1
|
Bamford SM, Seebacher F. A fast fish swimming protocol that provides similar insights to critical swimming speed. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060543. [PMID: 39077796 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Performance measures are an important tool to assess the impact of environmental change on animals. In fish, performance is often measured as critical swimming speed (Ucrit), which reflects individual maximal physiological capacities. A drawback of Ucrit is that trials are relatively long (∼30-75 min). Ucrit may therefore not be suitable for several repeated measurements because of the potential for training effects, long recovery periods, and low throughput. Here we test a shorter (∼4-5 min) protocol, "Ucrit fast" (UCfast) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). We show that UCfast and Ucrit have similar, significant repeatabilities within individuals. Unlike Ucrit, repeated UCfast trials did not elicit a training effect. Both UCfast and Ucrit provide the same insights into thermal acclimation, and both provide similar estimates of individual acclimation capacity in doubly acclimated fish. We propose that UCfast is a valid substitute for Ucrit particularly when higher throughput and several repeated measures are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Bamford
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Crespel A, Lindström J, Elmer KR, Killen SS. Evolutionary relationships between metabolism and behaviour require genetic correlations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220481. [PMID: 38186274 PMCID: PMC10772607 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
As selection acts on multivariate phenotypes, the evolution of traits within populations not only depends on the genetic basis of each trait, but also on the genetic relationships among traits. As metabolic rate is often related to vital traits such as growth, physiology and behaviour, its variation and evolution is expected to have important repercussions on individual fitness. However, the majority of the correlations between metabolic rate and other traits has been based on phenotypic correlations, while genetic correlations, basis for indirect selection and evolution, have been overlooked. Using a case study, we explore the importance of properly estimating genetic correlations to understand and predict evolution of multivariate phenotypes. We show that selection on metabolic traits could result in indirect selection mainly on growth-related traits, owing to strong genetic correlations, but not on swimming or risk-taking and sociability behaviour even if they covary phenotypically. While phenotypic correlation can inform about genetic correlation direction, caution is needed in predicting the magnitude of genetic correlation. Therefore, even though phenotypic correlations among physiological and behavioural traits could be useful, deriving evolutionary conclusions based purely on them is not robust. In short, proper estimation of genetic correlations is needed when predicting evolutionary consequences. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary significance of variation in metabolic rates'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Crespel
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jan Lindström
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Kathryn R. Elmer
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Shaun S. Killen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Crawford R, Gee E, Dupont D, Hicks B, Franklin P. No difference between critical and sprint swimming speeds for two galaxiid species. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:1141-1148. [PMID: 36815751 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have used laboratory experiments to examine how fish might be affected by anthropogenic alterations and conclude how best to adjust fish passage and culvert remediation designs in response. A common way to document swimming performance for this purpose is measuring fish critical swimming speed (Ucrit ). Nonetheless, the Ucrit protocol as defined by Brett [(1964) Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 21, 1183-1226] may be inappropriate for studying swimming performance and determining how it relates to upstream migration in benthic fish, as they may not actively swim throughout the entire Ucrit test. An alternative method to estimate swimming performance is sprint swimming speed (Usprint ), which is suggested to be a measure of the burst speed of fish rather than maximum sustained swimming speed. The authors conducted comparative swimming performance experiments to evaluate whether Usprint can be used to compare swimming performance of benthic species to that of pelagic, actively swimming species. They measured individual swimming speeds of īnanga (Galaxias maculatus), an actively swimming pelagic species, and banded kōkopu (Galaxias fasciatus), a fish that exhibits benthic station-holding behaviour, using both the Usprint and Ucrit test. Experiments revealed that no significant statistical difference between swimming speeds was estimated using the Ucrit and Usprint test protocols for both G. maculatus and G. fasciatus. The result of this study suggests that fish swimming speeds obtained using these two methods are comparable for the species used in this study. By using Usprint for benthic-associated fish and Ucrit for pelagic fish, we may be able to compare a broader range of species' swimming abilities for use in a fish passage context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Crawford
- School of Science, Environmental Research Institute, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Eleanor Gee
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Deborah Dupont
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Brendan Hicks
- School of Science, Environmental Research Institute, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Paul Franklin
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lawrence MJ, Prystay TS, Dick M, Eliason EJ, Elvidge CK, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Lotto AG, Cooke SJ. Metabolic constraints and individual variation shape the trade-off between physiological recovery and anti-predator responses in adult sockeye salmon. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37102404 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic scope represents the aerobic energy budget available to an organism to perform non-maintenance activities (e.g., escape a predator, recover from a fisheries interaction, compete for a mate). Conflicting energetic requirements can give rise to ecologically relevant metabolic trade-offs when energy budgeting is constrained. The objective of this study was to investigate how aerobic energy is utilized when individual sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) are exposed to multiple acute stressors. To indirectly assess metabolic changes in free-swimming individuals, salmon were implanted with heart rate biologgers. The animals were then exercised to exhaustion or briefly handled as a control, and allowed to recover from this stressor for 48 h. During the first 2 h of the recovery period, individual salmon were exposed to 90 ml of conspecific alarm cues or water as a control. Heart rate was recorded throughout the recovery period. Recovery effort and time was higher in exercised fish, relative to control fish, whereas exposure to an alarm cue had no effect on either of these metrics. Individual routine heart rate was negatively correlated with recovery time and effort. Together, these findings suggest that metabolic energy allocation towards exercise recovery (i.e., an acute stressor; handling, chase, etc.) trumps anti-predator responses in salmon, although individual variation may mediate this effect at the population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lawrence
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tanya S Prystay
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Dick
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika J Eliason
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Chris K Elvidge
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew G Lotto
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blasco FR, Taylor EW, Leite CAC, Monteiro DA, Rantin FT, McKenzie DJ. Tolerance of an acute warming challenge declines with body mass in Nile tilapia: evidence of a link to capacity for oxygen uptake. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:276171. [PMID: 35909333 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that larger individuals within fish species may be more sensitive to global warming, due to limitations in their capacity to provide oxygen for aerobic metabolic activities. This could affect size distributions of populations in a warmer world but evidence is lacking. In Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (n=18, mass range 21 - 313g), capacity to provide oxygen for aerobic activities (aerobic scope) was independent of mass at an acclimation temperature of 26 °C. Tolerance of acute warming, however, declined significantly with mass when evaluated as the critical temperature for fatigue from aerobic swimming (CTSmax). The CTSmax protocol challenges a fish to meet the oxygen demands of constant aerobic exercise while their demands for basal metabolism are accelerated by incremental warming, culminating in fatigue. CTSmax elicited pronounced increases in oxygen uptake in the tilapia but the maximum rates achieved prior to fatigue declined very significantly with mass. Mass-related variation in CTSmax and maximum oxygen uptake rates were positively correlated, which may indicate a causal relationship. When fish populations are faced with acute thermal stress, larger individuals may become constrained in their ability to perform aerobic activities at lower temperatures than smaller conspecifics. This could affect survival and fitness of larger fish in a future world with more frequent and extreme heatwaves, with consequences for population productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F R Blasco
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, 14801-903, Araraquara SP, Brazil
| | - E W Taylor
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - C A C Leite
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - D A Monteiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - F T Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil
