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Du T, Raghunandan A, Mestre H, Plá V, Liu G, Ladrón-de-Guevara A, Newbold E, Tobin P, Gahn-Martinez D, Pattanayak S, Huang Q, Peng W, Nedergaard M, Kelley DH. Restoration of cervical lymphatic vessel function in aging rescues cerebrospinal fluid drainage. NATURE AGING 2024:10.1038/s43587-024-00691-3. [PMID: 39147980 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Cervical lymphatic vessels (cLVs) have been shown to drain solutes and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain. However, their hydrodynamical properties have never been evaluated in vivo. Here, we developed two-photon optical imaging with particle tracking in vivo of CSF tracers (2P-OPTIC) in superficial and deep cLVs of mice, characterizing their flow and showing that the major driver is intrinsic pumping by contraction of the lymphatic vessel wall. Moreover, contraction frequency and flow velocity were reduced in aged mice, which coincided with a reduction in smooth muscle actin expression. Slowed flow in aged mice was rescued using topical application of prostaglandin F2α, a prostanoid that increases smooth muscle contractility, which restored lymphatic function in aged mice and enhanced central nervous system clearance. We show that cLVs are important regulators of CSF drainage and that restoring their function is an effective therapy for improving clearance in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Du
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Aditya Raghunandan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Virginia Plá
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guojun Liu
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Ladrón-de-Guevara
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Evan Newbold
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Paul Tobin
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Gahn-Martinez
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Saurav Pattanayak
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Qinwen Huang
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Weiguo Peng
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Douglas H Kelley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Brailoiu E, Barr JL, Wittorf HN, Inan S, Unterwald EM, Brailoiu GC. Modulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier by Sigma-1R Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5147. [PMID: 38791182 PMCID: PMC11121402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1 (Sigma-1R) is an intracellular chaperone protein residing on the endoplasmic reticulum at the mitochondrial-associated membrane (MAM) region. Sigma-1R is abundant in the brain and is involved in several physiological processes as well as in various disease states. The role of Sigma-1R at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is incompletely characterized. In this study, the effect of Sigma-1R activation was investigated in vitro on rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMVEC), an important component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and in vivo on BBB permeability in rats. The Sigma-1R agonist PRE-084 produced a dose-dependent increase in mitochondrial calcium, and mitochondrial and cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RBMVEC. PRE-084 decreased the electrical resistance of the RBMVEC monolayer, measured with the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) method, indicating barrier disruption. These effects were reduced by pretreatment with Sigma-1R antagonists, BD 1047 and NE 100. In vivo assessment of BBB permeability in rats indicates that PRE-084 produced a dose-dependent increase in brain extravasation of Evans Blue and sodium fluorescein brain; the effect was reduced by the Sigma-1R antagonists. Immunocytochemistry studies indicate that PRE-084 produced a disruption of tight and adherens junctions and actin cytoskeleton. The brain microcirculation was directly visualized in vivo in the prefrontal cortex of awake rats with a miniature integrated fluorescence microscope (aka, miniscope; Doric Lenses Inc.). Miniscope studies indicate that PRE-084 increased sodium fluorescein extravasation in vivo. Taken together, these results indicate that Sigma-1R activation promoted oxidative stress and increased BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (E.B.); (J.L.B.); (S.I.)
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Barr
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (E.B.); (J.L.B.); (S.I.)
| | - Hailey N. Wittorf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Saadet Inan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (E.B.); (J.L.B.); (S.I.)
| | - Ellen M. Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; (E.B.); (J.L.B.); (S.I.)
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Gabriela Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
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Cai X, Refaat A, Gan PY, Fan B, Yu H, Thang SH, Drummond CJ, Voelcker NH, Tran N, Zhai J. Angiopep-2-Functionalized Lipid Cubosomes for Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing and Glioblastoma Treatment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:12161-12174. [PMID: 38416873 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer with high malignancy and resistance to conventional treatments, resulting in a bleak prognosis. Nanoparticles offer a way to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver precise therapies to tumor sites with reduced side effects. In this study, we developed angiopep-2 (Ang2)-functionalized lipid cubosomes loaded with cisplatin (CDDP) and temozolomide (TMZ) for crossing the BBB and providing targeted glioblastoma therapy. Developed lipid cubosomes showed a particle size of around 300 nm and possessed an internal ordered inverse primitive cubic phase, a high conjugation efficiency of Ang2 to the particle surface, and an encapsulation efficiency of more than 70% of CDDP and TMZ. In vitro models, including BBB hCMEC/D3 cell tight monolayer, 3D BBB cell spheroid, and microfluidic BBB/GBM-on-a-chip models with cocultured BBB and glioblastoma cells, were employed to study the efficiency of the developed cubosomes to cross the BBB and showed that Ang2-functionalized cubosomes can penetrate the BBB more effectively. Furthermore, Ang2-functionalized cubosomes showed significantly higher uptake by U87 glioblastoma cells, with a 3-fold increase observed in the BBB/GBM-on-a-chip model as compared to that of the bare cubosomes. Additionally, the in vivo biodistribution showed that Ang2 modification could significantly enhance the brain accumulation of cubosomes in comparison to that of non-functionalized particles. Moreover, CDDP-loaded Ang2-functionalized cubosomes presented an enhanced toxic effect on U87 spheroids. These findings suggest that the developed Ang2-cubosomes are prospective for improved BBB crossing and enhanced delivery of therapeutics to glioblastoma and are worth pursuing further as a potential application of nanomedicine for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Cai
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia
| | - Ahmed Refaat
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Poh-Yi Gan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton 3168, VIC, Australia
| | - Bo Fan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Haitao Yu
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia
| | - San H Thang
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Calum J Drummond
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3052, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nhiem Tran
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia
| | - Jiali Zhai
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, VIC, Australia
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Elhoseny SM, Saleh NM, Meshali MM. Self-Nanoemulsion Intrigues the Gold Phytopharmaceutical Chrysin: In Vitro Assessment and Intrinsic Analgesic Effect. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:54. [PMID: 38443653 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chrysin is a natural flavonoid with a wide range of bioactivities. Only a few investigations have assessed the analgesic activity of chrysin. The lipophilicity of chrysin reduces its aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Hence, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) were designed to overcome this problem. Kollisolv GTA, Tween 80, and Transcutol HP were selected as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. SNEDDS A, B, and C were prepared, loaded with chrysin (0.1%w/w), and extensively evaluated. The optimized formula (B) encompasses 25% Kollisolv GTA, 18.75% Tween 80, and 56.25% Transcutol HP was further assessed. TEM, in vitro release, and biocompatibility towards the normal oral epithelial cell line (OEC) were estimated. Brain targeting and acetic acid-induced writhing in a mouse model were studied. After testing several adsorbents, powdered SNEDDS B was formulated and evaluated. The surfactant/cosurfactant (S/CoS) ratio of 1:3 w/w was appropriate for the preparation of SNEDDS. Formula B exhibited instant self-emulsification, spherical nanoscaled droplets of 155.4 ± 32.02 nm, and a zeta potential of - 12.5 ± 3.40 mV. The in vitro release proved the superiority of formula B over chrysin suspension (56.16 ± 10.23 and 9.26 ± 1.67%, respectively). The biocompatibility of formula B towards OEC was duplicated (5.69 ± 0.03 µg/mL). The nociceptive pain was mitigated by formula B more efficiently than chrysin suspension as the writhing numbers reduced from 8.33 ± 0.96 to 0 after 60 min of oral administration. Aerosil R972 was selected as an adsorbent, and its chemical compatibility was confirmed. In conclusion, our findings prove the therapeutic efficacy of chrysin self-nanoemulsion as a potential targeting platform to combat pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Mohamed Elhoseny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Noha Mohamed Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Mahasen Mohamed Meshali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Aran KR, Gupta GD, Singh S. Cladribine induces apoptosis, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial oxidative stress, tau phosphorylation and Aβ (1-42) pathway in the hippocampus: An in vivo approach. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 133:102340. [PMID: 37708945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Cladribine is a purine nucleoside found to enhance toxic amyloid protein and cause memory impairment. Patients following chemotherapy treatment commonly suffer from cognitive deficits more prevalent in the elderly than adults. A previous research study revealed that cladribine has a high affinity to the brain, increases the level of amyloid precursor protein, and results in learning deficits. The study was designed to validate an animal model of cladribine administration to rats through mitochondrial oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, tau phosphorylation, and amyloid-β (1-42) accumulation. In this study, all rats were orally given cladribine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) for 28 days, resulting in impaired spatial memory confirmed by behavioural activity. On day 29, all rats were euthanized, and the hippocampal tissues were isolated and used for the estimation of neuroinflammatory markers, biochemicals parameters (glutathione, catalase, lipid peroxidation, and nitrite), amyloid-β (1-42) level, neurotransmitters, and nuclear factor kappa B analysis. Cladribine administration significantly elevated cytokines release, dysbalanced neurotransmitter concentration, and promoted the Aβ accumulation and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. Our study outcome confirmed that cladribine produces cognitive impairment via activation of Nuclear factor kappa B, mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysbalanced of the endogenous antioxidant defence system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadga Raj Aran
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), Moga, Punjab 142001, India; I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, India
| | - G D Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy (An Autonomous College), Moga, Punjab 142001, India.
