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Borrelli C, Gurtner A, Arnold IC, Moor AE. Stress-free single-cell transcriptomic profiling and functional genomics of murine eosinophils. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:1679-1709. [PMID: 38504138 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Eosinophils are a class of granulocytes with pleiotropic functions in homeostasis and various human diseases. Nevertheless, they are absent from conventional single-cell RNA sequencing atlases owing to technical difficulties preventing their transcriptomic interrogation. Consequently, eosinophil heterogeneity and the gene regulatory networks underpinning their diverse functions remain poorly understood. We have developed a stress-free protocol for single-cell RNA capture from murine tissue-resident eosinophils, which revealed distinct intestinal subsets and their roles in colitis. Here we describe in detail how to enrich eosinophils from multiple tissues of residence and how to capture high-quality single-cell transcriptomes by preventing transcript degradation. By combining magnetic eosinophil enrichment with microwell-based single-cell RNA capture (BD Rhapsody), our approach minimizes shear stress and processing time. Moreover, we report how to perform genome-wide CRISPR pooled genetic screening in ex vivo-conditioned bone marrow-derived eosinophils to functionally probe pathways required for their differentiation and intestinal maturation. These protocols can be performed by any researcher with basic skills in molecular biology and flow cytometry, and can be adapted to investigate other granulocytes, such as neutrophils and mast cells, thereby offering potential insights into their roles in both homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Single-cell transcriptomics of eosinophils can be performed in 2-3 d, while functional genomics assays may require up to 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Borrelli
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Gurtner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle C Arnold
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Bochner BS, O'Sullivan JA, Chang AT, Youngblood BA. Siglecs in allergy and asthma. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 90:101104. [PMID: 35835621 PMCID: PMC10757266 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The term "allergic diseases" encompasses several common, IgE-mediated conditions that range from being annoying to those that are life-threatening. Available treatments include active avoidance of the instigating allergen and the use of a variety of oral, inhaled, intranasal, intraocular and injected agents. While most individuals with allergies do well with existing therapies, there are still unmet therapeutic needs. Siglecs (sialic acid-binding, immunoglobulin-like lectins) are a family of single-pass transmembrane I-type lectins found on various subsets of cells, especially those of the immune system. All Siglecs have extracellular domains recognizing sialoside ligands, and most contain cytoplasmic domains with inhibitory signaling activity. This review focuses on Siglecs that likely play a role in regulating allergic and asthmatic responses, and how specific Siglecs, expressed on cells such as eosinophils and mast cells, are being targeted for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Jeremy A O'Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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3
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Thomas ST, Wierenga KA, Pestka JJ, Olive AJ. Fetal Liver-Derived Alveolar-like Macrophages: A Self-Replicating Ex Vivo Model of Alveolar Macrophages for Functional Genetic Studies. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:156-169. [PMID: 35193942 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are tissue-resident cells in the lungs derived from the fetal liver that maintain lung homeostasis and respond to inhaled stimuli. Although the importance of AMs is undisputed, they remain refractory to standard experimental approaches and high-throughput functional genetics, as they are challenging to isolate and rapidly lose AM properties in standard culture. This limitation hinders our understanding of key regulatory mechanisms that control AM maintenance and function. In this study, we describe the development of a new model, fetal liver-derived alveolar-like macrophages (FLAMs), which maintains cellular morphologies, expression profiles, and functional mechanisms similar to murine AMs. FLAMs combine treatment with two key cytokines for AM maintenance, GM-CSF and TGF-β. We leveraged the long-term stability of FLAMs to develop functional genetic tools using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing. Targeted editing confirmed the role of AM-specific gene Marco and the IL-1 receptor Il1r1 in modulating the AM response to crystalline silica. Furthermore, a genome-wide knockout library using FLAMs identified novel genes required for surface expression of the AM marker Siglec-F, most notably those related to the peroxisome. Taken together, our results suggest that FLAMs are a stable, self-replicating model of AM function that enables previously impossible global genetic approaches to define the underlying mechanisms of AM maintenance and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI
| | - Kathryn A Wierenga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - James J Pestka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; and.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Andrew J Olive
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI;
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Westermann S, Dietschmann A, Doehler D, Castiglione K, Bochner BS, Voehringer D, Radtke D. Siglec-F Promotes IL-33-Induced Cytokine Release from Bone Marrow-Derived Eosinophils Independently of the ITIM and ITIM-like Motif Phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:732-744. [PMID: 34996839 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils are potent innate effector cells associated mainly with type 2 immune responses elicited by helminths and allergens. Their activity needs to be tightly controlled to prevent severe inflammation and tissue damage. Eosinophil degranulation and secretion of inflammatory effector molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators, can be regulated by activating and inhibitory receptors on the cell surface. In this study, we investigated the modulation of proliferation, apoptosis, gene expression, and cytokine/chemokine secretion from IL-33-activated Mus musculus eosinophils on cross-linking of the transmembrane receptor Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin F (Siglec-F). Siglec-F contains an ITIM plus an ITIM-like motif in its intracellular tail and is mainly regarded as an inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing receptor. In vitro costimulation of bone marrow-derived eosinophils with anti-Siglec-F and IL-33 compared with treatment with either alone led to enhanced STAT6 phosphorylation, stronger induction of hypoxia/glycolysis-related proinflammatory genes, and elevated secretion of type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13) and chemokines (CCL3, CCL4) with only minor effects on proliferation and apoptosis. Using a competitive mixed bone marrow chimera approach with wild-type and Siglec-F-deficient eosinophils, we observed no evidence for Siglec-F-regulated inhibition of Aspergillus fumigatus-elicited lung eosinophilia. Truncation of the Siglec-F cytoplasmic tail, but not mutation of the ITIM and ITIM-like motifs, ablated the effect of enhanced cytokine/chemokine secretion. This provides evidence for an ITIM phosphorylation-independent signaling pathway from the cytoplasmic tail of the Siglec-F receptor that enhances effector molecule release from activated eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Westermann
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Axel Dietschmann
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Daniela Doehler
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Kirstin Castiglione
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Daniel Radtke
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; and
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5
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Pagovich OE, Stiles KM, Camilleri AE, Russo AR, Nag S, Crystal RG. Gene therapy in a murine model of chronic eosinophilic leukemia-not otherwise specified (CEL-NOS). Leukemia 2022; 36:525-531. [PMID: 34545183 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic eosinophilic leukemia-not otherwise specified (CEL-NOS) is a rare, aggressive, fatal disease characterized by blood eosinophilia and dysfunction of organs infiltrated with eosinophils. Clinically, the disease manifests with weight loss, cough, weakness, diarrhea, and multi-organ dysfunction that is unresponsive to therapy. We developed a one-time gene therapy for CEL-NOS using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing an anti-eosinophil monoclonal antibody (AAVrh.10mAnti-Eos) to provide sustained suppression of eosinophil numbers in blood, thus reducing eosinophil tissue invasion and organ dysfunction. A novel CEL-NOS model was developed in NOD-scid IL2rγnull (NSG) mice by administration of AAV expressing the cytokine IL5 (AAVrh.10mIL5), resulting in marked peripheral and tissue eosinophilia of the heart, lung, liver, and spleen, and eventually death. Mice were administered AAVrh.10mAnti-Eos (1011 genome copies) 4 wk after administration of AAVrh.10mIL5 and evaluated for anti-eosinophil antibody expression, blood eosinophil counts, organ eosinophil invasion, and survival. AAVrh.10mAnti-Eos expressed persistent levels of the anti-eosinophil antibody for >24 wk. Strikingly, CEL-NOS treated mice had markedly lower blood eosinophil levels and reduced mortality when compared with control treated mice. These results suggest that a single treatment with AAVrh.10mAnti-Eos has the potential to provide substantial therapeutic benefit to patients with CEL-NOS, a fatal malignant disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelya E Pagovich
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katie M Stiles
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna E Camilleri
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony R Russo
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Saparja Nag
