1
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Kumar V, Narisawa M, Cheng XW. Overview of multifunctional Tregs in cardiovascular disease: From insights into cellular functions to clinical implications. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23786. [PMID: 38979903 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400839r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial in regulating T-cell-mediated immune responses. Numerous studies have shown that dysfunction or decreased numbers of Tregs may be involved in inflammatory cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart diseases, heart failure, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Tregs can help to ameliorate CVDs by suppressing excessive inflammation through various mechanisms, including inhibition of T cells and B cells, inhibition of macrophage-induced inflammation, inhibition of dendritic cells and foam cell formation, and induction of anti-inflammatory macrophages. Enhancing or restoring the immunosuppressive activity of Tregs may thus serve as a fundamental immunotherapy to treat hypertension and CVDs. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the Tregs-induced protection against hypertension and CVDs remain to be investigated. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of Tregs subsets and function in CVDs. In addition, we discuss promising strategies for using Tregs through various pharmacological approaches to treat hypertension and CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Kumar
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Megumi Narisawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin, P.R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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2
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Zhao H, Song J, Li X, Xia Z, Wang Q, Fu J, Miao Y, Wang D, Wang X. The role of immune cells and inflammation in pulmonary hypertension: mechanisms and implications. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1374506. [PMID: 38529271 PMCID: PMC10962924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1374506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a malignant disease with progressive increase of pulmonary vascular pressure, which eventually leads to right heart failure. More and more evidences show that immune cells and inflammation play an important role in the occurrence and development of PH. In the context of pulmonary vascular diseases, immune cells migrate into the walls of the pulmonary vascular system. This leads to an increase in the levels of cytokines and chemokines in both the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues of the pulmonary vessels. As a result, new approaches such as immunotherapy and anti-inflammatory treatments are being considered as potential strategies to halt or potentially reverse the progression of PH. We reviewed the potential mechanisms of immune cells, cytokines and chemokines in PH development. The potential relationship of vascular cells or bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) in immune regulation was also expounded. The clinical application and future prospect of immunotherapy were further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Song
- Department of Limb Trauma, Wendeng Orthopaedic Hospital of Shandong Province, Weihai, Shandong, China
| | - Xiujun Li
- Department of Medicine, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Zhaoyi Xia
- Department of Library, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Library, Jinan Children's Hospital, Shandong, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Fu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuguang Wang
- Department of Limb Trauma, Wendeng Orthopaedic Hospital of Shandong Province, Weihai, Shandong, China
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3
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Liu K, Han B. Role of immune cells in the pathogenesis of myocarditis. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:253-275. [PMID: 37949833 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease that mostly affects young people. Myocarditis involves a complex immune network; however, its detailed pathogenesis is currently unclear. The diversity and plasticity of immune cells, either in the peripheral blood or in the heart, have been partially revealed in a number of previous studies involving patients and several kinds of animal models with myocarditis. It is the complexity of immune cells, rather than one cell type that is the culprit. Thus, recognizing the individual intricacies within immune cells in the context of myocarditis pathogenesis and finding the key intersection of the immune network may help in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. With the vast amount of cell data gained on myocarditis and the recent application of single-cell sequencing, we summarize the multiple functions of currently recognized key immune cells in the pathogenesis of myocarditis to provide an immune background for subsequent investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Liu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Cheeloo Colledge of Medicine, No. 324 Jingwu Road, 250021, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Cheeloo Colledge of Medicine, No. 324 Jingwu Road, 250021, Jinan, China
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, 250021, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children' s Health and Disease office, No. 324 Jingwu Road, 250021, Jinan, China
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Huang SH, Hong ZJ, Chen MF, Tsai MW, Chen SJ, Cheng CP, Sytwu HK, Lin GJ. Melatonin inhibits the formation of chemically induced experimental encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis through modulation of T cell differentiation by suppressing of NF-κB activation in dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111300. [PMID: 38016346 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a severe complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Surgery is a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of complete intestinal obstruction. However, complete intestinal obstruction in long-term PD results in high mortality and morbidity rates after surgery. Immunopathogenesis participates in EPS formation: CD8, Th1, and Th17 cell numbers increased during the formation of EPS. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of melatonin may have beneficial effects on this EPS. In the present study, we determined that melatonin treatment significantly decreases the Th1 and Th17 cell populations in mice with EPS, decreases the production of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ, and increases the production of IL-10. The suppression of Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation by melatonin occurs through the inhibition of dendritic cell (DC) activation by affecting the initiation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in DCs. Our study suggests that melatonin has preventive potential against the formation of EPS in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hwa Huang
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of General Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of General Surgery, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Jie Hong
- Department of General Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Fei Chen
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Wei Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyi-Jou Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Pi Cheng
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Gu-Jiun Lin
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Liu L, Hu J, Lei H, Qin H, Wang C, Gui Y, Xu D. Regulatory T Cells in Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023:10.1007/s10557-023-07463-y. [PMID: 37184744 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-023-07463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is linked to immune-inflammatory injury, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in suppressing immune-inflammatory responses. However, the precise role of Tregs in pathological cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current knowledge on the role and mechanisms of Tregs in pathological cardiac hypertrophy and explore their perspectives and challenges as a new therapeutic approach. RESULTS Treg cells may play an important protective role in pressure overload (hypertension, aortic stenosis), myocardial infarction, metabolic disorders (diabetes, obesity), acute myocarditis, cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, storage diseases), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Although some challenges remain, the safety and efficacy of Treg-based therapies have been confirmed in some clinical trials, and engineered antigen-specific Treg cells may have better clinical application prospects due to stronger immunosuppressive function and stability. CONCLUSION Targeting the immune-inflammatory response via Treg-based therapies might provide a promising and novel future approach to the prevention and treatment of pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Huali Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yajun Gui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Dhawan M, Rabaan AA, Alwarthan S, Alhajri M, Halwani MA, Alshengeti A, Najim MA, Alwashmi ASS, Alshehri AA, Alshamrani SA, AlShehail BM, Garout M, Al-Abdulhadi S, Al-Ahmed SH, Thakur N, Verma G. Regulatory T Cells (Tregs) and COVID-19: Unveiling the Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potentialities with a Special Focus on Long COVID. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030699. [PMID: 36992283 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused havoc all around the world. The causative agent of COVID-19 is the novel form of the coronavirus (CoV) named SARS-CoV-2, which results in immune system disruption, increased inflammation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). T cells have been important components of the immune system, which decide the fate of the COVID-19 disease. Recent studies have reported an important subset of T cells known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), which possess immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory properties and play a crucial role in the prognosis of COVID-19 disease. Recent studies have shown that COVID-19 patients have considerably fewer Tregs than the general population. Such a decrement may have an impact on COVID-19 patients in a number of ways, including diminishing the effect of inflammatory inhibition, creating an inequality in the Treg/Th17 percentage, and raising the chance of respiratory failure. Having fewer Tregs may enhance the likelihood of long COVID development in addition to contributing to the disease's poor prognosis. Additionally, tissue-resident Tregs provide tissue repair in addition to immunosuppressive and immunoregulatory activities, which may aid in the recovery of COVID-19 patients. The severity of the illness is also linked to abnormalities in the Tregs' phenotype, such as reduced expression of FoxP3 and other immunosuppressive cytokines, including IL-10 and TGF-beta. Hence, in this review, we summarize the immunosuppressive mechanisms and their possible roles in the prognosis of COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, the perturbations in Tregs have been associated with disease severity. The roles of Tregs are also explained in the long COVID. This review also discusses the potential therapeutic roles of Tregs in the management of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
- Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alhajri
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad A Halwani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha 4781, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Alshengeti
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A Najim
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ameen S S Alwashmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alshehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alshamrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Abdulhadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Dr. Saleh Office for Medical Genetic and Genetic Counseling Services, The House of Expertise, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Dammam 32411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamsah H Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nanamika Thakur
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Geetika Verma
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
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7
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Wang X, Zhou H, Liu Q, Cheng P, Zhao T, Yang T, Zhao Y, Sha W, Zhao Y, Qu H. Targeting regulatory T cells for cardiovascular diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126761. [PMID: 36911741 PMCID: PMC9995594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The CVDs are accompanied by inflammatory progression, resulting in innate and adaptive immune responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have an immunosuppressive function and are one of the subsets of CD4+T cells that play a crucial role in inflammatory diseases. Whether using Tregs as a biomarker for CVDs or targeting Tregs to exert cardioprotective functions by regulating immune balance, suppressing inflammation, suppressing cardiac and vascular remodeling, mediating immune tolerance, and promoting cardiac regeneration in the treatment of CVDs has become an emerging research focus. However, Tregs have plasticity, and this plastic Tregs lose immunosuppressive function and produce toxic effects on target organs in some diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of Tregs' role and related mechanisms in CVDs, and reports on the research of plasticity Tregs in CVDs, to lay a foundation for further studies targeting Tregs in the prevention and treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingyao Zhao
- Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianshu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanjing Sha
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyan Qu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Malko D, Elmzzahi T, Beyer M. Implications of regulatory T cells in non-lymphoid tissue physiology and pathophysiology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954798. [PMID: 35936011 PMCID: PMC9354719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treg cells have been initially described as gatekeepers for the control of autoimmunity, as they can actively suppress the activity of other immune cells. However, their role goes beyond this as Treg cells further control immune responses during infections and tumor development. Furthermore, Treg cells can acquire additional properties for e.g., the control of tissue homeostasis. This is instructed by a specific differentiation program and the acquisition of effector properties unique to Treg cells in non-lymphoid tissues. These tissue Treg cells can further adapt to their tissue environment and acquire distinct functional properties through specific transcription factors activated by a combination of tissue derived factors, including tissue-specific antigens and cytokines. In this review, we will focus on recent findings extending our current understanding of the role and differentiation of these tissue Treg cells. As such we will highlight the importance of tissue Treg cells for tissue maintenance, regeneration, and repair in adipose tissue, muscle, CNS, liver, kidney, reproductive organs, and the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Malko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Tarek Elmzzahi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Beyer
- Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Platform foR SinglE Cell GenomIcS and Epigenomics (PRECISE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Xu Z, Jiang X, Dai X, Li B. The Dynamic Role of FOXP3+ Tregs and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications During SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:916411. [PMID: 35874688 PMCID: PMC9305488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.916411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been raging all around the world since the beginning of 2020, and leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with strong cytokine storm which contributes to widespread tissue damage and even death in severe patients. Over-activated immune response becomes one of the characteristics of severe COVID-19 patients. Regulatory T cells (Treg) play an essential role in maintaining the immune homeostasis, which restrain excessive inflammation response. So FOXP3+ Tregs might participate in the suppression of inflammation caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Besides suppressive function, tissue resident Tregs are also responsible for tissue repair. In this review, we mainly summarize the latest research focusing on the change of FOXP3+ Tregs in the COVID-19 patients, discuss the relationship between disease severity and number change of Tregs and speculate the potential role of FOXP3+ Tregs during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we introduce some potential Treg-based therapies to improve patients’ outcomes, which include small molecular drugs, antibody drugs, CAR-Treg and cytokine treatment. We hope to reduce tissue damage of severe COVID-19 patients and offer better prognosis through Treg-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Xu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyu Dai
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xueyu Dai, ; Bin Li,
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Clinical Translational Research Center, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammatory Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xueyu Dai, ; Bin Li,
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10
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Lu J, Cen Z, Tang Q, Dong J, Qin L, Wu W. The absence of B cells disrupts splenic and myocardial Treg homeostasis in coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 208:1-11. [PMID: 35262174 PMCID: PMC9113299 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although B cells are essential for humoral immunity and show noteworthy immunomodulatory activity through antibody-independent functions, the role of B cells in regulating Treg cell responses remains controversial. Tregs (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) are considered to play an immunoprotective role in viral myocarditis (VMC) by controlling autoimmune effector T cells. Here, we proved that B-cell knockout can not only lead to significant reductions in Tregs in the spleen, blood, and heart of VMC mice but also decrease the activation and immune function of splenic Tregs, which was reversed by adoptive transfer of B cells; the transcription levels of TGF-β and Foxp3 in the myocardium were also significantly reduced. B-cell depletion by anti-CD20 impaired the anti-inflammatory function of splenic Tregs and the homeostasis of myocardial Tregs population. Moreover, B cells can convert CD4+CD25- T cells into Foxp3+ and Foxp3-, two functionally suppressive Treg subgroups. Although the reduction in myocardial inflammation in BKO mice indicates that B cells may play a proinflammatory role, the beneficial side of B cells cannot be ignored, that is, to control autoimmunity by maintaining Treg numbers. The results observed in the animal model of VMC highlight the potential harm of rituximab in the nonselective depletion of B cells in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Cen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Quan Tang
- Coronary Care Unit, Nanning First People”s Hospital. Qixing Road 89, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Dong
- Department of nuclear medicine, Liuzhou People’s Hospital, Wenchang Road 8, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Lin Qin
- Coronary Care Unit, Nanning First People”s Hospital. Qixing Road 89, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 22, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China
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11
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Viruses in the Heart: Direct and Indirect Routes to Myocarditis and Heart Failure. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101924. [PMID: 34696354 PMCID: PMC8537553 DOI: 10.3390/v13101924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are an underappreciated cause of heart failure. Indeed, several types of viral infections carry cardiovascular risks. Understanding shared and unique mechanisms by which each virus compromises heart function is critical to inform on therapeutic interventions. This review describes how the key viruses known to lead to cardiac dysfunction operate. Both direct host-damaging mechanisms and indirect actions on the immune systems are discussed. As viral myocarditis is a key pathologic driver of heart failure in infected individuals, this review also highlights the role of cytokine storms and inflammation in virus-induced cardiomyopathy.
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12
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Trevelin SC, Zampetaki A, Sawyer G, Ivetic A, Brewer AC, Smyth LA, Marelli-Berg F, Köchl R, Lechler RI, Shah AM, Lombardi G. Nox2-deficient Tregs improve heart transplant outcomes via their increased graft recruitment and enhanced potency. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e149301. [PMID: 34375309 PMCID: PMC8492330 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nox2 is a ROS-generating enzyme, deficiency of which increases suppression by Tregs in vitro and in an in vivo model of cardiac remodeling. As Tregs have emerged as a candidate therapy in autoimmunity and transplantation, we hypothesized that Nox2 deficiency in Tregs in recipient mice may improve outcomes in a heart transplant model. We generated a potentially novel B6129 mouse model with Treg-targeted Nox2 deletion (Nox2fl/flFoxP3Cre+ mice) and transplanted with hearts from CB6F1 donors. As compared with those of littermate controls, Nox2fl/flFoxP3Cre+ mice had lower plasma levels of alloantibodies and troponin-I, reduced levels of IFN-γ in heart allograft homogenates, and diminished cardiomyocyte necrosis and allograft fibrosis. Single-cell analyses of allografts revealed higher absolute numbers of Tregs and lower CD8+ T cell infiltration in Nox2-deficient recipients compared with Nox2-replete mice. Mechanistically, in addition to a greater suppression of CD8+CD25- T effector cell proliferation and IFN-γ production, Nox2-deficient Tregs expressed higher levels of CCR4 and CCR8, driving cell migration to allografts; this was associated with increased expression of miR-214-3p. These data indicate that Nox2 deletion in Tregs enhances their suppressive ability and migration to heart allografts. Therefore, Nox2 inhibition in Tregs may be a useful approach to improve their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia C. Trevelin
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, United Kingdom.,King’s College London, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Zampetaki
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Greta Sawyer
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandar Ivetic
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C. Brewer
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Ann Smyth
- University of East London, Health Sports Bioscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Köchl
- King’s College London, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert I. Lechler
- King’s College London, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay M. Shah
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- King’s College London, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Kumric M, Ticinovic Kurir T, Borovac JA, Bozic J. Role of novel biomarkers in diabetic cardiomyopathy. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:685-705. [PMID: 34168722 PMCID: PMC8192249 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is commonly defined as cardiomyopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus in the absence of coronary artery disease and hypertension. As DCM is now recognized as a cause of substantial morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus and clinical diagnosis is still inappropriate, various expert groups struggled to identify a suitable biomarker that will help in the recognition and management of DCM, with little success so far. Hence, we thought it important to address the role of biomarkers that have shown potential in either human or animal studies and which could eventually result in mitigating the poor outcomes of DCM. Among the array of biomarkers we thoroughly analyzed, long noncoding ribonucleic acids, soluble form of suppression of tumorigenicity 2 and galectin-3 seem to be most beneficial for DCM detection, as their plasma/serum levels accurately correlate with the early stages of DCM. The combination of relatively inexpensive and accurate speckle tracking echocardiography with some of the highlighted biomarkers may be a promising screening method for newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. The purpose of the screening test would be to direct affected patients to more specific confirmation tests. This perspective is in concordance with current guidelines that accentuate the importance of an interdisciplinary team-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Kumric
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Tina Ticinovic Kurir
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Josip A Borovac
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia
- Emergency Medicine, Institute of Emergency Medicine of Split-Dalmatia County, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Josko Bozic
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split 21000, Croatia
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14
