmitter uncaging and channelrhodopsin-assisted circuit mapping, with the aim of identifying common pitfalls that can negatively influence the collection of reliable data.
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Chaffiol A, Duebel J. Mini-Review: Cell Type-Specific Optogenetic Vision Restoration Approaches. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1074:69-73. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75402-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Shemesh OA, Tanese D, Zampini V, Linghu C, Piatkevich K, Ronzitti E, Papagiakoumou E, Boyden ES, Emiliani V. Temporally precise single-cell-resolution optogenetics. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1796-1806. [PMID: 29184208 PMCID: PMC5726564 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetic control of individual neurons with high temporal precision within intact mammalian brain circuitry would enable powerful explorations of how neural circuits operate. Two-photon computer-generated holography enables precise sculpting of light and could in principle enable simultaneous illumination of many neurons in a network, with the requisite temporal precision to simulate accurate neural codes. We designed a high-efficacy soma-targeted opsin, finding that fusing the N-terminal 150 residues of kainate receptor subunit 2 (KA2) to the recently discovered high-photocurrent channelrhodopsin CoChR restricted expression of this opsin primarily to the cell body of mammalian cortical neurons. In combination with two-photon holographic stimulation, we found that this somatic CoChR (soCoChR) enabled photostimulation of individual cells in mouse cortical brain slices with single-cell resolution and <1-ms temporal precision. We used soCoChR to perform connectivity mapping on intact cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or A Shemesh
- Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dimitrii Tanese
- Neurophotonics Laboratory, Wave Front Engineering Microscopy Group, CNRS UMR8250, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Valeria Zampini
- Neurophotonics Laboratory, Wave Front Engineering Microscopy Group, CNRS UMR8250, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Institut de la Vision, UM 80, UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Changyang Linghu
- Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kiryl Piatkevich
- Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emiliano Ronzitti
- Neurophotonics Laboratory, Wave Front Engineering Microscopy Group, CNRS UMR8250, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Institut de la Vision, UM 80, UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Eirini Papagiakoumou
- Neurophotonics Laboratory, Wave Front Engineering Microscopy Group, CNRS UMR8250, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Paris, France
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Valentina Emiliani
- Neurophotonics Laboratory, Wave Front Engineering Microscopy Group, CNRS UMR8250, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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Temporally precise single-cell-resolution optogenetics. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20. [PMID: 29184208 PMCID: PMC5726564 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0018-8+10.1038/s41593-018-0097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetic control of individual neurons with high temporal precision within intact mammalian brain circuitry would enable powerful explorations of how neural circuits operate. Two-photon computer-generated holography enables precise sculpting of light and could in principle enable simultaneous illumination of many neurons in a network, with the requisite temporal precision to simulate accurate neural codes. We designed a high-efficacy soma-targeted opsin, finding that fusing the N-terminal 150 residues of kainate receptor subunit 2 (KA2) to the recently discovered high-photocurrent channelrhodopsin CoChR restricted expression of this opsin primarily to the cell body of mammalian cortical neurons. In combination with two-photon holographic stimulation, we found that this somatic CoChR (soCoChR) enabled photostimulation of individual cells in mouse cortical brain slices with single-cell resolution and <1-ms temporal precision. We used soCoChR to perform connectivity mapping on intact cortical circuits.
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41
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Optogenetic Tools for Subcellular Applications in Neuroscience. Neuron 2017; 96:572-603. [PMID: 29096074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes fluorescent sensors to visualize signaling events in living cells and optogenetic actuators enabling manipulation of numerous cellular activities. Most optogenetic tools are not targeted to specific subcellular compartments but are localized with limited discrimination throughout the cell. Therefore, optogenetic activation often does not reflect context-dependent effects of highly localized intracellular signaling events. Subcellular targeting is required to achieve more specific optogenetic readouts and photomanipulation. Here we first provide a detailed overview of the available optogenetic tools with a focus on optogenetic actuators. Second, we review established strategies for targeting these tools to specific subcellular compartments. Finally, we discuss useful tools and targeting strategies that are currently missing from the optogenetics repertoire and provide suggestions for novel subcellular optogenetic applications.
