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Yu Z, Xu C, Song B, Zhang S, Chen C, Li C, Zhang S. Tissue fibrosis induced by radiotherapy: current understanding of the molecular mechanisms, diagnosis and therapeutic advances. J Transl Med 2023; 21:708. [PMID: 37814303 PMCID: PMC10563272 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the leading cause of death around the world. In cancer treatment, over 50% of cancer patients receive radiotherapy alone or in multimodal combinations with other therapies. One of the adverse consequences after radiation exposure is the occurrence of radiation-induced tissue fibrosis (RIF), which is characterized by the abnormal activation of myofibroblasts and the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. This phenotype can manifest in multiple organs, such as lung, skin, liver and kidney. In-depth studies on the mechanisms of radiation-induced fibrosis have shown that a variety of extracellular signals such as immune cells and abnormal release of cytokines, and intracellular signals such as cGAS/STING, oxidative stress response, metabolic reprogramming and proteasome pathway activation are involved in the activation of myofibroblasts. Tissue fibrosis is extremely harmful to patients' health and requires early diagnosis. In addition to traditional serum markers, histologic and imaging tests, the diagnostic potential of nuclear medicine techniques is emerging. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapies are the traditional treatments for radiation-induced fibrosis. Recently, some promising therapeutic strategies have emerged, such as stem cell therapy and targeted therapies. However, incomplete knowledge of the mechanisms hinders the treatment of this disease. Here, we also highlight the potential mechanistic, diagnostic and therapeutic directions of radiation-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuxiang Yu
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chaoyu Xu
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bin Song
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (Mianyang Central Hospital), Mianyang, 621099, China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221200, China
| | - Changlong Li
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (Mianyang Central Hospital), Mianyang, 621099, China.
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2
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Hoque S, Dhar R, Kar R, Mukherjee S, Mukherjee D, Mukerjee N, Nag S, Tomar N, Mallik S. Cancer stem cells (CSCs): key player of radiotherapy resistance and its clinical significance. Biomarkers 2023; 28:139-151. [PMID: 36503350 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2157875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are self-renewing and slow-multiplying micro subpopulations in tumour microenvironments. CSCs contribute to cancer's resistance to radiation (including radiation) and other treatments. CSCs control the heterogeneity of the tumour. It alters the tumour's microenvironment cellular singling and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Current research decodes the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and CSCs interlink in radiation resistance. Exosome is a subpopulation of EVs and originated from plasma membrane. It is secreted by several active cells. It involed in cellular communication and messenger of healthly and multiple pathological complications. Exosomal biological active cargos (DNA, RNA, protein, lipid and glycan), are capable to transform recipient cells' nature. The molecular signatures of CSCs and CSC-derived exosomes are potential source of cancer theranostics development. This review discusse cancer stem cells, radiation-mediated CSCs development, EMT associated with CSCs, the role of exosomes in radioresistance development, the current state of radiation therapy and the use of CSCs and CSCs-derived exosomes biomolecules as a clinical screening biomarker for cancer. This review gives new researchers a reason to keep an eye on the next phase of scientific research into cancer theranostics that will help mankind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saminur Hoque
- Department of Radiology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajib Dhar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rishav Kar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute
| | - Sayantanee Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | | | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Namrata Tomar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Saurav Mallik
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Zhou YJ, Tang Y, Liu SJ, Zeng PH, Qu L, Jing QC, Yin WJ. Radiation-induced liver disease: beyond DNA damage. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:506-526. [PMID: 36214587 PMCID: PMC9928481 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2131163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD), also known as radiation hepatitis, is a serious side effect of radiotherapy (RT) for hepatocellular carcinoma. The therapeutic dose of RT can damage normal liver tissue, and the toxicity that accumulates around the irradiated liver tissue is related to numerous physiological and pathological processes. RILD may restrict treatment use or eventually deteriorate into liver fibrosis. However, the research on the mechanism of radiation-induced liver injury has seen little progress compared with that on radiation injury in other tissues, and no targeted clinical pharmacological treatment for RILD exists. The DNA damage response caused by ionizing radiation plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of RILD. Therefore, in this review, we systematically summarize the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in RILD. Such an analysis is essential for preventing the occurrence and development of RILD and further exploring the potential treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jie Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Si Jian Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Hui Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Li Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Cheng Jing
- The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery,Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Jun Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of microbiology and infectious diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
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4
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El-Shawi OE, El-Nashar HAS, Abd El-Rahman SS, Eldahshan OA, Singab ANB. Protective effect of acrocarpus fraxinifolius extract against hepatic fibrosis induced by Gamma irradiation and carbon tetrachloride in albino rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:270-280. [PMID: 35675546 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2087926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver fibrosis is considered as one of the ultimate outcomes of chronic liver disorders, characterized by outrageous cell proliferation and abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in sever pathological distortions in the architecture and performance of liver tissues. The present study aimed to investigate the protective properties of aqueous methanol extract of Acrocarpus fraxinifolius leaves (AFL) against liver fibrosis induced by dual toxicity of γ-irradiation and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. METHODS The animals were exposed to 2 Gy irradiation once/week concurrently with intraperitoneal administration of CCl4 (0.2 mL/100 g body weight) for seven weeks. Afterwards, liver toxicity and fibrosis were assessed biochemically at cellular and molecular as well as histopathological levels. RESULTS The livers of intoxicated rats showed distinct structural and functional changes, compared with the normal rats. The administration of AFL (500 mg/kg, p.o) significantly ameliorated the histopathological manifestations of fibrotic liver evidenced by mitigated steatosis progression, necrosis, fibrotic septa, apoptotic bodies, and immunochistochemical studies of alpha-smooth muscle actin. Also, AFL increased the final body weight, total protein, albumin levels and albumin/globulin ratio. While, the absolute liver weight, liver enzymes, total cholesterol and triglycerides were reduced. A significant modulation was observed in hydroxyproline, transforming growth factor-β and collagen-1expression. Furthermore, AFL exerted a direct effect on liver fibrosis by promoting extracellular matrix degradation via overexpression of the tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1, coupled with decease of metalloproteinase-9 activity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that AFL effectively improved the architecture of fibrotic liver and modified the biochemical markers of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omama E El-Shawi
- Health Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.,Center for Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Sahar S Abd El-Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.,Center for Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | - Abdel Nasser B Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.,Center for Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Egypt
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5
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Cahill T, da Silveira WA, Renaud L, Wang H, Williamson T, Chung D, Chan S, Overton I, Hardiman G. Investigating the effects of chronic low-dose radiation exposure in the liver of a hypothermic zebrafish model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:918. [PMID: 36650199 PMCID: PMC9845366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26976-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mankind's quest for a manned mission to Mars is placing increased emphasis on the development of innovative radio-protective countermeasures for long-term space travel. Hibernation confers radio-protective effects in hibernating animals, and this has led to the investigation of synthetic torpor to mitigate the deleterious effects of chronic low-dose-rate radiation exposure. Here we describe an induced torpor model we developed using the zebrafish. We explored the effects of radiation exposure on this model with a focus on the liver. Transcriptomic and behavioural analyses were performed. Radiation exposure resulted in transcriptomic perturbations in lipid metabolism and absorption, wound healing, immune response, and fibrogenic pathways. Induced torpor reduced metabolism and increased pro-survival, anti-apoptotic, and DNA repair pathways. Coupled with radiation exposure, induced torpor led to a stress response but also revealed maintenance of DNA repair mechanisms, pro-survival and anti-apoptotic signals. To further characterise our model of induced torpor, the zebrafish model was compared with hepatic transcriptomic data from hibernating grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and active controls revealing conserved responses in gene expression associated with anti-apoptotic processes, DNA damage repair, cell survival, proliferation, and antioxidant response. Similarly, the radiation group was compared with space-flown mice revealing shared changes in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cahill
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Willian Abraham da Silveira
- School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Department of Biological Sciences, Science Centre, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke-On-Trent, ST4 2DF, UK
- International Space University, 1 Rue Jean-Dominique Cassini, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Ludivine Renaud
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Tucker Williamson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Dongjun Chung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sherine Chan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- JLABS at the Children's National Research and Innovation Campus, Washington, DC, 20012, USA
| | - Ian Overton
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Gary Hardiman
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK.
