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Caseys C, Muhich AJ, Vega J, Ahmed M, Hopper A, Kelly D, Kim S, Madrone M, Plaziak T, Wang M, Kliebenstein DJ. Leaf abaxial and adaxial surfaces differentially affect the interaction of Botrytis cinerea across several eudicots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39367581 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
Eudicot plant species have leaves with two surfaces: the lower abaxial and the upper adaxial surface. Each surface varies in a diversity of components and molecular signals, resulting in potentially different degrees of resistance to pathogens. We tested how Botrytis cinerea, a necrotroph fungal pathogen, interacts with the two different leaf surfaces across 16 crop species and 20 Arabidopsis genotypes. This showed that the abaxial surface is generally more susceptible to the pathogen than the adaxial surface. In Arabidopsis, the differential lesion area between leaf surfaces was associated with jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling and differential induction of defense chemistry across the two surfaces. When infecting the adaxial surface, leaves mounted stronger defenses by producing more glucosinolates and camalexin defense compounds, partially explaining the differential susceptibility across surfaces. Testing a collection of 96 B. cinerea strains showed the genetic heterogeneity of growth patterns, with a few strains preferring the adaxial surface while most are more virulent on the abaxial surface. Overall, we show that leaf-Botrytis interactions are complex with host-specific, surface-specific, and strain-specific patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Caseys
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Anna Jo Muhich
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Josue Vega
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Maha Ahmed
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Aleshia Hopper
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - David Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sydney Kim
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Matisse Madrone
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Taylor Plaziak
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Melissa Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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2
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Román J, Lagos A, Mahn A, Quintero J. The Effect of Broccoli Glucosinolates Hydrolysis Products on Botrytis cinerea: A Potential New Antifungal Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7945. [PMID: 39063186 PMCID: PMC11277183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the interactions between eight glucosinolate hydrolysis products (GHPs) sourced from broccoli by-products and the detoxifying enzymes of Botrytis cinerea, namely eburicol 14-alpha-demethylase (CYP51) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), through in silico analysis. Additionally, in vitro assays were conducted to explore the impact of these compounds on fungal growth. Our findings reveal that GHPs exhibit greater efficacy in inhibiting conidia germination compared to mycelium growth. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the antifungal activity of glucosinolate hydrolysis products derived from various parts of the broccoli plant, including inflorescences, leaves, and stems, against B. cinerea. Importantly, the results suggest that these hydrolysis products interact with the detoxifying enzymes of the fungus, potentially contributing to their antifungal properties. Extracts rich in GHPs, particularly iberin and indole-GHPs, derived from broccoli by-products emerge as promising candidates for biofungicidal applications, offering a sustainable and novel approach to plant protection by harnessing bioactive compounds from agricultural residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Román
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (J.Q.); Tel.: +56-412203822 (J.R.); +56-227181859 (J.Q.)
| | | | | | - Julián Quintero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Santiago, Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago 9170019, Chile; (A.L.); (A.M.)
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3
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Lacrampe N, Lugan R, Dumont D, Nicot PC, Lecompte F, Colombié S. Modelling metabolic fluxes of tomato stems reveals that nitrogen shapes central metabolism for defence against Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4093-4110. [PMID: 38551810 PMCID: PMC11233421 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Among plant pathogens, the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is one of the most prevalent, leading to severe crop damage. Studies related to its colonization of different plant species have reported variable host metabolic responses to infection. In tomato, high N availability leads to decreased susceptibility. Metabolic flux analysis can be used as an integrated method to better understand which metabolic adaptations lead to effective host defence and resistance. Here, we investigated the metabolic response of tomato infected by B. cinerea in symptomless stem tissues proximal to the lesions for 7 d post-inoculation, using a reconstructed metabolic model constrained by a large and consistent metabolic dataset acquired under four different N supplies. An overall comparison of 48 flux solution vectors of Botrytis- and mock-inoculated plants showed that fluxes were higher in Botrytis-inoculated plants, and the difference increased with a reduction in available N, accompanying an unexpected increase in radial growth. Despite higher fluxes, such as those involved in cell wall synthesis and other pathways, fluxes related to glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and amino acid and protein synthesis were limited under very low N, which might explain the enhanced susceptibility. Limiting starch synthesis and enhancing fluxes towards redox and specialized metabolism also contributed to defence independent of N supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lacrampe
- PSH unit, INRAE, F-84914 Avignon, France
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, F-84916 Avignon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Univ Bordeaux, F-33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
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4
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Kliebenstein DJ. Specificity and breadth of plant specialized metabolite-microbe interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 77:102459. [PMID: 37743122 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites shape plant interactions with the environment including plant-microbe interactions. While we often group compounds into generic classes, it is the precise structure of a compound that creates a specific role in plant-microbe or-pathogen interactions. Critically, the structure guides definitive targets in individual interactions, yet single compounds are not limited to singular mechanistic targets allowing them to influence interactions across broad ranges of attackers, from bacteria to fungi to animals. Further, the direction of the effect can be altered by counter evolution within the interacting organism leading to single compounds being both beneficial and detrimental. Thus, the benefit of a single compound to a host needs to be assessed by measuring the net benefit across all interactions while in each specific interaction. Factoring this complexity for single compounds in plant-microbe interactions with the massive expansion in our identification of specialized metabolite pathways means that we need systematic studies to classify the full breadth of activities. Only with this full biological knowledge we can develop mechanistic, ecological, and evolutionary models to understand how plant specialized metabolites fully influence plant-microbe and plant-biotic interactions more broadly.
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5
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Wang S, He B, Wu H, Cai Q, Ramírez-Sánchez O, Abreu-Goodger C, Birch PRJ, Jin H. Plant mRNAs move into a fungal pathogen via extracellular vesicles to reduce infection. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:93-105.e6. [PMID: 38103543 PMCID: PMC10872371 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Cross-kingdom small RNA trafficking between hosts and microbes modulates gene expression in the interacting partners during infection. However, whether other RNAs are also transferred is unclear. Here, we discover that host plant Arabidopsis thaliana delivers mRNAs via extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. A fluorescent RNA aptamer reporter Broccoli system reveals host mRNAs in EVs and recipient fungal cells. Using translating ribosome affinity purification profiling and polysome analysis, we observe that delivered host mRNAs are translated in fungal cells. Ectopic expression of two transferred host mRNAs in B. cinerea shows that their proteins are detrimental to infection. Arabidopsis knockout mutants of the genes corresponding to these transferred mRNAs are more susceptible. Thus, plants have a strategy to reduce infection by transporting mRNAs into fungal cells. mRNAs transferred from plants to pathogenic fungi are translated to compromise infection, providing knowledge that helps combat crop diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Huaitong Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Obed Ramírez-Sánchez
- National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (Langebio), Cinvestav, Irapuato 36821 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Cei Abreu-Goodger
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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6
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Soengas P, Madloo P, Lema M. Spectral Reflectance Indexes Reveal Differences in the Physiological Status of Brassica oleracea with Contrasting Glucosinolate Content under Biotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2698. [PMID: 37514312 PMCID: PMC10384497 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Brassica species produce glucosinolates, a specific group of secondary metabolites present in the Brassicaceae family with antibacterial and antifungal properties. The employment of improved varieties for specific glucosinolates would reduce the production losses caused by pathogen attack. However, the consequences of the increment in these secondary metabolites in the plant are unknown. In this work, we utilized reflectance indexes to test how the physiological status of Brasica oleracea plants changes depending on their constitutive content of glucosinolates under nonstressful conditions and under the attack of the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The modification in the content of glucosinolates had consequences in the resistance to both necrotrophic pathogens, and in several physiological aspects of the plants. By increasing the content in sinigrin and glucobrassicin, plants decrease photosynthesis efficiency (PR531, FvFm), biomass production (CHL-NDVI, SR), pigment content (SIPI, NPQI, RE), and senescence (YI) and increase their water content (WI900). These variables may have a negative impact in the productivity of crops in an agricultural environment. However, when plants are subjected to the attack of both necrotrophic pathogens, an increment of sinigrin and glucobrassicin confers an adaptative advantage to the plants, which compensates for the decay of physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Soengas
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pari Madloo
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Margarita Lema
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (MBG-CSIC), 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
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7
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Sharma RK, Patil SB, Jadhav AK, Karuppayil SM. Isothiocyanates as potential antifungal agents: a mini-review. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:673-679. [PMID: 37522244 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables and mustard oil are rich in the glucosinolate group of molecules. Isothiocyanates are an important group of glucosinolate derivatives. These derivatives have various bioactive properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, antifungal, antiparasitic, herbicidal and antimutagenic activity. Previous studies indicate that regular intake of such vegetables may considerably reduce the incidence of various types of cancer. These studies have inspired studies where the bioactive agents of these plants have been isolated and explored for their therapeutic applications. The use of these bioactive compounds as antifungals could be a new therapeutic approach against human pathogenic fungi. Isothiocyanates have been studied for their antifungal activity and have the potential to be used for antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, DY Patil Medical College, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kolhapur, Kasaba Bawada, Maharashtra, 416006, India
| | - Shivani B Patil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kolhapur, Kasaba Bawada, Maharashtra, 416006, India
| | - Ashwini K Jadhav
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kolhapur, Kasaba Bawada, Maharashtra, 416006, India
| | - Sankunny M Karuppayil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kolhapur, Kasaba Bawada, Maharashtra, 416006, India
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8
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Shen Y, Wang J, Shaw RK, Sheng X, Yu H, Branca F, Gu H. Comparative Transcriptome and Targeted Metabolome Profiling Unravel the Key Role of Phenylpropanoid and Glucosinolate Pathways in Defense against Alternaria brassicicola in Broccoli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6499-6510. [PMID: 37061924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria brassicicola (Ab) can cause a major yield and quality-limiting disease of Brassica oleracea called black spot, and the genetic resources conferring complete resistance against Ab have not been identified to date. Here, comparative transcriptome and targeted metabolome analysis were performed utilizing a newly identified resistant (R) line and a broccoli susceptible (S) line at 6, 24, and 72 h post-inoculation (hpi). Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment and the weighted gene co-expression network analyses showed that the phenylpropanoid pathway regulates the resistance to Ab in broccoli. One metabolite, cinnamic acid, was significantly upregulated in the Ab_inoculated R line compared with the mock treatment but no significant difference in the S line, indicating that the cinnamic acid may cause the resistance difference between R and S lines. Our results also revealed that three indolic glucosinolates of I3G, 4MI3G, and 1MI3G were significantly increased in the Ab_inoculated R line compared with the mock treatment, and some related genes were differentially expressed between the R and S lines. These results provided new insights into the mechanism of Ab defense in B. oleracea and have laid a theoretical foundation for effectively utilizing resistant germplasm resources in broccoli breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusen Shen