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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Karmakar J, Mukherjee K, Mandal C. Siglecs Modulate Activities of Immune Cells Through Positive and Negative Regulation of ROS Generation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758588. [PMID: 34804046 PMCID: PMC8595208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of oxygen-containing highly-reactive molecules produced from oxidative metabolic processes or in response to intracellular signals like cytokines and external stimuli like pathogen attack. They regulate a range of physiological processes and are involved in innate immune responses against infectious agents. Deregulation of ROS contributes to a plethora of disease conditions. Sialic acids are carbohydrates, present on cell surfaces or soluble proteins. Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) recognize and bind to sialic acids. These are widely expressed on various types of immune cells. Siglecs modulate immune activation and can promote or inhibit ROS generation under different contexts. Siglecs promote ROS-dependent cell death in neutrophils and eosinophils while limiting oxidative stress associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sickle cell disease (SCD), coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), etc. This review distinguishes itself in summarizing the current understanding of the role of Siglecs in moderating ROS production and their distinct effect on different immune cells; that ultimately determine the cellular response and the disease outcome. This is an important field of investigation having scope for both expansion and medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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7
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Camilleri AE, Nag S, Russo AR, Stiles KM, Crystal RG, Pagovich OE. Gene therapy for a murine model of eosinophilic esophagitis. Allergy 2021; 76:2740-2752. [PMID: 33748982 DOI: 10.1111/all.14822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils are specialized granulocytic effector cells that store and release highly active mediators used in immune defense. Eosinophils are also implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders, including eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), a chronic disorder characterized by infiltration of eosinophils into the esophagus and release of mediators that damage tissue, resulting in gastrointestinal morbidity, food impaction, and dysphagia. Treatment with elimination diets and/or topical corticosteroid therapy slow disease progression, but are complicated by adverse effects, limited compliance, and loss of response to therapy. We hypothesized that a single administration of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) coding for an anti-eosinophil monoclonal antibody that induces eosinophil clearance (anti-Siglec-F) would treat on a persistent basis a murine model of EoE. METHODS A mouse model of peanut-induced EoE that mimics the human disease was established by sensitization and challenge with peanut extract. After challenge, these mice exhibited an EoE phenotype demonstrated by elevated levels of blood eosinophils, infiltration of eosinophils in the esophagus with associated esophageal remodeling and food impaction. RESULTS The mice were treated with a single intravenous administration (1011 genome copies) of AAVrh.10mAnti-Eos, a serotype rh.10 AAV vector coding for an anti-Siglec-F monoclonal antibody. Vector administration resulted in persistent, high levels of anti-Siglec-F antibody expression. Administration of AAVrh.10mAnti-Eos to the mouse model of EoE reduced blood (P < 0.02) and esophageal eosinophil numbers (P < 0.002) protected from esophageal tissue remodeling and minimized food impaction. CONCLUSION These results suggest that a single treatment with AAVrh.10mAnti-Eos has the potential to provide persistent therapeutic benefit to patients with EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Camilleri
- Department of Genetic Medicine Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA
| | - Saparja Nag
- Department of Genetic Medicine Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA
| | - Anthony R. Russo
- Department of Genetic Medicine Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA
| | - Katie M. Stiles
- Department of Genetic Medicine Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA
| | - Ronald G. Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA
| | - Odelya E. Pagovich
- Department of Genetic Medicine Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA
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8
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Role of Neutrophils in Cardiac Injury and Repair Following Myocardial Infarction. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071676. [PMID: 34359844 PMCID: PMC8305164 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are first-line responders of the innate immune system. Following myocardial infarction (MI), neutrophils are quickly recruited to the ischemic region, where they initiate the inflammatory response, aiming at cleaning up dead cell debris. However, excessive accumulation and/or delayed removal of neutrophils are deleterious. Neutrophils can promote myocardial injury by releasing reactive oxygen species, granular components, and pro-inflammatory mediators. More recent studies have revealed that neutrophils are able to form extracellular traps (NETs) and produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) to aggravate inflammation and cardiac injury. On the contrary, there is growing evidence showing that neutrophils also exert anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and pro-reparative effects, thus facilitating inflammation resolution and cardiac repair. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on neutrophils’ detrimental roles, highlighting the role of recently recognized NETs and EVs, followed by a discussion of their beneficial effects and molecular mechanisms in post-MI cardiac remodeling. In addition, emerging concepts about neutrophil diversity and their modulation of adaptive immunity are discussed.
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Ehrens A, Lenz B, Neumann AL, Giarrizzo S, Reichwald JJ, Frohberger SJ, Stamminger W, Buerfent BC, Fercoq F, Martin C, Kulke D, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Microfilariae Trigger Eosinophil Extracellular DNA Traps in a Dectin-1-Dependent Manner. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108621. [PMID: 33440150 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils mediate protection against filarial nematodes. Our results demonstrate that eosinophil extracellular traps (EETosis) are induced by microfilariae and infective L3 larvae of Litomosoides sigmodontis. These extracellular DNA traps inhibit microfilariae motility in a DNA- and contact-dependent manner in vitro. Accordingly, microfilariae-injection triggers DNA release in an eosinophil-dependent manner in vivo and microfilariae covered with DNA traps are cleared more rapidly. Using dectin-1, we identify the required receptor for the microfilariae-induced EETosis, whereas signaling via other C-type lectin receptors, prior priming of eosinophils, and presence of antibodies are not required. The DNA released upon microfilariae-induced EETosis is mainly of mitochondrial origin, but acetylated and citrullinated histones are found within the traps. We further demonstrate that the presented DNA-dependent inhibition of microfilariae motility by eosinophils represents a conserved mechanism, as microfilariae from L. sigmodontis and the canine heartworm Dirofilaria immitis induce ETosis in murine and human eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ehrens
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lenz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Neumann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Samuela Giarrizzo
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Julia Jennifer Reichwald
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Stefan Julian Frohberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Wiebke Stamminger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Benedikt Christian Buerfent
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Frédéric Fercoq
- UMR7245 MCAM Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Coralie Martin
- UMR7245 MCAM Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Kulke
- Elanco Animal Health - Research and Exploratory Development, Monheim 40789, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Peter Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
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10
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Discovery, Function, and Therapeutic Targeting of Siglec-8. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010019. [PMID: 33374255 PMCID: PMC7823959 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins) are single-pass cell surface receptors that have inhibitory activities on immune cells. Among these, Siglec-8 is a CD33-related family member selectively expressed on human mast cells and eosinophils, and at low levels on basophils. These cells can participate in inflammatory responses by releasing mediators that attract or activate other cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of allergic and non-allergic diseases. Since its discovery in 2000, initial in vitro studies have found that the engagement of Siglec-8 with a monoclonal antibody or with selective polyvalent sialoglycan ligands induced the cell death of eosinophils and inhibited mast cell degranulation. Anti-Siglec-8 antibody administration in vivo to humanized and transgenic mice selectively expressing Siglec-8 on mouse eosinophils and mast cells confirmed the in vitro findings, and identified additional anti-inflammatory effects. AK002 (lirentelimab) is a humanized non-fucosylated IgG1 antibody against Siglec-8 in clinical development for mast cell- and eosinophil-mediated diseases. AK002 administration has safely demonstrated the inhibition of mast cell activity and the depletion of eosinophils in several phase 1 and phase 2 trials. This article reviews the discovery and functions of Siglec-8, and strategies for its therapeutic targeting for the treatment of eosinophil- and mast cell-associated diseases.