| | - D J McKenzie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos (SP), Brazil.,MARBEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fu CW, Horng JL, Chou MY. Fish Behavior as a Neural Proxy to Reveal Physiological States. Front Physiol 2022; 13:937432. [PMID: 35910555 PMCID: PMC9326089 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.937432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Behaviors are the integrative outcomes of the nervous system, which senses and responds to the internal physiological status and external stimuli. Teleosts are aquatic organisms which are more easily affected by the surrounding environment compared to terrestrial animals. To date, behavioral tests have been widely used to assess potential environmental risks using fish as model animals. In this review, we summarized recent studies regarding the effects of internal and external stimuli on fish behaviors. We concluded that behaviors reflect environmental and physiological changes, which have possible implications for environmental and physiological assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Fu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Chou
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ming-Yi Chou,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thermal reaction norms of key metabolic enzymes reflect divergent physiological and behavioral adaptations of closely related amphipod species. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4562. [PMID: 33633174 PMCID: PMC7907238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lake Baikal is inhabited by more than 300 endemic amphipod species, which are narrowly adapted to certain thermal niches due to the high interspecific competition. In contrast, the surrounding freshwater fauna is commonly represented by species with large-scale distribution and high phenotypic thermal plasticity. Here, we investigated the thermal plasticity of the energy metabolism in two closely-related endemic amphipod species from Lake Baikal (Eulimnogammarus verrucosus; stenothermal and Eulimnogammarus cyaneus; eurythermal) and the ubiquitous Holarctic amphipod Gammarus lacustris (eurythermal) by exposure to a summer warming scenario (6-23.6 °C; 0.8 °C d-1). In concert with routine metabolic rates, activities of key metabolic enzymes increased strongly with temperature up to 15 °C in E. verrucosus, whereupon they leveled off (except for lactate dehydrogenase). In contrast, exponential increases were seen in E. cyaneus and G. lacustris throughout the thermal trial (Q10-values: 1.6-3.7). Cytochrome-c-oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities were found to be higher in G. lacustris than in E. cyaneus, especially at the highest experimental temperature (23.6 °C). Decreasing gene expression levels revealed some thermal compensation in E. cyaneus but not in G. lacustris. In all species, shifts in enzyme activities favored glycolytic energy generation in the warmth. The congruent temperature-dependencies of enzyme activities and routine metabolism in E. verrucosus indicate a strong feedback-regulation of enzymatic activities by whole organism responses. The species-specific thermal reaction norms reflect the different ecological niches, including the spatial distribution, distinct thermal behavior such as temperature-dependent migration, movement activity, and mating season.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gomez Isaza DF, Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Thermal acclimation offsets the negative effects of nitrate on aerobic scope and performance. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb224444. [PMID: 32647016 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.224444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures are set to imperil freshwater fishes as climate change ensues unless compensatory strategies are employed. However, the presence of additional stressors, such as elevated nitrate concentrations, may affect the efficacy of compensatory responses. Here, juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) were exposed to current-day summer temperatures (28°C) or a future climate-warming scenario (32°C) and simultaneously exposed to one of three ecologically relevant nitrate concentrations (0, 50 or 100 mg l-1). We measured indicators of fish performance (growth, swimming), aerobic scope (AS) and upper thermal tolerance (CTmax) to test the hypothesis that nitrate exposure would increase susceptibility to elevated temperatures and limit thermal compensatory responses. After 8 weeks of acclimation, the thermal sensitivity and plasticity of AS and swimming performance were tested at three test temperatures (28, 32, 36°C). The AS of 28°C-acclimated fish declined with increasing temperature, and the effect was more pronounced in nitrate-exposed individuals. In these fish, declines in AS corresponded with poorer swimming performance and a 0.8°C decrease in CTmax compared with unexposed fish. In contrast, acclimation to 32°C masked the effects of nitrate; fish acclimated to 32°C displayed a thermally insensitive phenotype whereby locomotor performance remained unchanged, AS was maintained and CTmax was increased by ∼1°C irrespective of nitrate treatment compared with fish acclimated to 28°C. However, growth was markedly reduced in 32°C-acclimated compared with 28°C-acclimated fish. Our results indicate that nitrate exposure increases the susceptibility of fish to acute high temperatures, but thermal compensation can override some of these potentially detrimental effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Gomez Isaza
- School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wolfe BW, Fitzgibbon QP, Semmens JM, Tracey SR, Pecl GT. Physiological mechanisms linking cold acclimation and the poleward distribution limit of a range-extending marine fish. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa045. [PMID: 32494362 PMCID: PMC7248536 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extensions of species' geographical distributions, or range extensions, are among the primary ecological responses to climate change in the oceans. Considerable variation across the rates at which species' ranges change with temperature hinders our ability to forecast range extensions based on climate data alone. To better manage the consequences of ongoing and future range extensions for global marine biodiversity, more information is needed on the biological mechanisms that link temperatures to range limits. This is especially important at understudied, low relative temperatures relevant to poleward range extensions, which appear to outpace warm range edge contractions four times over. Here, we capitalized on the ongoing range extension of a teleost predator, the Australasian snapper Chrysophrys auratus, to examine multiple measures of ecologically relevant physiological performance at the population's poleward range extension front. Swim tunnel respirometry was used to determine how mid-range and poleward range edge winter acclimation temperatures affect metabolic rate, aerobic scope, swimming performance and efficiency and recovery from exercise. Relative to 'optimal' mid-range temperature acclimation, subsequent range edge minimum temperature acclimation resulted in absolute aerobic scope decreasing while factorial aerobic scope increased; efficiency of swimming increased while maximum sustainable swimming speed decreased; and recovery from exercise required a longer duration despite lower oxygen payback. Cold-acclimated swimming faster than 0.9 body lengths sec-1 required a greater proportion of aerobic scope despite decreased cost of transport. Reduced aerobic scope did not account for declines in recovery and lower maximum sustainable swimming speed. These results suggest that while performances decline at range edge minimum temperatures, cold-acclimated snapper are optimized for energy savings and range edge limitation may arise from suboptimal temperature exposure throughout the year rather than acute minimum temperature exposure. We propose incorporating performance data with in situ behaviour and environmental data in bioenergetic models to better understand how thermal tolerance determines range limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barrett W Wolfe
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Quinn P Fitzgibbon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Jayson M Semmens
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Sean R Tracey
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Gretta T Pecl
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Blasco FR, Esbaugh AJ, Killen SS, Rantin FT, Taylor EW, McKenzie DJ. Using aerobic exercise to evaluate sub-lethal tolerance of acute warming in fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.218602. [PMID: 32381588 PMCID: PMC7225124 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.218602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether fatigue from sustained aerobic swimming provides a sub-lethal endpoint to define tolerance of acute warming in fishes, as an alternative to loss of equilibrium (LOE) during a critical thermal maximum (CTmax) protocol. Two species were studied, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Each fish underwent an incremental swim test to determine gait transition speed (U GT), where it first engaged the unsteady anaerobic swimming mode that preceded fatigue. After suitable recovery, each fish was exercised at 85% of their own U GT and warmed 1°C every 30 min, to identify the temperature at which they fatigued, denoted as CTswim Fish were also submitted to a standard CTmax, warming at the same rate as CTswim, under static conditions until LOE. All individuals fatigued in CTswim, at a mean temperature approximately 2°C lower than their CTmax Therefore, if exposed to acute warming in the wild, the ability to perform aerobic metabolic work would be constrained at temperatures significantly below those that directly threatened survival. The collapse in performance at CTswim was preceded by a gait transition qualitatively indistinguishable from that during the incremental swim test. This suggests that fatigue in CTswim was linked to an inability to meet the tissue oxygen demands of exercise plus warming. This is consistent with the oxygen and capacity limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis, regarding the mechanism underlying tolerance of warming in fishes. Overall, fatigue at CTswim provides an ecologically relevant sub-lethal threshold that is more sensitive to extreme events than LOE at CTmax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe R Blasco