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiansheng Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ranjan K Shaw
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaoguang Sheng
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Huifang Yu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ferdinando Branca
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy
| | - Honghui Gu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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9
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Mourou M, Raimondo ML, Lops F, Carlucci A. Brassicaceae Fungi and Chromista Diseases: Molecular Detection and Host–Plant Interaction. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1033. [PMID: 36903895 PMCID: PMC10005080 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae plants cover a large number of species with great economic and nutritional importance around the world. The production of Brassica spp. is limited due to phytopathogenic fungal species causing enormous yield losses. In this scenario, precise and rapid detection and identification of plant-infecting fungi are essential to facilitate the effective management of diseases. DNA-based molecular methods have become popular methods for accurate plant disease diagnostics and have been used to detect Brassicaceae fungal pathogens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays including nested, multiplex, quantitative post, and isothermal amplification methods represent a powerful weapon for early detection of fungal pathogens and preventively counteract diseases on brassicas with the aim to drastically reduce the fungicides as inputs. It is noteworthy also that Brassicaceae plants can establish a wide variety of relationships with fungi, ranging from harmful interactions with pathogens to beneficial associations with endophytic fungi. Thus, understanding host and pathogen interaction in brassica crops prompts better disease management. The present review reports the main fungal diseases of Brassicaceae, molecular methods used for their detection, review studies on the interaction between fungi and brassicas plants, and the various mechanisms involved including the application of omics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mourou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonia Carlucci
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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10
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Singh G, Agrawal H, Bednarek P. Specialized metabolites as versatile tools in shaping plant-microbe associations. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:122-144. [PMID: 36503863 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants are rich repository of a large number of chemical compounds collectively referred to as specialized metabolites. These compounds are of importance for adaptive processes including responses against changing abiotic conditions and interactions with various co-existing organisms. One of the strikingly affirmed functions of these specialized metabolites is their involvement in plants' life-long interactions with complex multi-kingdom microbiomes including both beneficial and harmful microorganisms. Recent developments in genomic and molecular biology tools not only help to generate well-curated information about regulatory and structural components of biosynthetic pathways of plant specialized metabolites but also to create and screen mutant lines defective in their synthesis. In this review, we have comprehensively surveyed the function of these specialized metabolites and discussed recent research findings demonstrating the responses of various microbes on tested mutant lines having defective biosynthesis of particular metabolites. In addition, we attempt to provide key clues about the impact of these metabolites on the assembly of the plant microbiome by summarizing the major findings of recent comparative metagenomic analyses of available mutant lines under customized and natural microbial niches. Subsequently, we delineate benchmark initiatives that aim to engineer or manipulate the biosynthetic pathways to produce specialized metabolites in heterologous systems but also to diversify their immune function. While denoting the function of these metabolites, we also discuss the critical bottlenecks associated with understanding and exploiting their function in improving plant adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Singh
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Himani Agrawal
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Bednarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
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11
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Glucosinolates and Biotic Stress Tolerance in Brassicaceae with Emphasis on Cabbage: A Review. Biochem Genet 2022; 61:451-470. [PMID: 36057909 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-022-10269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) and GSL-associated genes are receiving increasing attention from molecular biologists due to their multifunctional properties. GSLs are secondary metabolites considered to be highly active in most Brassica species. Their importance has motivated the discovery and functional analysis of the GSLs and GSL hydrolysis products involved in disease development in brassicas and other plants. Comprehensive knowledge of the GSL content of Brassica species and the molecular details of GSL-related genes will help elucidate the molecular control of this plant defense system. This report provides an overview of the current status of knowledge on GSLs, GSL biosynthesis, as well as hydrolysis related genes, and GSL hydrolysis products that regulate fungal, bacterial, and insect resistance in cabbage and other brassicas.
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12
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Kudjordjie EN, Hooshmand K, Sapkota R, Darbani B, Fomsgaard IS, Nicolaisen M. Fusarium oxysporum Disrupts Microbiome-Metabolome Networks in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0122622. [PMID: 35766498 PMCID: PMC9430778 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01226-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the plant host metabolome drives distinct enrichment of detrimental and beneficial members of the microbiome, the mechanistic interomics relationships remain poorly understood. Here, we studied microbiome and metabolome profiles of two Arabidopsis thaliana accessions after Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. mathioli (FOM) inoculation, Landsberg erecta (Ler-0) being susceptible and Col-0 being resistant against FOM. By using bacterial and fungal amplicon sequencing and targeted metabolite analysis, we observed highly dynamic microbiome and metabolome profiles across FOM host progression, while being markedly different between FOM-inoculated and noninoculated Col-0 and Ler-0. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed more robust microbial networks in the resistant Col-0 compared to Ler-0 during FOM infection. Correlation analysis revealed distinct metabolite-OTU correlations in Ler-0 compared with Col-0 which could possibly be explained by missense variants of the Rfo3 and Rlp2 genes in Ler-0. Remarkably, we observed positive correlations in Ler-0 between most of the analyzed metabolites and the bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, and negative correlations with Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi. The glucosinolates 4-methyoxyglucobrassicin, glucoerucin and indole-3 carbinol, but also phenolic compounds were strongly correlating with the relative abundances of indicator and hub OTUs and thus could be active in structuring the A. thaliana root-associated microbiome. Our results highlight interactive effects of host plant defense and root-associated microbiota on Fusarium infection and progression. Our findings provide significant insights into plant interomic dynamics during pathogen invasion and could possibly facilitate future exploitation of microbiomes for plant disease control. IMPORTANCE Plant health and fitness are determined by plant-microbe interactions which are guided by host-synthesized metabolites. To understand the orchestration of this interaction, we analyzed the distinct interomic dynamics in resistant and susceptible Arabidopsis ecotypes across different time points after infection with Fusarium oxysporum (FOM). Our results revealed distinct microbial profiles and network resilience during FOM infection in the resistant Col-0 compared with the susceptible Ler-0 and further pinpointed specific microbe-metabolite associations in the Arabidopsis microbiome. These findings provide significant insights into plant interomics dynamics that are likely affecting fungal pathogen invasion and could possibly facilitate future exploitation of microbiomes for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Narh Kudjordjie
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kourosh Hooshmand
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Rumakanta Sapkota
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Behrooz Darbani
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Inge S. Fomsgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Mogens Nicolaisen
- Department of Agroecology, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
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13
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Plaszkó T, Szűcs Z, Vasas G, Gonda S. Interactions of fungi with non-isothiocyanate products of the plant glucosinolate pathway: A review on product formation, antifungal activity, mode of action and biotransformation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113245. [PMID: 35623473 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolate pathway, which is present in the order Brassicales, is one of the most researched defensive natural product biosynthesis pathways. Its core molecules, the glucosinolates are broken down upon pathogen challenge or tissue damage to yield an array of natural products that may help plants defend against the stressor. Though the most widely known glucosinolate decomposition products are the antimicrobial isothiocyanates, there is a wide range of other volatile and non-volatile natural products that arise from this biosynthetic pathway. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the interaction of these much less examined, non-isothiocyanate products with fungi. It deals with compounds including (1) glucosinolates and their biosynthesis precursors; (2) glucosinolate-derived nitriles (e.g. derivatives of 1H-indole-3-acetonitrile), thiocyanates, epithionitriles and oxazolidine-2-thiones; (3) putative isothiocyanate downstream products such as raphanusamic acid, 1H-indole-3-methanol (= indole-3-carbinol) and its oligomers, 1H-indol-3-ylmethanamine and ascorbigen; (4) 1H-indole-3-acetonitrile downstream products such as 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (indole-3-carboxaldehyde), 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid and their derivatives; and (5) indole phytoalexins including brassinin, cyclobrassinin and brassilexin. Herein, a literature review on the following aspects is provided: their direct antifungal activity and the proposed mechanisms of antifungal action, increased biosynthesis after fungal challenge, as well as data on their biotransformation/detoxification by fungi, including but not limited to fungal myrosinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Plaszkó
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Szűcs
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary; Healthcare Industry Institute, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Derbyshire MC, Newman TE, Khentry Y, Owolabi Taiwo A. The evolutionary and molecular features of the broad-host-range plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1075-1090. [PMID: 35411696 PMCID: PMC9276942 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a pathogenic fungus that infects hundreds of plant species, including many of the world's most important crops. Key features of S. sclerotiorum include its extraordinary host range, preference for dicotyledonous plants, relatively slow evolution, and production of protein effectors that are active in multiple host species. Plant resistance to this pathogen is highly complex, typically involving numerous polymorphisms with infinitesimally small effects, which makes resistance breeding a major challenge. Due to its economic significance, S. sclerotiorum has been subjected to a large amount of molecular and evolutionary research. In this updated pathogen profile, we review the evolutionary and molecular features of S. sclerotiorum and discuss avenues for future research into this important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementSchool of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Toby E. Newman
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementSchool of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Yuphin Khentry
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementSchool of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Akeem Owolabi Taiwo
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementSchool of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Wang H, Zheng Y, Xiao D, Li Y, Liu T, Hou X. BcWRKY33A Enhances Resistance to Botrytis cinerea via Activating BcMYB51-3 in Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158222. [PMID: 35897830 PMCID: PMC9331318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor WRKY33 is a vital regulator of the biological process of the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea). However, its specific regulatory mechanism remains to be further investigated. In non-heading Chinese cabbage (NHCC, Brassica campestris (syn. Brassica rapa) ssp. Chinensis), our previous study showed that BcWRKY33A is induced not only by salt stress, but also by B. cinerea infection. Here, we noticed that BcWRKY33A is expressed in trichomes and confer plant defense resistance. Disease symptoms and qRT-PCR analyses revealed that BcWRKY33A-overexpressing and -silencing lines were less and more severely impaired, respectively, than wild type upon B. cinerea treatment. Meanwhile, the transcripts’ abundance of indolic glucosinolates’ (IGSs) biosynthetic genes is consistent with plants’ B. cinerea tolerance. Identification and expression pattern analysis of BcMYB51s showed that BcMYB51-3 has a similar trend to BcWRKY33A upon B. cinerea infection. Moreover, BcWRKY33A directly binds to the BcMYB51-3 promoter, which was jointly confirmed by Y1H, dual-LUC, and EMSA assays. The importance of MYB51, the homolog of BcMYB51-3, in the BcWRKY33A-mediated B. cinerea resistance was also verified using the TRV-based VIGS system. Overall, our data concludes that BcWRKY33A directly activates the expression of BcMYB51-3 and downstream IGSs’ biosynthetic genes, thereby improving the B. cinerea tolerance of NHCC plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yushan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.L.)