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Vafadarnejad E, Rizzo G, Krampert L, Arampatzi P, Arias-Loza AP, Nazzal Y, Rizakou A, Knochenhauer T, Bandi SR, Nugroho VA, Schulz DJJ, Roesch M, Alayrac P, Vilar J, Silvestre JS, Zernecke A, Saliba AE, Cochain C. Dynamics of Cardiac Neutrophil Diversity in Murine Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2020; 127:e232-e249. [PMID: 32811295 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE After myocardial infarction, neutrophils rapidly and massively infiltrate the heart, where they promote both tissue healing and damage. OBJECTIVE To characterize the dynamics of circulating and cardiac neutrophil diversity after infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS We employed single-cell transcriptomics combined with cell surface epitope detection by sequencing to investigate temporal neutrophil diversity in the blood and heart after murine myocardial infarction. At day 1, 3, and 5 after infarction, cardiac Ly6G+ (lymphocyte antigen 6G) neutrophils could be delineated into 6 distinct clusters with specific time-dependent patterning and proportions. At day 1, neutrophils were characterized by a gene expression profile proximal to bone marrow neutrophils (Cd177, Lcn2, Fpr1), and putative activity of transcriptional regulators involved in hypoxic response (Hif1a) and emergency granulopoiesis (Cebpb). At 3 and 5 days, 2 major subsets of Siglecfhi (enriched for eg, Icam1 and Tnf) and Siglecflow (Slpi, Ifitm1) neutrophils were found. Cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) analysis in blood and heart revealed that while circulating neutrophils undergo a process of aging characterized by loss of surface CD62L and upregulation of Cxcr4, heart infiltrating neutrophils acquired a unique SiglecFhi signature. SiglecFhi neutrophils were absent from the bone marrow and spleen, indicating local acquisition of the SiglecFhi signature. Reducing the influx of blood neutrophils by anti-Ly6G treatment increased proportions of cardiac SiglecFhi neutrophils, suggesting accumulation of locally aged neutrophils. Computational analysis of ligand/receptor interactions revealed putative pathways mediating neutrophil to macrophage communication in the myocardium. Finally, SiglecFhi neutrophils were also found in atherosclerotic vessels, revealing that they arise across distinct contexts of cardiovascular inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data provide a time-resolved census of neutrophil diversity and gene expression dynamics in the mouse blood and ischemic heart at the single-cell level, and reveal a process of local tissue specification of neutrophils in the ischemic heart characterized by the acquisition of a SiglecFhi signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Vafadarnejad
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Wuerzburg, Germany (E.V., A.-E.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Rizzo
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (G.R., L.K., A.-P.A.-L., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Biomedicine (G.R., L.K.,Y.N., A.R., T.K., S.R.B., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., M.R., A.Z., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Krampert
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (G.R., L.K., A.-P.A.-L., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Biomedicine (G.R., L.K.,Y.N., A.R., T.K., S.R.B., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., M.R., A.Z., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Anahi-Paula Arias-Loza
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (G.R., L.K., A.-P.A.-L., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Yara Nazzal
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine (G.R., L.K.,Y.N., A.R., T.K., S.R.B., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., M.R., A.Z., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Rizakou
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine (G.R., L.K.,Y.N., A.R., T.K., S.R.B., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., M.R., A.Z., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Knochenhauer
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine (G.R., L.K.,Y.N., A.R., T.K., S.R.B., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., M.R., A.Z., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sourish Reddy Bandi
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine (G.R., L.K.,Y.N., A.R., T.K., S.R.B., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., M.R., A.Z., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Vallery Audy Nugroho
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (G.R., L.K., A.-P.A.-L., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Biomedicine (G.R., L.K.,Y.N., A.R., T.K., S.R.B., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., M.R., A.Z., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk J J Schulz
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (G.R., L.K., A.-P.A.-L., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Biomedicine (G.R., L.K.,Y.N., A.R., T.K., S.R.B., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., M.R., A.Z., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Roesch
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine (G.R., L.K.,Y.N., A.R., T.K., S.R.B., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., M.R., A.Z., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Alayrac
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015 Paris, France (P. Alayrac, J.V., J.-S.S.)
| | - Jose Vilar
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, F-75015 Paris, France (P. Alayrac, J.V., J.-S.S.)
| | | | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine (G.R., L.K.,Y.N., A.R., T.K., S.R.B., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., M.R., A.Z., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Antoine-Emmanuel Saliba
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Wuerzburg, Germany (E.V., A.-E.S.)