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Bora K, Kushwah N, Maurya M, Pavlovich MC, Wang Z, Chen J. Assessment of Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier: Animal Models and Methods. Cells 2023; 12:2443. [PMID: 37887287 PMCID: PMC10605292 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of the neural retina relies on the unique retinal environment regulated by the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), which restricts the passage of solutes, fluids, and toxic substances. BRB impairment occurs in many retinal vascular diseases and the breakdown of BRB significantly contributes to disease pathology. Understanding the different molecular constituents and signaling pathways involved in BRB development and maintenance is therefore crucial in developing treatment modalities. This review summarizes the major molecular signaling pathways involved in inner BRB (iBRB) formation and maintenance, and representative animal models of eye diseases with retinal vascular leakage. Studies on Wnt/β-catenin signaling are highlighted, which is critical for retinal and brain vascular angiogenesis and barriergenesis. Moreover, multiple in vivo and in vitro methods for the detection and analysis of vascular leakage are described, along with their advantages and limitations. These pre-clinical animal models and methods for assessing iBRB provide valuable experimental tools in delineating the molecular mechanisms of retinal vascular diseases and evaluating therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Grahl MVC, Andrade BDS, Perin APA, Neves GA, Duarte LDS, Uberti AF, Hohl KS, Follmer C, Carlini CR. Could the Urease of the Gut Bacterium Proteus mirabilis Play a Role in the Altered Gut-Brain Talk Associated with Parkinson's Disease? Microorganisms 2023; 11:2042. [PMID: 37630602 PMCID: PMC10459573 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis seems to play a role in neurodegenerative pathologies. Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have an altered gut microbiota. Moreover, mice treated orally with the gut microbe Proteus mirabilis developed Parkinson's-like symptoms. Here, the possible involvement of P. mirabilis urease (PMU) and its B subunit (PmUreβ) in the pathogenesis of PD was assessed. Purified proteins were given to mice intraperitoneally (20 μg/animal/day) for one week. Behavioral tests were conducted, and brain homogenates of the treated animals were subjected to immunoassays. After treatment with PMU, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were measured in Caco2 cells and cellular permeability was assayed in Hek 293. The proteins were incubated in vitro with α-synuclein and examined via transmission electron microscopy. Our results showed that PMU treatment induced depressive-like behavior in mice. No motor deficits were observed. The brain homogenates had an increased content of caspase-9, while the levels of α-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase decreased. PMU increased the pro-inflammatory cytokines and altered the cellular permeability in cultured cells. The urease, but not the PmUreβ, altered the morphology of α-synuclein aggregates in vitro, forming fragmented aggregates. We concluded that PMU promotes pro-inflammatory effects in cultured cells. In vivo, PMU induces neuroinflammation and a depressive-like phenotype compatible with the first stages of PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus V. C. Grahl
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences and Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (M.V.C.G.); (A.F.U.)
- School of Health Sciences, University Center Ritter dos Reis, Porto Alegre 90840-440, RS, Brazil
| | - Brenda da Silva Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-590, RJ, Brazil; (B.d.S.A.); (G.A.N.); (L.d.S.D.)
| | - Ana Paula A. Perin
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil;
| | - Gilda A. Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-590, RJ, Brazil; (B.d.S.A.); (G.A.N.); (L.d.S.D.)
| | - Laura de Souza Duarte
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-590, RJ, Brazil; (B.d.S.A.); (G.A.N.); (L.d.S.D.)
| | - Augusto Frantz Uberti
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences and Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (M.V.C.G.); (A.F.U.)
| | - Kelvin Siqueira Hohl
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences—Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil;
| | - Cristian Follmer
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Institute of Chemistry, Department of Physical-Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Celia Regina Carlini
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Brain Diseases, Excitotoxity and Neuroprotection (INCT-EN), Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil
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Paramakrishnan N, Lim KG, Paramaswaran Y, Ali N, Waseem M, Shazly GA, Bin Jardan YA, Muthuraman A. Astaxanthin: A Marine Drug That Ameliorates Cerebrovascular-Damage-Associated Alzheimer's Disease in a Zebrafish Model via the Inhibition of Matrix Metalloprotease-13. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:433. [PMID: 37623714 PMCID: PMC10455645 DOI: 10.3390/md21080433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major type of dementia disorder. Common cognitive changes occur as a result of cerebrovascular damage (CVD) via the disruption of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13). In diabetic cases, the progress of vascular dementia is faster and the AD rate is higher. Patients with type 2 diabetes are known to have a higher risk of the factor for AD progression. Hence, this study is designed to investigate the role of astaxanthin (AST) in CVD-associated AD in zebrafish via the inhibition of MMP-13 activity. CVD was developed through the intraperitoneal and intracerebral injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The AST (10 and 20 mg/L), donepezil (1 mg/L), and MMP-13 inhibitor (i.e., CL-82198; 10 μM) were exposed for 21 consecutive days in CVD animals. The cognitive changes in zebrafish were evaluated through light and dark chamber tests, a color recognition test, and a T-maze test. The biomarkers of AD pathology were assessed via the estimation of the cerebral extravasation of Evans blue, tissue nitrite, amyloid beta-peptide aggregation, MMP-13 activity, and acetylcholinesterase activity. The results revealed that exposure to AST leads to ameliorative behavioral and biochemical changes. Hence, AST can be used for the management of AD due to its multi-targeted actions, including MMP-13 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khian Giap Lim
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Yamunna Paramaswaran
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Waseem
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Gamal A. Shazly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arunachalam Muthuraman
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
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Gómez-Domínguez EG, Toriz CG, González-Pozos S, González-Del-Pliego M, Aguirre-Benítez EL, Pérez-Torres A, Flores-Martinez YM, Solano-Agama C, Rodríguez-Mata V, García-Godínez A, Martínez-Fong D, Mendoza-Garrido ME. Characterization of the rat pituitary capsule: Evidence that the cerebrospinal fluid filled the pituitary cleft and the inner side of the capsule. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286399. [PMID: 37235567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, the pituitary gland is covered by a fibrous capsule and is considered a continuation of the meningeal sheath. However, in rodents some studies concluded that only the pars tuberalis (PT) and pars nervosa (PN) are enwrapped by the pia mater, while others showed that the whole gland is covered by this sheath. At PT the median eminence subarachnoid drains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to its cisternal system representing a pathway to the hypothalamus. In the present study we examined the rat pituitary capsule to elucidate its configuration, its physical interaction with the pituitary border and its relationship with the CSF. Furthermore, we also revisited the histology of the pituitary cleft and looked whether CSF drained in it. To answer such questions, we used scanning and transmission electron microscopy, intracerebroventricular infusion of Evan´s blue, fluorescent beads, and sodium fluorescein. The latter was measured in the pars distalis (PD) and various intracranial tissues. We found a pituitary capsule resembling leptomeninges, thick at the dorsal side of the pars intermedia (PI) and PD, thicker at the level of PI in contiguity with the PN and thinner at the rostro-ventral side as a thin membrane of fibroblast-like cells embedded in a fibrous layer. The capsule has abundant capillaries on all sides. Our results showed that the CSFs bathe between the capsule and the surface of the whole gland, and ciliate cells are present in the pituitary border. Our data suggest that the pituitary gland intercommunicates with the central nervous system (CNS) through the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Giovanhi Gómez-Domínguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - César Gabriel Toriz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sirenia González-Pozos
- Coordinación General de Servicios Experimentales, Microscopía Electrónica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Margarita González-Del-Pliego
- Departamento de Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elsa Liliana Aguirre-Benítez
- Departamento de Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Yazmin Monserrat Flores-Martinez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carmen Solano-Agama
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Verónica Rodríguez-Mata
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alejandro García-Godínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Daniel Martínez-Fong
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Eugenia Mendoza-Garrido
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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10
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Solarz A, Majcher-Maślanka I, Kryst J, Chocyk A. Early-life stress affects peripheral, blood-brain barrier, and brain responses to immune challenge in juvenile and adult rats. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:1-15. [PMID: 36400335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) may affect brain maturation and neuroimmune interactions and, consequently, the inflammatory response to subsequent environmental factors later in life. Recently, the coexistence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and inflammation has been implicated in the etiology and progression of mental and/or neurodegenerative diseases. There are sex differences in the prevalence and outcomes of these disorders. The number of studies reporting the effects of ELS and sex on BBB functioning and neuroinflammatory processes in response to immune challenge is very limited, and the data are inconsistent. In the present study, we examined whether ELS, based on the maternal separation (MS) paradigm in rats, can condition male and female subjects to subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immune challenge in juvenility or adulthood. Twenty-four hours after acute LPS injection, serum proinflammatory cytokines were measured, and BBB permeability in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HP) was evaluated. Additionally, the mRNA expression of neuroinflammatory markers and BBB-related genes was also studied. We found that a single LPS challenge induced a proinflammatory response both in the periphery and in the mPFC and HP and increased BBB permeability in a sex-dependent fashion. Moreover, MS enhanced the neuroinflammatory response to LPS challenge in males (especially juveniles), whereas MS females showed no difference or a blunted central response to LPS compared with control females, mainly during adulthood. These results suggest that ELS may precondition individuals to subsequent environmental factors later in life in a sex-specific manner and potentially determine their susceptibility or resilience to mental and/or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solarz
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
| | - Iwona Majcher-Maślanka
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland
| | - Joanna Kryst
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute for Basics Sciences, Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Physical Education, Jana Pawła II Av. 78, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chocyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland.
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11
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Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in Preclinical Mouse Models of Stroke Can Be an Experimental Artifact Caused by Craniectomy. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0343-22.2022. [PMID: 36224001 PMCID: PMC9595391 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0343-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological features of ischemia-related blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption are widely studied using preclinical stroke models. However, in many of these models, craniectomy is required to confirm arterial occlusion via laser Doppler flowmetry or to enable direct ligation of the cerebral artery. In the present study, mice were used to construct a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) model, a preclinical stroke model that requires craniectomy to enable direct ligation of the cerebral artery, or were subjected to craniectomy alone. dMCAO but not craniectomy caused neurodegeneration and cerebral infarction, but both procedures induced an appreciable increase in BBB permeability to Evans blue dye, fluorescein, and endogenous albumin but not to 10 kDa dextran-FITC, leading to cerebral edema. Using rats, we further showed that BBB disruption induced by craniectomy with no evidence of dural tearing was comparable to that induced by craniectomy involving tearing of the dura. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that craniectomy can be a major contributor to BBB disruption and cerebral edema in preclinical stroke models. The implications of this experimental artifact for translational stroke research and preclinical data interpretation are discussed.