- Nanjing Suman Plasma Engineering Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tongkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (East China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Engineering Research Center of Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.W.); (Y.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.L.)
- Nanjing Suman Plasma Engineering Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (X.H.)
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Ortega-Cuadros M, De Souza TL, Berruyer R, Aligon S, Pelletier S, Renou JP, Arias T, Campion C, Guillemette T, Verdier J, Grappin P. Seed Transmission of Pathogens: Non-Canonical Immune Response in Arabidopsis Germinating Seeds Compared to Early Seedlings against the Necrotrophic Fungus Alternaria brassicicola. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1708. [PMID: 35807659 PMCID: PMC9269218 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of seed-borne pathogens by the germinating seed is responsible for major crop diseases. The immune responses of the seed facing biotic invaders are poorly documented so far. The Arabidopsis thaliana/Alternaria brassicicola patho-system was used to describe at the transcription level the responses of germinating seeds and young seedling stages to infection by the necrotrophic fungus. RNA-seq analyses of healthy versus inoculated seeds at 3 days after sowing (DAS), stage of radicle emergence, and at 6 and 10 DAS, two stages of seedling establishment, identified thousands of differentially expressed genes by Alternaria infection. Response to hypoxia, ethylene and indole pathways were found to be induced by Alternaria in the germinating seeds. However, surprisingly, the defense responses, namely the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, the response to reactive oxygen species (ROS), the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and programmed cell death, were found to be strongly induced only during the latter post-germination stages. We propose that this non-canonical immune response in early germinating seeds compared to early seedling establishment was potentially due to the seed-to-seedling transition phase. Phenotypic analyses of about 14 mutants altered in the main defense pathways illustrated these specific defense responses. The unexpected germination deficiency and insensitivity to Alternaria in the glucosinolate deficient mutants allow hypothesis of a trade-off between seed germination, necrosis induction and Alternaria transmission to the seedling. The imbalance of the SA and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways to the detriment of the JA also illustrated a non-canonical immune response at the first stages of the seedling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailen Ortega-Cuadros
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, University City Campus, University of Antioquia, Calle 67 N°53-108, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Tiago Lodi De Souza
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Romain Berruyer
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Sophie Aligon
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Tatiana Arias
- Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Downtown Sarasota Campus, 1534 Mound Street, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA;
| | - Claire Campion
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Thomas Guillemette
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Jérome Verdier
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Philippe Grappin
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
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Bréard D, Barrit T, Sochard D, Aligon S, Planchet E, Teulat B, Le Corff J, Campion C, Guilet D. Development of a quantification method for routine analysis of glucosinolates and camalexin in brassicaceous small-sized samples by simultaneous extraction prior to liquid chromatography determination. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1205:123348. [PMID: 35777257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates and camalexin are secondary metabolites that, as phytoanticipins and phytoalexins, play a crucial role in plant defence. The present work proposes an improved analytical method for routine analysis and quantification of glucosinolates and camalexin in brassicaceous small-sized samples by using the very specific desulfation process of glucosinolates analysis and the specificity of fluorescence detection for camalexin analysis. The approach is based on a simultaneous ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by a purification on an anion-exchange column. Final analyses are conducted by HPLC-UV-MS for desulfo-glucosinolates and HPLC coupled to a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) for camalexin. The method is linear for glucosinolates (50-3500 µM) and camalexin (0.025-5 µg.mL-1) with an LOD/LOQ of 3.8/12.6 µM and 0.014/0.046 µg.mL-1 respectively. The method demonstrated adequate precision, accuracy and trueness on certified reference rapeseed. A practical application of our approach was conducted on different Brassicaceae genera (Barbarea vulgaris, Brassica nigra, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Cardamine hirsuta, Coincya monensis, Sinapis arvensis, and Sisymbrium officinale) and Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes (Columbia and Wassilewskija). Futhermore, different plant organs (seeds and leaves) were analysed, previously inoculated or not with the pathogenic fungus Alternaria brassicicola.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thibault Barrit
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Daniel Sochard
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Sophie Aligon
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Elisabeth Planchet
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Béatrice Teulat
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Josiane Le Corff
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Claire Campion
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - David Guilet
- Univ Angers, SONAS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
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18
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Sosa AL, Girardi NS, Rosso LC, Etcheverry MG, Passone MA. In vitro compatibility of Brassicaceae extracts with nematophagous fungi and their effects against Nacobbus celatus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:138. [PMID: 35701691 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nacobbus celatus sp. n. is one of the main root-knot nematodes in the field destined for horticultural production of the central region of Argentine due to its ability to infect several host plants. The lack of new and safe active ingredients against this nematode has restricted control alternatives for growers. Egg-parasitic fungi and biofumigation with brassicaceae have been considered as potential candidates for the development of bionematicides. Nematicidal effects of Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli) and Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) aqueous extracts (AEs) against second-stage juveniles (J2) of N. celatus were evaluated in vitro. Fisher LSD tests evidenced significant nematicidal (α = 0.05) effects of the two AEs tested, with LD100 of 250 and 500 μL mL-1 for broccoli and cabbage, respectively. Compatibility assays between AEs and five nematophagous fungi were performed on soil extract medium conditioned at 0.99 water activity and incubated at 30, 25 and 20 °C. Purpureocillium lilacinum SR14 was the fungal strain that showed compatibility at levels of spore viability, growth rate and conidia productions at LD50 (125 μL mL-1) and LD25 (60 μL mL-1) of broccoli aqueous extract (BAE) and enhanced the nematophagous effect. Moreover, phytotoxic studies revealed that 125 μL mL-1 of BAE applied at the transplantation time could be safely used without affecting tomato culture. In conclusion, the integrated application of BAE with P. lilacinum SR14, which combines two action mechanisms, represents a promising integrated strategy to management phytoparasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Sosa
- CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nac. 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto, Argentina.
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional N°36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Natalia Soledad Girardi
- CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nac. 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Laura Cristina Rosso
- CNR - Istituto Per La Protezione Sostenibile Delle Piante, Sede Di Bari, Via G. Amendola, 122/D, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Miriam Graciela Etcheverry
- CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nac. 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - María Alejandra Passone
- CONICET - Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta Nac. 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Barda O, Levy M. IQD1 Involvement in Hormonal Signaling and General Defense Responses Against Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:845140. [PMID: 35557724 PMCID: PMC9087847 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.845140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
IQ Domain 1 (IQD1) is a novel Arabidopsis thaliana calmodulin-binding protein, which was found to be a positive regulator of glucosinolate (GS) accumulation and plant defense responses against insects. We demonstrate here that the IQD1 overexpressing line (IQD1 OXP ) was also more resistant also to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, whereas an IQD1 knockout line (iqd1-1) was much more sensitive. Furthermore, we showed that IQD1 is up-regulated by jasmonic acid (JA) and downregulated by salicylic acid (SA). A comparison of whole transcriptome expression between iqd1-1 and wild type plants revealed a substantial downregulation of genes involved in plant defense and hormone regulation. Further examination revealed a marked reduction of SA and increases in the levels of ethylene, JA and abscisic acid response genes in the iqd1-1 line. Moreover, quantification of SA, JA, and abscisic acids in IQD1 OXP and iqd1-1 lines relative to the wild type, showed a significant reduction in endogenous JA levels in the knockout line, simultaneously with increased SA levels. Relations between IQD1 OXP and mutants defective in plant-hormone response indicated that IQD1 cannot rescue the absence of NPR1 or impaired SA accumulation in the NahG line. IQD1 cannot rescue ein2 or eto1 mutations connected to the ethylene pathway involved in both defense responses against B. cinerea and in regulating GS accumulation. Furthermore, IQD1cannot rescue the aos, coi1 or jar1mutations, all involved in the defense response against B. cinerea and it depends on JAR1 to control indole glucosinolate accumulation. We also found that in the B. cinerea, which infected the iqd1-1 mutant, the most abundant upregulated group of proteins is involved in the degradation of complex carbohydrates, as correlated with the sensitivity of this mutant. In summary, our results suggest that IQD1 is an important A. thaliana defensive protein against B. cinerea that is integrated into several important pathways, such as those involved in plant defense and hormone responses.