| | - Clément Cochain
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center Wuerzburg (G.R., L.K., A.-P.A.-L., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Biomedicine (G.R., L.K.,Y.N., A.R., T.K., S.R.B., V.A.N., D.J.J.S., M.R., A.Z., C.C.), University Hospital Wuerzburg, Germany
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12
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Knuplez E, Krier-Burris R, Cao Y, Marsche G, O’Sullivan J, Bochner BS. Frontline Science: Superior mouse eosinophil depletion in vivo targeting transgenic Siglec-8 instead of endogenous Siglec-F: Mechanisms and pitfalls. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:43-58. [PMID: 32134149 PMCID: PMC7585130 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3hi0120-381r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are important multifunctional granulocytes. When studying eosinophil function and its contribution to diseases, mouse models are often used. Mouse eosinophils selectively express sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec)-F. Its closest functional paralog on human eosinophils is Siglec-8. These Siglecs are being used to target eosinophils when exploring their mechanistic roles in disease and for potential therapeutic benefit. In order to facilitate preclinical studies of human Siglec-8, we developed transgenic mouse strains expressing human Siglec-8 only on the surface of eosinophils with or without endogenous Siglec-F and have begun characterizing various cellular functions in vitro and in vivo. Eosinophils from Siglec-8+ mice, with or without Siglec-F, responded to Siglec-8 antibody engagement in vitro by up-regulating surface CD11b, whereas Siglec-F antibody had no such effect. Engagement of Siglec-F or Siglec-8 with respective antibodies in vitro resulted in only modest increases in cell death. Administration of rat Siglec-F antibodies to mice led to a significant decrease in Siglec-F surface expression on eosinophils due to internalization, and thus appeared to decrease eosinophil numbers based on Siglec-F+ cells, but with proper gaiting strategies did not in fact result in significant eosinophil depletion. In marked contrast, administration of mouse Siglec-8 antibodies rapidly and effectively depleted eosinophils from blood and spleens of mice, but an F(ab')2 version did not, indicating an Fc-mediated mechanism for eosinophil depletion in vivo. Siglec-8 expressing mice with or without endogenous Siglec-F will be useful to study Siglec-8-based therapeutics, and may be a preferred approach when acute or chronic eosinophil depletion is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Knuplez
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Rebecca Krier-Burris
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yun Cao
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Jeremy O’Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bruce S. Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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13
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The emerging roles of eosinophils in mucosal homeostasis. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:574-583. [PMID: 32157190 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes, typically implicated as end-stage effector cells in type-II immune responses. They are capable of producing a wide array of pre-formed molecules which render them with vast potential to influence a wide variety of processes. Nonetheless, eosinophil research has traditionally focused on their role in anti-helminthic responses and pathophysiological processes in type-II immune disorders, such as allergy and asthma, where eosinophilia is a hallmark phenotype. However, a number of key studies over the past decade have placed this restricted view of eosinophil function into question, presenting additional evidence for eosinophils as critical regulators of various homeostatic processes including immune maintenance, organ development, and tissue regeneration.
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14
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Jacobsen EA. Divergent Siglec-F(eights) of mouse and human eosinophil death. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:9-11. [PMID: 32557797 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ce0520-108r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussion on the differences between mouse and human eosinophil induced death by antibody ligation to human Siglec-8 and mouse Siglec-F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Jacobsen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
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15
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Nycholat CM, Duan S, Knuplez E, Worth C, Elich M, Yao A, O'Sullivan J, McBride R, Wei Y, Fernandes SM, Zhu Z, Schnaar RL, Bochner BS, Paulson JC. A Sulfonamide Sialoside Analogue for Targeting Siglec-8 and -F on Immune Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14032-14037. [PMID: 31460762 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Siglec family of cell surface receptors have emerged as attractive targets for cell-directed therapies due to their restricted expression on immune cells, endocytic properties, and ability to modulate receptor signaling. Human Siglec-8, for instance, has been identified as a therapeutic target for the treatment of eosinophil and mast cell disorders. A promising strategy to target Siglecs involves the use of liposomal nanoparticles with a multivalent display of Siglec ligands. A key challenge for this approach is the identification of a high affinity ligand for the target Siglec. Here, we report the development of a ligand of Siglec-8 and its closest murine functional orthologue Siglec-F that is capable of targeting liposomes to cells expressing Siglec-8 or -F. A glycan microarray library of synthetic 9-N-sulfonyl sialoside analogues was screened to identify potential lead compounds. The best ligand, 9-N-(2-naphthyl-sulfonyl)-Neu5Acα2-3-[6-O-sulfo]-Galβ1-4GlcNAc (6'-O-sulfo NSANeu5Ac) combined the lead 2-naphthyl sulfonyl C-9 substituent with the preferred sulfated scaffold. The ligand 6'-O-sulfo NSANeu5Ac was conjugated to lipids for display on liposomes to evaluate targeted delivery to cells. Targeted liposomes showed strong in vitro binding/uptake and selectivity to cells expressing Siglec-8 or -F and, when administered to mice, exhibit in vivo targeting to Siglec-F+ eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Shiteng Duan
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Eva Knuplez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Charli Worth
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Mila Elich
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Anzhi Yao
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Jeremy O'Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Yadong Wei
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Steve M Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut 06511 , United States
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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16
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Gonzalez-Gil A, Porell RN, Fernandes SM, Wei Y, Yu H, Carroll DJ, McBride R, Paulson JC, Tiemeyer M, Aoki K, Bochner BS, Schnaar RL. Sialylated keratan sulfate proteoglycans are Siglec-8 ligands in human airways. Glycobiology 2019; 28:786-801. [PMID: 29924315 PMCID: PMC6142871 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human siglecs are a family of 14 sialic acid-binding proteins, most of which are expressed on subsets of immune cells where they regulate immune responses. Siglec-8 is expressed selectively on human allergic inflammatory cells—primarily eosinophils and mast cells—where engagement causes eosinophil apoptosis and inhibits mast cell mediator release. Evidence supports a model in which human eosinophils and mast cells bind to Siglec-8 sialoglycan ligands on inflammatory target tissues to resolve allergic inflammation and limit tissue damage. To identify Siglec-8-binding sialoglycans from human airways, proteins extracted from postmortem human trachea were resolved by size-exclusion chromatography and composite agarose–acrylamide gel electrophoresis, blotted and probed by Siglec-8-Fc blot overlay. Three size classes of Siglec-8 ligands were identified: 250 kDa, 600 kDa and 1 MDa, each of which was purified by affinity chromatography using a recombinant pentameric form of Siglec-8. Proteomic mass spectrometry identified all size classes as the proteoglycan aggrecan, a finding validated by immunoblotting. Glycan array studies demonstrated Siglec-8 binding to synthetic glycans with a terminal Neu5Acα2-3(6-sulfo)-Gal determinant, a quantitatively minor terminus on keratan sulfate (KS) chains of aggrecan. Treating human tracheal extracts with sialidase or keratanase eliminated Siglec-8 binding, indicating sialylated KS chains as Siglec-8-binding determinants. Treating human tracheal histological sections with keratanase also completely eliminated the binding of Siglec-8-Fc. Finally, Siglec-8 ligand purified from human trachea extracts induced increased apoptosis of freshly isolated human eosinophils in vitro. We conclude that sialylated KS proteoglycans are endogenous human airway ligands that bind Siglec-8 and may regulate allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Gonzalez-Gil
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan N Porell
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steve M Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yadong Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huifeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniela J Carroll
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Departments of Chemical Physiology, Cell and Molecular Biology, and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Chemical Physiology, Cell and Molecular Biology, and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Wei Y, Chhiba KD, Zhang F, Ye X, Wang L, Zhang L, Robida PA, Moreno-Vinasco L, Schnaar RL, Roers A, Hartmann K, Lee CM, Demers D, Zheng T, Bochner BS, Zhu Z. Mast Cell-Specific Expression of Human Siglec-8 in Conditional Knock-in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010019. [PMID: 30577572 PMCID: PMC6337227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 8 (Siglec-8) is expressed on the surface of human eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils—cells that participate in allergic and other diseases. Ligation of Siglec-8 by specific glycan ligands or antibodies triggers eosinophil death and inhibits mast cell degranulation; consequences that could be leveraged as treatment. However, Siglec-8 is not expressed in murine and most other species, thus limiting preclinical studies in vivo. Based on a ROSA26 knock-in vector, a construct was generated that contains the CAG promoter, a LoxP-floxed-Neo-STOP fragment, and full-length Siglec-8 cDNA. Through homologous recombination, this Siglec-8 construct was targeted into the mouse genome of C57BL/6 embryonic stem (ES) cells, and chimeric mice carrying the ROSA26-Siglec-8 gene were generated. After cross-breeding to mast cell-selective Cre-recombinase transgenic lines (CPA3-Cre, and Mcpt5-Cre), the expression of Siglec-8 in different cell types was determined by RT-PCR and flow cytometry. Peritoneal mast cells (dual FcεRI+ and c-Kit+) showed the strongest levels of surface Siglec-8 expression by multicolor flow cytometry compared to expression levels on tissue-derived mast cells. Siglec-8 was seen on a small percentage of peritoneal basophils, but not other leukocytes from CPA3-Siglec-8 mice. Siglec-8 mRNA and surface protein were also detected on bone marrow-derived mast cells. Transgenic expression of Siglec-8 in mice did not affect endogenous numbers of mast cells when quantified from multiple tissues. Thus, we generated two novel mouse strains, in which human Siglec-8 is selectively expressed on mast cells. These mice may enable the study of Siglec-8 biology in mast cells and its therapeutic targeting in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wei