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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6
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Aryankalayil MJ, Bylicky MA, Martello S, Chopra S, Sproull M, May JM, Shankardass A, MacMillan L, Vanpouille-Box C, Dalo J, Scott KMK, Norman Coleman C. Microarray analysis identifies coding and non-coding RNA markers of liver injury in whole body irradiated mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:200. [PMID: 36604457 PMCID: PMC9814510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26784-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation injury from medical, accidental, or intentional sources can induce acute and long-term hepatic dysregulation, fibrosis, and cancer. This long-term hepatic dysregulation decreases quality of life and may lead to death. Our goal in this study is to determine acute changes in biological pathways and discover potential RNA biomarkers predictive of radiation injury. We performed whole transcriptome microarray analysis of mouse liver tissue (C57BL/6 J) 48 h after whole-body irradiation with 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 Gray to identify significant expression changes in mRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs, We also validated changes in specific RNAs through qRT-PCR. We used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to identify pathways associated with gene expression changes. We observed significant dysregulation of multiple mRNAs across all doses. In contrast, miRNA dysregulation was observed upwards of 2 Gray. The most significantly upregulated mRNAs function as tumor suppressors: Cdkn1a, Phlda3, and Eda2r. The most significantly downregulated mRNAs were involved in hemoglobin synthesis, inflammation, and mitochondrial function including multiple members of Hbb and Hba. The most significantly upregulated miRNA included: miR-34a-5p, miR-3102-5p, and miR-3960, while miR-342-3p, miR-142a-3p, and miR-223-3p were most significantly downregulated. IPA predicted activation of cell cycle checkpoint control pathways and inhibition of pathways relevant to inflammation and erythropoietin. Clarifying expression of mRNA, miRNA and lncRNA at a short time point (48 h) offers insight into potential biomarkers, including radiation markers shared across organs and animal models. This information, once validated in human models, can aid in development of bio-dosimetry biomarkers, and furthers our understanding of acute pathway dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molykutty J. Aryankalayil
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3B406, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Michelle A. Bylicky
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3B406, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Shannon Martello
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3B406, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Sunita Chopra
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3B406, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Mary Sproull
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3B406, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Jared M. May
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3B406, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Aman Shankardass
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3B406, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Laurel MacMillan
- grid.420517.50000 0004 0490 0428Gryphon Scientific, Takoma Park, MD 20912 USA
| | - Claire Vanpouille-Box
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Juan Dalo
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3B406, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Kevin M. K. Scott
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3B406, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - C. Norman Coleman
- grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room B3B406, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ,grid.48336.3a0000 0004 1936 8075Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
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7
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Cheng R, Fujinaga M, Yang J, Rong J, Haider A, Ogasawara D, Van RS, Shao T, Chen Z, Zhang X, Calderon Leon ER, Zhang Y, Mori W, Kumata K, Yamasaki T, Xie L, Sun S, Wang L, Ran C, Shao Y, Cravatt B, Josephson L, Zhang MR, Liang SH. A novel monoacylglycerol lipase-targeted 18F-labeled probe for positron emission tomography imaging of brown adipose tissue in the energy network. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:3002-3010. [PMID: 35513432 PMCID: PMC9622914 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) constitutes a serine hydrolase that orchestrates endocannabinoid homeostasis and exerts its function by catalyzing the degradation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to arachidonic acid (AA). As such, selective inhibition of MAGL represents a potential therapeutic and diagnostic approach to various pathologies including neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic diseases and cancers. Based on a unique 4-piperidinyl azetidine diamide scaffold, we developed a reversible and peripheral-specific radiofluorinated MAGL PET ligand [18F]FEPAD. Pharmacokinetics and binding studies on [18F]FEPAD revealed its outstanding specificity and selectivity towards MAGL in brown adipose tissue (BAT) - a tissue that is known to be metabolically active. We employed [18F]FEPAD in PET studies to assess the abundancy of MAGL in BAT deposits of mice and found a remarkable degree of specific tracer binding in the BAT, which was confirmed by post-mortem tissue analysis. Given the negative regulation of endocannabinoids on the metabolic BAT activity, our study supports the concept that dysregulation of MAGL is likely linked to metabolic disorders. Further, we now provide a suitable imaging tool that allows non-invasive assessment of MAGL in BAT deposits, thereby paving the way for detailed mechanistic studies on the role of BAT in endocannabinoid system (ECS)-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Cheng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300203, China
| | - Masayuki Fujinaga
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Jing Yang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Daisuke Ogasawara
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Richard S Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Tuo Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Erick R Calderon Leon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Wakana Mori
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shaofa Sun
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Non-power Nuclear Technology, College of Nuclear Technology & Chemistry and Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei Province, 437100, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Benjamin Cravatt
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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8
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Tamari Y, Takata T, Takeno S, Tanaka H, Yamazaki H, Yamada K, Suzuki M. Influence of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy on Normal Liver Tissue. Radiat Res 2022; 198:368-374. [PMID: 35904430 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00018.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced liver diseases, including liver fibrosis, occurs when radiation damages the liver. Basic research on hepatic fibrosis, which is a late radiation injury, is necessary for evaluating adverse liver events occurring after boron neutron capture therapy. This study was conducted to establish a method for analyzing the negative effect such as fibrosis in the liver tissue after boron neutron capture therapy. Female C57BL6 mice were injected with p-boronophenylalanine solution subcutaneously at 2 h before neutron irradiation. Masson trichrome staining was performed to determine the degree of liver fibrosis. The degree of fat accumulation in mouse normal liver tissue after boron neutron capture therapy was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining and triglyceride quantification. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression level of Sonic Hedgehog. Liver fat accumulation and fibrosis were significantly increased in the neutron irradiation group injected with p-boronophenylalanine compared with control group. In addition, Sonic Hedgehog expression was increased in response to boron neutron capture therapy-induced liver injury and was involved in liver fibrosis. Hepatocellular fat accumulation and Hedgehog signaling activation may be indicators of adverse events related to boron neutron capture therapy associated with liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Tamari
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Radiation Oncology Research Laboratory, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010, Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takushi Takata
- Radiation Oncology Research Laboratory, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010, Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeno
- Radiation Oncology Research Laboratory, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010, Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Radiation Oncology Research Laboratory, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010, Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideya Yamazaki
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Yamada
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Radiation Oncology Research Laboratory, Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010, Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, Japan
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9