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Marquis V, Smirnova E, Graindorge S, Delcros P, Villette C, Zumsteg J, Heintz D, Heitz T. Broad-spectrum stress tolerance conferred by suppressing jasmonate signaling attenuation in Arabidopsis JASMONIC ACID OXIDASE mutants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:856-872. [PMID: 34808024 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonate signaling for adaptative or developmental responses generally relies on an increased synthesis of the bioactive hormone jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), triggered by environmental or internal cues. JA-Ile is embedded in a complex metabolic network whose upstream and downstream components strongly contribute to hormone homeostasis and activity. We previously showed that JAO2, an isoform of four Arabidopsis JASMONIC ACID OXIDASES, diverts the precursor jasmonic acid (JA) to its hydroxylated form HO-JA to attenuate JA-Ile formation and signaling. Consequently, JAO2-deficient lines have elevated defenses and display improved tolerance to biotic stress. Here we further explored the organization and regulatory functions of the JAO pathway. Suppression of JAO2 enhances the basal expression of nearly 400 JA-regulated genes in unstimulated leaves, many of which being related to biotic and abiotic stress responses. Consistently, non-targeted metabolomic analysis revealed the constitutive accumulation of several classes of defensive compounds in jao2-1 mutant, including indole glucosinolates and breakdown products. The most differential compounds were agmatine phenolamides, but their genetic suppression did not alleviate the strong resistance of jao2-1 to Botrytis infection. Furthermore, jao2 alleles and a triple jao mutant exhibit elevated survival capacity upon severe drought stress. This latter phenotype occurs without recruiting stronger abscisic acid responses, but relies on enhanced JA-Ile signaling directing a distinct survival pathway with MYB47 transcription factor as a candidate mediator. Our findings reveal the selected spectrum of JA responses controlled by the JAO2 regulatory node and highlight the potential of modulating basal JA turnover to pre-activate mild transcriptional programs for multiple stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Marquis
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ekaterina Smirnova
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéfanie Graindorge
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pauline Delcros
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Claire Villette
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julie Zumsteg
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Heitz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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González Guzmán M, Cellini F, Fotopoulos V, Balestrini R, Arbona V. New approaches to improve crop tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13547. [PMID: 34480798 PMCID: PMC9290814 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During the last years, a great effort has been dedicated at the development and employment of diverse approaches for achieving more stress-tolerant and climate-flexible crops and sustainable yield increases to meet the food and energy demands of the future. The ongoing climate change is in fact leading to more frequent extreme events with a negative impact on food production, such as increased temperatures, drought, and soil salinization as well as invasive arthropod pests and diseases. In this review, diverse "green strategies" (e.g., chemical priming, root-associated microorganisms), and advanced technologies (e.g., genome editing, high-throughput phenotyping) are described on the basis of the most recent research evidence. Particularly, attention has been focused on the potential use in a context of sustainable and climate-smart agriculture (the so called "next agriculture generation") to improve plant tolerance and resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses. In addition, the gap between the results obtained in controlled experiments and those from application of these technologies in real field conditions (lab to field step) is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel González Guzmán
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi NaturalUniversitat Jaume ICastelló de la PlanaSpain
- The OPTIMUS PRIME consortium, European Union Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) Program
| | - Francesco Cellini
- The OPTIMUS PRIME consortium, European Union Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) Program
- Agenzia Lucana di Sviluppo e di Innovazione in Agricoltura (ALSIA)MetapontoItaly
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (CNR, IPSP)TorinoItaly
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- The OPTIMUS PRIME consortium, European Union Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) Program
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology & Food ScienceCyprus University of TechnologyLemesosCyprus
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- The OPTIMUS PRIME consortium, European Union Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) Program
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (CNR, IPSP)TorinoItaly
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi NaturalUniversitat Jaume ICastelló de la PlanaSpain
- The OPTIMUS PRIME consortium, European Union Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) Program
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22
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Alfonso E, Stahl E, Glauser G, Bellani E, Raaymakers TM, Van den Ackerveken G, Zeier J, Reymond P. Insect eggs trigger systemic acquired resistance against a fungal and an oomycete pathogen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2491-2505. [PMID: 34510462 PMCID: PMC9292583 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants are able to detect insect eggs deposited on leaves. In Arabidopsis, eggs of the butterfly species Pieris brassicae (common name large white) induce plant defenses and activate the salicylic acid (SA) pathway. We previously discovered that oviposition triggers a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against the bacterial hemibiotroph pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Here, we show that insect eggs or treatment with egg extract (EE) induce SAR against the fungal necrotroph Botrytis cinerea BMM and the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. This response is abolished in ics1, ald1 and fmo1, indicating that the SA pathway and the N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) pathway are involved. Establishment of EE-induced SAR in distal leaves potentially involves tryptophan-derived metabolites, including camalexin. Indeed, SAR is abolished in the biosynthesis mutants cyp79B2 cyp79B3, cyp71a12 cyp71a13 and pad3-1, and camalexin is toxic to B. cinerea in vitro. This study reveals an interesting mechanism by which lepidopteran eggs interfere with plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Alfonso
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of LausanneLausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Elia Stahl
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of LausanneLausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical ChemistryUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtel2000Switzerland
| | - Etienne Bellani
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of LausanneLausanne1015Switzerland
| | - Tom M. Raaymakers
- Plant–Microbe InteractionsDepartment of BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CHthe Netherlands
| | | | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of BiologyHeinrich Heine UniversityUniversitätsstrasse 1DüsseldorfD‐40225Germany
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of LausanneLausanne1015Switzerland
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23
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Tagele SB, Kim RH, Shin JH. Interactions between Brassica Biofumigants and Soil Microbiota: Causes and Impacts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11538-11553. [PMID: 34551253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biofumigation is used to control soil-borne plant diseases, and it has paramount importance to reduce the cost of chemical fumigants. Information about the field control efficacies and impacts of Brassica-based biofumigation (BBF) on soil bacterial and fungal microbiota is scattered in the literature. Therefore, this review summarizes and discusses the nature and the underlying causes of soil bacterial and fungal community dynamics in response to BBF. In addition, the major factors influencing the interaction between a biofumigant and soil microbiota are discussed. The pros and cons of BBF to soil microbiota and the subsequent impacts on sustainable farming practices are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setu Bazie Tagele
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeong-Hui Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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24
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Meyer P, Van de Poel B, De Coninck B. UV-B light and its application potential to reduce disease and pest incidence in crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:194. [PMID: 34465753 PMCID: PMC8408258 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B radiation (280-315 nm), perceived by the plant photoreceptor UVR8, is a key environmental signal that influences plant growth and development and can reduce disease and pest incidence. The positive effect of UV-B on disease resistance and incidence in various plant species supports the implementation of supplemental UV-B radiation in sustainable crop production. However, despite many studies focusing on UV-B light, there is no consensus on the best mode of application. This review aims to analyze, evaluate, and organize the different application strategies of UV-B radiation in crop production with a focus on disease resistance. We summarize the physiological effects of UV-B light on plants and discuss how plants perceive and transduce UV-B light by the UVR8 photoreceptor as well as how this perception alters plant specialized metabolite production. Next, we bring together conclusions of various studies with respect to different UV-B application methods to improve plant resistance. In general, supplemental UV-B light has a positive effect on disease resistance in many plant-pathogen combinations, mainly through the induction of the production of specialized metabolites. However, many variables (UV-B light source, plant species, dose and intensity, timing during the day, duration, background light, etc.) make it difficult to compare and draw general conclusions. We compiled the information of recent studies on UV-B light applications, including e.g., details on the UV-B light source, experimental set-up, calculated UV-B light dose, intensity, and duration. This review provides practical insights and facilitates future research on UV-B radiation as a promising tool to reduce disease and pest incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Meyer
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Coninck
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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25
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Shakour ZT, Shehab NG, Gomaa AS, Wessjohann LA, Farag MA. Metabolic and biotransformation effects on dietary glucosinolates, their bioavailability, catabolism and biological effects in different organisms. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107784. [PMID: 34102260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolate-producing plants have long been recognized for both their distinctive benefits to human nutrition and their resistance traits against pathogens and herbivores. Despite the accumulation of glucosinolates (GLS) in plants is associated with their resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, the defensive and biological activities of GLS are commonly conveyed by their metabolic products. In view of this, metabolism is considered the driving factor upon the interactions of GLS-producing plants with other organisms, also influenced by plant and plant attacking or digesting organism characteristics. Several microbial pathogens and insects have evolved the capacity to detoxify GLS-hydrolysis products or inhibit their formation via different means, highlighting the relevance of their metabolic abilities for the plants' defense system activation and target organism detoxification. Strikingly, some bacteria, fungi and insects can likewise produce their own myrosinase (MYR)-like enzymes in one of the most important adaptation strategies against the GLS-MYR plant defense system. Knowledge of GLS metabolic pathways in herbivores and pathogens can impact plant protection efforts and may be harnessed upon for genetically modified plants that are more resistant to predators. In humans, the interest in the implementation of GLS in diets for the prevention of chronic diseases has grown substantially. However, the efficiency of such approaches is dependent on GLS bioavailability and metabolism, which largely involves the human gut microbiome. Among GLS-hydrolytic products, isothiocyanates (ITC) have shown exceptional properties as chemical plant defense agents against herbivores and pathogens, along with their health-promoting benefits in humans, at least if consumed in reasonable amounts. Deciphering GLS metabolic pathways provides critical information for catalyzing all types of GLS towards the generation of ITCs as the biologically most active metabolites. This review provides an overview on contrasting metabolic pathways in plants, bacteria, fungi, insects and humans towards GLS activation or detoxification. Further, suggestions for the preparation of GLS containing plants with improved health benefits are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab T Shakour
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naglaa G Shehab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Products, Dubai Pharmacy College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed S Gomaa
- Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.