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Krishan D Chhiba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Fengrui Zhang
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Xujun Ye
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Lihui Wang
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Li Zhang
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Piper A Robida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Liliana Moreno-Vinasco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute of Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Karin Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Delia Demers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Tao Zheng
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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18
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Bolus WR, Kennedy AJ, Hasty AH. Obesity-induced reduction of adipose eosinophils is reversed with low-calorie dietary intervention. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13919. [PMID: 30488596 PMCID: PMC6250927 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While many studies have characterized the inflammatory disposition of adipose tissue (AT) during obesity, far fewer have dissected how such inflammation resolves during the process of physiological weight loss. In addition, new immune cells, such as the eosinophil, have been discovered as part of the AT immune cell repertoire. We have therefore characterized how AT eosinophils, associated eosinophilic inflammation, and remodeling processes, fluctuate during a dietary intervention in obese mice. Similar to previous reports, we found that obesity induced by high-fat diet feeding reduced the AT eosinophil content. However, upon switching obese mice to a low fat diet, AT eosinophils were restored to lean levels as mice reached the body weight of controls. The rise in AT eosinophils during dietary weight loss was accompanied by reduced macrophage content and inflammatory expression, upregulated tissue remodeling factors, and a more uniformly distributed AT vascular network. Additionally, we show that eosinophils of another metabolically relevant tissue, the liver, did not oscillate with either dietary weight gain or weight loss. This study shows that eosinophil content is differentially regulated among tissues during the onset and resolution of obesity. Furthermore, AT eosinophils correlated with AT remodeling processes during weight loss and thus may play a role in reestablishing AT homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Reid Bolus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
| | - Arion J. Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
| | - Alyssa H. Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTennessee
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare SystemNashvilleTennessee
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19
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O’Sullivan JA, Wei Y, Carroll DJ, Moreno-Vinasco L, Cao Y, Zhang F, Lee JJ, Zhu Z, Bochner BS. Frontline Science: Characterization of a novel mouse strain expressing human Siglec-8 only on eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:11-19. [PMID: 29601103 PMCID: PMC6013361 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2hi0917-391r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec)-8 is a human cell surface protein expressed exclusively on eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils that, when engaged, induces eosinophil apoptosis and inhibits mast cell mediator release. This makes Siglec-8 a promising therapeutic target to treat diseases involving these cell types. However, preclinical studies of Siglec-8 targeting in vivo are lacking because this protein is only found in humans, apes, and some monkeys. Therefore, we have developed a mouse strain in which SIGLEC8 transcription is activated by Cre recombinase and have crossed this mouse with the eoCre mouse to achieve eosinophil-specific expression. We confirmed that Siglec-8 is expressed exclusively on the surface of mature eosinophils in multiple tissues at levels comparable to those on human blood eosinophils. Following ovalbumin sensitization and airway challenge, Siglec-8 knock-in mice generated a pattern of allergic lung inflammation indistinguishable from that of littermate controls, suggesting that Siglec-8 expression within the eosinophil compartment does not alter allergic eosinophilic inflammation. Using bone marrow from these mice, we demonstrated that, during maturation, Siglec-8 expression occurs well before the late eosinophil developmental marker C-C motif chemokine receptor 3, consistent with eoCre expression. Antibody ligation of the receptor induces Siglec-8 endocytosis and alters the phosphotyrosine profile of these cells, indicative of productive signaling. Finally, we demonstrated that mouse eosinophils expressing Siglec-8 undergo cell death when the receptor is engaged, further evidence that Siglec-8 is functional on these cells. These mice should prove useful to investigate Siglec-8 biology and targeting in vivo in a variety of eosinophilic disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. O’Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yadong Wei
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniela J. Carroll
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Liliana Moreno-Vinasco
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yun Cao
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fengrui Zhang
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - James. J. Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bruce S. Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Bolden JE, Lucas EC, Zhou G, O'Sullivan JA, de Graaf CA, McKenzie MD, Di Rago L, Baldwin TM, Shortt J, Alexander WS, Bochner BS, Ritchie ME, Hilton DJ, Fairfax KA. Identification of a Siglec-F+ granulocyte-macrophage progenitor. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:123-133. [PMID: 29645346 PMCID: PMC6320667 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ma1217-475r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years multi-parameter flow cytometry has enabled identification of cells at major stages in myeloid development; from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, through populations with increasingly limited developmental potential (common myeloid progenitors and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors), to terminally differentiated mature cells. Myeloid progenitors are heterogeneous, and the surface markers that define transition states from progenitors to mature cells are poorly characterized. Siglec-F is a surface glycoprotein frequently used in combination with IL-5 receptor alpha (IL5Rα) for the identification of murine eosinophils. Here, we describe a CD11b+ Siglec-F+ IL5Rα- myeloid population in the bone marrow of C57BL/6 mice. The CD11b+ Siglec-F+ IL5Rα- cells are retained in eosinophil deficient PHIL mice, and are not expanded upon overexpression of IL-5, indicating that they are upstream or independent of the eosinophil lineage. We show these cells to have GMP-like developmental potential in vitro and in vivo, and to be transcriptionally distinct from the classically described GMP population. The CD11b+ Siglec-F+ IL5Rα- population expands in the bone marrow of Myb mutant mice, which is potentially due to negative transcriptional regulation of Siglec-F by Myb. Lastly, we show that the role of Siglec-F may be, at least in part, to regulate GMP viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Bolden
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erin C Lucas
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geyu Zhou
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy A O'Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Carolyn A de Graaf
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark D McKenzie
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ladina Di Rago
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracey M Baldwin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jake Shortt
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warren S Alexander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew E Ritchie
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Douglas J Hilton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten A Fairfax
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Eosinophils are a subset of granulocytes generally associated with type 2 immune responses. They can contribute to protection against helminths but also mediate pro-inflammatory functions during allergic immune responses. Only recently, eosinophils were also found to exert many other functions such as regulation of glucose and fat metabolism, thermogenesis, survival of plasma cells, and antitumor activity. The mechanisms that control eosinophil development and survival are only partially understood. RECENT FINDINGS Here we review new findings regarding the role of cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic factors for eosinophilopoiesis and eosinophil homeostasis. Several reports provide new insights in the regulation of eosinophil development by transcription factors, miRNAs and epigenetic modifications. Danger signals like lipopolysaccharide or alarmins can activate eosinophils but also prolong their lifespan. We further reflect on the observations that eosinophil development is tightly controlled by the unfolded protein stress response and formation of cytoplasmic granules. SUMMARY Eosinophils emerge as important regulators of diverse biological processes. Their differentiation and survival is tightly regulated by factors that are still poorly understood. Newly identified pathways involved in eosinophilopoiesis and eosinophil homeostasis may lead to development of new therapeutic options for treatment of eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Abstract
Lectins recognize a diverse array of carbohydrate structures and perform numerous essential biological functions. Here we focus on only two families of lectins, the Siglecs and C-type lectins. Triggering of intracellular signaling cascades following ligand recognition by these receptors can have profound effects on the induction and modulation of immunity. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of each family and then focus on selected examples that highlight how these lectins can influence myeloid cell functioning in health and disease. Receptors that are discussed include Sn (Siglec-1), CD33 (Siglec-3), and Siglec-5, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -14, -15, -E, -F, and -G as well as Dectin-1, MICL, Dectin-2, Mincle/MCL, and the macrophage mannose receptor.