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Nie X, Yu Q, Li L, Yi M, Wu B, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Han H, Yuan X. Kinsenoside Protects Against Radiation-Induced Liver Fibrosis via Downregulating Connective Tissue Growth Factor Through TGF-β1 Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:808576. [PMID: 35126163 PMCID: PMC8814438 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.808576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced liver fibrosis (RILF) is a serious complication of the radiotherapy of liver cancer, which lacks effective prevention and treatment measures. Kinsenoside (KD) is a monomeric glycoside isolated from Anoectochilus roxburghii, which has been reported to show protective effect on the early progression of liver fibrosis. However, the role of KD in affecting RILF remains unknown. Here, we found that KD alleviated RILF via downregulating connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) through TGF-β1 signaling. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with 20 mg/kg KD per day for 8 weeks after a single 30Gy irradiation on the right part of liver, and tumor-bearing nude mice were administered with 30 mg/kg KD per day after a single fraction of 10Gy on the tumor inoculation site. Twenty-four weeks postirradiation, we found that the administration of KD after irradiation resulted in decreased expression of α-SMA and fibronectin in the liver tissue while had no adverse effect on the tumor radiotherapy. Besides, KD inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) postirradiation via targeting CTGF as indicated by the transcriptome sequencing. Results of the pathway enrichment and immunohistochemistry suggested that KD reduced the expression of TGF-β1 protein after radiotherapy, and exogenous TGF-β1 induced HSCs to produce α-SMA and other fibrosis-related proteins. The content of activated TGF-β1 in the supernatant decreased after treatment with KD. In addition, KD inhibited the expression of the fibrosis-related proteins by regulating the TGF-β1/Smad/CTGF pathway, resulting in the intervention of liver fibrosis. In conclusion, this study revealed that KD alleviated RILF through the regulation of TGFβ1/Smad/CTGF pathway with no side effects on the tumor therapy. KD, in combination with blocking the TGF-β1 pathway and CTGF molecule or not, may become the innovative and effective treatment for RILF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Nie
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minxiao Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bili Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongbiao Huang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hu Han
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Han, ; Xianglin Yuan,
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Han, ; Xianglin Yuan,
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10
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Ramos IPR, Dias ML, Nunes De Moraes AC, Meireles Ferreira FG, Souza SAL, Gutfilen B, Barboza T, Ferreira Pimentel C, Paz Batista CM, Kasai-Brunswick TH, Fortes FDSDA, De Andrade CBV, Goldenberg RCDS. Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Treatment Before Radiotherapy Protects Against Radiation-Induced Liver Disease in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:725084. [PMID: 34867327 PMCID: PMC8634713 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.725084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) remains a major problem resulting from radiotherapy. In this scenario, immunotherapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) arises as an attractive approach that might improve the injured liver. Here, we investigated G-CSF administration’s impact before and after liver irradiation exposure using an association of alcohol consumption and local irradiation to induce liver disease model in C57BL/6 mice. Male and female mice were submitted to a previous alcohol-induced liver injury protocol with water containing 5% alcohol for 90 days. Then, the animals were treated with G-CSF (100 μg/kg/d) for 3 days before or after liver irradiation (18 Gy). At days 7, 30, and 60 post-radiation, non-invasive liver images were acquired by ultrasonography, magnetic resonance, and computed tomography. Biochemical and histological evaluations were performed to verify whether G-CSF could prevent liver tissue damage or reverse the acute liver injury. Our data showed that the treatment with G-CSF before irradiation effectively improved morphofunctional parameters caused by RILD, restoring histological arrangement, promoting liver regeneration, preserving normal organelles distribution, and glycogen granules. The amount of OV-6 and F4/80-positive cells increased, and α-SMA positive cells’ presence was normalized. Additionally, prior G-CSF administration preserved serum biochemical parameters and increased the survival rates (100%). On the other hand, after irradiation, the treatment showed a slight improvement in survival rates (79%) and did not ameliorate RILD. Overall, our data suggest that G-CSF administration before radiation might be an immunotherapeutic alternative to radiotherapy planning to avoid RILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isalira Peroba Rezende Ramos
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem-CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marlon Lemos Dias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-REGENERA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sergio Augusto Lopes Souza
- Departamento de Radiologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Gutfilen
- Departamento de Radiologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barboza
- Departamento de Radiologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cibele Ferreira Pimentel
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-REGENERA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Terapia e Fisiologia Celular e Molecular-LTFCM, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste-UEZO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biomedicina Translacional-BIOTRANS (UEZO-UNIGRANRIO-InMETRO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Cintia Marina Paz Batista
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tais Hanae Kasai-Brunswick
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem-CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-REGENERA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Da Silva De Azevedo Fortes
- Laboratório de Terapia e Fisiologia Celular e Molecular-LTFCM, Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste-UEZO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biomedicina Translacional-BIOTRANS (UEZO-UNIGRANRIO-InMETRO), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Cherley Borba Vieira De Andrade
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departmento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Regina Coeli Dos Santos Goldenberg
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-REGENERA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Zhu W, Zhang X, Yu M, Lin B, Yu C. Radiation-induced liver injury and hepatocyte senescence. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:244. [PMID: 34531376 PMCID: PMC8446062 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced liver injury (RILI) is a major complication of radiotherapy during treatment for liver cancer and other upper abdominal malignant tumors that has poor pharmacological therapeutic options. A series of pathological changes can be induced by radiation. However, the underlying mechanism of RILI remains unclear. Radiation can induce cell damage via direct energy deposition or reactive free radical generation. Cellular senescence can be observed due to the DNA damage response (DDR) caused by radiation. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) secreted from senescent cells can cause chronic inflammation and aggravate liver dysfunction for a long time. Oxidative stress further activates the signaling pathway of the inflammatory response and affects cellular metabolism. miRNAs clearly have differential expression after radiation treatment and take part in RILI development. This review aims to systematically profile the overall mechanism of RILI and the effects of radiation on hepatocyte senescence, laying foundations for the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengli Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingru Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Li T, Cao Y, Li B, Dai R. The biological effects of radiation-induced liver damage and its natural protective medicine. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 167:87-95. [PMID: 34216638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The biological damage caused by the environmental factors such as radiation and its control methods are one of the frontiers of life science research that has received widespread attention. Ionizing radiation can directly interact with target molecules (such as DNA, proteins and lipids) or decomposed by radiation from water, leading to changes in oxidative events and biological activities in cells. Liver is a radiation-sensitive organ, and its radiosensitivity is second only to bone marrow, lymph, gastrointestinal tissue, gonads, embryos and kidneys. In addition, as a key organ of mammals, liver performs a series of functions, including the production of bile, the metabolism of nutrients, the elimination of waste, the storage of glycogen, and the synthesis of proteins. Therefore, liver is prone to various pathophysiological changes. In this review, the effects of radiation on liver injury, its pathogenesis, bystander effect and the natural traditional Chinese medicine to protect the radiation induced liver damage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanlu Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Rongji Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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13
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Serrano Martinez P, Giuranno L, Vooijs M, Coppes RP. The Radiation-Induced Regenerative Response of Adult Tissue-Specific Stem Cells: Models and Signaling Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040855. [PMID: 33670536 PMCID: PMC7921940 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is involved in the treatment of many cancers, but damage induced to the surrounding normal tissue is often inevitable. Evidence suggests that the maintenance of homeostasis and regeneration of the normal tissue is driven by specific adult tissue stem/progenitor cells. These tasks involve the input from several signaling pathways. Irradiation also targets these stem/progenitor cells, triggering a cellular response aimed at achieving tissue regeneration. Here we discuss the currently used in vitro and in vivo models and the involved specific tissue stem/progenitor cell signaling pathways to study the response to irradiation. The combination of the use of complex in vitro models that offer high in vivo resemblance and lineage tracing models, which address organ complexity constitute potential tools for the study of the stem/progenitor cellular response post-irradiation. The Notch, Wnt, Hippo, Hedgehog, and autophagy signaling pathways have been found as crucial for driving stem/progenitor radiation-induced tissue regeneration. We review how these signaling pathways drive the response of solid tissue-specific stem/progenitor cells to radiotherapy and the used models to address this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Serrano Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems-Section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lorena Giuranno
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Marc Vooijs
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (R.P.C.)
| | - Robert P. Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems-Section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (R.P.C.)