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Pappritz K, Dong F, Miteva K, Kovacs A, El-Shafeey M, Kerim B, O'Flynn L, Elliman SJ, O'Brien T, Hamdani N, Tschöpe C, Van Linthout S. Impact of Syndecan-2-Selected Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on the Early Onset of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Diabetic db/db Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:632728. [PMID: 34095245 PMCID: PMC8175674 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.632728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are an attractive cell type for cell therapy given their immunomodulatory, anti-fibrotic, and endothelial-protective features. The heparin sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-2/CD362, has been identified as a functional marker for MSC isolation, allowing one to obtain a homogeneous cell product that meets regulatory requirements for clinical use. We previously assessed the impact of wild-type (WT), CD362-, and CD362+ MSCs on local changes in protein distribution in left ventricular (LV) tissue and on LV function in an experimental model of early-onset diabetic cardiomyopathy. The present study aimed to further explore their impact on mechanisms underlying diastolic dysfunction in this model. Materials: For this purpose, 1 × 106 WT, CD362-, or CD362+ MSCs were intravenously (i.v.) injected into 20-week-old diabetic BKS.Cg-m+/+Leprdb/BomTac, i.e., db/db mice. Control animals (db+/db) were injected with the equivalent volume of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) alone. After 4 weeks, mice were sacrificed for further analysis. Results: Treatment with all three MSC populations had no impact on blood glucose levels in db/db mice. WT, CD362-, and CD362+ MSC application restored LV nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in db/db mice, which correlated with a reduction in cardiomyocyte stiffness. Furthermore, all stromal cells were able to increase arteriole density in db/db mice. The effect of CD362+ MSCs on NO and cGMP levels, cardiomyocyte stiffness, and arteriole density was less pronounced than in mice treated with WT or CD362- MSCs. Analysis of collagen I and III protein expression revealed that fibrosis had not yet developed at this stage of experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy. All MSCs reduced the number of cardiac CD3+ and CD68+ cells in db/db mice, whereas only splenocytes from CD362-- and CD362+-db/db mice exhibited a lower pro-fibrotic potential compared to splenocytes from db/db mice. Conclusion: CD362+ MSC application decreased cardiomyocyte stiffness, increased myocardial NO and cGMP levels, and increased arteriole density, although to a lesser extent than WT and CD362- MSCs in an experimental model of early-onset diabetic cardiomyopathy without cardiac fibrosis. These findings suggest that the degree in improvement of cardiomyocyte stiffness following CD362+ MSC application was insufficient to improve diastolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Pappritz
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fengquan Dong
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kapka Miteva
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Research, Department of Medicine Specialized Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arpad Kovacs
- Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Muhammad El-Shafeey
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Biotechnology Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Bahtiyar Kerim
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa O'Flynn
- Orbsen Therapeutics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Timothy O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Wang Y, Zheng J, Islam MS, Yang Y, Hu Y, Chen X. The role of CD4 +FoxP3 + regulatory T cells in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19: implications for treatment. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1507-1520. [PMID: 33907514 PMCID: PMC8071774 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) frequently exhibit excessive inflammatory responses, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), coagulopathy, and organ damage. The most striking immunopathology of advanced COVID-19 is cytokine release syndrome or "cytokine storm" that is attributable to the deficiencies in immune regulatory mechanisms. CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are central regulators of immune responses and play an indispensable role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Tregs are likely involved in the attenuation of antiviral defense at the early stage of infection and ameliorating inflammation-induced organ injury at the late stage of COVID-19. In this article, we review and summarize the current understanding of the change of Tregs in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and discuss the potential role of Tregs in the immunopathology of COVID-19. The emerging concept of Treg-targeted therapies, including both adoptive Treg transfer and low dose of IL-2 treatment, is introduced. Furthermore, the potential Treg-boosting effect of therapeutic agents used in the treatment of COVID-19, including dexamethasone, vitamin D, tocilizumab and sarilumab, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, adalimumab and tetrandrine, is discussed. The problems in the current study of Treg cells in COVID-19 and future perspectives are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
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16
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Klouda T, Yuan K. Inflammation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1303:351-372. [PMID: 33788202 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63046-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a devastating cardiopulmonary disease characterized by vascular remodeling and obliteration of the precapillary pulmonary arterioles. Alterations in the structure and function of pulmonary vessels result in the resistance of blood flow and can progress to right-sided heart failure, causing significant morbidity and mortality. There are several types of PAH, and the disease can be familial or secondary to an underlying medical condition such as a connective tissue disorder or infection. Regardless of the cause, the exact pathophysiology and cellular interactions responsible for disease development and progression are largely unknown.There is significant evidence to suggest altered immune and vascular cells directly participate in disease progression. Inflammation has long been hypothesized to play a vital role in the development of PAH, as an altered or skewed immune response favoring a proinflammatory environment that can lead to the infiltration of cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. Current treatment strategies focus on the dilation of partially occluded vessels; however, such techniques have not resulted in an effective strategy to reverse or prevent vascular remodeling. Therefore, current studies in human and animal models have attempted to understand the underlying pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH), specifically focusing on the inflammatory cascade predisposing patients to disease so that better therapeutic targets can be developed to potentially reverse or prevent disease progression.The purpose of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive review of the expanding literature on the inflammatory process that participates in PH development while highlighting important and current studies in both animal and human models. While our primary focus will be on cells found in the adaptive and innate immune system, we will review all potential causes of PAH, including cells of the endothelium, pulmonary lymphatics, and genetic mutations predisposing patients. In addition, we will discuss current therapeutic options while highlighting potential future treatments and the questions that still remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Klouda
- Divisions of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ke Yuan
- Divisions of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Qin L, Liu H, Wang J, Wang W, Zhang L. Crocetin Exerts a Cardio-protective Effect on Mice with Coxsackievirus B3-induced Acute Viral Myocarditis. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1115-1124. [PMID: 34349088 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has proven that coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is broadly considered virus used in the experimental model of animals, which causes myocarditis in humans. To investigate whether there exists a cardio-protective effect of crocetin in an experimental murine model of acute viral myocarditis (AVM). Male BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to three groups: control, myocarditis treated with placebo and myocarditis treated with crocetin (n = 40 animals per group). Myocarditis was established by intraperitoneal injection with CVB3. Twenty-four hours after infection, crocetin was intraperitoneally administered for 14 consecutive days. Twenty mice were randomly selected from each group to monitor a 14-day survival rate. On day 7 and day 14, eight surviving mice from each group were sacrificed and their hearts and blood were obtained to perform serological and histological examinations. Expression of ROCKs, interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), RORγt, and Foxp3 was quantified by RT-PCR. Plasma levels of TNFα, IL-1β and IL-17 were measured by ELISA. In addition, protein levels of IL-17 and ROCK2 in cardiac tissues were analyzed by Western blot. Crocetin treatment significantly increased survival, attenuated myocardial necrotic lesions, reduced CVB3 replication and expression of ROCK2 and IL-17 in the infected hearts. ROCK pathway inhibition was cardio-protective in viral myocarditis with increased survival, decreased viral replication, and inflammatory response. These findings suggest that crocetin is a potential therapeutic agent for patients with viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Shiyan Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology & Allergy in the Department of Pediatrics, the First hospital of Jilin University
| | - Wei Wang
- Pediatrics of Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang City
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital
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18
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Khanna M, Gautam A, Rajput R, Sharma L. Natural Products as a Paradigm for the Treatment of Coxsackievirus - induced Myocarditis. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:607-616. [PMID: 31995007 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200129094516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a member of the Picornaviridae family, is considered to be one of the most important infectious agents to cause virus-induced myocarditis. Despite improvements in studying viral pathology, structure and molecular biology, as well as diagnosis of this disease, there is still no virus-specific drug in clinical use. Structural and nonstructural proteins produced during the coxsackievirus life cycle have been identified as potential targets for blocking viral replication at the step of attachment, entry, uncoating, RNA and protein synthesis by synthetic or natural compounds. Moreover, WIN (for Winthrop) compounds and application of nucleic-acid based strategies were shown to target viral capsid, entry and viral proteases, but have not reached to the clinical trials as a successful antiviral agent. There is an urgent need for diverse molecular libraries for phenotype-selective and high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Khanna
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Anju Gautam
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Roopali Rajput
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Latika Sharma
- Department of Microbiology (Virology Unit), Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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19
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Bertolini M, McElwee K, Gilhar A, Bulfone‐Paus S, Paus R. Hair follicle immune privilege and its collapse in alopecia areata. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:703-725. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin McElwee
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Skin Sciences University of Bradford Bradford UK
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Amos Gilhar
- Laboratory for Skin Research Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Silvia Bulfone‐Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
- Dr. Philip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
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20
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Huang E, Peng N, Xiao F, Hu D, Wang X, Lu L. The Roles of Immune Cells in the Pathogenesis of Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5203. [PMID: 32708044 PMCID: PMC7432671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury and inflammatory response trigger the development of fibrosis in various diseases. It has been recognized that both innate and adaptive immune cells are important players with multifaceted functions in fibrogenesis. The activated immune cells produce various cytokines, modulate the differentiation and functions of myofibroblasts via diverse molecular mechanisms, and regulate fibrotic development. The immune cells exhibit differential functions during different stages of fibrotic diseases. In this review, we summarized recent advances in understanding the roles of immune cells in regulating fibrotic development and immune-based therapies in different disorders and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms with a focus on mTOR and JAK-STAT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyu Huang
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (E.H.); (F.X.)
| | - Na Peng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second People’s Hospital of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China; (N.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Fan Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (E.H.); (F.X.)
| | - Dajun Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second People’s Hospital of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China; (N.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (E.H.); (F.X.)