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26
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Quezada-Martinez D, Addo Nyarko CP, Schiessl SV, Mason AS. Using wild relatives and related species to build climate resilience in Brassica crops. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1711-1728. [PMID: 33730183 PMCID: PMC8205867 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will have major impacts on crop production: not just increasing drought and heat stress, but also increasing insect and disease loads and the chance of extreme weather events and further adverse conditions. Often, wild relatives show increased tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses, due to reduced stringency of selection for yield and yield-related traits under optimum conditions. One possible strategy to improve resilience in our modern-day crop cultivars is to utilize wild relative germplasm in breeding, and attempt to introgress genetic factors contributing to greater environmental tolerances from these wild relatives into elite crop types. However, this approach can be difficult, as it relies on factors such as ease of hybridization and genetic distance between the source and target, crossover frequencies and distributions in the hybrid, and ability to select for desirable introgressions while minimizing linkage drag. In this review, we outline the possible effects that climate change may have on crop production, introduce the Brassica crop species and their wild relatives, and provide an index of useful traits that are known to be present in each of these species that may be exploitable through interspecific hybridization-based approaches. Subsequently, we outline how introgression breeding works, what factors affect the success of this approach, and how this approach can be optimized so as to increase the chance of recovering the desired introgression lines. Our review provides a working guide to the use of wild relatives and related crop germplasm to improve biotic and abiotic resistances in Brassica crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Quezada-Martinez
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles P Addo Nyarko
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah V Schiessl
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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27
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Quezada-Martinez D, Addo Nyarko CP, Schiessl SV, Mason AS. Using wild relatives and related species to build climate resilience in Brassica crops. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1711-1728. [PMID: 33730183 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03793-3.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will have major impacts on crop production: not just increasing drought and heat stress, but also increasing insect and disease loads and the chance of extreme weather events and further adverse conditions. Often, wild relatives show increased tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses, due to reduced stringency of selection for yield and yield-related traits under optimum conditions. One possible strategy to improve resilience in our modern-day crop cultivars is to utilize wild relative germplasm in breeding, and attempt to introgress genetic factors contributing to greater environmental tolerances from these wild relatives into elite crop types. However, this approach can be difficult, as it relies on factors such as ease of hybridization and genetic distance between the source and target, crossover frequencies and distributions in the hybrid, and ability to select for desirable introgressions while minimizing linkage drag. In this review, we outline the possible effects that climate change may have on crop production, introduce the Brassica crop species and their wild relatives, and provide an index of useful traits that are known to be present in each of these species that may be exploitable through interspecific hybridization-based approaches. Subsequently, we outline how introgression breeding works, what factors affect the success of this approach, and how this approach can be optimized so as to increase the chance of recovering the desired introgression lines. Our review provides a working guide to the use of wild relatives and related crop germplasm to improve biotic and abiotic resistances in Brassica crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Quezada-Martinez
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles P Addo Nyarko
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah V Schiessl
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annaliese S Mason
- Plant Breeding Department, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
- Plant Breeding Department, The University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 5, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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28
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Pacifico D, Lanzanova C, Pagnotta E, Bassolino L, Mastrangelo AM, Marone D, Matteo R, Lo Scalzo R, Balconi C. Sustainable Use of Bioactive Compounds from Solanum Tuberosum and Brassicaceae Wastes and by-Products for Crop Protection-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:2174. [PMID: 33918886 PMCID: PMC8070479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Defatted seed meals of oleaginous Brassicaceae, such as Eruca sativa, and potato peel are excellent plant matrices to recover potentially useful biomolecules from industrial processes in a circular strategy perspective aiming at crop protection. These biomolecules, mainly glycoalkaloids and phenols for potato and glucosinolates for Brassicaceae, have been proven to be effective against microbes, fungi, nematodes, insects, and even parasitic plants. Their role in plant protection is overviewed, together with the molecular basis of their synthesis in plant, and the description of their mechanisms of action. Possible genetic and biotechnological strategies are presented to increase their content in plants. Genetic mapping and identification of closely linked molecular markers are useful to identify the loci/genes responsible for their accumulation and transfer them to elite cultivars in breeding programs. Biotechnological approaches can be used to modify their allelic sequence and enhance the accumulation of the bioactive compounds. How the global challenges, such as reducing agri-food waste and increasing sustainability and food safety, could be addressed through bioprotector applications are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pacifico
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Chiara Lanzanova
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Eleonora Pagnotta
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Laura Bassolino
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Anna Maria Mastrangelo
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Daniela Marone
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Matteo
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Lo Scalzo
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, 00198 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlotta Balconi
- CREA Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 00198 Rome, Italy; (C.L.); (E.P.); (L.B.); (A.M.M.); (D.M.); (C.B.); (R.M.)
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29
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Kidd BN, Foley R, Singh KB, Anderson JP. Foliar resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in Arabidopsis is compromised by simultaneous loss of ethylene, jasmonate and PEN2 mediated defense pathways. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2546. [PMID: 33510286 PMCID: PMC7843637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani causes damaging yield losses on most major food crops. R. solani isolates belonging to anastomosis group 8 (AG8) are soil-borne, root-infecting pathogens with a broad host range. AG8 isolates can cause disease on wheat, canola and legumes, however Arabidopsis thaliana is heretofore thought to possess non-host resistance as A. thaliana ecotypes, including the reference strain Col-0, are resistant to AG8 infection. Using a mitochondria-targeted redox sensor (mt-roGFP2) and cell death staining, we demonstrate that both AG8 and a host isolate (AG2-1) of R. solani are able to infect A. thaliana roots. Above ground tissue of A. thaliana was found to be resistant to AG8 but not AG2. Genetic analysis revealed that ethylene, jasmonate and PENETRATION2-mediated defense pathways work together to provide resistance to AG8 in the leaves which subsequently enable tolerance of root infections. Overall, we demonstrate a significant difference in defense capabilities of above and below ground tissue in providing resistance to R. solani AG8 in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan N Kidd
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, Australia.,Australian Reseach Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Rhonda Foley
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, Australia
| | - Karam B Singh
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, Australia.,Department of Environment and Agriculture, Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Anderson
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, Australia. .,The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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Sakeh NM, Abdullah SNA, Bahari MNA, Azzeme AM, Shaharuddin NA, Idris AS. EgJUB1 and EgERF113 transcription factors as potential master regulators of defense response in Elaeis guineensis against the hemibiotrophic Ganoderma boninense. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:59. [PMID: 33482731 PMCID: PMC7825162 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemibiotrophic pathogen such as the fungal pathogen Ganoderma boninense that is destructive to oil palm, manipulates host defense mechanism by strategically switching from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase. Our previous study revealed two distinguishable expression profiles of oil palm genes that formed the basis in deducing biotrophic phase at early interaction which switched to necrotrophic phase at a later stage of infection. RESULTS The present report is a continuing study from our previous published transcriptomic profiling of oil palm seedlings against G. boninense. We focused on identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding transcription factors (TFs) from the same RNA-seq data; resulting in 106 upregulated and 108 downregulated TFs being identified. The DEGs are involved in four established defense-related pathways responsible for cell wall modification, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signaling, programmed cell death (PCD) and plant innate immunity. We discovered upregulation of JUNGBRUNNEN 1 (EgJUB1) during the fungal biotrophic phase while Ethylene Responsive Factor 113 (EgERF113) demonstrated prominent upregulation when the palm switches to defense against necrotrophic phase. EgJUB1 was shown to have a binding activity to a 19 bp palindromic SNBE1 element, WNNYBTNNNNNNNAMGNHW found in the promoter region of co-expressing EgHSFC-2b. Further in silico analysis of promoter regions revealed co-expression of EgJUB1 with TFs containing SNBE1 element with single nucleotide change at either the 5th or 18th position. Meanwhile, EgERF113 binds to both GCC and DRE/CRT elements promoting plasticity in upregulating the downstream defense-related genes. Both TFs were proven to be nuclear-localized based on subcellular localization experiment using onion epidermal cells. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated unprecedented transcriptional reprogramming of specific TFs potentially to enable regulation of a specific set of genes during different infection phases of this hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen. The results propose the intricacy of oil palm defense response in orchestrating EgJUB1 during biotrophic and EgERF113 during the subsequent transition to the necrotrophic phase. Binding of EgJUB1 to SNBE motif instead of NACBS while EgERF113 to GCC-box and DRE/CRT motifs is unconventional and not normally associated with pathogen infection. Identification of these phase-specific oil palm TFs is important in designing strategies to tackle or attenuate the progress of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshafika Mohd Sakeh
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - Azzreena Mohamad Azzeme
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Seman Idris
- Ganoderma and Diseases Research for Oil Palm Unit, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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31
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Westrick NM, Smith DL, Kabbage M. Disarming the Host: Detoxification of Plant Defense Compounds During Fungal Necrotrophy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:651716. [PMID: 33995447 PMCID: PMC8120277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.651716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
While fungal biotrophs are dependent on successfully suppressing/subverting host defenses during their interaction with live cells, necrotrophs, due to their lifestyle are often confronted with a suite of toxic metabolites. These include an assortment of plant defense compounds (PDCs) which can demonstrate broad antifungal activity. These PDCs can be either constitutively present in plant tissue or induced in response to infection, but are nevertheless an important obstacle which needs to be overcome for successful pathogenesis. Fungal necrotrophs have developed a number of strategies to achieve this goal, from the direct detoxification of these compounds through enzymatic catalysis and modification, to the active transport of various PDCs to achieve toxin sequestration and efflux. Studies have shown across multiple pathogens that the efficient detoxification of host PDCs is both critical for successful infection and often a determinant factor in pathogen host range. Here, we provide a broad and comparative overview of the various mechanisms for PDC detoxification which have been identified in both fungal necrotrophs and fungal pathogens which depend on detoxification during a necrotrophic phase of infection. Furthermore, the effect that these mechanisms have on fungal host range, metabolism, and disease control will be discussed.