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14
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Changes in splenic uptake pattern associated with X-ray irradiation. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04932. [PMID: 32995620 PMCID: PMC7501432 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the splenic uptake function after irradiation with high-energy X-rays. Materials and methods Fourteen male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups. Group 1 (n = 6) – control, non-irradiated; Group 2 (n = 4) – animals that were irradiated and studied 24 h after irradiation; and Group 3 (n = 4) – animals that were irradiated and studied 48 h after irradiation. The animals were irradiated with 8 Gy X-rays in the abdominal region. According with the groups, after 24 or 48 h, 1 ml/kg of a 50% colloidal carbon solution was injected in the left internal jugular vein. After 40 min, the spleens were removed for histological studies. Macrophages containing carbon pigments in their cytoplasms were counted in 16 consecutive microscopic fields, and their means were considered as the uptake pattern of each animal. Results In the control groups, carbon pigments were captured by macrophages in the red and white pulps, while in the irradiated groups, the uptake in the marginal zone, around the white pulp, was enhanced. There was no disorder on the splenic parenchyma or necrosis in histological analyzes. Qualitatively rare apoptotic events were observed, with no difference between control and irradiated animals. Conclusion The high-energy X-ray, used in radiotherapy, modifies the splenic clearance, enhancing the amount of marginal zone macrophages containing colloid particles. This radiation was not associated with morphological changes, nor with necrosis or apoptosis of splenic tissue.
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15
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Ruan Q, Wang H, Burke LJ, Bridle KR, Li X, Zhao CX, Crawford DHG, Roberts MS, Liang X. Therapeutic modulators of hepatic stellate cells for hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:1519-1527. [PMID: 32010970 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary tumor in the liver and is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are key components of the HCC microenvironment and play an important role in the onset and progression of HCC through the secretion of growth factors and cytokines. Current treatment modalities that include chemotherapy, radiotherapy and ablation are able to activate HSCs and remodel the tumor microenvironment. Growing evidence has demonstrated that the complex interaction between activated HSCs and tumor cells can facilitate cancer chemoresistance and metastasis. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of activated HSCs has emerged as a promising strategy to improve treatment outcomes for HCC. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of HSC activation triggered by treatment modalities, the function of activated HSCs in HCC, as well as the crosstalk between tumor cells and activated HSCs. Pathways of activated HSC reduction are discussed, including inhibition, apoptosis, and reversion to the inactivated state. Finally, we outline the progress and challenges of therapeutic approaches targeting activated HSCs in the development of HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ruan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Haolu Wang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leslie J Burke
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kim R Bridle
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xinxing Li
- Department of General Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Darrell H G Crawford
- Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiaowen Liang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Gallipoli Medical Research Institute, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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16
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Sahinturk V, Kacar S, Sahin E, Aykanat NEB. Investigation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and sonic hedgehog pathway in diabetic liver injury in mice. Life Sci 2020; 246:117416. [PMID: 32035927 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetes is a common metabolic disease which damages many organs including the liver and causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which originates from non-folded proteins. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway plays a role in liver regeneration and repair. To our knowledge, there is no study showing the relation between ER stress and Shh pathway in the liver in diabetes. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between ER stress and Shh pathway in the liver of diabetic mice. MAIN METHODS Six groups of male mice were formed as control, diabetes (streptozotocine-treated), Shh activator (SAG-treated), Shh inhibitor (SANT1-treated), diabetes + SAG and diabetes + SANT1. At the end of the experiment, mice were weighed, anaesthetized and euthanized. Blood samples were collected, livers were excised and weighed. Thereafter, blood glucose, serum ALT and AST levels, TOS and TAC levels in liver tissue were measured. ER stress marker (GRP78) and Shh pathway molecules (Gli1 and Smo) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, H-score and western blot analyses. Besides, histopathological examination was performed. KEY FINDINGS Results showed that GRP78, Gli1 and Smo were increased in liver due to Type 1 diabetes. The SAG agent decreased GRP78 and increased Gli1 and Smo, leading to liver repair, while the inhibitor SANT1 increased GRP78 and decreased Gli1and Smo, causing progression of the liver stress induced by diabetes. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, the Shh pathway is related to ER stress and may provide a new strategy for its treatment, especially liver stress induced by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varol Sahinturk
- Ekisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Sedat Kacar
- Ekisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Erhan Sahin
- Ekisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nuriye Ezgi Bektur Aykanat
- Ekisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Eskisehir, Turkey
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17
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Effects of Pristine C 60 Fullerenes on Liver and Pancreas in α-Naphthylisothiocyanate-Induced Cholangitis. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:215-224. [PMID: 31312992 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant role in pathogenesis of cholangitis is attributed to excessive reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress. Therefore, antioxidants could be promising therapeutics. AIMS The effects of powerful free radical scavenger C60 fullerene on hepatic and pancreatic manifestations of acute and chronic cholangitis in rats were aimed to be discovered. METHODS Acute (AC, 3 days) and chronic (CC, 28 days) cholangitis models were simulated by single (AC) and 4 weekly (CC) α-naphthylisothiocyanate per os administrations. Pristine C60 fullerene aqueous colloid solution (C60FAS, 0.15 mg/ml, size of aggregates 1.2-100 nm) was administered either per os or intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg C60 fullerene daily (AC) and every other day (CC). Prednisolone was used as a reference. Liver and pancreas autopsies were analyzed, and blood serum biochemical markers were measured. Pan-cytokeratin expression in HepG2 cells was assessed after 48-h incubation with C60FAS. RESULTS On AC, C60FAS normalized elevated bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and triglycerides, diminished fibrotic alterations in liver, and improved pancreas state when applied by both ways. Additionally, C60FAS per os significantly reduced the signs of inflammation in liver and pancreas. On CC, C60FAS also mitigated liver fibrosis and inflammation, improved pancreas state, and normalized alkaline phosphatase and triglycerides. The remedy effect of C60FAS was more expressed compared to that of prednisolone on both models. Furthermore, C60FAS inhibited pan-cytokeratin expression in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Pristine C60 fullerene inhibits liver inflammation and fibrogenesis and partially improved liver and pancreas state under acute and chronic cholangitis.
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18
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Sato T, Semura K, Fujimoto I. Micro‑dimpled surface atelocollagen maintains primary human hepatocytes in culture and may promote their functionality compared with collagen coat culture. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:960-972. [PMID: 31257473 PMCID: PMC6657980 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are the gold standard for drug development procedures; however, maintaining functional PHHs in vitro is challenging in conventional collagen-coated cultures. In the present study, we developed a new scaffold comprising high amounts (≥1 mg/cm2) of atelocollagen exposed to ultraviolet radiation to induce cross-linking and improve stability. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed a micro-dimpled surface (MDS) scaffold composed of randomly arranged atelocollagen fibrils. The scaffold was therefore designated as MDS atelocollagen. PHHs cultured on MDS atelocollagen were round with a compact cytoplasm and exhibited enhanced levels of albumin (ALB) secretion and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activity. The expression of hepatocyte-related genes, such as serum proteins, drug metabolism-related CYPs, and nuclear receptors, was enhanced in cells cultured on MDS atelocollagen, but not in those cultured on conventional atelocollagen. Moreover, the abnormal gene expression of cell adhesion molecules observed in conventional atelocollagen culture was suppressed when the cells were grown on MDS atelocollagen, thereby suggesting a cell behavior similar to that of in vivo hepatocytes. These results suggest that MDS atelocollagen functionally preserves PHHs while conserving the simplicity of conventional PHH atelocollagen-coated cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Sato
- Koken Research Center, Koken Co., Ltd., Tokyo 115‑0051, Japan
| | - Kayoko Semura
- Koken Research Center, Koken Co., Ltd., Tokyo 115‑0051, Japan
| | - Ichiro Fujimoto
- Koken Research Center, Koken Co., Ltd., Tokyo 115‑0051, Japan
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19