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12
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Plá V, Bork P, Harnpramukkul A, Olveda G, Ladrón-de-Guevara A, Giannetto MJ, Hussain R, Wang W, Kelley DH, Hablitz LM, Nedergaard M. A real-time in vivo clearance assay for quantification of glymphatic efflux. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111320. [PMID: 36103828 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glymphatic fluid transport eliminates metabolic waste from the brain including amyloid-β, yet the methodology for studying efflux remains rudimentary. Here, we develop a method to evaluate glymphatic real-time clearance. Efflux of Direct Blue 53 (DB53, also T-1824 or Evans Blue) injected into the striatum is quantified by imaging the DB53 signal in the vascular compartment, where it is retained due to its high affinity to albumin. The DB53 signal is detectable as early as 15 min after injection and the efflux kinetics are sharply reduced in mice lacking the water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4). Pharmacokinetic modeling reveal that DB53 efflux is consistent with the existence of two efflux paths, one with fast kinetics (T1/2 = 50 min) and another with slow kinetics (T1/2 = 240 min), in wild-type mice. This in vivo methodology will aid in defining the physiological variables that drive efflux, as well as the impact of brain states or disorders on clearance kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Plá
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Peter Bork
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aurakoch Harnpramukkul
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Genaro Olveda
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Antonio Ladrón-de-Guevara
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael J Giannetto
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Rashad Hussain
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Douglas H Kelley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Lauren M Hablitz
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Wang M, Meng X, Cheng Z. Apremilast exerts protective effects on stroke outcomes and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction through regulating Rho-associated protein kinase 2 expression. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2677. [PMID: 35971637 PMCID: PMC9480930 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Stroke is a devastating event and a huge public health concern worldwide. Apremilast (APR) is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4 involved in various neurological diseases, including stroke. However, the protective effects of APR on stroke have not been investigated. Here, we explored the effects of APR on stroke outcomes and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction using a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke mice model. RESULTS The results show that APR attenuated neurological injury in MCAO mice with decreased neurological deficit scores and infarct size, as well as increased hanging grip time. The increased BBB permeability and decreased expression of the tight junction protein Claudin-5 in MCAO mice were attenuated by APR treatment. APR treatment also mitigated neuroinflammation in MCAO mice, as shown by the decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines. In vitro assays also proved that APR ameliorated the oxygen/glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced increase in endothelial permeability and restored the expression of Claudin-5 in bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells. Moreover, overexpression of ROCK2 in bEnd.3 cells abolished the protective effects of APR on endothelial permeability against OGD/R induction. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results demonstrate that APR showed significant efficacy on ischemic stroke outcomes by alleviating enhanced BBB permeability and neuroinflammation by inhibiting ROCK2. These findings suggest a novel therapeutic window for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830002, China.,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Stroke and Neurological Rare Disease, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, Uygur Autonomous Region, 830002, China
| | - Xiangyuan Meng
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Yicheng District, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Zhihua Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Li C, Zhang B. The Protective Effects of Acetazolamide Against Homocysteine-Induced Blood-Brain-Barrier Disruption by Regulating the Activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1261-1271. [PMID: 35920995 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetazolamide (AZA) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) with neuroprotective effects. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption in brain disorders. A previous study indicated that AZA might have a new role in brain disorders. However, its function in hyperhomocysteinemia-related BBB disruption has not been reported. Here, we aim to clarify the role of AZA in homocysteine (Hcy)-mediated BBB dysfunction using both in vivo and in vitro assays. We found that AZA improved memory and cognitive function, and reduced brain edema in Hcy-stimulated hyperhomocysteinemia model rats. This protective effect of AZA on hyperhomocysteinemia rats was accompanied by improved BBB permeability and increased expression levels of the tight junction proteins, occludin, and claudin-5. The in vitro assay results show that AZA prevented Hcy-induced cell injury and attenuated the increased permeability in Hcy-treated bEnd.3 brain endothelial cells. The Hcy-induced decrease in occludin and claudin-5, and increase in MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression levels were attenuated by AZA in bEnd.3 cells. Moreover, the Hcy-induced downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in bEnd.3 cells was abolished by AZA. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin by ICG-001 reversed the protective effects of AZA in Hcy-treated bEnd.3 cells. We also prove that this process is mediated by WTAP. These findings suggest that acetazolamide mitigated the Hcy-induced compromised brain vascular endothelial integrity by regulating the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuo Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No.8 Huaying Road, Guangzhou, 510440, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, No.8 Huaying Road, Guangzhou, 510440, Guangdong, China
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15
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Smith-Cohn MA, Burley NB, Grossman SA. Transient Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier by Vasoactive Peptides to Increase CNS Drug Delivery: Reality Versus Wishful Thinking? Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1383-1399. [PMID: 35100958 PMCID: PMC9881081 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20999220131163504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood-brain barrier inhibits the central nervous system penetration of 98% of small molecule drugs and virtually all biologic agents, which has limited progress in treating neurologic disease. Vasoactive peptides have been shown in animal studies to transiently disrupt the blood-brain barrier and regadenoson is currently being studied in humans to determine if it can improve drug delivery to the brain. However, many other vasoactive peptides could potentially be used for this purpose. METHODS We performed a review of the literature evaluating the physiologic effects of vasoactive peptides on the vasculature of the brain and systemic organs. To assess the likelihood that a vasoactive peptide might transiently disrupt the blood-brain barrier, we devised a four-tier classification system to organize the available evidence. RESULTS We identified 32 vasoactive peptides with potential blood-brain barrier permeabilityaltering properties. To date, none of these are shown to open the blood-brain barrier in humans. Twelve vasoactive peptides increased blood-brain barrier permeability in rodents. The remaining 20 had favorable physiologic effects on blood vessels but lacked specific information on permeability changes to the blood-brain barrier. CONCLUSION Vasoactive peptides remain an understudied class of drugs with the potential to increase drug delivery and improve treatment in patients with brain tumors and other neurologic diseases. Dozens of vasoactive peptides have yet to be formally evaluated for this important clinical effect. This narrative review summarizes the available data on vasoactive peptides, highlighting agents that deserve further in vitro and in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Smith-Cohn
- Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the The Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Health Services, 500 17th Ave, James Tower, Suite 540, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; Tel: 206-320-2300; Fax: 206-320-8149; E-mail: , Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Skip Viragh Building, 201 North Broadway, 9th Floor (Mailbox #3), Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; E-mail:
| | - Nicholas B. Burley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA;
| | - Stuart A. Grossman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA,Address correspondence to these authors at the The Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Health Services, 500 17th Ave, James Tower, Suite 540, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; Tel: 206-320-2300; Fax: 206-320-8149; E-mail: , Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Skip Viragh Building, 201 North Broadway, 9th Floor (Mailbox #3), Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; E-mail:
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16
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Hsu YH, Lee WC, Chu SS, Chao ME, Wu KS, Liu RS, Wong TT. Influence of Acoustic Parameters and Sonication Schemes on Transcranial Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption Induced by Pulsed Weakly Focused Ultrasound. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061207. [PMID: 35745780 PMCID: PMC9227051 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulsed ultrasound combined with microbubbles use can disrupt the blood–brain barrier (BBB) temporarily; this technique opens a temporal window to deliver large therapeutic molecules into brain tissue. There are published studies to discuss the efficacy and safety of the different ultrasound parameters, microbubble dosages and sizes, and sonication schemes on BBB disruption, but optimal the paradigm is still under investigation. Our study is aimed to investigate how different sonication parameters, time, and microbubble dose can affect BBB disruption, the dynamics of BBB disruption, and the efficacy of different sonication schemes on BBB disruption. Method: We used pulsed weakly focused ultrasound to open the BBB of C57/B6 mice. Evans blue dye (EBD) was used to determine the degree of BBB disruption. With a given acoustic pressure of 0.56 MPa and pulse repetitive frequency of 1 Hz, burst lengths of 10 ms to 50 ms, microbubbles of 100 μL/kg to 300 μL/kg, and sonication times of 60 s to 150 s were used to open the BBB for parameter study. Brain EBD accumulation was measured at 1, 4, and 24 h after sonication for the time–response relationship study; EBD of 100 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg was administered for the dose–response relationship study; EBD injection 0 to 6 h after sonication was performed for the BBB disruption dynamic study; brain EBD accumulation induced by one sonication and two sonications was investigated to study the effectiveness on BBB disruption; and a histology study was performed for brain tissue damage evaluation. Results: Pulsed weakly focused ultrasound opens the BBB extensively. Longer burst lengths and a larger microbubble dose result in a higher degree of BBB disruption; a sonication time longer than 60 s did not increase BBB disruption; brain EBD accumulation peaks 1 h after sonication and remains 81% of the peak level 24 h after sonication; the EBD dose administered correlates with brain EBD accumulation; BBB disruption decreases as time goes on after sonication and lasts for 6 h at least; and brain EBD accumulation induced by two sonication increases 74.8% of that induced by one sonication. There was limited adverse effects associated with sonication, including petechial hemorrhages and mild neuronal degeneration. Conclusions: BBB can be opened extensively and reversibly by pulsed weakly focused ultrasound with limited brain tissue damage. Since EBD combines with albumin in plasma to form a conjugate of 83 kDa, these results may simulate ultrasound-induced brain delivery of therapeutic molecules of this size scale. The result of our study may contribute to finding the optimal paradigm of focused ultrasound-induced BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hone Hsu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Zuoying, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan;
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Lee
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (S.-S.C.); (M.-E.C.); (K.-S.W.)
| | - Shing-Shung Chu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (S.-S.C.); (M.-E.C.); (K.-S.W.)
| | - Meng-En Chao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (S.-S.C.); (M.-E.C.); (K.-S.W.)
| | - Kuo-Sheng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (S.-S.C.); (M.-E.C.); (K.-S.W.)