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O’Sullivan JA, Carroll DJ, Bochner BS. Glycobiology of Eosinophilic Inflammation: Contributions of Siglecs, Glycans, and Other Glycan-Binding Proteins. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:116. [PMID: 28824909 PMCID: PMC5539825 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The historical focus on protein-protein interactions in biological systems, at the expense of attention given to interactions between other classes of molecules, has overlooked important and clinically relevant processes and points of potential clinical intervention. For example, the significance of protein-carbohydrate interactions, especially in the regulation of immune responses, has recently received greater recognition and appreciation. This review discusses several ways by which cell-surface lectin-glycan interactions can modulate eosinophil function, particularly at the levels of eosinophil recruitment and survival, and how such interactions can be exploited therapeutically. A primary focus is on discoveries concerning Siglec-8, a glycan-binding protein selectively expressed on human eosinophils, and its closest functional paralog in the mouse, Siglec-F. Recent advances in the synthesis of polymeric ligands, the identification of physiological ligands for Siglec-8 and Siglec-F in the airway, and the determination of the basis of glycan ligand discrimination of Siglec-8 are discussed. Important similarities and differences between these siglecs are outlined. Eosinophil expression of additional glycan-binding proteins or their glycan ligands, including interactions involving members of the selectin, galectin, and siglec families, is summarized. The roles of these molecules in eosinophil recruitment, survival, and inflammation are described. Finally, the modulation of these interactions and potential therapeutic exploitation of glycan-binding proteins and their ligands to ameliorate eosinophil-associated diseases are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. O’Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniela J. Carroll
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bruce S. Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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24
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Leveraging Siglec-8 endocytic mechanisms to kill human eosinophils and malignant mast cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1774-1785.e7. [PMID: 28734845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec)-8 is a cell-surface protein expressed selectively on human eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils, making it an ideal target for the treatment of diseases involving these cell types. However, the effective delivery of therapeutic agents to these cells requires an understanding of the dynamics of Siglec-8 surface expression. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether Siglec-8 is endocytosed in human eosinophils and malignant mast cells, identify mechanisms underlying its endocytosis, and demonstrate whether a toxin can be targeted to Siglec-8-bearing cells to kill these cells. METHODS Siglec-8 surface dynamics were examined by flow cytometry using peripheral blood eosinophils, mast cell lines, and Siglec-8-transduced cells in the presence of inhibitors targeting components of endocytic pathways. Siglec-8 intracellular trafficking was followed by confocal microscopy. The ribosome-inhibiting protein saporin was conjugated to a Siglec-8-specific antibody to examine the targeting of an agent to these cells through Siglec-8 endocytosis. RESULTS Siglec-8 endocytosis required actin rearrangement, tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C activities, and both clathrin and lipid rafts. Internalized Siglec-8 localized to the lysosomal compartment. Maximal endocytosis in Siglec-8-transduced HEK293T cells required an intact immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif. Siglec-8 was also shuttled to the surface via a distinct pathway. Sialidase treatment of eosinophils revealed that Siglec-8 is partially masked by sialylated cis ligands. Targeting saporin to Siglec-8 consistently caused extensive cell death in eosinophils and the human mast cell leukemia cell line HMC-1.2. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic payloads can be targeted selectively to eosinophils and malignant mast cells by exploiting this Siglec-8 endocytic pathway.
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25
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Regulation of airway inflammation by Siglec-8 and Siglec-9 sialoglycan ligand expression. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:24-30. [PMID: 26694037 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammatory cells involved in the allergic response, including eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, and neutrophils, express sialoglycan-binding proteins such as Siglec-8 and Siglec-9, which inhibit cell function and survival. The purpose of this review is to briefly discuss the biology of these siglecs and their ligands and consider their potential impact in pathology and treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies demonstrate the presence of ligands for Siglec-8 and Siglec-9 in sinonasal tissue from patients with CRS as well as healthy patients, suggesting that the immunoregulatory functions of siglecs may be triggered in sinus tissue in health and disease. SUMMARY Ligands for Siglec-8 and Siglec-9 may regulate the function of eosinophils, mast cells, neutrophils, and other cells in sinus mucosa. Therapeutic strategies that activate the anti-inflammatory effects of siglecs may dampen inflammation and disease in CRS patients.