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Liu Z, Liang X, Li X, Liu X, Zhu M, Gu Y, Zhou P. MiRNA-21 functions in ionizing radiation-induced epithelium-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by downregulating PTEN. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:328-340. [PMID: 31160967 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00019d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) results from thoracic radiotherapy and severely limits the use of radiotherapy. Recent studies suggest that epithelium-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to pulmonary fibrosis. Although miRNA dysregulation participates in a variety of pathophysiologic processes, their roles in fibrotic lung diseases and EMT are unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify key miRNAs involved in this process using a mouse model of RIPF previously established by irradiation with a single dose (20 Gy) of 60Co γ-rays. At 2-weeks post-irradiation, a set of significantly upregulated miRNAs was identified in lung tissue by miRNA array analysis. This included miR-21, which has been reported to contribute to the pulmonary fibrotic response induced by stereotactic body radiotherapy. Here, we showed that miR-21 expression increased in parallel with EMT progression in the lungs of irradiated mice. Ectopic miR-21 expression promoted EMT progression in lung epithelial cells. Furthermore, downregulation of miR-21 expression by transfection of its inhibitor inhibited ionizing radiation (IR)-induced EMT. Knockdown of PTEN, which is the functional target of miR-21, reversed the attenuation of IR-induced EMT mediated by miR-21 downregulation. Radiation treatment decreased PTEN expression and increased Akt phosphorylation; these effects were abolished by the miR-21 inhibitor. MiR-21 overexpression in lung epithelial cell also downregulated PTEN expression and upregulated Akt phosphorylation. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that miR-21 functions as a key regulator of IR-induced EMT in lung epithelial cells via the PTEN/Akt pathway. Targeting miR-21 is implicated as a novel therapeutic strategy for the prevention of RIPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- School of Public Health , University of South China , Hengyang , Hunan Province 421001 , P. R. China . ; .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Liang
- Graduate School , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , Anhui province 230032 , P. R. China
| | - Xueping Li
- School of Life Science , Shihezi University , Shihezi , Xinjiang Province 832003 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Maoxiang Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Gu
- School of Public Health , University of South China , Hengyang , Hunan Province 421001 , P. R. China . ; .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
| | - Pingkun Zhou
- School of Public Health , University of South China , Hengyang , Hunan Province 421001 , P. R. China . ; .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing 100850 , P. R. China
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20
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Yuan B, Chen Y, Wu Z, Zhang L, Zhuang Y, Zhao X, Niu H, Cheng JCH, Zeng Z. Proteomic Profiling of Human Hepatic Stellate Cell Line LX2 Responses to Irradiation and TGF-β1. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:508-521. [PMID: 30489086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main target of radiation damage and primarily contribute to the development of radiation-induced liver fibrosis. However, the molecular events underlying the radiation-induced activation of HSCs are not fully elucidated. In the present study, human HSC line LX2 was treated with X-ray irradiation and/or TGF-β1, and profibrogenic molecules were evaluated. The iTRAQ LC-MS/MS technology was performed to identify global protein expression profiles in LX2 following exposure to different stimuli. Irradiation or TGF-β1 alone increased expression of α-SMA, collagen 1, CTGF, PAI-1, and fibronectin. Irradiation and TGF-β1 cooperatively induced expression of these profibrotic markers. In total, 102, 137, 155 dysregulated proteins were identified in LX2 cell samples affected by irradiation, TGF-β1, or cotreatment, respectively. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the three differentially expressed protein sets were commonly associated with cell cycle and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. The expression of a set of proteins was properly validated: CDC20, PRC1, KIF20A, CCNB1, SHCBP, TACC3 were upregulated upon irradiation or irradiation and TGF-β1 costimulation, whereas SPARC and THBS1 were elevated by TGF-β1 or TGF-β1 plus irradiation treatment. Furthermore, CDC20 inhibition suppressed expression of profibrotic markers in irradiated and TGF-β1-stimulated LX2 cells. Detailed data on potential molecular mechanisms causing the radiation-induced HSC activation presented here would be instrumental in developing radiotherapy strategies that minimize radiation-induced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou 510515 , China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Xiaomei Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Hao Niu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jason Chia-Hsien Cheng
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Departments of Oncology , National Taiwan University Hospital , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Zhaochong Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
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21
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Lo RCL, Chan KKS, Leung CON, Ng IOL. Expression of hepatic progenitor cell markers in acute cellular rejection of liver allografts-An immunohistochemical study. Clin Transplant 2018; 32:e13203. [PMID: 29345755 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic progenitor cells (HPC) are induced following liver injury to facilitate regeneration. Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is a common complication after liver transplantation as a result of immune-mediated liver injury. In this study, we characterized HPC phenotype in liver allograft biopsy with ACR. We also explored the correlation between expression HPC immunophenotype and clinicopathological parameters. METHODS Forty-four liver allograft biopsies performed between 2008 and 2016 in a single center with histologically proven ACR were examined for immunohistochemical expression of HPC markers CK19 and Sox9. The number of positive-staining cells was assessed and correlated with clinicopathological features by statistical analysis. RESULTS HPC phenotype expression as denoted by CK19 and Sox9 staining was detected in the liver tissue with ACR. The numbers of CK19+ and Sox9+ cells were positively correlated. A larger number of CK19+ cells were associated with higher serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level at biopsy. By histological rejection score, a larger number of Sox9+ cells were associated with a higher score of bile duct damage. CONCLUSION Expression HPC markers were correlated with clinical and histological parameters in ACR. Expression of each individual marker may be more tightly associated with a particular component of the ACR process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Cheuk-Lam Lo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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22
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Gao L, Zhang Z, Zhang P, Yu M, Yang T. Role of canonical Hedgehog signaling pathway in liver. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1636-1644. [PMID: 30416378 PMCID: PMC6216024 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.28089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an important role in embryonic development. It becomes reactivated in many types of acute and chronic liver injuries. Hh signaling is required for liver regeneration, regulates capillarisation, controls the fates of hepatic stellate cells, promotes liver fibrosis and liver cancers. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of canonical Hh signaling pathway in adult liver. This help to understand the pathogenesis of liver diseases and find out the new effective targeted therapeutic strategies for liver diseases treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Gao
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Department of general surgery, Hebei Medical University Fourth Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Minghua Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Dr. Minghua Yu, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China. Phone: 86-21-68030812; E-mail: and Dr. Tao Yang, Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai 201399, China. Phone: 86-21-68036516; E-mail:
| | - Tao Yang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Dr. Minghua Yu, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China. Phone: 86-21-68030812; E-mail: and Dr. Tao Yang, Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai 201399, China. Phone: 86-21-68036516; E-mail:
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23
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Kim J, Jung Y. Radiation-induced liver disease: current understanding and future perspectives. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e359. [PMID: 28729640 PMCID: PMC5565955 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although radiotherapy (RT) is used for the treatment of cancers, including liver cancer, radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) has emerged as a major limitation of RT. Radiation-induced toxicities in nontumorous liver tissues are associated with the development of numerous symptoms that may limit the course of therapy or have serious chronic side effects, including late fibrosis. Although the clinical characteristics of RILD patients have been relatively well described, the understanding of RILD pathogenesis has been hampered by a lack of reliable animal models for RILD. Despite efforts to develop suitable experimental animal models for RILD, current animal models rarely present hepatic veno-occlusive disease, the pathological hallmark of human RILD patients, resulting in highly variable results in RILD-related studies. Therefore, we introduce the concept and clinical characteristics of RILD and propose a feasible explanation for RILD pathogenesis. In addition, currently available animal models of RILD are reviewed, focusing on similarities with human RILD and clues to understanding the mechanisms of RILD progression. Based on these findings from RILD research, we present potential therapeutic strategies for RILD and prospects for future RILD studies. Therefore, this review helps broaden our understanding for developing effective treatment strategies for RILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
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24
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Possible antifibrotic effect of GDC-0449 (Vismodegib), a hedgehog-pathway inhibitor, in mice model of Schistosoma-induced liver fibrosis. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:545-554. [PMID: 28408356 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a pathological process complicating schistosomiasis. It is an active process of continuous extracellular matrix accumulation. In Egypt, schistosomiasis re-infection is a continuing problem especially in rural areas. In this study we examined the antifibrotic effect of GDC-0449 (Vismodegib), a hedgehog-pathway inhibitor as a new molecular target for Schistosoma-induced liver fibrosis, in addition to exploring its effect as antischistosomal drug. The effect of GDC-0449 alone or combined with Praziquantel was tried experimentally in infected mice with Schistosoma mansoni. Fifty CD-1 Swiss female albino mice were used, forty mice were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Animals were grouped into five groups; uninfected control, infected untreated, infected treated with Praziquantel (500mg/kg/day) for two days, infected treated with GDC-0449 (40mg/kg/day) for seven days, and infected treated with combined Praziquantel and GDC-0449. Parasitological and chemical parameters, hydroxyproline level and liver granuloma were assessed. Liver fibrosis was reduced significantly evidenced by reduced hydroxyproline levels [P<0.01 for combined (Praziquantel/GDC-0449) treatment groups, P<0.001 for GDC-0449-treated group]. Also, histopathological examination of liver tissues revealed that the mean diameter of granulomas was statistically reduced (P=0.001) with a reduction rate of 24.4% on treatment with GDC-0449. In GDC-0449/Praziquantel combined treatment group, number and mean diameter of the granulomas were reduced significantly P<0.001, and P=0.001 respectively. No antischistosomal effect was recorded for GDC-0449 in this study.