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- PET Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or (R.-S.L.); (T.-T.W.)
| | - Tai-Tong Wong
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (W.-C.L.); (S.-S.C.); (M.-E.C.); (K.-S.W.)
- Pediatric Brain Tumor Program, Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or (R.-S.L.); (T.-T.W.)
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17
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Fengler S, Kurkowsky B, Kaushalya SK, Roth W, Fava E, Denner P. Human iPSC-derived brain endothelial microvessels in a multi-well format enable permeability screens of anti-inflammatory drugs. Biomaterials 2022; 286:121525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Lu Q, Xiong J, Yuan Y, Ruan Z, Zhang Y, Chai B, Li L, Cai S, Xiao J, Wu Y, Huang P, Zhang H. Minocycline improves the functional recovery after traumatic brain injury via inhibition of aquaporin-4. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:441-458. [PMID: 34975343 PMCID: PMC8692149 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main concerns worldwide as there is still no comprehensive therapeutic intervention. Astrocytic water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) system is closely related to the brain edema, water transport at blood-brain barrier (BBB) and astrocyte function in the central nervous system (CNS). Minocycline, a broad-spectrum semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic, has shown anti-inflammation, anti-apoptotic, vascular protection and neuroprotective effects on TBI models. Here, we tried to further explore the underlying mechanism of minocycline treatment for TBI, especially the relationship of minocycline and AQP4 during TBI treatment. In present study, we observed that minocycline efficaciously reduces the elevation of AQP4 in TBI mice. Furthermore, minocycline significantly reduced neuronal apoptosis, ameliorated brain edema and BBB disruption after TBI. In addition, the expressions of tight junction protein and astrocyte morphology alteration were optimized by minocycline administration. Similar results were found after treating with TGN-020 (an inhibitor of AQP4) in TBI mice. Moreover, these effects were reversed by cyanamide (CYA) treatment, which notably upregulated AQP4 expression level in vivo. In primary cultured astrocytes, small-interfering RNA (siRNA) AQP4 treatment prevented glutamate-induced astrocyte swelling. To sum up, our study suggests that minocycline improves the functional recovery of TBI through reducing AQP4 level to optimize BBB integrity and astrocyte function, and highlights that the AQP4 may be an important therapeutic target during minocycline treating for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Wound Repair and Regeneration Key Laboratory, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Wound Repair and Regeneration Key Laboratory, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Wound Repair and Regeneration Key Laboratory, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of pharmacy, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Zhejiang Province Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhanwei Ruan
- Department of Emergency, Ruian People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Wound Repair and Regeneration Key Laboratory, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Chai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Wound Repair and Regeneration Key Laboratory, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Wound Repair and Regeneration Key Laboratory, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shufang Cai
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Wound Repair and Regeneration Key Laboratory, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Wenzhou, Wenzhou University, 325035, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ruian People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325200, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Wound Repair and Regeneration Key Laboratory, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, 325000, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Zhuji People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 311899, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Evans blue dye as an indicator of albumin permeability across a brain endothelial cell monolayer in vitro. Neuroreport 2021; 32:957-964. [PMID: 34227616 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the brain endothelial (BEnd) cell permeability of blood albumin is often seen as an early sign of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and can precede increases in the BEnd permeability of small molecules and other plasma proteins in the course of brain disease. Therefore, Evans blue dye (EBD), an albumin-binding fluorescent tracer that is simple to detect and quantify, has been widely utilized for studying BEnd permeability during BBB disruption. Here, we investigated whether EBD is a suitable indicator of albumin permeability across mouse BEnd cell monolayers, alone or cocultured with mouse cortical astrocytes, in an in-vitro permeability assay; given the strong affinity of EBD for albumin, we further asked whether EBD can affect albumin permeability and vice versa. Albumin and EBD readily crossed membrane cell culture inserts with pore diameters of no less than 1 µm in the absence of a cellular barrier, and their permeability was substantially reduced when the membranes were overlaid with a monolayer of BEnd cells. In line with albumin binding, the BEnd permeability of EBD was substantially reduced by the presence of albumin. While EBD at an EBD-to-albumin ratio similar to those typically used in in vivo BBB experiments had little effect on the BEnd permeability of albumin, a much higher concentration of EBD augmented the BEnd permeability of albumin. In conclusion, we investigated the use of EBD as an indicator of albumin permeability in vitro, explored some of its drawbacks and further demonstrated that EBD at the concentration used in vivo does not affect albumin permeability.
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20
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Solarz A, Majcher-Maślanka I, Chocyk A. Effects of early-life stress and sex on blood-brain barrier permeability and integrity in juvenile and adult rats. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:861-876. [PMID: 34320279 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) is considered a relevant etiological factor for neurodegenerative and mental disorders. In the present study, we hypothesized that ELS may persistently and sex dependently influence blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and function during critical periods of brain development and consequently determine susceptibility to and sex-related prevalence of chronic diseases in adult life. We used the maternal separation (MS) procedure in rats to model ELS and evaluated BBB permeability and gene expression of selected tight junction (TJ) proteins, glucose transporter type 1 (Slc2a1) and aquaporin 4 (Aqp4) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal striatum (dSTR) and hippocampus of juvenile and adult rats. Serum concentrations of a peripheral marker of BBB function (S100β) and proinflammatory cytokines were also assessed. We observed developmental sealing of the BBB and sex differences in the permeability of the BBB and the mRNA expression of TJ proteins and Slc2a1. Adult females showed lower BBB permeability and higher levels of Cldn3, Cldn5, Ocln, and Slc2a1 in the mPFC and dSTR than males. MS temporarily increased BBB permeability in the dSTR of juvenile males and affected mRNA expression of the majority of studied proteins related to BBB function in age-, region- and sex-dependent manners. Additionally, MS sex dependently decreased serum S100β levels and did not affect proinflammatory cytokine concentrations. In general, our study did not reveal a clear or strong negative effect of MS on BBB integrity. However, the results suggest that ELS may induce adaptive/maladaptive changes or compensatory mechanisms within the BBB of unknown yet consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solarz
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Majcher-Maślanka
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chocyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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21
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Hall S, Deurveilher S, Robertson GS, Semba K. Homeostatic state of microglia in a rat model of chronic sleep restriction. Sleep 2021; 43:5849344. [PMID: 32474610 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep restriction (CSR) negatively impacts brain functions. Whether microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, play any role is unknown. We studied microglia responses to CSR using a rat model featuring slowly rotating wheels (3 h on/1 h off), which was previously shown to induce both homeostatic and adaptive responses in sleep and attention. Adult male rats were sleep restricted for 27 or 99 h. Control rats were housed in locked wheels. After 27 and/or 99 h of CSR, the number of cells immunoreactive for the microglia marker ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba1) and the density of Iba1 immunoreactivity were increased in 4/10 brain regions involved in sleep/wake regulation and cognition, including the prelimbic cortex, central amygdala, perifornical lateral hypothalamic area, and dorsal raphe nucleus. CSR neither induced mitosis in microglia (assessed with bromodeoxyuridine) nor impaired blood-brain barrier permeability (assessed with Evans Blue). Microglia appeared ramified in all treatment groups and, when examined quantitatively in the prelimbic cortex, their morphology was not affected by CSR. After 27 h, but not 99 h, of CSR, mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 were increased in the frontal cortex. Pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6) were unchanged. Furthermore, cortical microglia were not immunoreactive for several pro- and anti-inflammatory markers tested, but were immunoreactive for the purinergic P2Y12 receptor. These results suggest that microglia respond to CSR while remaining in a physiological state and may contribute to the previously reported homeostatic and adaptive responses to CSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Hall
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Samüel Deurveilher
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - George S Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kazue Semba
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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22
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Barr JL, Brailoiu GC, Unterwald EM, Brailoiu E. Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability Using Miniaturized Fluorescence Microscopy in Freely Moving Rats. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2367:123-135. [PMID: 33689166 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2020_315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report here the method of visualization of brain microcirculation and assessment of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability changes using the miniature integrated fluorescence microscope (i.e., miniscope) technology in awake, freely moving rats. The imaging cannula is implanted in the brain area of interest of anesthetized adult rats. After recovery and habituation, sodium fluorescein, a low-molecular-weight tracer, is injected i.v. Fluorescence intensity in the vicinity of microvessels, as an indicator of BBB permeability, is then recorded in vivo via the miniscope for extended periods of time. The method can be used to assess the changes in BBB permeability produced by pharmacologic agents; in this case, the drug of interest is administered after sodium fluorescein. An increase in the sodium fluorescein extravasation in brain microcirculation demonstrates an increase in BBB permeability. The method described here allows a high-resolution visualization of real-time changes in BBB permeability in awake, freely moving rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Barr
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - G Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ellen M Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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23