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26
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Janssen WJ, Stefanski AL, Bochner BS, Evans CM. Control of lung defence by mucins and macrophages: ancient defence mechanisms with modern functions. Eur Respir J 2016; 48:1201-1214. [PMID: 27587549 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00120-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the need to balance the requirement for efficient respiration in the face of tremendous levels of exposure to endogenous and environmental challenges, it is crucial for the lungs to maintain a sustainable defence that minimises damage caused by this exposure and the detrimental effects of inflammation to delicate gas exchange surfaces. Accordingly, epithelial and macrophage defences constitute essential first and second lines of protection that prevent the accumulation of potentially harmful agents in the lungs, and under homeostatic conditions do so effectively without inducing inflammation. Though epithelial and macrophage-mediated defences are seemingly distinct, recent data show that they are linked through their shared reliance on airway mucins, in particular the polymeric mucin MUC5B. This review highlights our understanding of novel mechanisms that link mucus and macrophage defences. We discuss the roles of phagocytosis and the effects of factors contained within mucus on phagocytosis, as well as newly identified roles for mucin glycoproteins in the direct regulation of leukocyte functions. The emergence of this nascent field of glycoimmunobiology sets forth a new paradigm for considering how homeostasis is maintained under healthy conditions and how it is restored in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Janssen
- Dept of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA Dept of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Bruce S Bochner
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Allergy-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher M Evans
- Dept of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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27
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Zhu X, Hogan SP, Molkentin JD, Zimmermann N. Cyclophilin D regulates necrosis, but not apoptosis, of murine eosinophils. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G609-17. [PMID: 26893161 PMCID: PMC4836130 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00389.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil degranulation and clusters of free extracellular granules are frequently observed in diverse diseases, including atopic dermatitis, nasal polyposis, and eosinophilic esophagitis. Whether these intact granules are released by necrosis or a biochemically mediated cytolysis remains unknown. Recently, a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase located within the mitochondrial matrix, cyclophilin D (PPIF), was shown to regulate necrotic, but not apoptotic, cell death in vitro in fibroblasts, hepatocytes, and cardiomyocytes. Whether cyclophilin D regulates necrosis in hematopoietic cells such as eosinophils remains unknown. We used PPIF-deficient (Ppif(-/-)) mice to test whether cyclophilin D is required for regulating eosinophil necrosis. PPIF deficiency did not affect eosinophil development or maturation at baseline. After in vitro ionomycin or H2O2 treatment, Ppif(-/-) eosinophils were significantly protected from Ca(2+) overload- or oxidative stress-induced necrosis. Additionally, Ppif(-/-) eosinophils demonstrated significantly decreased necrosis, but not apoptosis, in response to Siglec-F cross-linking, a stimulus associated with eosinophil-mediated processes in vitro and in vivo. When treated with apoptosis inducers, Ppif(+/+) and Ppif(-/-) eosinophils exhibited no significant difference in apoptosis or secondary necrosis. Finally, in a dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model, although levels of colitogenic cytokines and eosinophil-selective chemokines were comparable between Ppif(+/+) and Ppif(-/-) mice, the latter exhibited decreased clinical outcomes. This correlated with significantly reduced eosinophil cytolysis in the colon. Collectively, our present studies demonstrate that murine eosinophil necrosis is regulated in vitro and in vivo by cyclophilin D, at least in part, thus providing new insight into the mechanism of eosinophil necrosis and release of free extracellular granules in eosinophil-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nives Zimmermann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
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28
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Bochner BS. "Siglec"ting the allergic response for therapeutic targeting. Glycobiology 2016; 26:546-52. [PMID: 26911285 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As a physician-scientist, I have pursued research related to translational immunology with the goal of improving our ability to diagnose and treat allergic, immunologic and other diseases involving eosinophils, basophils and mast cells. We have tried to delineate novel mechanisms of human disease, working whenever possible with primary human cells and tissues, attempting to identify targets that might be amenable to the development of new therapies. As a general strategy, we have compared eosinophils, basophils, mast cells and neutrophils to look for pathways in inflammation that were unique to distinct subsets of these cells. In doing so, the concepts of glycobiology did not enter my mind until we began noticing some intriguing functional differences involving selectins and their ligands among these cell types. One simple observation, that neutrophils were coated with a glycan that allowed them to interact with an endothelial adhesion molecule while eosinophils lacked this structure, pried open the glyco-door for me. Fruitful collaborations with card-carrying glycobiologists soon followed that have forever positively influenced our science, and have enhanced our hypotheses, experimental design, research opportunities and discoveries. Within a few years, we helped to discover Siglec-8, an I-type lectin expressed only on human eosinophils, basophils, mast cells. This receptor, together with its closest mouse counterpart Siglec-F, has been the primary focus of our work now for over a decade. If not for those in the fields of glycobiology and glycoimmunology, my lab would not have made much progress toward the goal of leveraging Siglec-8 for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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29
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Wang FP, Fan YQ, Li SY, Mao H. Biomarkers of in vivo fluorescence imaging in allergic airway inflammation. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:100-5. [PMID: 26902991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Airway inflammation is a central component of the manifestation of asthma but is relatively inaccessible to study. Current imaging techniques such as X-ray CT, MRI, and PET, have advanced noninvasive research on pulmonary diseases. However, these techniques mainly facilitate the anatomical or structural assessment of the diseased lung and/or typically use radioactive agents. In vivo fluorescence imaging is a novel method for noninvasive, real-time, and specific monitoring of lung airway inflammation, which is particularly important to gain a further understanding asthma. Compared to conventional techniques, fluorescent imaging has the advantages of rapid feedback, as well as high sensitivity and resolution. Recently, there has been an increase in the identification of biomarkers, including matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, selectins, folate receptor-beta, nanoparticles, as well as sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-F to assess the level of airway inflammation in asthma. Recent advances in our understanding of these biomarkers as molecular probes for in vivo imaging are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Ping Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying-Qi Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Su-Yun Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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30
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Bochner BS, Zimmermann N. Role of siglecs and related glycan-binding proteins in immune responses and immunoregulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:598-608. [PMID: 25592986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Virtually all cells and extracellular material are heavily decorated by various glycans, yet our understanding of the structure and function of these moieties lags behind the understanding of nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. Recent years have seen a tremendous acceleration of knowledge in the field of glycobiology, revealing many intricacies and functional contributions that were previously poorly appreciated or even unrecognized. This review highlights several topics relevant to glycoimmunology in which mammalian and pathogen-derived glycans displayed on glycoproteins and other scaffolds are recognized by specific glycan-binding proteins (GBPs), leading to a variety of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cellular responses. The focus for this review is mainly on 2 families of GBPs, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (siglecs) and selectins, that are involved in multiple steps of the immune response, including distinguishing pathogens from self, cell trafficking to sites of inflammation, fine-tuning of immune responses leading to activation or tolerance, and regulation of cell survival. Importantly for the clinician, accelerated rates of discovery in the field of glycoimmunology are being translated into innovative medical approaches that harness the interaction of glycans and GBPs to the benefit of the host and might soon lead to novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
| | - Nives Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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31
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Kiwamoto T, Katoh T, Evans CM, Janssen WJ, Brummet ME, Hudson SA, Zhu Z, Tiemeyer M, Bochner BS. Endogenous airway mucins carry glycans that bind Siglec-F and induce eosinophil apoptosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:1329-1340.e9. [PMID: 25497369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sialic acid-binding, immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec) F is a glycan-binding protein selectively expressed on mouse eosinophils. Its engagement induces apoptosis, suggesting a pathway for ameliorating eosinophilia in the setting of asthma and other eosinophil-associated diseases. Siglec-F recognizes sialylated sulfated glycans in glycan-binding assays, but the identities of endogenous sialoside ligands and their glycoprotein carriers in vivo are unknown. OBJECTIVES To use mouse lung-derived materials to isolate, biochemically identify, and biologically characterize naturally occurring endogenous glycan ligands for Siglec-F. METHODS Lungs from normal and mucin-deficient mice, as well as mouse tracheal epithelial cells, were investigated in vitro and in vivo for the expression of Siglec-F ligands. Western blotting and cytochemistry used Siglec-F-Fc as a probe for directed purification, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of recognized glycoproteins. Purified components were tested in mouse eosinophil-binding assays and flow cytometry-based cell death assays. RESULTS We detected mouse lung glycoproteins that bound to Siglec-F; binding was sialic acid dependent. Proteomic analysis of Siglec-F binding material identified Muc5b and Muc4. Cross-affinity enrichment and histochemical analysis of lungs from mucin-deficient mice assigned and validated the identity of Muc5b as one glycoprotein ligand for Siglec-F. Purified mucin preparations carried sialylated and sulfated glycans, bound to eosinophils and induced their death in vitro. Mice conditionally deficient in Muc5b displayed exaggerated eosinophilic inflammation in response to intratracheal installation of IL-13. CONCLUSIONS These data identify a previously unrecognized endogenous anti-inflammatory property of airway mucins by which their glycans can control lung eosinophilia through engagement of Siglec-F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kiwamoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Toshihiko Katoh
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Christopher M Evans
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045
| | - William J Janssen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045.,Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206
| | - Mary E Brummet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Sherry A Hudson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
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32
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Hassan M, Selimovic D, El-Khattouti A, Soell M, Ghozlan H, Haikel Y, Abdelkader O, Megahed M. Hepatitis C virus-mediated angiogenesis: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15467-15475. [PMID: 25400432 PMCID: PMC4229513 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process for organ growth and repair. Thus, an imbalance in this process can lead to several diseases including malignancy. Angiogenesis is a critical step in vascular remodeling, tissue damage and wound healing besides being required for invasive tumor growth and metastasis. Because angiogenesis sets an important point in the control of tumor progression, its inhibition is considered a valuable therapeutic approach for tumor treatment. Chronic liver disease including hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the main cause for the development of hepatic angiogenesis and thereby plays a critical role in the modulation of hepatic angiogenesis that finally leads to hepatocellular carcinoma progression and invasion. Thus, understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HCV-mediated hepatic angiogenesis will help design a therapeutic protocol for the intervention of HCV-mediated angiogenesis and subsequently its outcome. In this review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms of HCV-mediated hepatic angiogenesis and the related signaling pathways that can be target for current and under development therapeutic approaches.