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Three-dimensional scanless holographic optogenetics with temporal focusing (3D-SHOT). Nat Commun 2017; 8:1228. [PMID: 29089483 PMCID: PMC5663714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical methods capable of manipulating neural activity with cellular resolution and millisecond precision in three dimensions will accelerate the pace of neuroscience research. Existing approaches for targeting individual neurons, however, fall short of these requirements. Here we present a new multiphoton photo-excitation method, termed three-dimensional scanless holographic optogenetics with temporal focusing (3D-SHOT), which allows precise, simultaneous photo-activation of arbitrary sets of neurons anywhere within the addressable volume of a microscope. This technique uses point-cloud holography to place multiple copies of a temporally focused disc matching the dimensions of a neuron's cell body. Experiments in cultured cells, brain slices, and in living mice demonstrate single-neuron spatial resolution even when optically targeting randomly distributed groups of neurons in 3D. This approach opens new avenues for mapping and manipulating neural circuits, allowing a real-time, cellular resolution interface to the brain.
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Klapper SD, Swiersy A, Bamberg E, Busskamp V. Biophysical Properties of Optogenetic Tools and Their Application for Vision Restoration Approaches. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:74. [PMID: 27642278 PMCID: PMC5009148 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics is the use of genetically encoded light-activated proteins to manipulate cells in a minimally invasive way using light. The most prominent example is channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), which allows the activation of electrically excitable cells via light-dependent depolarization. The combination of ChR2 with hyperpolarizing-light-driven ion pumps such as the Cl(-) pump halorhodopsin (NpHR) enables multimodal remote control of neuronal cells in culture, tissue, and living animals. Very soon, it became obvious that this method offers a chance of gene therapy for many diseases affecting vision. Here, we will give a brief introduction to retinal function and retinal diseases; optogenetic vision restoration strategies will be highlighted. We will discuss the functional and structural properties of rhodopsin-based optogenetic tools and analyze the potential for the application of vision restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Klapper
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Anka Swiersy
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Ernst Bamberg
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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Baker CA, Elyada YM, Parra A, Bolton MM. Cellular resolution circuit mapping with temporal-focused excitation of soma-targeted channelrhodopsin. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27525487 PMCID: PMC5001837 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe refinements in optogenetic methods for circuit mapping that enable measurements of functional synaptic connectivity with single-neuron resolution. By expanding a two-photon beam in the imaging plane using the temporal focusing method and restricting channelrhodopsin to the soma and proximal dendrites, we are able to reliably evoke action potentials in individual neurons, verify spike generation with GCaMP6s, and determine the presence or absence of synaptic connections with patch-clamp electrophysiological recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Baker
- Disorders of Neural Circuit Function, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, United States
| | - Yishai M Elyada
- Functional Architecture of the Cerebral Cortex, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, United States
| | - Andres Parra
- Functional Architecture of the Cerebral Cortex, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, United States
| | - M McLean Bolton
- Disorders of Neural Circuit Function, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, United States
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Abstract
Severe loss of photoreceptor cells in inherited or acquired retinal degenerative diseases can result in partial loss of sight or complete blindness. The optogenetic strategy for restoration of vision utilizes optogenetic tools to convert surviving inner retinal neurons into photosensitive cells; thus, light sensitivity is imparted to the retina after the death of photoreceptor cells. Proof-of-concept studies, especially those using microbial rhodopsins, have demonstrated restoration of light responses in surviving retinal neurons and visually guided behaviors in animal models. Significant progress has also been made in improving microbial rhodopsin-based optogenetic tools, developing virus-mediated gene delivery, and targeting specific retinal neurons and subcellular compartments of retinal ganglion cells. In this article, we review the current status of the field and outline further directions and challenges to the advancement of this strategy toward clinical application and improvement in the outcomes of restored vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Hua Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; , , .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201;
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201;
| | - Anding Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; , ,
| | | | - Gary W Abrams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; , ,
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Targeted Expression of Channelrhodopsin-2 to the Axon Initial Segment Alters the Temporal Firing Properties of Retinal Ganglion Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142052. [PMID: 26536117 PMCID: PMC4633179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The axon initial segment (AIS) is essential for initiating action potentials and maintaining neuronal excitability in axon-bearing neurons in the CNS. There is increasing interest in the targeting of optogenetic tools to subcellular compartments, including the AIS, to gain precise control of neuronal activity for basic research and clinical applications. In particular, targeted expression of optogenetic tools in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) has been explored as an approach for restoring vision after photoreceptor degeneration. Thus, understanding the effects of such targeting on spiking abilities and/or patterns is important. Here, we examined the effects of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated targeted expression of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-GFP with a NaV channel motif in mouse RGCs. We found that this targeted expression disrupted NaV channel clustering at the AIS and converted the spike firing patterns of RGCs from sustained to transient. Our results suggest that the clustering of membrane channels, including NaV channels, at the AIS is important for the ability of RGCs to generate sustained spike firing. Additionally, the targeting of optogenetic tools to the AIS with the NaV channel motif may offer a way to create transient light responses in RGCs for vision restoration.