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Ahishali B, Kaya M. Evaluation of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Using Vascular Permeability Markers: Evans Blue, Sodium Fluorescein, Albumin-Alexa Fluor Conjugates, and Horseradish Peroxidase. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2367:87-103. [PMID: 32785841 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2020_316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) constituted by endothelial cells of brain microvessels is a dynamic interface, which controls and regulates the transport of various substances including peptides, proteins, ions, vitamins, hormones, and immune cells from the circulation into the brain parenchyma. Certain diseases/disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, sepsis, and hypertension can lead to varying degrees of BBB disruption. Moreover, impairment of BBB integrity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases like epilepsy. In attempts to explore the wide spectrum of pathophysiologic mechanisms of these diseases/disorders, a variety of experimental insults targeted to the BBB integrity in vitro in cell culture models and in vivo in laboratory animals have been shown to alter BBB permeability causing enhanced transport of certain tracers such as sodium fluorescein, cadaverine-Alexa fluor, horseradish peroxidase, FITC-dextran, albumin-Alexa fluor conjugates, and Evans blue dye across the barrier. The permeability changes in barrier-type endothelial cells can be assessed by intravascular infusion of exogenous tracers and subsequent detection of the extravasated tracer in the brain tissue, which enable functional and structural analysis of BBB integrity. In this chapter, we aimed to highlight the current knowledge on the use of four most commonly performed tracers, namely, Evans blue, sodium fluorescein, albumin-Alexa fluor conjugates, and horseradish peroxidase. The experimental methodologies that we use in our laboratory for the detection of these tracers by macroscopy, spectrophotometry, spectrophotofluorometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and electron microscopy are also discussed. Tracing studies at the morphological level are mainly aimed at the identification of the tracers both in the barrier-related cells and brain parenchyma. In addition, BBB permeability to the tracers can be quantified using spectrophotometric and spectrophotofluorometric assays and image analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscopy. The results of our studies conducted under various experimental settings using the mentioned tracers indicate that barrier-type endothelial cells in brain microvessels orchestrate the paracellular and/or transcellular trafficking of substances across BBB. These efforts may not only contribute to designing approaches for the management of diseases/disorders associated with BBB breakdown but may also provide new insights for developing novel brain drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Ahishali
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- Department of Physiology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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24
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Lee YC, Kao ST, Cheng CY. Acorus tatarinowii Schott extract reduces cerebral edema caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: involvement in regulation of astrocytic NKCC1/AQP4 and JNK/iNOS-mediated signaling. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:374. [PMID: 33298024 PMCID: PMC7726880 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the Acorus tatarinowii Schott [Shi Chang Pu (SCP)] extract administered at the start of 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), followed by 3 d of reperfusion, and to determine mechanisms involved in anti-edema effects in the penumbra of the cerebral cortex. Method Rats were intraperitoneally administered the SCP extract at a dose of 0.25 g/kg (SCP-0.25 g), 0.5 g/kg (SCP-0.5 g), or 1 g/kg (SCP-1 g) at the start of MCAo. Result SCP-0.5 g and SCP-1 g treatments effectively reduced the cerebral infarct size, ameliorated cerebral edema, reduced blood–brain barrier permeability, and restored neurological function. SCP-0.5 g and SCP-1 g treatments markedly downregulated the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter type 1 (NKCC1), aquaporin 4 (AQP4), phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK)/JNK, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 3-nitrotyrosine, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), and zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) and upregulated ZO-3 expression in the penumbra of the cerebral cortex 3 d after reperfusion. Conclusions SCP-0.5 g and SCP-1 g treatments exert neuroprotective effects against cerebral infarction and cerebral edema partially by mitigating astrocytic swelling and blood–brain barrier disruption. Moreover, the anti-cerebral edema effects of SCP extract treatments are possibly associated with the downregulation of astrocytic NKCC1/AQP4 and JNK/iNOS-mediated ICAM-1/MMP-9 signaling in the penumbra of the cerebral cortex 3 d after reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital 40447, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Te Kao
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yi Cheng
- School of Post-baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Department of Chinese Medicine, Hui-Sheng Hospital 42056, Taichung, Taiwan.
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25
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Weber RZ, Grönnert L, Mulders G, Maurer MA, Tackenberg C, Schwab ME, Rust R. Characterization of the Blood Brain Barrier Disruption in the Photothrombotic Stroke Model. Front Physiol 2020; 11:586226. [PMID: 33262704 PMCID: PMC7688466 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.586226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) damage is an important pathophysiological feature of ischemic stroke which significantly contributes to development of severe brain injury and therefore is an interesting target for therapeutic intervention. A popular permanent occlusion model to study long term recovery following stroke is the photothrombotic model, which so far has not been anatomically characterized for BBB leakage beyond the acute phase. Here, we observed enhanced BBB permeability over a time course of 3 weeks in peri-infarct and core regions of the ischemic cortex. Slight increases in BBB permeability could also be seen in the contralesional cortex, hippocampus and the cerebellum at different time points, regions where lesion-induced degeneration of pathways is prominent. Severe damage of tight and adherens junctions and loss of pericytes was observed within the peri-infarct region. Overall, the photothrombotic stroke model reproduces a variety of features observed in human stroke and thus, represents a suitable model to study BBB damage and therapeutic approaches interfering with this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Z Weber
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Grönnert
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Geertje Mulders
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Maurer
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Tackenberg
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin E Schwab
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruslan Rust
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Lang GP, Ndongson-Dongmo B, Lajqi T, Brodhun M, Han Y, Wetzker R, Frasch MG, Bauer R. Impact of ambient temperature on inflammation-induced encephalopathy in endotoxemic mice-role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:292. [PMID: 33028343 PMCID: PMC7541275 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is an early and frequent event of infection-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is linked to neuroinflammation and inflammation-related microglial activity. In homeotherms, variations in ambient temperature (Ta) outside the thermoneutral zone lead to thermoregulatory responses, mainly driven by a gradually increasing sympathetic activity, and may affect disease severity. We hypothesized that thermoregulatory response to hypothermia (reduced Ta) aggravates SAE in PI3Kγ-dependent manner. METHODS Experiments were performed in wild-type, PI3Kγ knockout, and PI3Kγ kinase-dead mice, which were kept at neutral (30 ± 0.5 °C) or moderately lowered (26 ± 0.5 °C) Ta. Mice were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 μg/g, from Escherichia coli serotype 055:B5, single intraperitoneal injection)-evoked systemic inflammatory response (SIR) and monitored 24 h for thermoregulatory response and blood-brain barrier integrity. Primary microglial cells and brain tissue derived from treated mice were analyzed for inflammatory responses and related cell functions. Comparisons between groups were made with one-way or two-way analysis of variance, as appropriate. Post hoc comparisons were made with the Holm-Sidak test or t tests with Bonferroni's correction for adjustments of multiple comparisons. Data not following normal distribution was tested with Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test. RESULTS We show that a moderate reduction of ambient temperature triggers enhanced hypothermia of mice undergoing LPS-induced systemic inflammation by aggravated SAE. PI3Kγ deficiency enhances blood-brain barrier injury and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as well as an impaired microglial phagocytic activity. CONCLUSIONS Thermoregulatory adaptation in response to ambient temperatures below the thermoneutral range exacerbates LPS-induced blood-brain barrier injury and neuroinflammation. PI3Kγ serves a protective role in suppressing release of MMPs, maintaining microglial motility and reinforcing phagocytosis leading to improved brain tissue integrity. Thus, preclinical research targeting severe brain inflammation responses is seriously biased when basic physiological prerequisites of mammal species such as preferred ambient temperature are ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ping Lang
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006 China
| | - Bernadin Ndongson-Dongmo
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trim Lajqi
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Brodhun
- Department of Pathology, Helios-Klinikum Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Yingying Han
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wetzker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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27
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Goldim MPDS, Della Giustina A, Petronilho F. Using Evans Blue Dye to Determine Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 126:e83. [PMID: 31483106 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an active and selective barrier that shields the brain from endogenous and exogenous insults. Different stimuli may lead to the disruption of this barrier, including inflammation and trauma. Several methods are used to evaluate BBB disruption. The most widely used method is Evans blue (EB) dye extravasation. EB cannot normally pass through the BBB and thus its presence in brain tissue indicates alterations in permeability. This protocol details the steps of EB extravasation in rodents. Important aspects regarding critical steps and advantages are also provided. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Amanda Della Giustina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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28
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Fajardo‐Fregoso BF, Castañeda‐Cabral JL, Beas‐Zárate C, Ureña‐Guerrero ME. Neonatal excitotoxicity modifies blood‐brain barrier properties increasing its susceptibility to hypertonic shock in adulthood. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:335-346. [DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Fabiola Fajardo‐Fregoso
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA) Universidad de Guadalajara Zapopan Jalisco México
| | - Jose Luis Castañeda‐Cabral
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA) Universidad de Guadalajara Zapopan Jalisco México
| | - Carlos Beas‐Zárate
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA) Universidad de Guadalajara Zapopan Jalisco México
| | - Mónica E. Ureña‐Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA) Universidad de Guadalajara Zapopan Jalisco México
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29
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Isoflurane attenuates carbogen-induced blood–brain barrier disruption independent of body temperature in mice and rats. Neuroreport 2020; 31:118-124. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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30
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Revuelta JM, Zamarrón Á, Fortes J, Rodríguez-Boto G, Vaquero J, Gutiérrez-González R. Experimental rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-reperfusion mimicking normal perfusion pressure breakthrough phenomenon. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2020; 31:209-215. [PMID: 31948841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucir.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal perfusion pressure breakthrough (NPPB) phenomenon is a major life-threatening complication that restricts the treatment of complex intracranial arteriovenous malformations. The aim of the study it to develop a rat model mimicking NPPB phenomenon that enables the evaluation of any therapy to prevent such complication. METHODS Twenty Wistar male rats were randomly assigned to either a study or a control group. Study animals underwent an end-to-side left external jugular vein-common carotid artery anastomosis and ligation of bilateral external carotid arteries. Control animals only underwent ligation of bilateral external carotid arteries. All animals were sacrificed sixty days after the procedure. Hemodynamic parameters [mean arterial pressure (MAP), intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)], blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability (measured by fluorescein staining) and histological features were then compared between both groups. RESULTS A significant decrease in MAP and CPP was confirmed in the study group. An increase in ICP was also observed. A significant decrease in MAP and CPP was also present in the study group when comparing preoperative values with those recorded on days 0 (postoperative), 7 and 60. Fluorescein staining findings were consistent with signs of BBB disruption in study animals. Histological analysis demonstrated an increased number of pyknotic neurons in the ipsilateral hemisphere of rat brains included in the study group. CONCLUSION These results confirm that this model mimics a vascular steal state with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion comparable to patients with AVMs behavior and disruption of the BBB after fistula closure comparable to NPPB phenomenon disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Revuelta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Manuel de Falla 1, 28222 Majadahonda-Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Zamarrón