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil .,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, 14801-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78373, USA
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Francisco Tadeu Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Edwin W Taylor
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David J McKenzie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Crear DP, Brill RW, Averilla LML, Meakem SC, Weng KC. In the face of climate change and exhaustive exercise: the physiological response of an important recreational fish species. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200049. [PMID: 32269821 PMCID: PMC7137940 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) support recreational fisheries along the US mid- and south-Atlantic states and have been recently subjected to increased fishing effort, primarily during their spawning season in coastal habitats where increasing temperatures and expanding hypoxic zones are occurring due to climate change. We therefore undertook a study to quantify the physiological abilities of cobia to withstand increases in temperature and hypoxia, including their ability to recover from exhaustive exercise. Respirometry was conducted on cobia from Chesapeake Bay to determine aerobic scope, critical oxygen saturation, ventilation volume and the time to recover from exhaustive exercise under temperature and oxygen conditions projected to be more common in inshore areas by the middle and end of this century. Cobia physiologically tolerated predicted mid- and end-of-century temperatures (28-32°C) and oxygen concentrations as low as 1.7-2.4 mg l-1. Our results indicated cobia can withstand environmental fluctuations that occur in coastal habitats and the broad environmental conditions their prey items can tolerate. However, at these high temperatures, some cobia did suffer post-exercise mortality. It appears cobia will be able to withstand near-future climate impacts in coastal habitats like Chesapeake Bay, but as conditions worsen, catch-and-release fishing may result in higher mortality than under present conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Crear
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Rich W. Brill
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | | | | | - Kevin C. Weng
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Martos-Sitcha JA, Sosa J, Ramos-Valido D, Bravo FJ, Carmona-Duarte C, Gomes HL, Calduch-Giner JÀ, Cabruja E, Vega A, Ferrer MÁ, Lozano M, Montiel-Nelson JA, Afonso JM, Pérez-Sánchez J. Ultra-Low Power Sensor Devices for Monitoring Physical Activity and Respiratory Frequency in Farmed Fish. Front Physiol 2019; 10:667. [PMID: 31191358 PMCID: PMC6548888 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of technological solutions aims to improve accuracy, precision and repeatability in farming operations, and biosensor devices are increasingly used for understanding basic biology during livestock production. The aim of this study was to design and validate a miniaturized tri-axial accelerometer for non-invasive monitoring of farmed fish with re-programmable schedule protocols. The current device (AE-FishBIT v.1s) is a small (14 mm × 7 mm × 7 mm), stand-alone system with a total mass of 600 mg, which allows monitoring animals from 30 to 35 g onwards. The device was attached to the operculum of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles for monitoring their physical activity by measurements of movement accelerations in x- and y-axes, while records of operculum beats (z-axis) served as a measurement of respiratory frequency. Data post-processing of exercised fish in swimming test chambers revealed an exponential increase of fish accelerations with the increase of fish speed from 1 body-length to 4 body-lengths per second, while a close relationship between oxygen consumption (MO2) and opercular frequency was consistently found. Preliminary tests in free-swimming fish kept in rearing tanks also showed that device data recording was able to detect changes in daily fish activity. The usefulness of low computational load for data pre-processing with on-board algorithms was verified from low to submaximal exercise, increasing this procedure the autonomy of the system up to 6 h of data recording with different programmable schedules. Visual observations regarding tissue damage, feeding behavior and circulating levels of stress markers (cortisol, glucose, and lactate) did not reveal at short term a negative impact of device tagging. Reduced plasma levels of triglycerides revealed a transient inhibition of feed intake in small fish (sea bream 50-90 g, sea bass 100-200 g), but this disturbance was not detected in larger fish. All this considered together is the proof of concept that miniaturized devices are suitable for non-invasive and reliable metabolic phenotyping of farmed fish to improve their overall performance and welfare. Further work is underway for improving the attachment procedure and the full device packaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Javier Sosa
- Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Dailos Ramos-Valido
- Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Bravo
- Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona (IMB-CNM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Carmona-Duarte
- Technological Centre for Innovation in Communications (iDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | | | - Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Enric Cabruja
- Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona (IMB-CNM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Vega
- Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Ferrer
- Technological Centre for Innovation in Communications (iDeTIC), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Manuel Lozano
- Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona (IMB-CNM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Juan Manuel Afonso
- Aquaculture Research Group, Institute of Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shi C, Wang J, Yang Z, Gao X, Liu Y, Wang C. Sustained Swimming Training Is Associated With Reversible Filet Texture Changes of European Sea Bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Front Physiol 2019; 10:725. [PMID: 31263426 PMCID: PMC6584975 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This present study aimed to investigate the effect of training and detraining on the growth, chemical composition, white muscle fibers, and filet texture of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Fish were divided into control and training groups, which were subjected to water velocities of 0.2 and 1.0 body length per second (bl s-1), respectively, for 32 days (phase I). Half of the fish in the training group were then randomly selected and detrained at a velocity of 0.2 bl s-1 for another 32 days (detraining group), while the velocity of the remaining fish in the training group (1 bl s-1), and control group (0.2 bl s-1) remained unchanged (phase II). The results showed that the growth, body composition, and white muscle fiber densities of the control and trained fish were not significantly different in either phase. Training significantly altered the muscle fiber distribution (P < 0.05), with the training group having fewer 80-90 μm fibers than the control and detraining group at the end of the experiment (P < 0.05). The training group also had significantly higher values for white fiber muscle textural parameters (hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness) in phase I (P < 0.05), and these parameters correlated significantly with pH (P < 0.05). However, these differences in texture and the pH correlation weakened when the fish were detrained in phase II. These results indicated that an increase in muscle pH after training may alter the flesh texture characteristics of sea bass. In addition, sustained swimming could induce a reversible change in the filet texture of sea bass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China
| | - J. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Z. Yang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - X. Gao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Y. Liu
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - C. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Domenici P, Allan BJM, Lefrançois C, McCormick MI. The effect of climate change on the escape kinematics and performance of fishes: implications for future predator-prey interactions. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz078. [PMID: 31723432 PMCID: PMC6839432 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can have a pronounced impact on the physiology and behaviour of fishes. Notably, many climate change stressors, such as global warming, hypoxia and ocean acidification (OA), have been shown to alter the kinematics of predator-prey interactions in fishes, with potential effects at ecological levels. Here, we review the main effects of each of these stressors on fish escape responses using an integrative approach that encompasses behavioural and kinematic variables. Elevated temperature was shown to affect many components of the escape response, including escape latencies, kinematics and maximum swimming performance, while the main effect of hypoxia was on escape responsiveness and directionality. OA had a negative effect on the escape response of juvenile fish by decreasing their directionality, responsiveness and locomotor performance, although some studies show no effect of acidification. The few studies that have explored the effects of multiple stressors show that temperature tends to have a stronger effect on escape performance than OA. Overall, the effects of climate change on escape responses may occur through decreased muscle performance and/or an interference with brain and sensory functions. In all of these cases, since the escape response is a behaviour directly related to survival, these effects are likely to be fundamental drivers of changes in marine communities. The overall future impact of these stressors is discussed by including their potential effects on predator attack behaviour, thereby allowing the development of potential future scenarios for predator-prey interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Domenici
- CNR-IAS, Oristano, 09170 Italy
- Corresponding author: CNR-IAS, Oristano 09170, Italy.