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (E.H.); (F.X.)
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21
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Elsanhoury A, Tschöpe C, Van Linthout S. A Toolbox of Potential Immune-Related Therapies for Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2020; 14:75-87. [PMID: 32440911 PMCID: PMC7892499 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-020-10025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis is a multifactorial disorder, characterized by an inflammatory reaction in the myocardium, predominantly triggered by infectious agents, but also by antigen mimicry or autoimmunity in susceptible individuals. Unless spontaneously resolved, a chronic inflammatory course concludes with cardiac muscle dysfunction portrayed by ventricular dilatation, clinically termed inflammatory cardiomyopathy (Infl-CM). Treatment strategies aim to resolve chronic inflammation and preserve cardiac function. Beside standard heart failure treatments, which only play a supportive role in this condition, systemic immunosuppressants are used to diminish inflammatory cell function at the cost of noxious side effects. To date, the treatment protocols are expert-based without large clinical evidence. This review describes concept and contemporary strategies to alleviate myocardial inflammation and sheds light on potential inflammatory targets in an evidence-based order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elsanhoury
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Föhrerstrasse 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Föhrerstrasse 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Föhrerstrasse 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Liu Y, Xu J, Wu M, Kang L, Xu B. The effector cells and cellular mediators of immune system involved in cardiac inflammation and fibrosis after myocardial infarction. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8996-9004. [PMID: 32352172 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac repair after myocardial infarction (MI) involves two phases, namely, inflammatory response and proliferative response. The former is an inflammatory reaction, evoked by different kinds of pro-inflammatory leukocytes and molecules stimulated by myocardial necrosis, while the latter is a repair process, predominated by a magnitude of anti-inflammatory cells and cytokines, as well as fibroblasts. Cardiac remodeling post-MI is dependent on the balance of individualized intensity of the post-MI inflammation and subsequent cardiac fibrosis. During the past 30 years, enormous studies have focused on investigating immune cells and mediators involved in cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, which are two interacting processes of post-MI cardiac repair. These results contribute to revealing the mechanism of adverse cardiac remodeling after MI and alleviating the impairment of cardiac function. In this study, we will broadly discuss the role of immune cell subpopulation and the involved cytokines and chemokines during cardiac repair post-MI, particular in cardiac inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical college of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiamin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical college of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyue Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical college of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Kang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical college of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Biao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical college of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Bouin A, Semler BL. Picornavirus Cellular Remodeling: Doubling Down in Response to Viral-Induced Inflammation. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 7:31-37. [PMID: 32704466 PMCID: PMC7377643 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-020-00138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review To highlight recent findings on how picornavirus infections of the airways and cardiac tissues impact cellular inflammation and remodeling events. Recent Findings Recent published work has revealed that although many picornavirus infections appear to be initially asymptomatic, there are significant disease sequelae that result from chronic or persistent infections and the long-term, pathogenic effects on host tissues. Summary Because many acute picornavirus infections are asymptomatic, it is difficult to diagnose these pathologies at the early stages of disease. As a result, we must rely on preventative measures (i.e., vaccination) or discover novel treatments to reverse tissue damage and remodeling in affected individuals. Both of these strategies will require a comprehensive knowledge of virus-and cell-specific replication determinants and how these processes induce pathogenic effects in infected cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bouin
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Center for Virus Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Med Sci Bldg, Room B237, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | - Bert L Semler
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics and Center for Virus Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Med Sci Bldg, Room B237, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
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24
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Wang J, Han B. Dysregulated CD4+ T Cells and microRNAs in Myocarditis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:539. [PMID: 32269577 PMCID: PMC7109299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is a polymorphic disease complicated with indeterminate etiology and pathogenesis, and represents one of the most challenging clinical problems lacking specific diagnosis and effective therapy. It is caused by a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors, and causal links between dysregulated microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) and myocarditis have also been supported by recent epigenetic researches. Both dysregulated CD4+ T cells and miRNAs play critical roles in the pathogenesis of myocarditis, and the classic triphasic model of its pathogenesis consists of the acute infectious, subacute immune, and recovery/chronic myopathic phase. CD4+ T cells are key pathogenic factors underlying the development and progression of myocarditis, and the effector and regulatory subsets, respectively, promote and inhibit autoimmune responses. Furthermore, the reciprocal interplay of these subsets influences the pathogenesis as well. Dysregulated miRNAs along with their mRNA and protein targets have been identified in heart biopsies (intracellular miRNAs) and body fluids (circulating miRNAs) during myocarditis. These miRNAs show phase-dependent changes, and correlate with viral infection, immune status, fibrosis, destruction of cardiomyocytes, arrhythmias, cardiac functions, and outcomes. Thus, miRNAs are promising diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in myocarditis. In this review, we review myocarditis with an emphasis on its pathogenesis, and present a summary of current knowledge of dysregulated CD4+ T cells and miRNAs in myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is associated with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, increasing its morbidity and mortality. Cardiac fibroblast is the keystone of fibrogenesis, being activated by numerous cellular and humoral factors. Macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, mast cells, and endothelial cells stimulate fibrogenesis directly by activating cardiac fibroblasts and indirectly by synthetizing various profibrotic molecules. The synthesis of type 1 and type 3 collagen, fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin is rendered by various mechanisms like transforming growth factor-beta/small mothers against decapentaplegic pathway, renin angiotensin system, and estrogens, which in turn alter the extracellular matrix. Investigating the underlying mechanisms will allow the development of diagnostic and prognostic tools and discover novel specific therapies. Serum biomarkers aid in the diagnosis and tracking of cardiac fibrosis progression. The diagnostic gold standard is cardiac magnetic resonance with gadolinium administration that allows quantification of cardiac fibrosis either by late gadolinium enhancement assessment or by T1 mapping. Therefore, the goal is to stop and even reverse cardiac fibrosis by developing specific therapies that directly target fibrogenesis, in addition to the drugs used to treat heart failure. Cardiac resynchronization therapy had shown to revert myocardial remodeling and to reduce cardiac fibrosis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of currently available data.
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Abstract
Myocarditis is generally a mild and self-limited consequence of systemic infection of cardiotropic viruses. However, patients can develop a temporary or permanent impairment of cardiac function including acute cardiomyopathy with hemodynamic compromise or severe arrhythmias. In this setting, specific causes of inflammation are associated with variable risks of death and transplantation. Recent translational studies suggest that treatments tailored to specific causes of myocarditis may impact clinical outcomes when added to guideline-directed medical care. This review summarizes recent advances in translational research that influence the utility of endomyocardial biopsy for the management of inflammatory cardiomyopathies. Emerging therapies for myocarditis based on these mechanistic hypotheses are entering clinical trials and may add to the benefits of established heart failure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Tschöpe
- From the Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Department of Cardiology, Germany (C.T., S.V.L.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BCRT-Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Germany (C.T., S.V.L.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BCRT-Berlin-Brandenburg Centrum für Regenerative Therapien, Germany (C.T., S.V.L.).,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz Kreislauf Forschung (DZHK)-Standort Berlin/Charité, Germany (C.T., S.V.L.)
| | - Leslie T Cooper
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (L.T.C.)
| | - Guillermo Torre-Amione
- Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX (G.T.-A.).,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Cátedra de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico (G.T.-A.)
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- From the Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK), Department of Cardiology, Germany (C.T., S.V.L.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BCRT-Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies, Germany (C.T., S.V.L.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BCRT-Berlin-Brandenburg Centrum für Regenerative Therapien, Germany (C.T., S.V.L.).,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz Kreislauf Forschung (DZHK)-Standort Berlin/Charité, Germany (C.T., S.V.L.)