- Department of Neurosurgery, La Paz University Hospital, P° Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Fortes
- Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avda Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Rodríguez-Boto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Manuel de Falla 1, 28222 Majadahonda-Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vaquero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Manuel de Falla 1, 28222 Majadahonda-Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gutiérrez-González
- Department of Neurosurgery, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Manuel de Falla 1, 28222 Majadahonda-Madrid, Spain; Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Avda Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Liang W, Xu W, Zhu J, Zhu Y, Gu Q, Li Y, Guo C, Huang Y, Yu J, Wang W, Hu Y, Zhao Y, Han B, Bei W, Guo J. Ginkgo biloba extract improves brain uptake of ginsenosides by increasing blood-brain barrier permeability via activating A1 adenosine receptor signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 246:112243. [PMID: 31541722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo biloba leaves and Panax ginseng are Chinese medicine commonly used in combination for cerebral disease. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effect of standard extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (EGb) on facilitating brain uptake of ginsenoside and its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The increasing uptake of ginsenosides in the brain of rats by EGb were detected by LC-MS/MS analysis. Evans blue and FITC-dextran leakage were determined to evaluate blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in vivo. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and Na-F penetration rate were measured with a co-culture of the human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3) and human normal glial cell line (HEB) in vitro BBB model. WB were used to analyzed the expression of BBB tight junctions (TJs) related protein (ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-3, p-ERM, and p-MLC), ultrastructure of TJs was determined by transmission electron microscope. RESULTS LC-MS/MS analysis demonstrated that EGb could improve brain uptake of ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rd and Rb1. In vivo study showed that, BBB permeability was significantly increased after EGb administration, evidenced by the markedly increased penetration of FITC-dextran and Evans Blue into the mice brain parenchyma. In the in vitro BBB model, reduced TEER and increased Na-F penetration rate was observed in EGb group, which was associated with alteration of TJs ultrastructure. Furthermore, the expression of p-ERM and p-MLC in hCMEC/D3 as well as mice brain microvessels were significantly upregulated, but no significant change on the expression of TJs proteins (ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-3). Moreover, the effect of EGb on in vitro BBB permeability and ERM, MLC phosphorylation was counteracted by DPCPX, an A1 adenosine receptor (A1R) antagonist. CONCLUSIONS EGb might induce ERM/MLC phosphorylation and increase the cell-cell junction gaps to cause a reversible increase of the BBB permeability via A1R signaling pathway. Our results may contribute to better use of EGb in the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Liang
- The Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Wei Xu
- The Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- The Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yadong Zhu
- The Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Quanlin Gu
- The Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yuping Li
- The Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Caijuan Guo
- The Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yijian Huang
- The Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Jiangfeng Yu
- The Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Weixuan Wang
- Guangdong Province Research Centre for Chinese Integrative Medicine Against Metabolic Disease, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; The Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yinming Hu
- Guangdong Province Research Centre for Chinese Integrative Medicine Against Metabolic Disease, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; The Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Yanqun Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou,510515, China
| | - Bin Han
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weijian Bei
- Guangdong Province Research Centre for Chinese Integrative Medicine Against Metabolic Disease, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; The Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China.
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Province Research Centre for Chinese Integrative Medicine Against Metabolic Disease, China; Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China; Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, China; The Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China.
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the vertebrate central nervous system from harmful blood-borne, endogenous and exogenous substances to ensure proper neuronal function. The BBB describes a function that is established by endothelial cells of CNS vessels in conjunction with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons and microglia, together forming the neurovascular unit (NVU). Endothelial barrier function is crucially induced and maintained by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and requires intact NVU for proper functionality. The BBB and the NVU are characterized by a specialized assortment of molecular specializations, providing the basis for tightening, transport and immune response functionality.The present chapter introduces state-of-the-art knowledge of BBB structure and function and highlights current research topics, aiming to understanding in more depth the cellular and molecular interactions at the NVU, determining functionality of the BBB in health and disease, and providing novel potential targets for therapeutic BBB modulation. Moreover, we highlight recent advances in understanding BBB and NVU heterogeneity within the CNS as well as their contribution to CNS physiology, such as neurovascular coupling, and pathophysiology, is discussed. Finally, we give an outlook onto new avenues of BBB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Benz
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebner
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary System (CPI), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Barr JL, Brailoiu GC, Abood ME, Rawls SM, Unterwald EM, Brailoiu E. Acute cocaine administration alters permeability of blood-brain barrier in freely-moving rats- Evidence using miniaturized fluorescence microscopy. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107637. [PMID: 31734036 PMCID: PMC6980767 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine has a variety of negative effects on the central nervous system, including reports of decreased barrier function of brain microvascular endothelial cells. However, few studies have directly shown the effects of cocaine on blood-brain barrier (BBB) function in vivo. The miniature integrated fluorescence microscope (i.e., miniscope) technology was used to visualize cocaine-induced changes in BBB permeability in awake, freely-moving rats. METHODS The miniscope was implanted in the prefrontal cortex of adult male rats. After recovery and acclimation, rats received an injection of cocaine (5-20 mg/kg ip) 15 minutes following iv infusion of sodium fluorescein, a low molecular weight tracer. Fluorescence intensity was recordedin vivo via the miniscope for 30 minutes or 24 hours post cocaine administration and served as an indicator of BBB permeability. RESULTS Results demonstrate that cocaine increased the sodium fluorescein extravasation in brain microcirculation in a dose-dependent manner 30 minutes, but not 24 hours after administration. CONCLUSION We report for the first time using direct visualization of brain microcirculation with the miniscope technology in awake, freely-moving rats, that acute cocaine administration produced a transient increase in the BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Barr
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - G Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson College of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Mary E Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Scott M Rawls
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ellen M Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Liao KH, Wei VC, Wang HL, Chen HY, Lai TW. Carbogen inhalation opens the blood-brain barrier in rats without causing long-term metabolic or neurological deficit. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kranz TM, Lent KL, Miller KE, Chao MV, Brenowitz EA. Rapamycin blocks the neuroprotective effects of sex steroids in the adult birdsong system. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:794-804. [PMID: 31509642 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In adult songbirds, the telencephalic song nucleus HVC and its efferent target RA undergo pronounced seasonal changes in morphology. In breeding birds, there are increases in HVC volume and total neuron number, and RA neuronal soma area compared to nonbreeding birds. At the end of breeding, HVC neurons die through caspase-dependent apoptosis and thus, RA neuron size decreases. Changes in HVC and RA are driven by seasonal changes in circulating testosterone (T) levels. Infusing T, or its metabolites 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17 β-estradiol (E2), intracerebrally into HVC (but not RA) protects HVC neurons from death, and RA neuron size, in nonbreeding birds. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt (a serine/threonine kinase)-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a point of convergence for neuroprotective effects of sex steroids and other trophic factors. We asked if mTOR activation is necessary for the protective effect of hormones in HVC and RA of adult male Gambel's white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). We transferred sparrows from breeding to nonbreeding hormonal and photoperiod conditions to induce regression of HVC neurons by cell death and decrease of RA neuron size. We infused either DHT + E2, DHT + E2 plus the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, or vehicle alone in HVC. Infusion of DHT + E2 protected both HVC and RA neurons. Coinfusion of rapamycin with DHT + E2, however, blocked the protective effect of hormones on HVC volume and neuron number, and RA neuron size. These results suggest that activation of mTOR is an essential downstream step in the neuroprotective cascade initiated by sex steroid hormones in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Karin L Lent
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kimberly E Miller
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Moses V Chao
- Department of Psychiatry, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Eliot A Brenowitz
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Polis B, Gurevich V, Assa M, Samson AO. Norvaline Restores the BBB Integrity in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4616. [PMID: 31540372 PMCID: PMC6770953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia. The disease progression is associated with the build-up of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. However, besides the well-defined lesions, the AD-related pathology includes neuroinflammation, compromised energy metabolism, and chronic oxidative stress. Likewise, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is suggested to be a cause and AD consequence. Accordingly, therapeutic targeting of the compromised BBB is a promising disease-modifying approach. We utilized a homozygous triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3×Tg-AD) to assess the effects of L-norvaline on BBB integrity. We scrutinized the perivascular astrocytes and macrophages by measuring the immunopositive profiles in relation to the presence of β-amyloid and compare the results with those found in wild-type animals. Typically, 3×Tg-AD mice display astroglia cytoskeletal atrophy, associated with the deposition of β-amyloid in the endothelia, and declining nitric oxide synthase (NOS) levels. L-norvaline escalated NOS levels, then reduced rates of BBB permeability, amyloid angiopathy, microgliosis, and astrodegeneration, which suggests AD treatment agent efficacy. Moreover, results undergird the roles of astrodegeneration and microgliosis in AD-associated BBB dysfunction and progressive cognitive impairment. L-norvaline self-evidently interferes with AD pathogenesis and presents a potent remedy for angiopathies and neurodegenerative disorders intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruh Polis
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel.
| | - Vyacheslav Gurevich
- Laboratory of Cancer Personalized Medicine and Diagnostic Genomics, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel.
| | - Michael Assa
- Inter-laboratory Equipment Center, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel.
| | - Abraham O Samson
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel.