| | - Bridie J M Allan
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark I McCormick
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Velotta JP, McCormick SD, Jones AW, Schultz ET. Reduced Swimming Performance Repeatedly Evolves on Loss of Migration in Landlocked Populations of Alewife. Physiol Biochem Zool 2018; 91:814-825. [PMID: 29381120 DOI: 10.1086/696877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Whole-organism performance tasks are accomplished by the integration of morphological traits and physiological functions. Understanding how evolutionary change in morphology and physiology influences whole-organism performance will yield insight into the factors that shape its own evolution. We demonstrate that nonmigratory populations of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) have evolved reduced swimming performance in parallel, compared with their migratory ancestor. In contrast to theoretically and empirically based predictions, poor swimming among nonmigratory populations is unrelated to the evolution of osmoregulation and occurs despite the fact that nonmigratory alewives have a more fusiform (torpedo-like) body shape than their ancestor. Our results suggest that elimination of long-distance migration from the life cycle has shaped performance more than changes in body shape and physiological regulatory capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Velotta
- 1 University of Connecticut, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- 2 US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, Massachusetts 01376
| | - Andrew W Jones
- 3 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
| | - Eric T Schultz
- 1 University of Connecticut, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Simmonds AIM, Miln C, Seebacher F. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model for Sprint Exercise Training. Zebrafish 2018; 16:1-7. [PMID: 30222526 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2018.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprint performance is important ecologically and physiologically, and it can influence fitness by determining outcomes of predator-prey relationships, for example, and it can confer substantial human health benefits. In this article we test whether zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a suitable model to test hypotheses about the effects and consequences of sprint exercise training, and the physiological underpinnings of sprint performance. We show that stage 3 c-starts that capture the initial escape response of fish lasting <1 s were repeatable within individuals. In addition, somewhat longer constant acceleration protocols lasting 10 s (U10s) or 30 s (U30s) were highly repeatable within individuals over 3, 6, and 23 days. C-starts within individuals were not correlated with either U10s or U30s, indicating that these measures reflect different physiological aspects of sprinting. Stage 3 c-starts and U10s responded positively to sprint exercise training. Our exercise training protocol (5 × 10 s sprints with 5-min rest periods on 4 days per week for 3 weeks) was based on the human sporting literature, and together, our results indicate that zebrafish are a good model to assess the physiological and behavioral consequences of sprint exercise training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alec I M Simmonds
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Clare Miln
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gagnon CM, Steiper ME, Pontzer H. Elite swimmers do not exhibit a body mass index trade-off across a wide range of event distances. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.0684. [PMID: 30051831 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a trade-off reflected in the contrasting phenotypes of elite long-distance runners, who are typically leaner, and elite sprinters, who are usually more heavily muscled. It is unclear, however, whether and how swimmers' bodies vary across event distances from the 50 m swim, which is about a 20-30 s event, to the 10 000 m marathon swim, which is about a 2 h event. We examined data from the 2012 Olympics to test whether swimmers' phenotypes differed across event distances. We show that across all swimming event distances, from the 50 m sprint to the 10 000 m marathon, swimmers converge on a single optimal body mass index (BMI) in men's and women's events, in marked contrast with the strong inverse relationship between BMI and event distance found in runners. The absence of a speed-endurance trade-off in the body proportions of swimmers indicates a fundamental difference in design pressures and performance capability in terrestrial versus aquatic environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Gagnon
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael E Steiper
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA .,Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY, USA.,Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fu SJ, Peng J, Killen SS. Digestive and locomotor capacity show opposing responses to changing food availability in an ambush predatory fish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.173187. [PMID: 29636411 PMCID: PMC6031316 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.173187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic rates vary widely within species, but little is known about how variation in the ‘floor’ [i.e. standard metabolic rate (SMR) in ectotherms] and ‘ceiling’ [maximum metabolic rate (MMR)] for an individual's aerobic scope (AS) are linked with digestive and locomotor function. Any links among metabolic traits and aspects of physiological performance may also be modulated by fluctuations in food availability. This study followed changes in SMR, MMR, and digestive and locomotor capacity in southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) throughout 15 days of food deprivation and 15 days of refeeding. Individuals downregulated SMR during food deprivation and showed only a 10% body mass decrease during this time. Whereas critical swim speed (Ucrit) was robust to food deprivation, digestive function decreased after fasting with a reduced peak oxygen uptake during specific dynamic action (SDA) and prolonged SDA duration. During refeeding, individuals displayed rapid growth and digestive function recovered to pre-fasting levels. However, refed fish showed a lower Ucrit than would be expected for their increased body length and in comparison to measures at the start of the study. Reduced swimming ability may be a consequence of compensatory growth: growth rate was negatively correlated with changes in Ucrit during refeeding. Southern catfish downregulate digestive function to reduce energy expenditure during food deprivation, but regain digestive capacity during refeeding, potentially at the cost of decreased swimming performance. The plasticity of maintenance requirements suggests that SMR is a key fitness trait for in this ambush predator. Shifts in trait correlations with food availability suggest that the potential for correlated selection may depend on context. Summary: Southern catfish downregulate digestive function and metabolic rate during food deprivation, but regain digestive capacity during refeeding, potentially at the cost of decreased swimming performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Domenici P, Steffensen JF, Marras S. The effect of hypoxia on fish schooling. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0236. [PMID: 28673914 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-oxygen areas are expanding in the oceans as a result of climate change. Work carried out during the past two decades suggests that, in addition to impairing basic physiological functions, hypoxia can also affect fish behaviour. Given that many fish species are known to school, and that schooling is advantageous for their survival, the effect of hypoxia on schooling behaviour may have important ecological consequences. Here, we review the effects of hypoxia on school structure and dynamics, together with the mechanisms that cause an increase in school volume and that ultimately lead to school disruption. Furthermore, the effect of hypoxia generates a number of trade-offs in terms of schooling positions and school structure. Field observations have found that large schools of fish can exacerbate hypoxic conditions, with potential consequences for school structure and size. Therefore, previous models that predict the maximum size attainable by fish schools in relation to oxygen levels are also reviewed. Finally, we suggest that studies on the effect of hypoxia on schooling need to be integrated with those on temperature and ocean acidifications within a framework aimed at increasing our ability to predict the effect of multiple stressors of climate change on fish behaviour.This article is part of the themed issue 'Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR, Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Torregrande 09170, Oristano, Italy
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Københavns Universitet, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Stefano Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Torregrande 09170, Oristano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kraskura K, Nelson JA. Hypoxia and Sprint Swimming Performance of Juvenile Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis. Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 91:682-690. [PMID: 29120695 DOI: 10.1086/694933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Annual hypoxia in the Chesapeake Bay has expanded to the point where Darwinian fitness of juvenile striped bass (Morone saxatilis) may depend on their ability to perform in low-oxygen environments. The locomotion they use in predator/prey dynamics relies primarily on white (type II) muscle that is powered by anaerobic metabolic pathways and has generally been thought to be immune to aquatic hypoxia. We tested the sprint performance of 15 juvenile striped bass twice under acute hypoxia (20% air saturation [AS]) 5 wk apart and once under normoxia (>85% AS) in between. Average sprint performance was lower under the first hypoxia exposure than in normoxia and increased in the second hypoxia test relative to the first. The rank order of individual sprint performance was significantly repeatable when comparing the two hypoxia tests but not when compared with sprint performance measured under normoxic conditions. The maximum sprint performance of each individual was also significantly repeatable within a given day. Thus, sprint performance of striped bass is reduced under hypoxia, is phenotypically plastic, and improves with repetitive hypoxia exposures but is unrelated to relative sprint performance under normoxia. Since energy to fuel a sprint comes from existing ATP and creatine phosphate stores, the decline in sprint performance probably reflects reduced function of a part of the reflex chain leading from detection of aversive stimuli to activation of the muscle used to power the escape response.