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Qiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College Central South University Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College Central South University Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Fan Ouyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College Central South University Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College Central South University Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Shuhong Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College Central South University Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College Central South University Zhuzhou Hunan China
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Abstract
Purpose of review Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle mainly caused by viral infection. Due to the diverse clinical presentation of myocarditis, accurate diagnosis demands simultaneous histologic, immunohistochemical and molecular biological workup of endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) as defined by the position statement of the Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology on myocarditis. Recent findings Endomyocardial biopsy-based analysis of viral transcriptional activity, mRNA expression, epigenetics and region-specific protein expression analysis via imaging mass spectrometry have led to the identification of novel potential diagnostic criteria, markers with prognostic value and therapeutic targets for the treatment of viral myocarditis, opening new avenues for novel therapies, including cell therapies, as well as the use of established treatment options, be it from other indications. Summary Under certain clinical scenarios EMB-based analysis is required to come to a tailored individualized therapy that improves symptoms and prognosis of patients with acute and chronic viral-driven cardiac inflammation.
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Felisbino MB, McKinsey TA. Epigenetics in Cardiac Fibrosis: Emphasis on Inflammation and Fibroblast Activation. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:704-715. [PMID: 30456341 PMCID: PMC6234501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modifications to nucleosomal DNA and histone tails greatly influence transcription of adjacent and distant genes, a mode of gene regulation referred to as epigenetic control. Here, the authors summarize recent findings that have illustrated crucial roles for epigenetic regulatory enzymes and reader proteins in the control of cardiac fibrosis. Particular emphasis is placed on epigenetic regulation of stress-induced inflammation and fibroblast activation in the heart. The potential of developing innovative small molecule "epigenetic therapies" to combat cardiac fibrosis is highlighted.
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Key Words
- Ang II, angiotensin II
- BET, bromodomain and extraterminal protein
- DNMT, DNA methyltransferase
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HAT, histone acetyltransferase
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- IL, interleukin
- KDM, lysine demethylase
- KMT, lysine methyltransferase
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MI, myocardial infarction
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- SASP, senescent-associated secretory phenotype
- SE, super-enhancer
- SMA, smooth muscle actin
- TET, ten-eleven translocation
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TSA, trichostatin A
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- VPA, valproic acid
- epigenetics
- fibroblast
- fibrosis
- inflammation
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina B Felisbino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Shao PP, Liu CJ, Xu Q, Zhang B, Li SH, Wu Y, Sun Z, Cheng LF. Eplerenone Reverses Cardiac Fibrosis via the Suppression of Tregs by Inhibition of Kv1.3 Channel. Front Physiol 2018; 9:899. [PMID: 30057554 PMCID: PMC6053534 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fibroblast proliferation is a critical feature during heart failure development. Previous studies reported regulatory T-lymphocytes (Tregs)’ protective role against myocardial fibrosis. However, notably, Tregs also secrete fibrogenic cytokine TGF-β when activated. This study aimed to clarify the intriguing link between Tregs and fibrosis, the role of Tregs Kv1.3 potassium channel (regulating T-lymphocytes activation) in the fibrosis process, and how selective aldosterone receptor antagonist Eplerenone affects Tregs and fibrosis through its action on Kv1.3 channel. Methods and Results: After co-incubation with Tregs, cardiac fibroblast proliferation (CCK-8 assay) and levels of collagen I, III, and Matrix metalloproteinase2 (ELISA) significantly elevated. Cell viability assays, Kv1.3 channel mRNA (RT-qPCR), and protein expression (In-Cell Western Blotting) revealed Tregs were activated/proliferated when co-cultured with fibroblasts. Treg intracellular TGF-β level increased by 5.8-fold, far more than that of intracellular IL-10, extracellular TGF-β and IL-10 (ELISA). And 30 μM eplerenone suppressed Tregs proliferation by 82.77% and furthermore, suppressed intracellular TGF-β level to a significantly greater extent than that of intracellular IL-10, extracellular TGF-β and IL-10. Moreover, the Kv1.3 current (whole-cell patch clamp) of Tregs in congestive heart failure patients and rats (induced by coronary artery ligation and exhaustive exercise) elevated by >4-fold than that of healthy volunteers and control rats, whereas 30 μM eplerenone suppressed the current by >60% in control Tregs. In addition, docking calculations (AutoDock software 4.0 suite) showed eplerenone has higher H-bond energy with Kv1.3 channel than other selective blockers. Conclusion: Immuno-regulation in the late stage of CHF activates Tregs proliferation via the upregulation of Kv1.3 channels, which promotes cardiac fibrosis by primarily secreting TGF-β. Taken together, eplerenone’s high affinity to Kv1.3 channel enables it to antagonize the Kv1.3 channels directly to suppress Tregs proliferation, which in turn may play an immuno-regulatory role during CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shao-Hua Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Zhan Sun
- Center of Functional Experiment, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Lu-Feng Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
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31
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Pappritz K, Savvatis K, Miteva K, Kerim B, Dong F, Fechner H, Müller I, Brandt C, Lopez B, González A, Ravassa S, Klingel K, Diez J, Reinke P, Volk HD, Van Linthout S, Tschöpe C. Immunomodulation by adoptive regulatory T-cell transfer improves Coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201701408R. [PMID: 29863913 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701408r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells offer new therapeutic options for controlling undesired systemic and local immune responses. The aim of the current study was to determine the impact of therapeutic Treg administration on systemic and cardiac inflammation and remodeling in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) -induced myocarditis. Therefore, syngeneic Treg cells were applied intravenously in CVB3-infected mice 3 d after infection. Compared with CVB3 + PBS mice, CVB3 + Treg mice exhibited lower left ventricular (LV) chemokine expression, accompanied by reduced cardiac presence of proinflammatory Ly6ChighCCR2highCx3Cr1low monocytes and higher retention of proinflammatory Ly6CmidCCR2highCx3Cr1low monocytes in the spleen. In addition, splenic myelopoiesis was reduced in CVB3 + Treg compared with CVB3 + PBS mice. Coculture of Treg cells with splenocytes isolated from mice 3 d post-CVB3 infection further demonstrated the ability of Treg cells to modulate monocyte differentiation in favor of the anti-inflammatory Ly6ClowCCR2lowCx3Cr1high subset. Treg-mediated immunomodulation was paralleled by lower collagen 1 protein expression and decreased levels of soluble and insoluble collagen in LV of CVB3 + Treg compared with CVB3 + PBS mice. In agreement with these findings, LV systolic and diastolic function was improved in CVB3 + Treg mice compared with CVB3 + PBS mice. In summary, adoptive Treg transfer in the inflammatory phase of viral-induced myocarditis protects the heart against inflammatory damage and fibrosis via modulation of monocyte subsets.-Pappritz, K., Savvatis, K., Miteva, K., Kerim, B., Dong, F., Fechner, H., Müller, I., Brandt, C., Lopez, B., González, A., Ravassa, S., Klingel, K., Diez, J., Reinke, P., Volk, H.-D., Van Linthout, S., Tschöpe, C. Immunomodulation by adoptive regulatory T-cell transfer improves Coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Pappritz
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Savvatis
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kapka Miteva
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milano, Italy
| | - Bahtiyar Kerim
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fengquan Dong
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Fechner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute for Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irene Müller
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Brandt
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Begoña Lopez
- Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantxa González
- Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana Ravassa
- Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Karin Klingel
- Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Javier Diez
- Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Petra Reinke
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Intensive Medicine, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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32
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Sanmarco LM, Eberhardt N, Ponce NE, Cano RC, Bonacci G, Aoki MP. New Insights into the Immunobiology of Mononuclear Phagocytic Cells and Their Relevance to the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1921. [PMID: 29375564 PMCID: PMC5767236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the primary immune cells that reside within the myocardium, suggesting that these mononuclear phagocytes are essential in the orchestration of cardiac immunity and homeostasis. Independent of the nature of the injury, the heart triggers leukocyte activation and recruitment. However, inflammation is harmful to this vital terminally differentiated organ with extremely poor regenerative capacity. As such, cardiac tissue has evolved particular strategies to increase the stress tolerance and minimize the impact of inflammation. In this sense, growing evidences show that mononuclear phagocytic cells are particularly dynamic during cardiac inflammation or infection and would actively participate in tissue repair and functional recovery. They respond to soluble mediators such as metabolites or cytokines, which play central roles in the timing of the intrinsic cardiac stress response. During myocardial infarction two distinct phases of monocyte influx have been identified. Upon infarction, the heart modulates its chemokine expression profile that sequentially and actively recruits inflammatory monocytes, first, and healing monocytes, later. In the same way, a sudden switch from inflammatory macrophages (with microbicidal effectors) toward anti-inflammatory macrophages occurs within the myocardium very shortly after infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas cardiomyopathy. While in sterile injury, healing response is necessary to stop tissue damage; during an intracellular infection, the anti-inflammatory milieu in infected hearts would promote microbial persistence. The balance of mononuclear phagocytic cells seems to be also dynamic in atherosclerosis influencing plaque initiation and fate. This review summarizes the participation of mononuclear phagocyte system in cardiovascular diseases, keeping in mind that the immune system evolved to promote the reestablishment of tissue homeostasis following infection/injury, and that the effects of different mediators could modulate the magnitude and quality of the immune response. The knowledge of the effects triggered by diverse mediators would serve to identify new therapeutic targets in different cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Maria Sanmarco
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Eberhardt
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Eric Ponce
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Neuropatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra (INIMEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Roxana Carolina Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Unidad Asociada Área Ciencias Agrarias, Ingeniería, Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Bonacci
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Pilar Aoki