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Glucosinolate Biosynthesis and the Glucosinolate–Myrosinase System in Plant Defense. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insect pests represent a major global challenge to important agricultural crops. Insecticides are often applied to combat such pests, but their use has caused additional challenges such as environmental contamination and human health issues. Over millions of years, plants have evolved natural defense mechanisms to overcome insect pests and pathogens. One such mechanism is the production of natural repellents or specialized metabolites like glucosinolates. There are three types of glucosinolates produced in the order Brassicales: aliphatic, indole, and benzenic glucosinolates. Upon insect herbivory, a “mustard oil bomb” consisting of glucosinolates and their hydrolyzing enzymes (myrosinases) is triggered to release toxic degradation products that act as insect deterrents. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of glucosinolate biosynthesis, the “mustard oil bomb”, and how these metabolites function in plant defense against pathogens and insects. Understanding these defense mechanisms will not only allow us to harness the benefits of this group of natural metabolites for enhancing pest control in Brassicales crops but also to transfer the “mustard oil bomb” to non-glucosinolate producing crops to boost their defense and thereby reduce the use of chemical pesticides.
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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) of Endophytic Fungi Growing on Extracts of the Host, Horseradish ( Armoracia rusticana). Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110451. [PMID: 33171636 PMCID: PMC7695154 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between plant defensive metabolites and different plant-associated fungal species is of high interest to many disciplines. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are natural products that are easily evaporated under ambient conditions. They play a very important role in inter-species communication of microbes and their hosts. In this study, the VOCs produced by 43 different fungal isolates of endophytic and soil fungi during growth on horseradish root (Armoracia rusticana) extract or malt extract agar were examined, by using headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (headspace-GC-MS) and a high relative surface agar film as a medium. The proposed technique enabled sensitive detection of several typical VOCs (acetone, methyl acetate, methyl formate, ethyl acetate, methyl butanol isomers, styrene, beta-phellandrene), along with glucosinolate decomposition products, including allyl cyanide and allyl isothiocyanate and other sulfur-containing compounds—carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfide. The VOC patterns of fungi belonging to Setophoma, Paraphoma, Plectosphaerella, Pyrenochaeta, Volutella, Cadophora, Notophoma, and Curvularia genera were described for the first time. The VOC pattern was significantly different among the isolates. The pattern was indicative of putative myrosinase activity for many tested isolates. On the other hand, endophytes and soil fungi as groups could not be separated by VOC pattern or intensity.
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Courbier S, Grevink S, Sluijs E, Bonhomme PO, Kajala K, Van Wees SCM, Pierik R. Far-red light promotes Botrytis cinerea disease development in tomato leaves via jasmonate-dependent modulation of soluble sugars. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2769-2781. [PMID: 32833234 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.25.114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants experience a decrease in the red:far-red light ratio (R:FR) when grown at high planting density. In addition to eliciting the shade avoidance response, low R:FR also enhances plant susceptibility to pathogens via modulation of defense hormone-mediated responses. However, other mechanisms, also affected by low R:FR, have not been considered as potential components in FR-induced susceptibility. Here, we identify FR-induced accumulation of leaf soluble sugars as a novel component of FR-induced susceptibility. We observed that phytochrome inactivation by FR or phytochrome B mutation was associated with elevated leaf glucose and fructose levels and enhanced disease severity caused by Botrytis cinerea. By experimentally manipulating internal leaf sugar levels, we found that the FR-induced susceptibility in tomato was partly sugar-dependent. Further analysis revealed that the observed sugar accumulation in supplemental FR occurred in a jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent manner, and the JA biosynthesis mutant def1 also displayed elevated soluble sugar levels, which was rescued by exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) application. We propose that the reduced JA responsiveness under low R:FR promotes disease symptoms not only via dampened induction of defense responses, but also via increased levels of soluble sugars that supports pathogen growth in tomato leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Courbier
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Grevink
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Sluijs
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre-Olivier Bonhomme
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kaisa Kajala
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Guan R, Li S, Xu X, Zhang S, Xu J. Co-regulation of indole glucosinolates and camalexin biosynthesis by CPK5/CPK6 and MPK3/MPK6 signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1780-1796. [PMID: 32449805 PMCID: PMC7687085 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary plant metabolites, represented by indole glucosinolates (IGS) and camalexin, play important roles in Arabidopsis immunity. Previously, we demonstrated the importance of MPK3 and MPK6, two closely related MAPKs, in regulating Botrytis cinerea (Bc)-induced IGS and camalexin biosynthesis. Here we report that CPK5 and CPK6, two redundant calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs), are also involved in regulating the biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites. The loss-of-function of both CPK5 and CPK6 compromises plant resistance to Bc. Expression profiling of CPK5-VK transgenic plants, in which a truncated constitutively active CPK5 is driven by a steroid-inducible promoter, revealed that biosynthetic genes of both IGS and camalexin pathways are coordinately upregulated after the induction of CPK5-VK, leading to high-level accumulation of camalexin and 4-methoxyindole-3-yl-methylglucosinolate (4MI3G). Induction of camalexin and 4MI3G, as well as the genes in their biosynthesis pathways, is greatly compromised in cpk5 cpk6 mutant in response to Bc. In a conditional cpk5 cpk6 mpk3 mpk6 quadruple mutant, Bc resistance and induction of IGS and camalexin are further reduced in comparison to either cpk5 cpk6 or conditional mpk3 mpk6 double mutant, suggesting that both CPK5/CPK6 and MPK3/MPK6 signaling pathways contribute to promote the biosynthesis of 4MI3G and camalexin in defense against Bc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Rongxia Guan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Xuwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Division of BiochemistryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO65211USA
| | - Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
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36
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Courbier S, Grevink S, Sluijs E, Bonhomme P, Kajala K, Van Wees SCM, Pierik R. Far-red light promotes Botrytis cinerea disease development in tomato leaves via jasmonate-dependent modulation of soluble sugars. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2769-2781. [PMID: 32833234 PMCID: PMC7693051 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants experience a decrease in the red:far-red light ratio (R:FR) when grown at high planting density. In addition to eliciting the shade avoidance response, low R:FR also enhances plant susceptibility to pathogens via modulation of defense hormone-mediated responses. However, other mechanisms, also affected by low R:FR, have not been considered as potential components in FR-induced susceptibility. Here, we identify FR-induced accumulation of leaf soluble sugars as a novel component of FR-induced susceptibility. We observed that phytochrome inactivation by FR or phytochrome B mutation was associated with elevated leaf glucose and fructose levels and enhanced disease severity caused by Botrytis cinerea. By experimentally manipulating internal leaf sugar levels, we found that the FR-induced susceptibility in tomato was partly sugar-dependent. Further analysis revealed that the observed sugar accumulation in supplemental FR occurred in a jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent manner, and the JA biosynthesis mutant def1 also displayed elevated soluble sugar levels, which was rescued by exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) application. We propose that the reduced JA responsiveness under low R:FR promotes disease symptoms not only via dampened induction of defense responses, but also via increased levels of soluble sugars that supports pathogen growth in tomato leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Courbier
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sanne Grevink
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Emma Sluijs
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Pierre‐Olivier Bonhomme
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kaisa Kajala
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Saskia C. M. Van Wees
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Lu J, Fu Y, Li M, Wang S, Wang J, Yang Q, Ye J, Zhang X, Ma H, Chang F. Global Quantitative Proteomics Studies Revealed Tissue-Preferential Expression and Phosphorylation of Regulatory Proteins in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176116. [PMID: 32854314 PMCID: PMC7503369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis in plants occurs across all stages of the life cycle. Although previous studies have identified many genes as important for either vegetative or reproductive development at the RNA level, global information on translational and post-translational levels remains limited. In this study, six Arabidopsis stages/organs were analyzed using quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics, identifying 2187 non-redundant proteins and evidence for 1194 phosphoproteins. Compared to the expression observed in cauline leaves, the expression of 1445, 1644, and 1377 proteins showed greater than 1.5-fold alterations in stage 1–9 flowers, stage 10–12 flowers, and open flowers, respectively. Among these, 294 phosphoproteins with 472 phosphorylation sites were newly uncovered, including 275 phosphoproteins showing differential expression patterns, providing molecular markers and possible candidates for functional studies. Proteins encoded by genes preferentially expressed in anther (15), meiocyte (4), or pollen (15) were enriched in reproductive organs, and mutants of two anther-preferentially expressed proteins, acos5 and mee48, showed obviously reduced male fertility with abnormally organized pollen exine. In addition, more phosphorylated proteins were identified in reproductive stages (1149) than in the vegetative organs (995). The floral organ-preferential phosphorylation of GRP17, CDC2/CDKA.1, and ATSK11 was confirmed with western blot analysis. Moreover, phosphorylation levels of CDPK6 and MAPK6 and their interacting proteins were elevated in reproductive tissues. Overall, our study yielded extensive data on protein expression and phosphorylation at six stages/organs and provides an important resource for future studies investigating the regulatory mechanisms governing plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (J.L.); (Y.F.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (Q.Y.); (J.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (J.L.); (Y.F.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (Q.Y.); (J.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Mengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (J.L.); (Y.F.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (Q.Y.); (J.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (J.L.); (Y.F.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (Q.Y.); (J.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jingya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (J.L.); (Y.F.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (Q.Y.); (J.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (J.L.); (Y.F.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (Q.Y.); (J.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Juanying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (J.L.); (Y.F.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (Q.Y.); (J.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xumin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (J.L.); (Y.F.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (Q.Y.); (J.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology, the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (F.C.); Tel.: +86-021-51630534 (H.M.); +1-814-865-5343 (F.C.)
| | - Fang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; (J.L.); (Y.F.); (M.L.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (Q.Y.); (J.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.M.); (F.C.); Tel.: +86-021-51630534 (H.M.); +1-814-865-5343 (F.C.)