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Folaron M, Strawbridge R, Samkoe KS, Filan C, Roberts DW, Davis SC. Elucidating the kinetics of sodium fluorescein for fluorescence-guided surgery of glioma. J Neurosurg 2019; 131:724-734. [PMID: 30192200 PMCID: PMC6995036 DOI: 10.3171/2018.4.jns172644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of the optical contrast agent sodium fluorescein (NaFl) to guide resection of gliomas has been under investigation for decades. Although this imaging strategy assumes the agent remains confined to the vasculature except in regions of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, clinical studies have reported significant NaFl signal in normal brain tissue, limiting tumor-to-normal contrast. A possible explanation arises from earlier studies, which reported that NaFl exists in both pure and protein-bound forms in the blood, the former being small enough to cross the BBB. This study aims to elucidate the kinetic binding behavior of NaFl in circulating blood and its effect on NaFl accumulation in brain tissue and tumor contrast. Additionally, the authors examined the blood and tissue kinetics, as well as tumor uptake, of a pegylated form of fluorescein selected as a potential optical analog of gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents. METHODS Cohorts of mice were administered one of the following doses/forms of NaFl: 1) high human equivalent dose (HED) of NaFl, 2) low HED of NaFl, or 3) pegylated form of fluorescein. In each cohort, groups of animals were euthanized 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after administration for ex vivo analysis of fluorescein fluorescence. Using gel electrophoresis and fluorescence imaging of blood and brain specimens, the authors quantified the temporal kinetics of bound NaFl, unbound NaFl, and pegylated fluorescein in the blood and normal brain tissue. Finally, they compared tumor-to-normal contrast for NaFl and pegylated-fluorescein in U251 glioma xenografts. RESULTS Administration of NaFl resulted in the presence of unbound and protein-bound NaFl in the circulation, with unbound NaFl constituting up to 70% of the signal. While protein-bound NaFl was undetectable in brain tissue, unbound NaFl was observed throughout the brain. The observed behavior was time and dose dependent. The pegylated form of fluorescein showed minimal uptake in brain tissue and improved tumor-to-normal contrast by 38%. CONCLUSIONS Unbound NaFl in the blood crosses the BBB, limiting the achievable tumor-to-normal contrast and undermining the inherent advantage of tumor imaging in the brain. Dosing and incubation time should be considered carefully for NaFl-based fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) of glioma. A pegylated form of fluorescein showed more favorable normal tissue kinetics that translated to higher tumor-to-normal contrast. These results warrant further development of pegylated-fluorescein for FGS of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kimberley S. Samkoe
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Caroline Filan
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover
| | - David W. Roberts
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover
- Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Scott C. Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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Sekaran H, Gan CY, A Latiff A, Harvey TM, Mohd Nazri L, Hanapi NA, Azizi J, Yusof SR. Changes in blood-brain barrier permeability and ultrastructure, and protein expression in a rat model of cerebral hypoperfusion. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:63-73. [PMID: 31301381 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral hypoperfusion involved a reduction in cerebral blood flow, leading to neuronal dysfunction, microglial activation and white matter degeneration. The effects on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) however, have not been well-documented. Here, two-vessel occlusion model was adopted to mimic the condition of cerebral hypoperfusion in Sprague-Dawley rats. The BBB permeability to high and low molecular weight exogenous tracers i.e. Evans blue dye and sodium fluorescein respectively, showed marked extravasation of the Evans blue dye in the frontal cortex, posterior cortex and thalamus-midbrain at day 1 following induction of cerebral hypoperfusion. Transmission electron microscopy revealed brain endothelial cell and astrocyte damages including increased pinocytotic vesicles and formation of membrane invaginations in the endothelial cells, and swelling of the astrocytes' end-feet. Investigation on brain microvessel protein expressions using two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis coupled with LC-MS/MS showed that proteins involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism, transcription regulation, cytoskeleton maintenance and signaling pathways were differently expressed. The expression of aconitate hydratase, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein, enoyl Co-A hydratase and beta-synuclein were downregulated, while the opposite observed for calreticulin and enhancer of rudimentary homolog. These findings provide insights into the BBB molecular responses to cerebral hypoperfusion, which may assist development of future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Sekaran
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Yuen Gan
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Aishah A Latiff
- Toxicology and Multipurpose Lab, Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City St, 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - Thomas Michael Harvey
- Toxicology and Multipurpose Lab, Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City St, 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - Liyana Mohd Nazri
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Aziah Hanapi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Juzaili Azizi
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti R Yusof
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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Kurata H, Saito K, Kawashima F, Ikenari T, Oguri M, Saito Y, Maegaki Y, Mori T. Developing a mouse model of acute encephalopathy using low-dose lipopolysaccharide injection and hyperthermia treatment. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:743-751. [PMID: 31046452 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219846497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Acute encephalopathy (AE), mainly reported in East Asia, is classified into four categories based on clinical and neuropathological findings. Among them, AE caused by cytokine storm is known as the severest clinical entity that causes cerebral edema with poor prognosis. Because suitable and convenient model animal of AE had not been developed, the treatment of patients with AE is not established. In the present study, we established a simple and convenient protocol to mimic AE due to cytokine storm. Our model animal should be useful to elucidate the pathogenesis of AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kurata
- 1 Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan.,2 Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan.,3 Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, Kumamoto Saishunso National Hospital, Koshi, 861-1196, Japan
| | - Kengo Saito
- 1 Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kawashima
- 1 Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Takuya Ikenari
- 1 Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Oguri
- 4 Department of Pathobiological Science and Technology, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Saito
- 2 Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Maegaki
- 2 Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Mori
- 1 Department of Biological Regulation, School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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Ravindran S, Kurian GA. Eventual analysis of global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat brain: a paradigm of a shift in stress and its influence on cognitive functions. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:581-594. [PMID: 31025239 PMCID: PMC6527675 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-00990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive issues in stroke arise as a result of reperfusion of a clogged artery, which is reported to exacerbate the injury in the brain leading to oxidative stress. Through the present work, we try to understand the regional variations across brain regions mainly cortex and striatum associated with the progression of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). In a rat model of IRI, the influence of varying ischemia and reperfusion times on the biochemical phases across the brain regions were monitored. IRI resulted in the blood-brain barrier disruption and developed mild areas of risk. The brain's tolerance towards IRI indicated a progressive trend in the injury and apoptosis from ischemia to reperfusion that was supported by the activities of plasma lactate dehydrogenase and tissue caspase-3. Cognitive impairment in these rats was an implication of cellular oxidative stress (higher lipid peroxidation and lower antioxidant enzyme activity) that persisted by 24-h reperfusion. The oxidative stress was prominent in the cortex than the striatum and was supported by the lower ATP level. Upregulated Mn-SOD expression leading to a preserved mitochondria in the striatum could be attributed to the regional protection. Overall, a progression of IRI was observed from striatum to cortex leading to 5-day cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Ravindran
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401 India
| | - Gino A. Kurian
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401 India
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Wu J, Yang J, Lu X, Jin C, Wu S, Zhang L, Hu X, Ma H, Cai Y. Lanthanum Chloride Impairs the Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity by Reduction of Junctional Proteins and Upregulation of MMP-9 in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:482-491. [PMID: 29876795 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanum could cause cognitive impairment in children and rodent animals. The normal blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is essential for protecting the brain from systemic toxins and maintaining the homeostasis for proper neuronal function. BBB dysfunction has been implicated as a potential mechanism of heavy metal-induced neurotoxicity. The present study was aimed to investigate effects of lanthanum on BBB integrity and endothelial junctional complexes in the cerebral cortex of young rats. Animals were exposed to lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) through drinking water under 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0% concentrations from postnatal day 0 until 30 days after weaning. LaCl3-exposure increased BBB permeability, caused ultrastructure changes in cerebral capillaries, and reduced protein expression of claudin-5, occludin, and VE-cadherin. Due to the critical role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in BBB integrity, we further examined alterations in MMPs activity and expression. Enhanced gelatinase activity and upregulated MMP-9 expression were observed after LaCl3-exposure, concurrently with decreased expression of endogenous inhibitor tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1. Taken together, this study demonstrated that postnatal lanthanum exposure caused leakage of BBB in young rats, partially attributed to upregulation of MMP-9 and reduction of junctional proteins expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, #40 Section Three Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihong Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwen Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Ma
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, #40 Section Three Songpo Road, Jinzhou, 121001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Cai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, #77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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Evans Blue-Albumin as a Marker to Evaluate Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Neonatal and Adult Rodents. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8946-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Endothelial Protrusions in Junctional Integrity and Barrier Function. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 82:93-140. [PMID: 30360784 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells of the microcirculation form a semi-permeable diffusion barrier between the blood and tissues. This permeability of the endothelium, particularly in the capillaries and postcapillary venules, is a normal physiological function needed for blood-tissue exchange in the microcirculation. During inflammation, microvascular permeability increases dramatically and can lead to tissue edema, which in turn can lead to dysfunction of tissues and organs. The molecular mechanisms that control the barrier function of endothelial cells have been under investigation for several decades and remain an important topic due to the potential for discovery of novel therapeutic strategies to reduce edema. This review highlights current knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to endothelial hyperpermeability during inflammatory conditions associated with injury and disease. This includes a discussion of recent findings demonstrating temporal protrusions by endothelial cells that may contribute to intercellular junction integrity between endothelial cells and affect the diffusion distance for solutes via the paracellular pathway.