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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33
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Van Linthout S, Hamdani N, Miteva K, Koschel A, Müller I, Pinzur L, Aberman Z, Pappritz K, Linke WA, Tschöpe C. Placenta-Derived Adherent Stromal Cells Improve Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Left Ventricular Diastolic Performance. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:2135-2145. [PMID: 29024485 PMCID: PMC5702519 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is among others attributed to cardiomyocyte stiffness. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have cardiac-protective properties. We explored whether intravenous (i.v.) application of PLacenta-eXpanded (PLX) MSC-like cells (PLX) improves LV diastolic relaxation in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and investigated underlying mechanisms. Diabetes mellitus was induced by STZ application (50 mg/kg body weight) during five subsequent days. One week after the first STZ injection, PLX or saline were i.v. applied. Two weeks later, mice were hemodynamically characterized and sacrificed. At this early stage of diabetic cardiomyopathy with low-grade inflammation and no cardiac fibrosis, PLX reduced LV vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, transforming growth factor-β1, and interferon-γ mRNA expression, induced the percentage of circulating regulatory T cells, and decreased the splenic pro-fibrotic potential in STZ mice. STZ + PLX mice exhibited higher LV vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression and arteriole density versus STZ mice. In vitro, hyperglycemic PLX conditioned medium restored the hyperglycemia-impaired tube formation and adhesion capacity of human umbelical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) via increasing nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. PLX further induced the diabetes-downregulated activity of the NO downstream protein kinase G, as well as of protein kinase A, in STZ mice, which was associated with a raise in phosphorylation of the titin isoforms N2BA and N2B. Concomitantly, the passive force was lower in single isolated cardiomyocytes from STZ + PLX versus from STZ mice, which led to an improvement of LV diastolic relaxation. We conclude that i.v. PLX injection improves diabetes mellitus-associated diastolic performance via decreasing cardiomyocyte stiffness. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:2135-2145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kapka Miteva
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Koschel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Irene Müller
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Kathleen Pappritz
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Campus Virchow Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Berlin, Germany
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The Effects of Diabetes Induction on the Rat Heart: Differences in Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Cells, and Fibrosis between Subendocardial and Interstitial Myocardial Areas. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5343972. [PMID: 28781721 PMCID: PMC5525092 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5343972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by cardiac remodeling and impaired diastolic function that may lead to heart failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress, inflammatory cells, and fibrosis in both subendocardial (SEN) and interstitial (INT) areas of the myocardium. Male Wistar rats were allocated to 2 groups of 9 animals, a control (CT) group and streptozotocin-induced diabetes (DM). After 8 weeks, echocardiography morphometry, protein expression, and confocal microscopy in SEN and INT areas of the left ventricle (LV) were performed. The echocardiographic analysis showed that diabetes induction leads to cardiac dilation, hypertrophy, and LV diastolic dysfunction. As compared to CT, the induction of diabetes increased inflammatory cells and fibrosis in both SEN and INT areas of DM myocardium and increased ROS generation only in SEN. Comparing the SEN and INT areas in the DM group, inflammatory cells and fibrosis in SEN were greater than in INT. In conclusion, diabetic myocardium SEN area, wherein oxidative stress was more pronounced, is more susceptible to cardiac dysfunction than INT area. This finding can be important for the understanding of the heart remodeling process occurring in DCM and perhaps to engender targeted therapies to attenuate or revert DCM-related diastolic dysfunction.
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Lee WS, Kim J. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: where we are and where we are going. Korean J Intern Med 2017; 32:404-421. [PMID: 28415836 PMCID: PMC5432803 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2016.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of diabetes mellitus and its related complications are currently increasing. Diabetes mellitus affects the heart through various mechanisms including microvascular impairment, metabolic disturbance, subcellular component abnormalities, cardiac autonomic dysfunction, and a maladaptive immune response. Eventually, diabetes mellitus can cause functional and structural changes in the myocardium without coronary artery disease, a disorder known as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). There are many diagnostic tools and management options for DCM, although it is difficult to detect its development and effectively prevent its progression. In this review, we summarize the current research regarding the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of DCM. Moreover, we discuss emerging diagnostic evaluation methods and treatment strategies for DCM, which may help our understanding of its underlying mechanisms and facilitate the identification of possible new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Soo Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaetaek Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Jaetaek Kim, M.D. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 102 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06973, Korea Tel: +82-2-6299-1397 Fax: +82-2-6299-1390 E-mail:
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Zhang BB, Yan C, Fang F, Du Y, Ma R, Li XY, Yu Q, Meng D, Tang RX, Zheng KY. Increased hepatic Th2 and Treg subsets are associated with biliary fibrosis in different strains of mice caused by Clonorchis sinensis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171005. [PMID: 28151995 PMCID: PMC5289492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that CD4+T cells responses might be involved in the process of biliary fibrosis. However, the underlying mechanism resulting in biliary fibrosis caused by Clonorchis sinensis remains not yet fully elucidated. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the different profiles of hepatic CD4+T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells) and their possible roles in the biliary fibrosis of different strains of mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c and FVB mice) induced by C. sinensis infection. C57BL/6, BALB/c and FVB mice were orally gavaged with 45 metacercariae. All mice were sacrificed on 28 days post infection in deep anesthesia conditions. The leukocytes in the liver were separated to examine CD4+T cell subsets by flow cytometry and the left lobe of liver was used to observe pathological changes, collagen depositions and the concentrations of hydroxyproline. The most serious cystic and fibrotic changes appeared in FVB infected mice indicated by gross observation, Masson’s trichrome staining and hydroxyproline content detection. In contrast to C57BL/6 infected mice, diffuse nodules and more intensive fibrosis were observed in the BALB/c infected mice. No differences of the hepatic Th1 subset and Th17 subset were found among the three strains, but the hepatic Th2 and Treg cells and their relative cytokines were dramatically increased in the BALB/c and FVB infected groups compared with the C57BL/6 infected group (P<0.01). Importantly, increased Th2 subset and Treg subset all positively correlated with hydroxyproline contents (P<0.01). This result for the first time implied that the increased hepatic Th2 and Treg cell subsets were likely to play potential roles in the formation of biliary fibrosis in C. sinensis-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Bei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Meng
- Departments of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ren-Xian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (KYZ); (RXT)
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (KYZ); (RXT)
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Properties and Immune Function of Cardiac Fibroblasts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1003:35-70. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57613-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wan F, Yan K, Xu D, Qian Q, Liu H, Li M, Xu W. Vγ1 +γδT, early cardiac infiltrated innate population dominantly producing IL-4, protect mice against CVB3 myocarditis by modulating IFNγ + T response. Mol Immunol 2016; 81:16-25. [PMID: 27886550 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis (VMC) is an inflammation of the myocardium closely associated with Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection. Vγ1+γδT cells, one of early cardiac infiltrated innate population, were reported to protect CVB3 myocarditis while the precise mechanism not fully addressed. To explore cytokine profiles and kinetics of Vγ1+γδT and mechanism of protection against VMC, flow cytometry was conducted on cardiac Vγ1 cells in C57BL/6 mice following CVB3 infection. The level of cardiac inflammation, transthoracic echocardiography and viral replication were evaluated after monoclonal antibody depletion of Vγ1γδT. We found that Vγ1+γδT cells infiltration peaked in the heart at day3 post CVB3 infection and constituted a minor source of IFN-γ but major producers for early IL-4. Vγ1γδT cells were activated earlier holding a higher IL-4-producing efficiency than CD4+Th cells in the heart. Depletion of Vγ1+γδT resulted in a significantly exacerbated cardiac infiltration, increased T, macrophage and neutrophil population in heart homogenates and worse cardiomyopathy; which was accompanied by a significant expansion of peripheral IFNγ+CD4+ and CD8+T cells. Neutralization of IL-4 in mice resulted in an exacerbated acute myocarditis confirming the IL-4-mediated protective mechanism of Vγ1. Our findings identify a unique property of Vγ1+γδT cells as one dominant early producers of IL-4 upon CVB3 acute infection which is a key mediator to protect mice against acute myocarditis by modulating IFNγ-secreting T response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Kepeng Yan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Qian
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Jin H, Guo X. Valproic acid ameliorates coxsackievirus-B3-induced viral myocarditis by modulating Th17/Treg imbalance. Virol J 2016; 13:168. [PMID: 27724948 PMCID: PMC5057454 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral myocarditis, which is often caused by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), is a serious clinical disorder characterized by excessive myocardial inflammation. Valproic acid (VPA) is described as a histone deacetylase inhibitor that has anti-inflammatory effects in several inflammatory diseases. However, the role and the detailed mechanism of VPA in viral myocarditis remain unclear. Methods Experimental CVB3-induced myocarditis was induced in mice by intraperitoneally (i.p.) infected with CVB3. VPA was i.p. administered from day 0 to day 7. The survival, body weight loss, and myocarditis severity of mice were recorded. Th17 and Treg cells in spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry. Th17/Treg cell-related cytokine expressions were quantified by ELISA. The effect of VPA on Th17 and Treg cells differentiation was examined in vitro and in vivo. Results Administration of VPA significantly attenuated the clinical severity of myocarditis, and the overall mortality from CVB3-induced myocarditis. The infiltration of Th17 and Treg cells, as well as the serum level of related cytokines (IL-17A and IL-10), were increased in CVB3 infected mice. In addition, VPA decreased the percentage of splenic Th17 cells while increased the percentage of Treg cells. Moreover, VPA downregulated the expression of IL-17A and upregulated IL-10 in serum and heart tissues of CVB3 infected mice. Additionally, VPA directly inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells and promoted both the differentiation and suppressive function of Treg cells in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Our results suggest that VPA may thus be a promising strategy in the therapy of viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Jin
- Department of Geria Care, 254th Hospital of PLA, No 60 Huangwei Road, Tianjin, 300142, China.