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25
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Lee SY, Jeong EK, Ju MK, Jeon HM, Kim MY, Kim CH, Park HG, Han SI, Kang HS. Induction of metastasis, cancer stem cell phenotype, and oncogenic metabolism in cancer cells by ionizing radiation. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:10. [PMID: 28137309 PMCID: PMC5282724 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the major tools of cancer treatment, and is widely used for a variety of malignant tumours. Radiotherapy causes DNA damage directly by ionization or indirectly via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby destroying cancer cells. However, ionizing radiation (IR) paradoxically promotes metastasis and invasion of cancer cells by inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Metastasis is a major obstacle to successful cancer therapy, and is closely linked to the rates of morbidity and mortality of many cancers. ROS have been shown to play important roles in mediating the biological effects of IR. ROS have been implicated in IR-induced EMT, via activation of several EMT transcription factors—including Snail, HIF-1, ZEB1, and STAT3—that are activated by signalling pathways, including those of TGF-β, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, G-CSF, EGFR/PI3K/Akt, and MAPK. Cancer cells that undergo EMT have been shown to acquire stemness and undergo metabolic changes, although these points are debated. IR is known to induce cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, including dedifferentiation and self-renewal, and to promote oncogenic metabolism by activating these EMT-inducing pathways. Much accumulated evidence has shown that metabolic alterations in cancer cells are closely associated with the EMT and CSC phenotypes; specifically, the IR-induced oncogenic metabolism seems to be required for acquisition of the EMT and CSC phenotypes. IR can also elicit various changes in the tumour microenvironment (TME) that may affect invasion and metastasis. EMT, CSC, and oncogenic metabolism are involved in radioresistance; targeting them may improve the efficacy of radiotherapy, preventing tumour recurrence and metastasis. This study focuses on the molecular mechanisms of IR-induced EMT, CSCs, oncogenic metabolism, and alterations in the TME. We discuss how IR-induced EMT/CSC/oncogenic metabolism may promote resistance to radiotherapy; we also review efforts to develop therapeutic approaches to eliminate these IR-induced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Eui Kyong Jeong
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Ju
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Hyun Min Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Science (DIRAMS), Pusan, 619-953, Korea
| | - Cho Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.,DNA Identification Center, National Forensic Service, Seoul, 158-707, Korea
| | - Hye Gyeong Park
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea
| | - Song Iy Han
- The Division of Natural Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Korea
| | - Ho Sung Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
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26
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Hasan HF, Abdel-Rafei MK, Galal SM. Diosmin attenuates radiation-induced hepatic fibrosis by boosting PPAR-γ expression and hampering miR-17-5p-activated canonical Wnt-β-catenin signaling. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 95:400-414. [PMID: 28177765 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis is one of the major complications from upper right quadrant radiotherapy. MicroRNA-17-5p (miR-17-5p) is hypothesized to act as a regulator of hepatic stellate cell (HSCs) activation by activation of the canonical Wnt-β-catenin pathway. Diosmin (Dios), a citrus bioflavonoid, is known to possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. PURPOSE To explore the molecular mechanisms that underlie radiation-induced liver fibrosis, and to evaluate the possible influence of Dios on the miR-17-5p-Wnt-β-catenin signaling axis during fibrogenesis provoked by irradiation (IRR) in rats. Also, the effect of Dios on hepatic peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) expression as a regulator for HSC activation was considered. METHODS We administered 100 mg·(kg body mass)-1·day-1 (per oral) of Dios were administered to IRR-exposed rats (overall dose of 12 Gy on 6 fractions of 2 Gy each) for 6 successive weeks. RESULTS Data analysis revealed that Dios treatment mitigated oxidative stress, enhanced antioxidant defenses, alleviated hepatic inflammatory responses, abrogated pro-fibrogenic cytokines, and stimulated PPAR-γ expression. Dios treatment repressed the miR-17-5p activated Wnt-β-catenin signaling induced by IRR. Moreover, Dios treatment restored the normal hepatic architecture and reversed pathological alterations induced by IRR. CONCLUSION We hypothesize that the stimulation of PPAR-γ expression and interference with miR-17-5p activated Wnt-β-catenin signaling mediates the antifibrotic properties of Dios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Farouk Hasan
- a Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, PO Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Khairy Abdel-Rafei
- a Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, PO Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Mohamed Galal
- b Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, PO Box 29, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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27
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Hyun J, Lee Y, Wang S, Kim J, Kim J, Cha J, Seo YS, Jung Y. Kombucha tea prevents obese mice from developing hepatic steatosis and liver damage. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:861-866. [PMID: 30263346 PMCID: PMC6049161 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the increased accumulation of hepatocellular lipids. Although Kombucha tea (KT) has emerged as a substance protecting the liver from damage, the effects of KT in NAFLD remain unclear. Hence, we investigated whether KT influenced hepatic steatosis. Db/db mice were fed either control or methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diets for 4 weeks. The MCD diet group was treated with KT or water for 3 weeks. KT treatment alleviated macrovesicular steatosis compared to the MCD-fed group. The levels of triglyceride, ALT, and AST also decreased in the KT+MCD-treated db/db mice. RNA expression in the MCD+KT group showed reduced triglyceride synthesis and uptake of fatty acids. Immunostaining and western blot assays for active caspase-3 demonstrated a lower level of apoptosis in the MCD+KT than in the MCD group. These results demonstrate that KT attenuated lipid accumulation and protected the liver from damage, promoting liver restoration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongeun Hyun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241 Korea
| | - Youngjae Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241 Korea
| | - Sihyung Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241 Korea
| | - Jinnyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241 Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241 Korea
| | - JaeHo Cha
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241 Korea
| | - Young-Su Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241 Korea
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, 46241 Korea
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28
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MicroRNA-378 limits activation of hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis by suppressing Gli3 expression. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10993. [PMID: 27001906 PMCID: PMC4804167 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signalling regulates hepatic fibrogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) mediate various cellular processes; however, their role in liver fibrosis is unclear. Here we investigate regulation of miRNAs in chronically damaged fibrotic liver. MiRNA profiling shows that expression of miR-378 family members (miR-378a-3p, miR-378b and miR-378d) declines in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated compared with corn-oil-treated mice. Overexpression of miR-378a-3p, directly targeting Gli3 in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), reduces expression of Gli3 and profibrotic genes but induces gfap, the inactivation marker of HSCs, in CCl4-treated liver. Smo blocks transcriptional expression of miR-378a-3p by activating the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The hepatic level of miR-378a-3p is inversely correlated with the expression of Gli3 in tumour and non-tumour tissues in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Our results demonstrate that miR-378a-3p suppresses activation of HSCs by targeting Gli3 and its expression is regulated by Smo-dependent NF-κB signalling, suggesting miR-378a-3p has therapeutic potential for liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis is a pathogenic driver of many liver diseases, so understanding its regulation might open the door to new therapies. Here the authors perform a screen for miRNA candidates and identify that miR-378 inhibits liver fibrosis in mice by interfering with Hedgehog signalling in hepatic stellate cells.