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Altendorfer-Kroath T, Schimek D, Eberl A, Rauter G, Ratzer M, Raml R, Sinner F, Birngruber T. Comparison of cerebral Open Flow Microperfusion and Microdialysis when sampling small lipophilic and small hydrophilic substances. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 311:394-401. [PMID: 30266621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of drug concentration in the brain interstitial fluid (ISF) is crucial for development of brain active drugs, which are mainly small, lipophilic substances able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We aimed to compare the applicability of cerebral Open Flow Microperfusion (cOFM) and Microdialysis (MD) to sample the lipophilic substance amitriptyline (AMI), its metabolites Hydroxyamitriptyline (HYA), Nortriptyline (NOR), Amitriptyline-N-Oxide (ANO), deuterated water (D2O) and the hydrophilic substance sodium fluorescein (Naf) in brain ISF. NEW METHOD: cOFM has been refined to yield increased spatial resolution and performance. COMPARISON OF COFM AND MD AND RESULTS Performance of cOFM and MD was assessed by in vivo AUC ratios of probe samples (AUCCOFM/AUCMD) and the in vivo relative recovery of D2O (RRvv,D2O). Adsorption of AMI and Naf to MD and cOFM was assessed by the in vitro relative recovery (RRvt) prior to the in vivo experiments. The in vivo AUC ratio of AMI and RRvv,D2O was about two times higher for cOFM than for MD (AUCOFM/AUCMD = 2.0, RRvv,D2O(cOFM)/RRvv,D2O(MD) = 2.1). cOFM detected all investigated AMI metabolites except NOR. MD did not detect HYA, NOR, ANO and Naf. In vitro adsorption of AMI and Naf to the MD membrane was strong (RRvt,AMI = 4.4%, RRvt,Naf = 1.5%) but unspecific adsorption to cOFM was negligibly small (RRvt,AMI = 98% and RRvt,Naf = 98%). CONCLUSIONS cOFM showed better performance when sampling AMI and its metabolites, Naf and D2O, and had an about two times higher RRvv,D2O than MD. MD did not detect HYA, NOR, ANO and Naf, most likely due to membrane adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Altendorfer-Kroath
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Denise Schimek
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anita Eberl
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Günther Rauter
- Medical University of Graz, Division of Biomedical Research, Roseggerweg 48, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Ratzer
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Reingard Raml
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Sinner
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; Medical University of Graz, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Birngruber
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Moreau N, Mauborgne A, Couraud PO, Romero IA, Weksler BB, Villanueva L, Pohl M, Boucher Y. Could an endoneurial endothelial crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin and Sonic Hedgehog pathways underlie the early disruption of the infra-orbital blood-nerve barrier following chronic constriction injury? Mol Pain 2018; 13:1744806917727625. [PMID: 28814148 PMCID: PMC5574482 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917727625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood–nerve barrier disruption is pivotal in the development of neuroinflammation, peripheral sensitization, and neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury. Activation of toll-like receptor 4 and inactivation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathways within the endoneurial endothelial cells are key events, resulting in the infiltration of harmful molecules and immunocytes within the nerve parenchyma. However, we showed in a previous study that preemptive inactivation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling or sustained activation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling did not prevent the local alterations observed following peripheral nerve injury, suggesting the implication of another signaling pathway. Methods Using a classical neuropathic pain model, the infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury (IoN-CCI), we investigated the role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in chronic constriction injury-mediated blood–nerve barrier disruption and in its interactions with the toll-like receptor 4 and Sonic Hedgehog pathways. In the IoN-CCI model versus control, mRNA expression levels and/or immunochemical detection of major Wnt/Sonic Hedgehog pathway (Frizzled-7, vascular endothelial-cadherin, Patched-1 and Gli-1) and/or tight junction proteins (Claudin-1, Claudin-5, and Occludin) readouts were assessed. Vascular permeability was assessed by sodium fluorescein extravasation. Results IoN-CCI induced early alterations in the vascular endothelial-cadherin/β-catenin/Frizzled-7 complex, shown to participate in local blood–nerve barrier disruption via a β-catenin-dependent tight junction protein downregulation. Wnt pathway also mediated a crosstalk between toll-like receptor 4 and Sonic Hedgehog signaling within endoneurial endothelial cells. Nevertheless, preemptive inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling before IoN-CCI could not prevent the downregulation of key Sonic Hedgehog pathway readouts or the disruption of the infraorbital blood–nerve barrier, suggesting that Sonic Hedgehog pathway inhibition observed following IoN-CCI is an independent event responsible for blood–nerve barrier disruption. Conclusion A crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin- and Sonic Hedgehog-mediated signaling pathways within endoneurial endothelial cells could mediate the chronic disruption of the blood–nerve barrier following IoN-CCI, resulting in increased irreversible endoneurial vascular permeability and neuropathic pain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Moreau
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France
| | - Annie Mauborgne
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France
| | | | - Ignacio A Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6BJ, UK
| | - Babette B Weksler
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Luis Villanueva
- 1Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France
| | - Michel Pohl
- 1Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France
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Vascular delivery of intraperitoneal Evans blue dye into the blood–brain barrier-intact and disrupted rat brains. Neuroreport 2018; 29:924-931. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Kuriakose M, Rama Rao KV, Younger D, Chandra N. Temporal and Spatial Effects of Blast Overpressure on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Traumatic Brain Injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8681. [PMID: 29875451 PMCID: PMC5989233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a “signature wound” in soldiers during training and in combat and has also become a major cause of morbidity in civilians due to increased insurgency. This work examines the role of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption as a result of both primary biomechanical and secondary biochemical injury mechanisms in bTBI. Extravasation of sodium fluorescein (NaF) and Evans blue (EB) tracers were used to demonstrate that compromise of the BBB occurs immediately following shock loading, increases in intensity up to 4 hours and returns back to normal in 24 hours. This BBB compromise occurs in multiple regions of the brain in the anterior-posterior direction of the shock wave, with maximum extravasation seen in the frontal cortex. Compromise of the BBB is confirmed by (a) extravasation of tracers into the brain, (b) quantification of tight-junction proteins (TJPs) in the brain and the blood, and (c) tracking specific blood-borne molecules into the brain and brain-specific proteins into the blood. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the BBB compromise occurs as a part of initial biomechanical loading and is a function of increasing blast overpressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kuriakose
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
| | - Kakulavarapu V Rama Rao
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA.
| | - Daniel Younger
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA
| | - Namas Chandra
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine (CIBM3), Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102-1982, USA.
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48
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Yao L, Xue X, Yu P, Ni Y, Chen F. Evans Blue Dye: A Revisit of Its Applications in Biomedicine. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:7628037. [PMID: 29849513 PMCID: PMC5937594 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7628037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evans blue (EB) dye has owned a long history as a biological dye and diagnostic agent since its first staining application by Herbert McLean Evans in 1914. Due to its high water solubility and slow excretion, as well as its tight binding to serum albumin, EB has been widely used in biomedicine, including its use in estimating blood volume and vascular permeability, detecting lymph nodes, and localizing the tumor lesions. Recently, a series of EB derivatives have been labeled with PET isotopes and can be used as theranostics with a broad potential due to their improved half-life in the blood and reduced release. Some of EB derivatives have even been used in translational applications in clinics. In addition, a novel necrosis-avid feature of EB has recently been reported in some preclinical animal studies. Given all these interesting and important advances in EB study, a comprehensive revisiting of EB has been made in its biomedical applications in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linpeng Yao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Xing Xue
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Peipei Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Department of Radiology, Sanmen County People's Hospital, Sanmen, Zhejiang 317100, China
| | - Yicheng Ni
- Radiology Section, University Hospitals, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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Wardlow R, Sahoo K, Dugat D, Malayer J, Ranjan A. High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Heating Improves Perfusion and Antimicrobial Efficacy in Mouse Staphylococcus Abscess. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:909-914. [PMID: 29395679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds typically require long-duration treatment with a combination of antibiotics administered systemically. This incurs adverse side effects and can require aversive surgical treatments and limb amputations. To improve non-invasive antimicrobial therapy, the objective of this study was to investigate antimicrobial chemotherapy combined with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) heating (HT). A Staphylococcus aureus abscess (80 ± 30 mm3) was generated in the mouse flank region. Once the average temperature (~42 °C-46 °C) in the abscess was reached with HIFU-HT, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial (ciprofloxacin, 10 mg/kg) and perfusion marker (Evans blue dye, 40 mg/kg wt) were administered intravenously via the tail vein. Four hours later, mean abscess perfusion and colony-forming units (CFUs) per gram of abscess were determined. HIFU-HT increased abscess perfusion by ~2.5-fold (4 ± 0.6 µg/mL Evans blue) compared with control (1.5 ± 0.7 µg/mL), and improved antimicrobial efficacy to decrease percentage average survival of S. aureus by ~20% (46 ± 7 CFUs/g of abscess) versus that seen with ciprofloxacin alone (61 ± 4 CFU/g). Our in vivo data suggest that HIFU-HT can improve antimicrobial treatment responses against deep-seated bacteria in abscess wounds via enhanced perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wardlow
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kaustuv Sahoo
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Danielle Dugat
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jerry Malayer
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
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Chan H, Huang HS, Sun DS, Lee CJ, Lien TS, Chang HH. TRPM8 and RAAS-mediated hypertension is critical for cold-induced immunosuppression in mice. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12781-12795. [PMID: 29560109 PMCID: PMC5849173 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying cold-induced immunosuppression remain unclear. Here we found that cold exposure leads to transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8)-dependent, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)-mediated hypertension, which subsequently induces small molecule and fluid extravasation, increases plasma Ig levels, and elicits immunosuppression. An effect is similar to the clinically-used immunosuppressive treatments of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) against various inflammatory diseases, such as immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Essential roles of TRPM8 and Ig in cold-induced immunosuppression are supported by the cold-mediated amelioration of ITP and the cold-mediated suppression of bacterial clearance, which were observed in wild-type mice but not in Ig- and TRPM8-deficient mutants. Treatment with antihypertensive drugs aliskiren and losartan drastically reversed high plasma Ig levels and ameliorated cold-induced immunosuppression, indicating the involvement of the RAAS and hypertension. These results indicated that the natively increased plasma Ig level is associated with immunosuppression during periods of cold exposure, and antihypertensive drugs can be useful to manage cold-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Shun Huang
- Center for Prevention and Therapy of Gynecological Cancers, Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Der-Shan Sun
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi College of Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Te-Sheng Lien
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hou Chang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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