Collapse
|
21
|
McKenzie DJ, Blasco FR, Belão TC, Killen SS, Martins ND, Taylor EW, Rantin FT. Physiological determinants of individual variation in sensitivity to an organophosphate pesticide in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 189:108-114. [PMID: 28605647 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Individual variation in sub-lethal sensitivity to the organophosphate pesticide trichlorfon was investigated in Nile tilapia, using critical swimming speed (Ucrit) as an indicator. Tilapia exposed for 96h to 500μgl-1 trichlorfon at 26°C (Tcfn group, n=27) showed a significant decline in mean Ucrit, compared to their own control (pre-exposure) performance in clean water (-14.5±2.3%, mean±SEM), but also compared to a Sham group (n=10) maintained for 96h in clean water. Individuals varied in their relative sensitivity to the pesticide, with the decline in Ucrit after exposure varying from 1 to 41%. The Ucrit of the Tcfn group did not recover completely after 96h in clean water, remaining 9.4±3.2% below their own control performance. The decline in performance was associated with a significant increase in net cost of aerobic swimming, of +28.4±6.5% at a sustained speed of 2bodylengthss-1, which translated into a significant decline in swimming efficiency (Eswim) of -17.6±4.0% at that speed. Within the Tcfn group, individual Eswim was a strong positive determinant of individual Ucrit across all trials, and a strong negative determinant of individual% decline in Ucrit after pesticide exposure (P<0.001, linear mixed effect models). Trichlorfon had no effects on standard metabolic rate or active metabolic rate (AMR) but, nonetheless, individual Ucrit in all trials, and% decline in Ucrit after exposure, were strongly associated with individual AMR (positively and negatively, respectively, P<0.001). Individual Ucrit under control conditions was also a strong positive determinant of Ucrit after trichlorfon exposure (P<0.001), but not of the% decline in Ucrit performance. In conclusion, the OP pesticide impaired Ucrit performance by reducing Eswim but individual tilapia varied widely in their relative sensitivity. Intrinsic individual physiology determined effects of the pesticide on performance and, in particular, good swimmers remained better swimmers after exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J McKenzie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; UMR9190 Centre for Marine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Felipe R Blasco
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago C Belão
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan D Martins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Edwin W Taylor
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham BH5 4LU, United Kingdom
| | - F Tadeu Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Crespel A, Dupont-Prinet A, Bernatchez L, Claireaux G, Tremblay R, Audet C. Divergence in physiological factors affecting swimming performance between anadromous and resident populations of brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:2170-2193. [PMID: 28317121 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an anadromous strain (L) and a freshwater-resident (R) strain of brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis as well as their reciprocal hybrids, were reared in a common environment and submitted to swimming tests combined with salinity challenges. The critical swimming speeds (Ucrit ) of the different crosses were measured in both fresh (FW) and salt water (SW) and the variations in several physiological traits (osmotic, energetic and metabolic capacities) that are predicted to influence swimming performance were documented. Anadromous and resident fish reached the same Ucrit in both FW and SW, with Ucrit being 14% lower in SW compared with FW. The strains, however, seemed to use different underlying strategies: the anadromous strain relied on its streamlined body shape and higher osmoregulatory capacity, while the resident strain had greater citrate synthase (FW) and lactate dehydrogenase (FW, SW) capacity and either greater initial stores or more efficient use of liver (FW, SW) and muscle (FW) glycogen during exercise. Compared with R♀ L♂ hybrids, L♀ R♂ hybrids had a 20% lower swimming speed, which was associated with a 24% smaller cardio-somatic index and higher physiological costs. Thus swimming performance depends on cross direction (i.e. which parental line was used as dam or sire). The study thus suggests that divergent physiological factors between anadromous and resident S. fontinalis may result in similar swimming capacities that are adapted to their respective lifestyles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Crespel
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - A Dupont-Prinet
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - L Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, 1030, Avenue de la Médecine, Local 1145, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - G Claireaux
- LEMAR UMR 6539 (UBO-CNRS-IRD-Ifremer), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Unité PFOM-ARN - Centre de Bretagne, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - R Tremblay
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - C Audet
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang JW, Cao ZD, Fu SJ. A comparison of constant acceleration swimming speeds when acceleration rates are different with critical swimming speeds in Chinese bream under two oxygen tensions. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:1453-1461. [PMID: 27147426 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of acceleration rates on the constant acceleration test speed (U cat) and to compare U cat with the critical swimming speed (U crit) in Chinese bream (Parabramis pekinensis), the U cat test at acceleration rates of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 cm s(-2) and the U crit test in juvenile fish at 20 °C in either normoxia (>90 % saturation oxygen tension) or hypoxia (30 % saturation) were compared. The lactate concentration ([lactate]) of white muscle, liver and plasma and the glycogen concentration ([glycogen]) of white muscle and liver were also measured to identify whether tissue substrate depletion or tissue lactate accumulation correlated with exhaustion. The U cat decreased with the acceleration rate, and there was no significant difference between U crit and U cat at lower acceleration rates. Hypoxia resulted in lower U cat and U crit, and the difference increased with decreased acceleration rates of the U cat test, possibly due to the increased contribution of aerobic components in U crit or U cat at low acceleration rates. Hypoxia elicited a significant decrease in muscle [glycogen] and an increase in muscle and liver [lactate] in resting fish. All post-exercise fish had similar muscle [lactate], suggesting that tissue lactate accumulation may correlate with exercise exhaustion. Unlike hypoxia, exercise induced an increase in muscle [lactate] and a significant increase in plasma [lactate], which were worthy of further investigation. The similar swimming speed and biochemical indicators after exercise in the U crit and U cat groups at low acceleration rates suggested that U cat can be an alternative for the more frequently adopted protocols in U crit in Chinese bream and possibly in other cyprinid fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Cao
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ozolina K, Shiels HA, Ollivier H, Claireaux G. Intraspecific individual variation of temperature tolerance associated with oxygen demand in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cov060. [PMID: 27382468 PMCID: PMC4922261 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is an economically important fish native to the Mediterranean and Northern Atlantic. Its complex life cycle involves many migrations through temperature gradients that affect the energetic demands of swimming. Previous studies have shown large intraspecific variation in swimming performance and temperature tolerance, which could include deleterious and advantageous traits under the evolutionary pressure of climate change. However, little is known of the underlying determinants of this individual variation. We investigated individual variation in temperature tolerance in 30 sea bass by exposing them to a warm temperature challenge test. The eight most temperature-tolerant and eight most temperature-sensitive fish were then studied further to determine maximal swimming speed (U CAT), aerobic scope and post-exercise oxygen consumption. Finally, ventricular contractility in each group was determined using isometric muscle preparations. The temperature-tolerant fish showed lower resting oxygen consumption rates, possessed larger hearts and initially recovered from exhaustive exercise faster than the temperature-sensitive fish. Thus, whole-animal temperature tolerance was associated with important performance traits. However, the temperature-tolerant fish also demonstrated poorer maximal swimming capacity (i.e. lower U CAT) than their temperature-sensitive counterparts, which may indicate a trade-off between temperature tolerance and swimming performance. Interestingly, the larger relative ventricular mass of the temperature-tolerant fish did not equate to greater ventricular contractility, suggesting that larger stroke volumes, rather than greater contractile strength, may be associated with thermal tolerance in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karlina Ozolina
- Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Core Technology Facility, The University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Hélène Ollivier
- LEMAR, Unité PFOM-ARN, Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Guy Claireaux
- LEMAR, Unité PFOM-ARN, Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané 29280, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ejbye-Ernst R, Michaelsen TY, Tirsgaard B, Wilson JM, Jensen LF, Steffensen JF, Pertoldi C, Aarestrup K, Svendsen JC. Partitioning the metabolic scope: the importance of anaerobic metabolism and implications for the oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow019. [PMID: 27293766 PMCID: PMC4896295 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing climate change is predicted to affect the distribution and abundance of aquatic ectotherms owing to increasing constraints on organismal physiology, in particular involving the metabolic scope (MS) available for performance and fitness. The oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) hypothesis prescribes MS as an overarching benchmark for fitness-related performance and assumes that any anaerobic contribution within the MS is insignificant. The MS is typically derived from respirometry by subtracting standard metabolic rate from the maximal metabolic rate; however, the methodology rarely accounts for anaerobic metabolism within the MS. Using gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata), this study tested for trade-offs (i) between aerobic and anaerobic components of locomotor performance; and (ii) between the corresponding components of the MS. Data collection involved measuring oxygen consumption rate at increasing swimming speeds, using the gait transition from steady to unsteady (burst-assisted) swimming to detect the onset of anaerobic metabolism. Results provided evidence of the locomotor performance trade-off, but only in S. aurata. In contrast, both species revealed significant negative correlations between aerobic and anaerobic components of the MS, indicating a trade-off where both components of the MS cannot be optimized simultaneously. Importantly, the fraction of the MS influenced by anaerobic metabolism was on average 24.3 and 26.1% in S. aurata and P. reticulata, respectively. These data highlight the importance of taking anaerobic metabolism into account when assessing effects of environmental variation on the MS, because the fraction where anaerobic metabolism occurs is a poor indicator of sustainable aerobic performance. Our results suggest that without accounting for anaerobic metabolism within the MS, studies involving the OCLTT hypothesis could overestimate the metabolic scope available for sustainable activities and the ability of individuals and species to cope with climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Ejbye-Ernst
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Y. Michaelsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Corresponding author: Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark. Tel: +45 42 40 08 32.
| | - Bjørn Tirsgaard
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Jonathan M. Wilson
- Molecular Eco-physiology, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John F. Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Cino Pertoldi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Aalborg Zoo, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kim Aarestrup
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Jon C. Svendsen
- Molecular Eco-physiology, Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Charlottenlund, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Metcalfe NB, Van Leeuwen TE, Killen SS. Does individual variation in metabolic phenotype predict fish behaviour and performance? JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:298-321. [PMID: 26577442 PMCID: PMC4991269 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in documenting and explaining the existence of marked intraspecific variation in metabolic rate in animals, with fishes providing some of the best-studied examples. After accounting for variation due to other factors, there can typically be a two to three-fold variation among individual fishes for both standard and maximum metabolic rate (SMR and MMR). This variation is reasonably consistent over time (provided that conditions remain stable), and its underlying causes may be influenced by both genes and developmental conditions. In this paper, current knowledge of the extent and causes of individual variation in SMR, MMR and aerobic scope (AS), collectively its metabolic phenotype, is reviewed and potential links among metabolism, behaviour and performance are described. Intraspecific variation in metabolism has been found to be related to other traits: fishes with a relatively high SMR tend to be more dominant and grow faster in high food environments, but may lose their advantage and are more prone to risk-taking when conditions deteriorate. In contrast to the wide body of research examining links between SMR and behavioural traits, very little work has been directed towards understanding the ecological consequences of individual variation in MMR and AS. Although AS can differ among populations of the same species in response to performance demands, virtually nothing is known about the effects of AS on individual behaviours such as those associated with foraging or predator avoidance. Further, while factors such as food availability, temperature, hypoxia and the fish's social environment are known to alter resting and MMRs in fishes, there is a paucity of studies examining how these effects vary among individuals, and how this variation relates to behaviour. Given the observed links between metabolism and measures of performance, understanding the metabolic responses of individuals to changing environments will be a key area for future research because the environment will have a strong influence on which animals survive predation, become dominant and ultimately have the highest reproductive success. Although current evidence suggests that variation in SMR may be maintained within populations via context-dependent fitness benefits, it is suggested that a more integrative approach is now required to fully understand how the environment can modulate individual performance via effects on metabolic phenotypes encompassing SMR, MMR and AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - T E Van Leeuwen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
- Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment (SCENE), University of Glasgow, Rowardennan, Loch Lomond, Glasgow G63 0AW, U.K
| | - S S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Conradsen C, McGuigan K. Sexually dimorphic morphology and swimming performance relationships in wild-type zebrafish Danio rerio. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:1219-1233. [PMID: 26416508 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study compared prolonged swimming performance (Ucrit ) between male and female Danio rerio, and characterized how body shape was associated with this performance measure in each sex. When swimming in small (n = 6) mixed-sex groups at 28 °C, males swam, on average, over 10 cm s(-1) faster than females despite being significantly smaller. Body shape was sexually dimorphic, with males and females exhibiting small, but statistically significant differences in most aspects of body shape. Body shape explained 18 and 43% of the variation in Ucrit among males and females. In general, effects of body shape on swimming performance appeared to be sex limited, whereby different aspects of body shape affected performance in each sex, although the contribution of the distance between pelvic and anal fins to swimming performance was weakly sexually antagonistic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Conradsen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - K McGuigan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Walker JA, Caddigan SP. Performance trade-offs and individual quality in decathletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:3647-57. [PMID: 26449978 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.123380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many constraints of organismal design at the cell and organ level, including muscle fiber types, musculoskeletal gearing and control-surface geometry, are believed to cause performance trade-offs at the whole-organism level. Contrary to this expectation, positive correlations between diverse athletic performances are frequently found in vertebrates. Recently, it has been proposed that trade-offs between athletic performances in humans are masked by variation in individual quality and that underlying trade-offs are revealed by adjusting the correlations to 'control' quality. We argue that quality is made up of both intrinsic components, due to the causal mapping between morpho-physiological traits and performance, and extrinsic components, due to variation in training intensity, diet and pathogens. Only the extrinsic component should be controlled. We also show that previous methods to estimate 'quality-free' correlations perform poorly. We show that Wright's factor analysis recovers the correct quality-free correlation matrix and use this method to estimate quality-free correlations among the 10 events of the decathlon using a dataset of male college athletes. We found positive correlations between all decathlon events, which supports an axis that segregates 'good athletes' from 'bad athletes'. Estimates of quality-free correlations are mostly very small (<0.1), suggesting large, quality-free independence between events. Because quality must include both intrinsic and extrinsic components, the physiological significance of these adjusted correlations remains obscure. Regardless, the underlying architecture of the functional systems and the physiological explanation of both the un-adjusted and adjusted correlations remain to be discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St, Portland, ME 04103, USA