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29
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Zhao YL, Zhu RT, Sun YL. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in liver fibrosis. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:269-274. [PMID: 26998262 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the result of a sustained wound healing response to sustained chronic liver injury, which includes viral, alcoholic and autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatic regeneration is the dominant outcome of liver damage. The outcomes of successful repair are the replacement of dead epithelial cells with healthy epithelial cells, and reconstruction of the normal hepatic structure and function. Prevention of the development of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may control and even reverse liver fibrosis. EMT is a critical process for an epithelial cell to undergo a conversion to a mesenchymal phenotype, and is believed to be an inflammation-induced response, which may have a central role in liver fibrosis. The origin of fibrogenic cells in liver fibrosis remains controversial. Numerous studies have investigated the origin of all fibrogenic cells within the liver and the mechanism of the signaling pathways that lead to the activation of EMT programs during numerous chronic liver diseases. The present study aimed to summarize the evidence to explain the possible role of EMT in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lei Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Tao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ling Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Institute of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P.R. China
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30
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Latchoumycandane C, Hanouneh M, Nagy LE, McIntyre TM. Inflammatory PAF Receptor Signaling Initiates Hedgehog Signaling and Kidney Fibrogenesis During Ethanol Consumption. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145691. [PMID: 26720402 PMCID: PMC4697844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation either resolves or proceeds to fibrotic repair that replaces functional tissue. Pro-fibrotic hedgehog signaling and induction of its Gli transcription factor in pericytes induces fibrosis in kidney, but molecular instructions connecting inflammation to fibrosis are opaque. We show acute kidney inflammation resulting from chronic ingestion of the common xenobiotic ethanol initiates Gli1 transcription and hedgehog synthesis in kidney pericytes, and promotes renal fibrosis. Ethanol ingestion stimulated transcription of TGF-ß, collagens I and IV, and alpha-smooth muscle actin with accumulation of these proteins. This was accompanied by deposition of extracellular fibrils. Ethanol catabolism by CYP2E1 in kidney generates local reactive oxygen species that oxidize cellular phospholipids to phospholipid products that activate the Platelet-activating Factor receptor (PTAFR) for inflammatory phospholipids. Genetically deleting this ptafr locus abolished accumulation of mRNA for TGF-ß, collagen IV, and α-smooth muscle actin. Loss of PTAFR also abolished ethanol-stimulated Sonic (Shh) and Indian hedgehog (Ihh) expression, and abolished transcription and accumulation of Gli1. Shh induced in pericytes and Ihh in tubules escaped to urine of ethanol-fed mice. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) is required for ethanol-induced kidney inflammation, and Shh was not present in kidney or urine of mpo-/- mice. Shh also was present in urine of patients with acute kidney injury, but not in normal individuals or those with fibrotic liver cirrhosis We conclude neither endogenous PTAFR signaling nor CYP2E1-generated radicals alone are sufficient to initiate hedgehog signaling, but instead PTAFR-dependent neutrophil infiltration with myeloperoxidase activation is necessary to initiate ethanol-induced fibrosis in kidney. We also show fibrogenic mediators escape to urine, defining a new class of urinary mechanistic biomarkers of fibrogenesis for an organ not commonly biopsied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calivarathan Latchoumycandane
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mohamad Hanouneh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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31
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Kumar V, Mondal G, Dutta R, Mahato RI. Co-delivery of small molecule hedgehog inhibitor and miRNA for treating liver fibrosis. Biomaterials 2015; 76:144-56. [PMID: 26524535 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In liver fibrosis, secretion of growth factors and hedgehog (Hh) ligands by hepatic parenchyma upon repeated insults results in transdifferentiation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into active myofibroblasts which secrete excessive amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. An Hh inhibitor GDC-0449 and miR-29b1 can play an important role in treating liver fibrosis by inhibiting several pro-fibrotic genes. Our in-silico analysis indicate that miR-29b1 targets several profibrotic genes like collagen type I & IV, c-MYC, PDGF-β and PI3K/AKT which are upregulated in liver fibrosis. Common bile duct ligation (CBDL) resulted in an increase in Ptch-1, Shh and Gli-1 expression. miR-29b1 and GDC-0449 were co-formulated into micelles using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-carboxyl-propylene carbonate-graft-dodecanol-graft-tetraethylenepentamine) (mPEG-b-PCC-g-DC-g-TEPA) copolymer, and injected systemically into CBDL mice. High concentrations of GDC-0449 and miR-29b1 were delivered to liver cells as determined by in situ liver perfusion at 30 min post systemic administration of their micelle formulation. There was a significant decrease in collagen deposition in the liver and serum injury markers, leading to improvement in liver morphology. Combination therapy was more effective in providing hepatoprotection, lowering liver injury related serum enzyme levels, reducing fibrotic protein markers such as collagen, α-SMA, FN-1 and p-AKT compared to monotherapy. In conclusion, inhibition of Hh pathway and restoration of miR-29b1 have the potential to act synergistically in treating CBDL-induced liver fibrosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Goutam Mondal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Rinku Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Tetramethylpyrazine Inhibits Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells through Hedgehog Signaling Pathways In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:603067. [PMID: 26380286 PMCID: PMC4561306 DOI: 10.1155/2015/603067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aim. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a major alkaloid isolated from Ligusticum chuanxiong, has been reported in hepatic fibrosis models. However, the action mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) against hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation as well as the possible mechanisms were evaluated. Methods. Western blot assay was used to detect TMP effects on protein expression of Smo, Patched, Hhip, and Gli and to investigate the effects of TMP on Cyclin D1, Cyclin E1, CDK2, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase expression with cyclopamine supplementation. Results. Our results showed that TMP significantly inhibits the expression of Cyclin D1, Cyclin E1, and Cyclin-dependent kinase CDK2 and changes the HSC cycle by inhibiting the proliferation of HSC. Moreover, TMP has also been shown to decrease the expression of Bcl-2 and increase the expression of Bax in HSC-T6 cells. Furthermore, TMP can inhibit the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and the inhibitory effect was intensified after the application of joint treatment with TMP and cyclopamine. Conclusion. TMP may be an effective Hh signaling pathway inhibitor for hepatic fibrosis treatment.
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Wang S, Lee JS, Hyun J, Kim J, Kim SU, Cha HJ, Jung Y. Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 promotes liver regeneration in mice with acute liver injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:20. [PMID: 25890163 PMCID: PMC4396561 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein (TSG-6), one of the cytokines released by human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSC), has an anti-inflammatory effect and alleviates several pathological conditions; however, the hepatoprotective potential of TSG-6 remains unclear. We investigated whether TSG-6 promoted liver regeneration in acute liver failure. Methods The immortalized hMSC (B10) constitutively over-expressing TSG-6 or empty plasmid (NC: Negative Control) were established, and either TSG-6 or NC-conditioned medium (CM) was intraperitoneally injected into mice with acute liver damage caused by CCl4. Mice were sacrificed at 3 days post-CM treatment. Results Higher expression and the immunosuppressive activity of TSG-6 were observed in CM from TSG-6-hMSC. The obvious histomorphological liver injury and increased level of liver enzymes were shown in CCl4-treated mice with or without NC-CM, whereas those observations were markedly ameliorated in TSG-6-CM-treated mice with CCl4. Ki67-positive hepatocytic cells were accumulated in the liver of the CCl4 + TSG-6 group. RNA analysis showed the decrease in both of inflammation markers, tnfα, il-1β, cxcl1 and cxcl2, and fibrotic markers, tgf-β1, α-sma and collagen α1, in the CCl4 + TSG-6 group, compared to the CCl4 or the CCl4 + NC group. Protein analysis confirmed the lower expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA in the CCl4 + TSG-6 than the CCl4 or the CCl4 + NC group. Immunostaining for α-SMA also revealed the accumulation of the activated hepatic stellate cells in the livers of mice in the CCl4 and CCl4 + NC groups, but not in the livers of mice from the CCl4 + TSG-6 group. The cultured LX2 cells, human hepatic stellate cell line, in TSG-6-CM showed the reduced expression of fibrotic markers, tgf-β1, vimentin and collagen α1, whereas the addition of the TSG-6 antibody neutralized the inhibitory effect of TSG-6 on the activation of LX2 cells. In addition, cytoplasmic lipid drops, the marker of inactivated hepatic stellate cell, were detected in TSG-6-CM-cultured LX2 cells, only. The suppressed TSG-6 activity by TSG-6 antibody attenuated the restoration process in livers of TSG-6-CM-treated mice with CCl4. Conclusions These results demonstrated that TSG-6 contributed to the liver regeneration by suppressing the activation of hepatic stellate cells in CCl4-treated mice, suggesting the therapeutic potential of TSG-6 for acute liver failure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0019-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihyung Wang
- Department of Intergrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
| | - Ji-Seon Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea.