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Herlihy JH, Long TA, McDowell JM. Iron homeostasis and plant immune responses: Recent insights and translational implications. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13444-13457. [PMID: 32732287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism and the plant immune system are both critical for plant vigor in natural ecosystems and for reliable agricultural productivity. Mechanistic studies of plant iron home-ostasis and plant immunity have traditionally been carried out in isolation from each other; however, our growing understanding of both processes has uncovered significant connections. For example, iron plays a critical role in the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates during immunity and has been recently implicated as a critical factor for immune-initiated cell death via ferroptosis. Moreover, plant iron stress triggers immune activation, suggesting that sensing of iron depletion is a mechanism by which plants recognize a pathogen threat. The iron deficiency response engages hormone signaling sectors that are also utilized for plant immune signaling, providing a probable explanation for iron-immunity cross-talk. Finally, interference with iron acquisition by pathogens might be a critical component of the immune response. Efforts to address the global burden of iron deficiency-related anemia have focused on classical breeding and transgenic approaches to develop crops biofortified for iron content. However, our improved mechanistic understanding of plant iron metabolism suggests that such alterations could promote or impede plant immunity, depending on the nature of the alteration and the virulence strategy of the pathogen. Effects of iron biofortification on disease resistance should be evaluated while developing plants for iron biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Herlihy
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Terri A Long
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
| | - John M McDowell
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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39
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Chen J, Ullah C, Reichelt M, Beran F, Yang ZL, Gershenzon J, Hammerbacher A, Vassão DG. The phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum detoxifies plant glucosinolate hydrolysis products via an isothiocyanate hydrolase. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3090. [PMID: 32555161 PMCID: PMC7303113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16921-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassicales plants produce glucosinolates and myrosinases that generate toxic isothiocyanates conferring broad resistance against pathogens and herbivorous insects. Nevertheless, some cosmopolitan fungal pathogens, such as the necrotrophic white mold Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, are able to infect many plant hosts including glucosinolate producers. Here, we show that S. sclerotiorum infection activates the glucosinolate-myrosinase system, and isothiocyanates contribute to resistance against this fungus. S. sclerotiorum metabolizes isothiocyanates via two independent pathways: conjugation to glutathione and, more effectively, hydrolysis to amines. The latter pathway features an isothiocyanate hydrolase that is homologous to a previously characterized bacterial enzyme, and converts isothiocyanate into products that are not toxic to the fungus. The isothiocyanate hydrolase promotes fungal growth in the presence of the toxins, and contributes to the virulence of S. sclerotiorum on glucosinolate-producing plants. Some plants produce toxic isothiocyanates that protect them against pathogens. Here, Chen et al. show that the plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum converts isothiocyanates into non-toxic compounds via glutathione conjugation and, more effectively, via hydrolysis to amines using an isothiocyanate hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Chhana Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhi-Ling Yang
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in Insects, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Daniel G Vassão
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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Bacete L, Mélida H, López G, Dabos P, Tremousaygue D, Denancé N, Miedes E, Bulone V, Goffner D, Molina A. Arabidopsis Response Regulator 6 (ARR6) Modulates Plant Cell-Wall Composition and Disease Resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:767-780. [PMID: 32023150 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-19-0341-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cytokinin signaling pathway, which is mediated by Arabidopsis response regulator (ARR) proteins, has been involved in the modulation of some disease-resistance responses. Here, we describe novel functions of ARR6 in the control of plant disease-resistance and cell-wall composition. Plants impaired in ARR6 function (arr6) were more resistant and susceptible, respectively, to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina and to the vascular bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, whereas Arabidopsis plants that overexpress ARR6 showed the opposite phenotypes, which further support a role of ARR6 in the modulation of disease-resistance responses against these pathogens. Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses revealed that, in arr6 plants, canonical disease-resistance pathways, like those activated by defensive phytohormones, were not altered, whereas immune responses triggered by microbe-associated molecular patterns were slightly enhanced. Cell-wall composition of arr6 plants was found to be severely altered compared with that of wild-type plants. Remarkably, pectin-enriched cell-wall fractions extracted from arr6 walls triggered more intense immune responses than those activated by similar wall fractions from wild-type plants, suggesting that arr6 pectin fraction is enriched in wall-related damage-associated molecular patterns, which trigger immune responses. This work supports a novel function of ARR6 in the control of cell-wall composition and disease resistance and reinforces the role of the plant cell wall in the modulation of specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bacete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Gemma López
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Patrick Dabos
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | | | - Nicolas Denancé
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 5546, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Division of Glycoscience, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Deborah Goffner
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 5546, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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Castro-Moretti FR, Gentzel IN, Mackey D, Alonso AP. Metabolomics as an Emerging Tool for the Study of Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Metabolites 2020; 10:E52. [PMID: 32013104 PMCID: PMC7074241 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants defend themselves from most microbial attacks via mechanisms including cell wall fortification, production of antimicrobial compounds, and generation of reactive oxygen species. Successful pathogens overcome these host defenses, as well as obtain nutrients from the host. Perturbations of plant metabolism play a central role in determining the outcome of attempted infections. Metabolomic analyses, for example between healthy, newly infected and diseased or resistant plants, have the potential to reveal perturbations to signaling or output pathways with key roles in determining the outcome of a plant-microbe interaction. However, application of this -omic and its tools in plant pathology studies is lagging relative to genomic and transcriptomic methods. Thus, it is imperative to bring the power of metabolomics to bear on the study of plant resistance/susceptibility. This review discusses metabolomics studies that link changes in primary or specialized metabolism to the defense responses of plants against bacterial, fungal, nematode, and viral pathogens. Also examined are cases where metabolomics unveils virulence mechanisms used by pathogens. Finally, how integrating metabolomics with other -omics can advance plant pathology research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R. Castro-Moretti
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, TX 76201, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, TX 76201, USA
| | - Irene N. Gentzel
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - David Mackey
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Ana P. Alonso
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, TX 76201, USA;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, TX 76201, USA
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Aghajanzadeh TA, Prajapati DH, Burow M. Differential partitioning of thiols and glucosinolates between shoot and root in Chinese cabbage upon excess zinc exposure. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 244:153088. [PMID: 31812906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is one of the important elements of plant growth, however, at elevated level it is toxic. Exposure of Chinese cabbage to elevated Zn2+ concentrations (5 and 10 μM ZnCl2) resulted in enhancement of total sulfur and organic sulfur concentration. Transcript level of APS reductase (APR) as a key enzyme in biosynthesis of primary sulfur compounds (cysteine and thiols), was up-regulated in both shoot and root upon exposure to elevated Zn2+, which was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of cysteine in both tissues. In contrast, the concentration of thiols increased only in the root by 5.5 and 15-fold at 5 and 10 μM Zn2+, respectively, which was in accompanied by an upregulation of ATP sulfurylase, an enzyme responsible for activation of sulfate. An elevated content of glucosinolates, mostly indolic glucosinolates, only in the shoot of plants exposed to excess level of Zn2+ coincided with an increase in gene expression of key biosynthetic enzymes and regulators (CYP79B3, CYP83B1, MYB34). Thus distinct acuumulation patterns of sulfur containing compounds in root and shoot of Chinese cabbage may be a strategy for Chinese cabbage to combat with exposure to excess Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh A Aghajanzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Dharmendra H Prajapati
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Newman TE, Derbyshire MC. The Evolutionary and Molecular Features of Broad Host-Range Necrotrophy in Plant Pathogenic Fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:591733. [PMID: 33304369 PMCID: PMC7693711 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.591733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Necrotrophic fungal pathogens cause considerable disease on numerous economically important crops. Some of these pathogens are specialized to one or a few closely related plant species, whereas others are pathogenic on many unrelated hosts. The evolutionary and molecular bases of broad host-range necrotrophy in plant pathogens are not very well-defined and form an on-going area of research. In this review, we discuss what is known about broad host-range necrotrophic pathogens and compare them with their narrow host-range counterparts. We discuss the evolutionary processes associated with host generalism, and highlight common molecular features of the broad host-range necrotrophic lifestyle, such as fine-tuning of host pH, modulation of host reactive oxygen species and metabolic degradation of diverse host antimicrobials. We conclude that broad host-range necrotrophic plant pathogens have evolved a range of diverse and sometimes convergent responses to a similar selective regime governed by interactions with a highly heterogeneous host landscape.