| | - Xiaoming Guo
- Department of Geria Care, 254th Hospital of PLA, No 60 Huangwei Road, Tianjin, 300142, China
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The CXCL10/CXCR3 Axis and Cardiac Inflammation: Implications for Immunotherapy to Treat Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases of the Heart. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4396368. [PMID: 27795961 PMCID: PMC5066021 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4396368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence reveals involvement of T lymphocytes and adaptive immunity in the chronic inflammation associated with infectious and noninfectious diseases of the heart, including coronary artery disease, Kawasaki disease, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathies, Chagas, hypertensive left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and nonischemic heart failure. Chemokine CXCL10 is elevated in cardiovascular diseases, along with increased cardiac infiltration of proinflammatory Th1 and cytotoxic T cells. CXCL10 is a chemoattractant for these T cells and polarizing factor for the proinflammatory phenotype. Thus, targeting the CXCL10 receptor CXCR3 is a promising therapeutic approach to treating cardiac inflammation. Due to biased signaling CXCR3 also couples to anti-inflammatory signaling and immunosuppressive regulatory T cell formation when activated by CXCL11. Numbers and functionality of regulatory T cells are reduced in patients with cardiac inflammation, supporting the utility of biased agonists or biologicals to simultaneously block the pro-inflammatory and activate the anti-inflammatory actions of CXCR3. Other immunotherapy strategies to boost regulatory T cell actions include intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, adoptive transfer, immunoadsorption, and low-dose interleukin-2/interleukin-2 antibody complexes. Pharmacological approaches include sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 agonists and vitamin D supplementation. A combined strategy of switching CXCR3 signaling from pro- to anti-inflammatory and improving Treg functionality is predicted to synergistically lessen adverse cardiac remodeling.
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Cui L, Wang Y, Yu R, Li B, Xie S, Gao Y, Wang X, Zhu M. Jia-Shen decoction-medicated serum inhibits angiotensin-II induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation via the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1610-6. [PMID: 27315199 PMCID: PMC4940101 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Jia-Shen decoction (JSD) is a traditional Chinese medicine, which is used widely to treat chronic heart failure. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the effects of JSD on cardiac fibroblast (CF) proliferation and differentiation. The CFs were obtained from the hearts of neonatal (1‑3‑day old) Sprague‑Dawley rats and treated with JSD-medicated serum (JSDS) with or without angiotensin II (Ang II). Cell proliferation was assessed using Cell Counting Kit‑8 reagent. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of transforming growth factor‑β1 (TGF‑β1) and phosphorylated small mothers against decapentaplegic (p‑Smad)2/3 and their protein expression levels were analyzed. CF proliferation was significantly increased in the Ang II‑treated group, compared with the control group (P<0.05). The expression levels of collagen, α‑smooth muscle actin, TGF‑β1 and p‑Smad2/3 were also increased in the Ang II‑treated group (P<0.05). Following JSDS treatment, the increased levels of collagen and cell proliferation were inhibited, and the increased expression levels of p‑Smad2 and p‑Smad3 were also inhibited (P<0.05). These data suggested that JSDS may inhibit CF proliferation via attenuating the TGF‑β1/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cui
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Youping Wang
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Shiyang Xie
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Mingjun Zhu
- Division of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
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Jiang S, Jiang D, Zhao P, He X, Tian S, Wu X, Tao Y. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase reduces collagen production via p38 MAPK in cardiac fibroblasts induced by coxsackievirus B3. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:989-94. [PMID: 27221787 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen deposition is the major cause of myocardial fibrosis, contributing to impaired cardiac contractile function in coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3)-infected hearts. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been considered as a cellular fuel gauge and super metabolic regulator, however, whether AMPK has an effect on collagen production in CVB3‑infected heart remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the association between AMPK activation and CVB3‑infected neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (NRCFs) was investigated. Collagen production was determined by the hydroxyproline content of the supernatant and by the expression of type I/IV collagen in the cell lysate. Rat hydroxyproline ELISA was used to detect hydroxyproline content in the supernatant. The expression of type I/IV collagen, and the phosphorylation of AMPKα‑Thr172 and p38 in the cell lysate were evaluated using western blotting. As expected, it was found that the hydroxyproline content in the supernatant, and the production of collagen I/IV in the cell lysate were significantly promoted at 48 h post‑CVB3‑infection. However, this effect was inhibited in a dose‑dependent manner when pretreated with 5‑aminoimidazole‑4‑carboxamide‑1‑4‑ribofuranoside (AICAR) for 2 h prior to CVB3‑infection. However, if the cells were preincubated with compound C or SB203580 for 30 min prior the treatment with AICAR, the inhibitive effects of AICAR were reversed. The results of the western blotting indicated that the phosphorylation of AMPKα‑Thr172 and p38 were significantly increased by AICAR in the NRCFs. However, only the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) was inhibited by SB203580. In conclusion, AMPK activation reduced collagen production via the p38 MAPK‑dependent pathway in the cardiac fibroblasts induced by CVB3. The results of the present study may contribute to identifying an effective therapy for CVB3‑induced myocarditis and CVB3-associated dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Donglin Jiang
- Clinical Central Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Clinical Central Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Xinlong He
- Clinical Central Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Shunli Tian
- Department of Geratology, Tianjin Geriatric Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xueming Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Yijia Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
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Jiang S, Tian S, Wu X, Tao Y, Jiang D. Effect of AMP-activated protein kinase activation on cardiac fibroblast proliferation induced by coxsackievirus B3. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2547-2552. [PMID: 27284347 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive fibroblast proliferation and collagen production are the major pathogenic mechanisms in the progression of viral myocarditis, which is most frequently associated with infection by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been confirmed to be involved in the progression of myocardial remodeling. However, it remains unclear whether AMPK has an effect on CVB3-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation. In the present study, the effects of AMPK on cardiac fibroblast proliferation and collagen secretion induced by CVB3 were investigated. Proliferation of neonatal cardiac fibroblasts was determined by cell counting and detection of newly synthesized DNA in cells, and the proportion of cells in the S phase was measured. Hydroxyproline ELISA was used to detect collagen secretion. Phosphorylation of AMPKα-Thr172 was evaluated by western blotting. It was found that neonatal cardiac fibroblasts were clearly proliferating markedly and secreting collagen at 24 h after CVB3 infection, and peaked at 48 h. These effects were inhibited following pretreatment of the fibroblasts with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-ribonucleoside (AICAR), a specific AMPK activator, for 2 h prior to CVB3 infection. However, if the cells were preincubated with compound C for 30 min, the inhibitive effects of AICAR were reversed. Western blotting results indicated that AMPK α-Thr172 phosphorylation was increased by AICAR and attenuated by Compound C. The results of the present study suggest that CVB3 infection increases cardiac fibroblast proliferation and collagen secretion, and that these phenomena can be inhibited by activated AMPK. These findings contribute to our understanding of AMPK function and the future design of therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis caused by chronic viral infection, such as CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Shunli Tian
- Department of Geratology, Tianjin Geriatric Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xueming Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Yijia Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Donglin Jiang
- Clinical Central Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
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Abstract
Insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated hyperinsulinaemia can promote the development of a specific form of cardiomyopathy that is independent of coronary artery disease and hypertension. Termed diabetic cardiomyopathy, this form of cardiomyopathy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed nations, and the prevalence of this condition is rising in parallel with increases in the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Of note, female patients seem to be particularly susceptible to the development of this complication of metabolic disease. The diabetic cardiomyopathy observed in insulin- resistant or hyperinsulinaemic states is characterized by impaired myocardial insulin signalling, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impaired calcium homeostasis, abnormal coronary microcirculation, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and maladaptive immune responses. These pathophysiological changes result in oxidative stress, fibrosis, hypertrophy, cardiac diastolic dysfunction and eventually systolic heart failure. This Review highlights a surge in diabetic cardiomyopathy research, summarizes current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning this condition and explores potential preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, D109 Diabetes Center HSC, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri, 65212, USA