| | - Jeongeun Hyun
- Department of Intergrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Intergrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
| | - Seung U Kim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Hyuk-Jin Cha
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea.
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Intergrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan, 609-735, Korea. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
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Ueberham E, Glöckner P, Göhler C, Straub BK, Teupser D, Schönig K, Braeuning A, Höhn AK, Jerchow B, Birchmeier W, Gaunitz F, Arendt T, Sansom O, Gebhardt R, Ueberham U. Global increase of p16INK4a in APC-deficient mouse liver drives clonal growth of p16INK4a-negative tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:239-49. [PMID: 25270420 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0278-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reduction of β-catenin (CTNNB1) destroying complex components, for example, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), induces β-catenin signaling and subsequently triggers activation of genes involved in proliferation and tumorigenesis. Though diminished expression of APC has organ-specific and threshold-dependent influence on the development of liver tumors in mice, the molecular basis is poorly understood. Therefore, a detailed investigation was conducted to determine the underlying mechanism in the development of liver tumors under reduced APC levels. Mouse liver at different developmental stages was analyzed in terms of β-catenin target genes including Cyp2e1, Glul, and Ihh using real-time RT-PCR, reporter gene assays, and immunohistologic methods with consideration of liver zonation. Data from human livers with mutations in APC derived from patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) were also included. Hepatocyte senescence was investigated by determining p16(INK4a) expression level, presence of senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, and assessing ploidy. A β-catenin activation of hepatocytes does not always result in β-catenin positive but unexpectedly also in mixed and β-catenin-negative tumors. In summary, a senescence-inducing program was found in hepatocytes with increased β-catenin levels and a positive selection of hepatocytes lacking p16(INK4a), by epigenetic silencing, drives the development of liver tumors in mice with reduced APC expression (Apc(580S) mice). The lack of p16(INK4a) was also detected in liver tumors of mice with triggers other than APC reduction. IMPLICATIONS Epigenetic silencing of p16(Ink4a) in selected liver cells bypassing senescence is a general principle for development of liver tumors with β-catenin involvement in mice independent of the initial stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Ueberham
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Department of Cell Engineering/GLP, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pia Glöckner
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, University of Leipzig, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Göhler
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Schönig
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Boris Jerchow
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | | | - Frank Gaunitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, University of Leipzig, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Owen Sansom
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Ueberham
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, University of Leipzig, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany.
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Barshishat-Kupper M, Tipton AJ, McCart EA, McCue J, Mueller GP, Day RM. Effect of ionizing radiation on liver protein oxidation and metabolic function in C57BL/6J mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:1169-78. [PMID: 24899392 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.930536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Protein oxidation in response to radiation results in DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response, cell cycle arrest, cell death and senescence. The liver, a relatively radiosensitive organ, undergoes measurable alterations in metabolic functions following irradiation. Accordingly, we investigated radiation-induced changes in liver metabolism and alterations in protein oxidation. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were sham irradiated or exposed to 8.5 Gy (60)Co (0.6 Gy/min) total body irradiation. Metabolites and metabolic enzymes in the blood and liver tissue were analyzed. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and OxyBlot™ were used to detect carbonylated proteins that were then identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. RESULTS Analysis of serum metabolites revealed elevated glucose, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), high-density lipoprotein, and aspartate aminotransferase within 24-72 h post irradiation. Liver tissue LDH and alkaline phosphatase activities were elevated 24-72 h post irradiation. OxyBlotting revealed that the hepatic proteome contains baseline protein carbonylation. Radiation exposure increased carbonylation of specific liver proteins including carbonic anhydrase 1, α-enolase, and regucalcin. CONCLUSIONS 8.5 Gy irradiation resulted in distinct metabolic alterations in hepatic functions. Coincident with these changes, radiation induced the carbonylation of specific liver enzymes. The oxidation of liver enzymes may underlie some radiation-induced alterations in hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Barshishat-Kupper
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Cheema AK, Pathak R, Zandkarimi F, Kaur P, Alkhalil L, Singh R, Zhong X, Ghosh S, Aykin-Burns N, Hauer-Jensen M. Liver metabolomics reveals increased oxidative stress and fibrogenic potential in gfrp transgenic mice in response to ionizing radiation. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3065-74. [PMID: 24824572 PMCID: PMC4053308 DOI: 10.1021/pr500278t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Although radiation-induced tissue-specific
injury is well documented,
the underlying molecular changes resulting in organ dysfunction and
the consequences thereof on overall metabolism and physiology have
not been elucidated. We previously reported the generation and characterization
of a transgenic mouse strain that ubiquitously overexpresses Gfrp
(GTPH-1 feedback regulatory protein) and exhibits higher oxidative
stress, which is a possible result of decreased tetrahydrobiopterin
(BH4) bioavailability. In this study, we report genotype-dependent
changes in the metabolic profiles of liver tissue after exposure to
nonlethal doses of ionizing radiation. Using a combination of untargeted
and targeted quantitative mass spectrometry, we report significant
accumulation of metabolites associated with oxidative stress, as well
as the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in transgenic mice after
radiation exposure. The radiation stress seems to exacerbate lipid
peroxidation and also results in higher expression of genes that facilitate
liver fibrosis, in a manner that is dependent on the genetic background
and post-irradiation time interval. These findings suggest the significance
of Gfrp in regulating redox homeostasis in response to stress induced
by ionizing radiation affecting overall physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita K Cheema
- Departments of Oncology, ‡Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and ∥Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington DC 20057, United States
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Abstract
Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) is a major limitation of radiation therapy (RT) for the treatment of liver cancer. Emerging data indicate that hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a central role in liver fibrosis and regeneration after liver injury. Here, we review the potential role of Hh signaling in RILD and propose the temporary use of Hh inhibition during liver RT to radiosensitize HCC tumor cells and inhibit their progression, while blocking the initiation of the radiation-induced fibrotic response in the surrounding normal liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Kabarriti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210 Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA
| | - Chandan Guha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 East 210 Street, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Zhang WJ, Guo Y. Mechanisms of liver repair following injury. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:3369-3375. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i31.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver injury caused by a variety of physical or chemical factors is a common disease, and severe or persistent liver injury can ultimately lead to acute liver failure. Its treatment is still a formidable challenge to clinicians. Elucidation of mechanisms underlying liver repair following injury is the cornerstone of treatment of hepatic diseases. Despite many research efforts over the past decades, the mechanisms behind liver repair following injury are still not clear. Recent studies have demonstrated that oval cells and bone marrow stem cells are involved in this complex process. A variety of cells and factors may play a role in different stages of this process. In this paper, we will review mechanisms of liver repair following injury.
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