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33
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Macauley MS, Crocker PR, Paulson JC. Siglec-mediated regulation of immune cell function in disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:653-66. [PMID: 25234143 DOI: 10.1038/nri3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 723] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
All mammalian cells display a diverse array of glycan structures that differ from those that are found on microbial pathogens. Siglecs are a family of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like receptors that participate in the discrimination between self and non-self, and that regulate the function of cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems through the recognition of their glycan ligands. In this Review, we describe the recent advances in our understanding of the roles of Siglecs in the regulation of immune cell function in infectious diseases, inflammation, neurodegeneration, autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Macauley
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, Immunology and Microbial Science, and Physiological Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Paul R Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Wellcome Trust Building, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, Immunology and Microbial Science, and Physiological Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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34
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Tian BP, Zhou HB, Xia LX, Shen HH, Ying S. Balance of apoptotic cell death and survival in allergic diseases. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:811-21. [PMID: 25111826 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases result from over-reaction of the immune system in response to exogenous allergens, where inflammatory cells have constantly extended longevity and contribute to an on-going immune response in allergic tissues. Here, we review disequilibrium in the death and survival of epithelial cells and inflammatory cells in the pathological processes of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and other allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ping Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hong-Bin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Li-Xia Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hua-Hao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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35
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McMillan SJ, Richards HE, Crocker PR. Siglec-F-dependent negative regulation of allergen-induced eosinophilia depends critically on the experimental model. Immunol Lett 2014; 160:11-16. [PMID: 24698729 PMCID: PMC4045373 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Siglec-F-dependent negative regulation of eosinophilia depends on experimental model. Siglec-F-dependent suppression of lung eosinophilia may not depend on ligand-induced apoptosis. Implications for therapeutic approaches to treating human disease in which siglec-8, is targeted.
Siglec-8 and siglec-F are paralogous membrane proteins expressed on human and murine eosinophils respectively. They bind similar sialylated and sulphated glycans and mediate eosinophil apoptosis when cross-linked with antibodies or glycan ligands. In models of allergic eosinophilic airway inflammation, siglec-F was shown previously to be important for negatively regulating eosinophilia. It was proposed that this was due to siglec-F-dependent apoptosis, triggered via engagement with ligands that are upregulated on bronchial epithelium. Our aim was to further investigate the functions of siglec-F by comparing two commonly used models of ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation that differ in the dose and route of administration of ovalbumin. In confirmation of published results, siglec-F-deficient mice had enhanced lung tissue eosinophilia in response to intranasal ovalbumin delivered every other day. However, following aerosolised ovalbumin delivered daily, there was no influence of siglec-F deficiency on lung eosinophilia. Expression of siglec-F ligands in lung tissues was similar in both models of allergen induced inflammation. These data demonstrate that siglec-F-dependent regulation of eosinophilia is subtle and depends critically on the model used. The findings also indicate that mechanisms other than ligand-induced apoptosis may be important in siglec-F-dependent suppression of eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J McMillan
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK, DD1 5EH
| | - Hannah E Richards
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK, DD1 5EH
| | - Paul R Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK, DD1 5EH.
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Markus MA, Dullin C, Mitkovski M, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Epstein MM, Alves F. Non-invasive optical imaging of eosinophilia during the course of an experimental allergic airways disease model and in response to therapy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90017. [PMID: 24587190 PMCID: PMC3934967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular imaging of lung diseases, including asthma, is limited and either invasive or non-specific. Central to the inflammatory process in asthma is the recruitment of eosinophils to the airways, which release proteases and proinflammatory factors and contribute to airway remodeling. The aim of this study was to establish a new approach to non-invasively assess lung eosinophilia during the course of experimental asthma by combining non-invasive near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging with the specific detection of Siglec-F, a lectin found predominantly on eosinophils. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS An ovalbumin (OVA)-based model was used to induce asthma-like experimental allergic airway disease (EAAD) in BALB/c mice. By means of a NIRF imager, we demonstrate that 48 h-72 h after intravenous (i.v.) application of a NIRF-labeled anti-Siglec-F antibody, mice with EAAD exhibited up to 2 times higher fluorescence intensities compared to lungs of control mice. Furthermore, average lung intensities of dexamethasone-treated as well as beta-escin-treated mice were 1.8 and 2 times lower than those of untreated, EAAD mice, respectively and correlated with the reduction of cell infiltration in the lung. Average fluorescence intensities measured in explanted lungs confirmed the in vivo findings of significantly higher values in inflamed lungs as compared to controls. Fluorescence microscopy of lung cryosections localized the i.v. applied NIRF-labeled anti-Siglec-F antibody predominantly to eosinophils in the peribronchial areas of EAAD lungs as opposed to control lungs. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We show that monitoring the occurrence of eosinophils, a prominent feature of allergic asthma, by means of a NIRF-labeled antibody directed against Siglec-F is a novel and powerful non-invasive optical imaging approach to assess EAAD and therapeutic response in mice over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Andrea Markus
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Dullin
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miso Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Michelle M. Epstein
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Experimental Allergy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frauke Alves
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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