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Stradleigh TW, Ishida AT. Fixation strategies for retinal immunohistochemistry. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 48:181-202. [PMID: 25892361 PMCID: PMC4543575 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical and ex vivo anatomical studies have provided many glimpses of the variety, distribution, and signaling components of vertebrate retinal neurons. The beauty of numerous images published to date, and the qualitative and quantitative information they provide, indicate that these approaches are fundamentally useful. However, obtaining these images entailed tissue handling and exposure to chemical solutions that differ from normal extracellular fluid in composition, temperature, and osmolarity. Because the differences are large enough to alter intercellular and intracellular signaling in neurons, and because retinae are susceptible to crush, shear, and fray, it is natural to wonder if immunohistochemical and anatomical methods disturb or damage the cells they are designed to examine. Tissue fixation is typically incorporated to guard against this damage and is therefore critically important to the quality and significance of the harvested data. Here, we describe mechanisms of fixation; advantages and disadvantages of using formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde as fixatives during immunohistochemistry; and modifications of widely used protocols that have recently been found to improve cell shape preservation and immunostaining patterns, especially in proximal retinal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler W Stradleigh
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew T Ishida
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Kirpichnikov MP, Ostrovskiy MA. [Optogenetics and prosthetic treatment of retinal degeneration]. Vestn Oftalmol 2015; 131:99-111. [PMID: 26310015 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2015131399-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This is a review of the current state of optogenetics-based research in the field of ophthalmology and physiology of vision. Optogenetics employs an interdisciplinary approach that amalgamates gene engineering, optics, and physiology. It involves exogenous expression of a light-activated protein in a very particular retinal cell enabling regulation (stimulation vs. inhibition) of its physiological activity. The experience with gene therapy came in very useful for optogenetics. However, unlike gene therapy, which is aimed at repairing damaged genes or replacing them with healthy ones, optogenetics is focused on protein genes delivery for further molecular control of the cell. In retina, the loss of photoreceptors is not necessarily followed by neuronal loss (at least ganglion cells remain intact), which determines the practicability of prosthetic treatment. Clinical trials can now be considered, owing to the first successful conversion of ganglion cells of mouse degenerative retinas into artificial photoreceptive cells with ON and OFF receptive fields, which is crucial for spatial vision. The following issues are reviewed here in detail: 1. Choice of cell targets within the degenerative retina. 2. Strategy of utilizing the existing light-sensitive agents and development of new optogenetic tools. 3. Gene delivery and expression in retinal cells. 4. Methods of evaluating the treatment success. 5. Selection criteria for optogenetic prosthetics. The conclusion discusses currently unsolved problems and prospects for optogenetic approaches to retinal prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Kirpichnikov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, 1 str. 12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119234; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 117997
| | - M A Ostrovskiy
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, 1 str. 12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119234; Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119334
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Henriksen BS, Marc RE, Bernstein PS. Optogenetics for retinal disorders. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2015; 9:374-82. [PMID: 25667740 PMCID: PMC4307663 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.143379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics is the use of genetic methods combined with optical technology to achieve gain or loss of function within neuronal circuits. The field of optogenetics has been rapidly expanding in efforts to restore visual function to blinding diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Most work in the field includes a group of light-sensitive retinaldehyde-binding proteins known as opsins. Opsins couple photon absorption to molecular signaling chains that control cellular ion currents. Targeting of opsin genes to surviving retinal cells is fundamental to the success of optogenetic therapy. Viral delivery, primarily adeno-associated virus, using intravitreal injection for inner retinal cells and subretinal injection for outer retinal cells, has proven successful in many models. Challenges in bioengineering remain for optogenetics including relative insensitivity of opsins to physiologic light levels of stimulation and difficulty with viral delivery in primate models. However, targeting optogenetic therapy may present an even greater challenge. Neural and glial remodeling seen in advanced stages of RP result in reorganization of remaining neural retina, and optogenetic therapy may not yield functional results. Remodeling also poses a challenge to the selection of cellular targets, with bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells all playing distinct physiologic roles, and affected by remodeling differently. Although optogenetics has drawn closer to clinical utility, advances in opsin engineering, therapeutic targeting and ultimately in molecular inhibition of remodeling will play critical roles in the continued clinical advancement of optogenetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Henriksen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robert E Marc
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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