| | - Sean P Caddigan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth St, Portland, ME 04103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Marras S, Noda T, Steffensen JF, Svendsen MBS, Krause J, Wilson ADM, Kurvers RHJM, Herbert-Read J, Boswell KM, Domenici P. Not So Fast: Swimming Behavior of Sailfish during Predator-Prey Interactions using High-Speed Video and Accelerometry. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:719-27. [PMID: 25898843 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Billfishes are considered among the fastest swimmers in the oceans. Despite early estimates of extremely high speeds, more recent work showed that these predators (e.g., blue marlin) spend most of their time swimming slowly, rarely exceeding 2 m s(-1). Predator-prey interactions provide a context within which one may expect maximal speeds both by predators and prey. Beyond speed, however, an important component determining the outcome of predator-prey encounters is unsteady swimming (i.e., turning and accelerating). Although large predators are faster than their small prey, the latter show higher performance in unsteady swimming. To contrast the evading behaviors of their highly maneuverable prey, sailfish and other large aquatic predators possess morphological adaptations, such as elongated bills, which can be moved more rapidly than the whole body itself, facilitating capture of the prey. Therefore, it is an open question whether such supposedly very fast swimmers do use high-speed bursts when feeding on evasive prey, in addition to using their bill for slashing prey. Here, we measured the swimming behavior of sailfish by using high-frequency accelerometry and high-speed video observations during predator-prey interactions. These measurements allowed analyses of tail beat frequencies to estimate swimming speeds. Our results suggest that sailfish burst at speeds of about 7 m s(-1) and do not exceed swimming speeds of 10 m s(-1) during predator-prey interactions. These speeds are much lower than previous estimates. In addition, the oscillations of the bill during swimming with, and without, extension of the dorsal fin (i.e., the sail) were measured. We suggest that extension of the dorsal fin may allow sailfish to improve the control of the bill and minimize its yaw, hence preventing disturbance of the prey. Therefore, sailfish, like other large predators, may rely mainly on accuracy of movement and the use of the extensions of their bodies, rather than resorting to top speeds when hunting evasive prey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marras
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Takuji Noda
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - John F Steffensen
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Morten B S Svendsen
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Jens Krause
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Alexander D M Wilson
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Ralf H J M Kurvers
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - James Herbert-Read
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Kevin M Boswell
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Paolo Domenici
- *IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Località Sa Mardini, Torregrande, 09170 Oristano, Italy; Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark; Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6; **Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75106, Sweden; Department of Biological Sciences, Marine Sciences Program, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The muscle dwelling myxozoan, Kudoa inornata, enhances swimming performance in the spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2451-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
31
|
Yetsko K, Sancho G. The effects of salinity on swimming performance of two estuarine fishes, Fundulus heteroclitus and Fundulus majalis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:827-833. [PMID: 25557804 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged and high-speed swimming performance measurements were used to explore the swimming abilities of two species of estuarine fishes, the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus and the striped killifish Fundulus majalis, under different salinities. Critical swimming performance was significantly higher for F. majalis in high salinity than in low salinity, but no difference was observed in brief constant acceleration swimming trials in this species; however, the swimming performance of F. heteroclitus was not significantly affected by salinity changes, indicating that this species is well adapted to regular estuarine salinity oscillations. Fundulus majalis displayed higher swimming speeds than F. heteroclitus in both high and low salinities, and while this cannot be explained by their respective salinity preferences, the specific habitat preferences of F. majalis for sandy subtidal habitats and F. heteroclitus for vegetated marshes could explain the better swimming performance of F. majalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Yetsko
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 58 Coming St, Charleston, SC 29401, U.S.A
| | - G Sancho
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, 58 Coming St, Charleston, SC 29401, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Marras S, Cucco A, Antognarelli F, Azzurro E, Milazzo M, Bariche M, Butenschön M, Kay S, Di Bitetto M, Quattrocchi G, Sinerchia M, Domenici P. Predicting future thermal habitat suitability of competing native and invasive fish species: from metabolic scope to oceanographic modelling. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cou059. [PMID: 27293680 PMCID: PMC4778460 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cou059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Global increase in sea temperatures has been suggested to facilitate the incoming and spread of tropical invaders. The increasing success of these species may be related to their higher physiological performance compared with indigenous ones. Here, we determined the effect of temperature on the aerobic metabolic scope (MS) of two herbivorous fish species that occupy a similar ecological niche in the Mediterranean Sea: the native salema (Sarpa salpa) and the invasive marbled spinefoot (Siganus rivulatus). Our results demonstrate a large difference in the optimal temperature for aerobic scope between the salema (21.8°C) and the marbled spinefoot (29.1°C), highlighting the importance of temperature in determining the energy availability and, potentially, the distribution patterns of the two species. A modelling approach based on a present-day projection and a future scenario for oceanographic conditions was used to make predictions about the thermal habitat suitability (THS, an index based on the relationship between MS and temperature) of the two species, both at the basin level (the whole Mediterranean Sea) and at the regional level (the Sicilian Channel, a key area for the inflow of invasive species from the Eastern to the Western Mediterranean Sea). For the present-day projection, our basin-scale model shows higher THS of the marbled spinefoot than the salema in the Eastern compared with the Western Mediterranean Sea. However, by 2050, the THS of the marbled spinefoot is predicted to increase throughout the whole Mediterranean Sea, causing its westward expansion. Nevertheless, the regional-scale model suggests that the future thermal conditions of Western Sicily will remain relatively unsuitable for the invasive species and could act as a barrier for its spread westward. We suggest that metabolic scope can be used as a tool to evaluate the potential invasiveness of alien species and the resilience to global warming of native species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Localitá Sa Mardini, Torregrande, OR 09170, Italy
- Corresponding author: Tel: +39 3463851053.