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Robin AHK, Laila R, Abuyusuf M, Park JI, Nou IS. Leptosphaeria maculans Alters Glucosinolate Accumulation and Expression of Aliphatic and Indolic Glucosinolate Biosynthesis Genes in Blackleg Disease-Resistant and -Susceptible Cabbage Lines at the Seedling Stage. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1134. [PMID: 32849695 PMCID: PMC7406797 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans causes a severe and economically important disease to Brassica crops globally, well-known as blackleg. Besides, the anti-oxidative defense response of glucosinolates to fungal pathogens is widely established. Despite notable importance of glucosinolates in blackleg disease resistance the association of glucosinolate pathway genes in glucosinolate mediated defense response after L. maculans infection remains incompletely understood. The current study was designed to identify glucosinolate-biosynthesis specific genes among the eight selected candidates induced by L. maculans and associated alterations in glucosinolate profiles to explore their roles in blackleg resistance at the seedling stage of cabbage plants. The defense responses of four cabbage inbred lines, two resistant and two susceptible, were investigated using two L. maculans isolates, 03-02s and 00-100s. Pathogen-induced glucosinolate accumulation dynamically changed from two days after inoculation to four days after inoculation. In general, glucosinolate biosynthetic genes were induced at 24 h after inoculation and glucosinolate accumulation enhanced at two days after inoculation. An increase in either aliphatic (GIB, GRA) or indolic (GBS and MGBS) glucosinolates was associated with seedling resistance of cabbage. Pearson correlation showed the enhanced accumulation of MGBS, GBS, GIB, GIV and GRA after the inoculation of fungal isolates was associated with expression of specific genes. Principal component analysis separated two resistant cabbage lines-BN4098 and BN4303 from two susceptible cabbage lines-BN4059 and BN4072 for variable coefficients of disease scores, glucosinolate accumulation and expression levels of genes. Enhanced MGBS content against both fungal isolates, contributing to seedling resistance in two interactions-BN4098 × 03-02s and BN4303 × 00-100s and enhanced GBS content only in BN4098 × 03-02s interaction. Aliphatic GRA took part in resistance of BN4098 × 00-100s interaction whereas aliphatic GIB took part is resistance of BN4098 × 03-02s interaction. Aliphatic GIV accumulated upon BN4098 × 03-02s interaction but GSL-OH-Bol033373 and CYP81F2-Bol026044 showed enhanced expression in BN4303 × 03-02s interaction. The association between the selected candidate genes, corresponding glucosinolates, and seedling resistance broaden the horizon of glucosinolate conciliated defense against L. maculans in cabbage seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Hasan Khan Robin
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Rawnak Laila
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Md. Abuyusuf
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
- Department of Agronomy, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Ill-Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Ill-Sup Nou,
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45
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Dai Y, Ogilvie HA, Liu Y, Huang M, Markillie LM, Mitchell HD, Borrego EJ, Kolomiets MV, Gaffrey MJ, Orr G, Chehab EW, Mao WT, Braam J. Rosette core fungal resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2019; 250:1941-1953. [PMID: 31529398 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Unlike rosette leaves, the mature Arabidopsis rosette core can display full resistance to Botrytis cinerea revealing the importance for spatial and developmental aspects of plant fungal resistance. Arabidopsis thaliana is a model host to investigate plant defense against fungi. However, many of the reports investigating Arabidopsis fungal defense against the necrotrophic fungus, Botrytis cinerea, utilize rosette leaves as host tissue. Here we report organ-dependent differences in B. cinerea resistance of Arabidopsis. Although wild-type Arabidopsis rosette leaves mount a jasmonate-dependent defense that slows fungal growth, this defense is incapable of resisting fungal devastation. In contrast, as the fungus spreads through infected leaf petioles towards the plant center, or rosette core, there is a jasmonate- and age-dependent fungal penetration blockage into the rosette core. We report evidence for induced and preformed resistance in the rosette core, as direct rosette core inoculation can also result in resistance, but at a lower penetrance relative to infections that approach the core from infected leaf petioles. The Arabidopsis rosette core displays a distinct transcriptome relative to other plant organs, and BLADE ON PETIOLE (BOP) transcripts are abundant in the rosette core. The BOP genes, with known roles in abscission zone formation, are required for full Arabidopsis rosette core B. cinerea resistance, suggesting a possible role for BOP-dependent modifications that may help to restrict fungal susceptibility of the rosette core. Finally, we demonstrate that cabbage and cauliflower, common Brassicaceae crops, also display leaf susceptibility and rosette core resistance to B. cinerea that can involve leaf abscission. Thus, spatial and developmental aspects of plant host resistance play critical roles in resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens and are important to our understanding of plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwan Dai
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Huw A Ogilvie
- Computer Science Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Michael Huang
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lye Meng Markillie
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Hugh D Mitchell
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Eli J Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Galya Orr
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - E Wassim Chehab
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Wan-Ting Mao
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Janet Braam
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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Andini S, Dekker P, Gruppen H, Araya-Cloutier C, Vincken JP. Modulation of Glucosinolate Composition in Brassicaceae Seeds by Germination and Fungal Elicitation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12770-12779. [PMID: 31652052 PMCID: PMC6873265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are of interest for potential antimicrobial activity of their degradation products and exclusive presence in Brassicaceae. Compositional changes of aliphatic, benzenic, and indolic GSLs of Sinapis alba, Brassica napus, and B. juncea seeds by germination and fungal elicitation were studied. Rhizopus oryzae (nonpathogenic), Fusarium graminearum (nonpathogenic), and F. oxysporum (pathogenic) were employed. Thirty-one GSLs were detected by reversed-phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography photodiode array with in-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RP-UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MSn). Aromatic-acylated derivatives of 3-butenyl GSL, p-hydroxybenzyl GSL, and indol-3-ylmethyl GSL were for the first time tentatively annotated and confirmed to be not artifacts. For S. alba, germination, Rhizopus elicitation, and F. graminearum elicitation increased total GSL content, mainly consisting of p-hydroxybenzyl GSL, by 2-3 fold. For B. napus and B. juncea, total GSL content was unaffected by germination or elicitation. In all treatments, aliphatic GSL content was decreased (≥50%) in B. napus and remained unchanged in B. juncea. Indolic GSLs were induced in all species by germination and nonpathogenic elicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Andini
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Satya Wacana Christian University, Diponegoro 52-60, Salatiga 50711, Indonesia
| | - Pieter Dekker
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Araya-Cloutier
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Phone: +31
317 482234. E-mail:
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47
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Madloo P, Lema M, Francisco M, Soengas P. Role of Major Glucosinolates in the Defense of Kale Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1246-1256. [PMID: 30920356 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-18-0340-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites present in Brassicaceae species implicated in their defense against plant pathogens. When a pathogen causes tissue damage, the enzyme myrosinase hydrolyzes GSLs into diverse products that exhibit antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria and fungi in vitro. It was demonstrated that modulation of GSL content in vivo affects plant resistance to infection by pathogens in Arabidopsis. However, the roles of specific metabolites and how they interact with pathogens are poorly understood in Brassica crops. We previously developed a set of populations of Brassica oleracea var. acephala L. (kale) differing in content of three GSLs: the aliphatics sinigrin (2-propenyl [SIN]) and glucoiberin (3-methylsulphinylpropyl [GIB]) and the indolic glucobrassicin (3-indolylmethyl [GBS]). These populations can be used to study the effects of major GSLs in kale, with the advantage that genotypes within each selection have the same genetic background. This research aimed to explore the role of SIN, GIB, and GBS in the defense of kale against the necrotrophic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Results showed that increasing the amount of a particular GSL did not always result in disease resistance. The effects of GSLs were apparently dependent on the pathogen and the type of GSL. Thus, the aliphatic SIN was inhibitory to infection by S. sclerotiorum and the indolic GBS was inhibitory to infection by X. campestris pv. campestris. Other factors, including the quantity and proportion of other metabolites modified during the pathogen infection process, could also modulate the degree of inhibition to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pari Madloo
- 1 Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Pontevedra, Spain
- 2 Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Margarita Lema
- 2 Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Francisco
- 1 Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Pilar Soengas
- 1 Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Pontevedra, Spain
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MFS transporter from Botrytis cinerea provides tolerance to glucosinolate-breakdown products and is required for pathogenicity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2886. [PMID: 31253809 PMCID: PMC6599007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates accumulate mainly in cruciferous plants and their hydrolysis-derived products play important roles in plant resistance against pathogens. The pathogen Botrytis cinerea has variable sensitivity to glucosinolates, but the mechanisms by which it responds to them are mostly unknown. Exposure of B. cinerea to glucosinolate-breakdown products induces expression of the Major Facilitator Superfamily transporter, mfsG, which functions in fungitoxic compound efflux. Inoculation of B. cinerea on wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants induces mfsG expression to higher levels than on glucosinolate-deficient A. thaliana mutants. A B. cinerea strain lacking functional mfsG transporter is deficient in efflux ability. It accumulates more isothiocyanates (ITCs) and is therefore more sensitive to this compound in vitro; it is also less virulent to glucosinolates-containing plants. Moreover, mfsG mediates ITC efflux in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, thereby conferring tolerance to ITCs in the yeast. These findings suggest that mfsG transporter is a virulence factor that increases tolerance to glucosinolates. Plant glucosinolates are important in defense against fungal pathogens. Here, the authors identify a major facilitator superfamily transporter protein of the pathogen Botrytis cinerea, mfsG, that plays a role in efflux and detoxification of glucosinolate-breakdown products during plant–pathogen interactions.
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Ouassou M, Mukhaimar M, El Amrani A, Kroymann J, Chauveau O. [Biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates and ecological role of secondary modification pathways]. C R Biol 2019; 342:58-80. [PMID: 31088733 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Indole glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites derived from the amino acid tryptophan. They are part of a large group of sulfur-containing molecules almost exclusively found among Brassicales, which include the mustard family (Brassicaceae) with many edible plant species of major nutritional importance. These compounds mediate numerous interactions between these plants and their natural enemies and are therefore of major biological and economical interest. This literature review aims at taking stock of recent advances of our knowledge about the biosynthetic pathways of indole glucosinolates, but also about the defense strategies and ecological processes involving these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Ouassou
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Maroc
| | - Maisara Mukhaimar
- National Agricultural Research Center (NARC)-Jenin/Gaza, Ministry of Agriculture, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Amal El Amrani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Maroc
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Chauveau
- Unité « Écologie, systématique et évolution », UMR 8079, université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
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50
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Raad M, Glare TR, Brochero HL, Müller C, Rostás M. Transcriptional Reprogramming of Arabidopsis thaliana Defence Pathways by the Entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana Correlates With Resistance Against a Fungal Pathogen but Not Against Insects. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:615. [PMID: 30984142 PMCID: PMC6449843 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana can adopt an endophytic lifestyle by colonising a wide array of plant species. Beauveria-colonised plants can show enhanced resistance against insects and plant pathogens alike. However, little is known about the molecular and physiological mechanisms that govern such interactions. Here, we assessed the effects of two B. bassiana strains (BG11, FRh2) on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana and its resistance against two herbivore species and a phytopathogen. Plant responses were studied on the transcriptomic and metabolic level using microarrays and by measuring changes in defence-related phytohormones and glucosinolates (GLSs). Root inoculation with B. bassiana BG11 significantly increased plant growth, while FRh2 had no such effect. Both Beauveria strains decreased leaf lesion area caused by the phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum but did not affect population growth of the aphid Myzus persicae or the growth of Plutella xylostella caterpillars. Microarray analyses of leaves from endophyte-inoculated A. thaliana provided evidence for transcriptional reprogramming of plant defence pathways, with strain-specific changes in the expression of genes related to pathogenesis, phytoalexin, jasmonic (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathways. However, B. bassiana colonisation did not result in higher concentrations of JA and SA or major changes in leaf GLS profiles. We conclude that the endophyte B. bassiana induces plant defence responses and hypothesise that these contribute to enhanced resistance against S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Raad
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Travis R Glare
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Helena L Brochero
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Rostás
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.,Department of Crop Sciences, Agricultural Entomology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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