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Abstract
Inflammation is essential in the initial development and progression of many cardiovascular diseases involving innate and adaptive immune responses. The role of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T (TREG) cells in the modulation of inflammation and immunity has received increasing attention. Given the important role of TREG cells in the induction and maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance, dysregulation in the generation or function of TREG cells can trigger abnormal immune responses and lead to pathology. A wealth of evidence from experimental and clinical studies has indicated that TREG cells might have an important role in protecting against cardiovascular disease, in particular atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm. In this Review, we provide an overview of the roles of TREG cells in the pathogenesis of a number of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischaemic stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, Kawasaki disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction and remodelling, postischaemic neovascularization, myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Although the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of TREG cells are still to be elucidated, targeted therapies with TREG cells might provide a promising and novel future approach to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Guo H, Cheng Y, Shapiro J, McElwee K. The role of lymphocytes in the development and treatment of alopecia areata. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:1335-51. [PMID: 26548356 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1085306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) development is associated with both innate and adaptive immune cell activation, migration to peri- and intra-follicular regions, and hair follicle disruption. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes are abundant in AA lesions; however, CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are more likely to enter inside hair follicles, circumstantially suggesting that they have a significant role to play in AA development. Several rodent models recapitulate important features of the human autoimmune disease and demonstrate that CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are fundamentally required for AA induction and perpetuation. However, the initiating events, the self-antigens involved, and the molecular signaling pathways, all need further exploration. Studying CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their fate decisions in AA development may reveal new and improved treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,b 2 Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yabin Cheng
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jerry Shapiro
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,c 3 Department of Dermatology, New York University, Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Kevin McElwee
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,d 4 Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Amoah BP, Yang H, Zhang P, Su Z, Xu H. Immunopathogenesis of Myocarditis: The Interplay Between Cardiac Fibroblast Cells, Dendritic Cells, Macrophages and CD4+T Cells. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Prince Amoah
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences; School of Biological Sciences; University of Cape Coast; Cape Coast Ghana
| | - H. Yang
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - P. Zhang
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - Z. Su
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
- The Central Laboratory; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
| | - H. Xu
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang China
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T Helper 17/Regulatory T Cell Balance and Experimental Models of Peritoneal Dialysis-Induced Damage. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:416480. [PMID: 26064907 PMCID: PMC4433660 DOI: 10.1155/2015/416480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a general complication in many diseases. It is the main complication during peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment, a therapy for renal failure disease. Local inflammation and mesothelial to mesenchymal transition (MMT) are well known key phenomena in peritoneal damage during PD. New data suggest that, in the peritoneal cavity, inflammatory changes may be regulated at least in part by a delicate balance between T helper 17 and regulatory T cells. This paper briefly reviews the implication of the Th17/Treg-axis in fibrotic diseases. Moreover, it compares current evidences described in PD animal experimental models, indicating a loss of Th17/Treg balance (Th17 predominance) leading to peritoneal damage during PD. In addition, considering the new clinical and animal experimental data, new therapeutic strategies to reduce the Th17 response and increase the regulatory T response are proposed. Thus, future goals should be to develop new clinical biomarkers to reverse this immune misbalance and reduce peritoneal fibrosis in PD.
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Araujo-Pires AC, Vieira AE, Francisconi CF, Biguetti CC, Glowacki A, Yoshizawa S, Campanelli AP, Trombone APF, Sfeir CS, Little SR, Garlet GP. IL-4/CCL22/CCR4 axis controls regulatory T-cell migration that suppresses inflammatory bone loss in murine experimental periodontitis. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:412-22. [PMID: 25264308 PMCID: PMC4542048 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bone resorption is a hallmark of periodontitis, and Tregs and Th2 cells are independently associated with disease progression attenuation. In this study, we employed an infection-triggered inflammatory osteolysis model to investigate the mechanisms underlying Treg and Th2 cell migration and the impact on disease outcome. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-infected C57Bl/6 (wild-type [WT]) mice develop an intense inflammatory reaction and alveolar bone resorption, and Treg and Th2 cell migration is temporally associated with disease progression attenuation. Tregs extracted from the lesions preferentially express CCR4 and CCR8, whereas Th2 cells express CCR3, CCR4, and CCR8. The absence of CCR5 and CCR8 did not significantly impact the migration of Tregs and Th2 cells or affect the disease outcome. CCR4KO mice presented a minor reduction in Th2 cells in parallel with major impairment of Treg migration, which was associated with increased inflammatory bone loss and higher proinflammatory and osteoclastogenic cytokine levels. The blockade of the CCR4 ligand CCL22 in WT mice resulted in an increased inflammatory bone loss phenotype similar to that in the CCR4KO strain. Adoptive transfer of CCR4(+) Tregs to the CCR4KO strain revert the increased disease phenotype to WT mice-like levels; also, the in situ production of CCL22 in the lesions is mandatory for Tregs migration and the consequent bone loss arrest. The local release of exogenous CCL22 provided by poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles promotes migration of Tregs and disease arrest in the absence of endogenous CCL22 in the IL-4KO strain, characterized by the lack of endogenous CCL22 production, defective migration of Tregs, and exacerbated bone loss. In summary, our results show that the IL-4/CCL22/CCR4 axis is involved in the migration of Tregs to osteolytic lesion sites, and attenuates development of lesions by inhibiting inflammatory migration and the production of proinflammatory and osteoclastogenic mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Araujo-Pires
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, Sao Paulo University (FOB/USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreia Espindola Vieira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, Sao Paulo University (FOB/USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Favaro Francisconi
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, Sao Paulo University (FOB/USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Cristina Biguetti
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, Sao Paulo University (FOB/USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrew Glowacki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sayuri Yoshizawa
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana Paula Campanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, Sao Paulo University (FOB/USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Charles S. Sfeir
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven R. Little
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gustavo Pompermaier Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, Sao Paulo University (FOB/USP), Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Murao N, Seino KI, Hayashi T, Ikeda M, Funayama E, Furukawa H, Yamamoto Y, Oyama A. Treg-enriched CD4+ T cells attenuate collagen synthesis in keloid fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:266-71. [PMID: 24617809 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Keloid is an inflammatory and fibrotic disease with an unknown pathogenesis. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) of CD4+ lineage can suppress other effector CD4+ T cells and modulate the immune response. A relative decrease in the number of Tregs may be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. We therefore investigated the number of Tregs in keloids using immunohistochemistry and examined the interaction between Tregs and keloid fibroblasts (KFs) using a coculture system. It was found that the ratio of Tregs/CD4+ T cells was lower compared with that in other common inflammatory skin conditions. In addition, Treg-enriched CD4+ T cells reduced collagen synthesis by KFs. Our findings suggest that a local imbalance of Tregs contributes to the development of keloids and that correction of this imbalance might represent a novel therapeutic approach to keloid fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Murao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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