| | - Andrea Cucco
- IAMC-CNR, Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Localitá Sa Mardini, Torregrande, OR 09170, Italy
| | - Fabio Antognarelli
- IAMC-CNR, Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Localitá Sa Mardini, Torregrande, OR 09170, Italy
| | - Ernesto Azzurro
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Piazzale dei Marmi 2, Livorno 57123, Italy
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Terra e del Mare, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 28, Palermo 90123, Italy
| | - Michel Bariche
- Department of Biology, FAS, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Momme Butenschön
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Susan Kay
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Massimiliano Di Bitetto
- Central Management for Programming and Infrastructures, National Research Council, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, Roma 00185, Italy
| | - Giovanni Quattrocchi
- IAMC-CNR, Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Localitá Sa Mardini, Torregrande, OR 09170, Italy
| | - Matteo Sinerchia
- IAMC-CNR, Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Localitá Sa Mardini, Torregrande, OR 09170, Italy
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR, Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Localitá Sa Mardini, Torregrande, OR 09170, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Marras S, Killen SS, Lindström J, McKenzie DJ, Steffensen JF, Domenici P. Fish swimming in schools save energy regardless of their spatial position. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014; 69:219-226. [PMID: 25620833 PMCID: PMC4293471 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
For animals, being a member of a group provides various advantages, such as reduced vulnerability to predators, increased foraging opportunities and reduced energetic costs of locomotion. In moving groups such as fish schools, there are benefits of group membership for trailing individuals, who can reduce the cost of movement by exploiting the flow patterns generated by the individuals swimming ahead of them. However, whether positions relative to the closest neighbours (e.g. ahead, sided by side or behind) modulate the individual energetic cost of swimming is still unknown. Here, we addressed these questions in grey mullet Liza aurata by measuring tail-beat frequency and amplitude of 15 focal fish, swimming in separate schools, while swimming in isolation and in various positions relative to their closest neighbours, at three speeds. Our results demonstrate that, in a fish school, individuals in any position have reduced costs of swimming, compared to when they swim at the same speed but alone. Although fish swimming behind their neighbours save the most energy, even fish swimming ahead of their nearest neighbour were able to gain a net energetic benefit over swimming in isolation, including those swimming at the front of a school. Interestingly, this energetic saving was greatest at the lowest swimming speed measured in our study. Because any member of a school gains an energetic benefit compared to swimming alone, we suggest that the benefits of membership in moving groups may be more strongly linked to reducing the costs of locomotion than previously appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Localita' Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano Italy
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ Scotland UK
| | - Jan Lindström
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ Scotland UK
| | - David J McKenzie
- Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers, UMR5119, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Paolo Domenici
- IAMC-CNR, Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Localita' Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Killen SS. Growth trajectory influences temperature preference in fish through an effect on metabolic rate. J Anim Ecol 2014; 83:1513-22. [PMID: 24806155 PMCID: PMC4277333 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most animals experience temperature variations as they move through the environment. For ectotherms, in particular, temperature has a strong influence on habitat choice. While well studied at the species level, less is known about factors affecting the preferred temperature of individuals; especially lacking is information on how physiological traits are linked to thermal preference and whether such relationships are affected by factors such feeding history and growth trajectory.
This study examined these issues in the common minnow Phoxinus phoxinus, to determine the extent to which feeding history, standard metabolic rate (SMR) and aerobic scope (AS), interact to affect temperature preference.
Individuals were either: 1) food deprived (FD) for 21 days, then fed ad libitum for the next 74 days; or 2) fed ad libitum throughout the entire period. All animals were then allowed to select preferred temperatures using a shuttle-box, and then measured for SMR and AS at 10 °C, estimated by rates of oxygen uptake. Activity within the shuttle-box under a constant temperature regime was also measured.
In both FD and control fish, SMR was negatively correlated with preferred temperature. The SMR of the FD fish was increased compared with the controls, probably due to the effects of compensatory growth, and so these growth-compensated fish preferred temperatures that were on average 2·85 °C cooler than controls fed a maintenance ration throughout the study. Fish experiencing compensatory growth also displayed a large reduction in activity. In growth-compensated fish and controls, activity measured at 10 °C was positively correlated with preferred temperature.
Individual fish prefer temperatures that vary predictably with SMR and activity level, which are both plastic in response to feeding history and growth trajectories. Cooler temperatures probably allow individuals to reduce maintenance costs and divert more energy towards growth. A reduction in SMR at cooler temperatures, coupled with a decrease in spontaneous activity, could also allow individuals to increase surplus AS for coping with environmental stressors. In warming climates, however, aquatic ectotherms could experience frequent fluctuations in food supply with long-lasting effects on metabolic rate due to compensatory growth, while simultaneously having limited access to preferred cooler habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cai L, Chen L, Johnson D, Gao Y, Mandal P, Fang M, Tu Z, Huang Y. Integrating water flow, locomotor performance and respiration of Chinese sturgeon during multiple fatigue-recovery cycles. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94345. [PMID: 24714585 PMCID: PMC3979774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to provide information on metabolic changes occurring in Chinese sturgeon (an ecologically important endangered fish) subjected to repeated cycles of fatigue and recovery and the effect on swimming capability. Fatigue-recovery cycles likely occur when fish are moving through the fishways of large dams and the results of this investigation are important for fishway design and conservation of wild Chinese sturgeon populations. A series of four stepped velocity tests were carried out successively in a Steffensen-type swimming respirometer and the effects of repeated fatigue-recovery on swimming capability and metabolism were measured. Significant results include: (1) critical swimming speed decreased from 4.34 bl/s to 2.98 bl/s; (2) active oxygen consumption (i.e. the difference between total oxygen consumption and routine oxygen consumption) decreased from 1175 mgO2/kg to 341 mgO2/kg and was the primary reason for the decrease in Ucrit; (3) excess post-exercise oxygen consumption decreased from 36 mgO2/kg to 22 mgO2/kg; (4) with repeated step tests, white muscle (anaerobic metabolism) began contributing to propulsion at lower swimming speeds. Therefore, Chinese sturgeon conserve energy by swimming efficiently and have high fatigue recovery capability. These results contribute to our understanding of the physiology of the Chinese sturgeon and support the conservation efforts of wild populations of this important species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Geo-Hazards and Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, Yichang, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon Research, China Three Gorges Project Corporation, Yichang, PR China
| | - David Johnson
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, PR China
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ferrum College, Ferrum, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yong Gao
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon Research, China Three Gorges Project Corporation, Yichang, PR China
| | - Prashant Mandal
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, PR China
| | - Min Fang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Geo-Hazards and Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, Yichang, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, PR China
| | - Zhiying Tu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Geo-Hazards and Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, Yichang, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, PR China
| | - Yingping Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Geo-Hazards and Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, Yichang, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, PR China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Killen SS, Marras S, McKenzie DJ. Fast growers sprint slower: effects of food deprivation and re-feeding on sprint swimming performance in individual juvenile European sea bass. J Exp Biol 2013; 217:859-65. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.097899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
While many ectothermic species can withstand prolonged fasting without mortality, food-deprivation may have sublethal effects of ecological importance, including reductions in locomotor ability. Little is known about how such changes in performance in individual animals are related either to mass loss during food-deprivation or growth rate during re-feeding. This study followed changes in the maximum sprint swimming performance of individual European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax throughout 45 days of food-deprivation and 30 days of re-feeding. Maximum sprint speed did not show a significant decline until 45 days of food deprivation. Among individuals, the reduction in sprinting speed at this time was not related to mass loss. After 30 days of re-feeding, mean sprinting speed had recovered to match that of control fish. Among individuals, however, maximum sprinting speed was negatively correlated with growth rate after the resumption of feeding. This suggests that the rapid compensatory growth that occurs during re-feeding after a prolonged fast carries a physiological cost in terms of reduced sprinting capacity, the extent of which shows continuous variation among individuals in relation to growth rate. The long-term repeatability of maximum sprint speed was low when fish were fasted or fed a maintenance ration, but was high among control fish fed to satiation. Fish that had been previously food deprived continued to show low repeatability in sprinting ability even after the initiation of ad libitum feeding, probably stemming from variation in compensatory growth among individuals and its associated negative effects on sprinting ability. Together these results suggest that food limitation can disrupt hierarchies of maximum sprint performance within populations. In the wild, the cumulative effects on locomotor capacity of fasting and re-feeding could lead to variable survival among individuals with different growth trajectories following a period of feed deprivation.
Collapse
|