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Guo J, Yan Y, Sun J, Ji K, Hei Z, Zeng L, Xu H, Ren X, Sun Y. Chaperones Hsc70 and Hsp70 play distinct roles in the replication of bocaparvovirus minute virus of canines. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:1127-1147. [PMID: 38629786 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Minute virus of canines (MVC) belongs to the genus Bocaparvovirus (formerly Bocavirus) within the Parvoviridae family and causes serious respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in neonatal canines worldwide. A productive viral infection relies on the successful recruitment of host factors for various stages of the viral life cycle. However, little is known about the MVC-host cell interactions. In this study, we identified that two cellular proteins (Hsc70 and Hsp70) interacted with NS1 and VP2 proteins of MVC, and both two domains of Hsc70/Hsp70 were mediated for their interactions. Functional studies revealed that Hsp70 was induced by MVC infection, knockdown of Hsc70 considerably suppressed MVC replication, whereas the replication was dramatically promoted by Hsp70 knockdown. It is interesting that low amounts of overexpressed Hsp70 enhanced viral protein expression and virus production, but high amounts of Hsp70 overexpression weakened them. Upon Hsp70 overexpressing, we observed that the ubiquitination of viral proteins changed with Hsp70 overexpression, and proteasome inhibitor (MG132) restored an accumulation of viral proteins. In addition, we verified that Hsp70 family inhibitors remarkably decreased MVC replication. Overall, we identified Hsc70 and Hsp70 as interactors of MVC NS1 and VP2 proteins and were involved in MVC replication, which may provide novel targets for anti-MVC approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jinhan Sun
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Kai Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhiping Hei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liang Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Huanzhou Xu
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuning Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Perera DR, Ranadeva ND, Sirisena K, Wijesinghe KJ. Roles of NS1 Protein in Flavivirus Pathogenesis. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:20-56. [PMID: 38110348 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses such as dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses are highly concerning pathogens that pose significant risks to public health. The NS1 protein is conserved among flaviviruses and is synthesized as a part of the flavivirus polyprotein. It plays a critical role in viral replication, disease progression, and immune evasion. Post-translational modifications influence NS1's stability, secretion, antigenicity, and interactions with host factors. NS1 protein forms extensive interactions with host cellular proteins allowing it to affect vital processes such as RNA processing, gene expression regulation, and cellular homeostasis, which in turn influence viral replication, disease pathogenesis, and immune responses. NS1 acts as an immune evasion factor by delaying complement-dependent lysis of infected cells and contributes to disease pathogenesis by inducing endothelial cell damage and vascular leakage and triggering autoimmune responses. Anti-NS1 antibodies have been shown to cross-react with host endothelial cells and platelets, causing autoimmune destruction that is hypothesized to contribute to disease pathogenesis. However, in contrast, immunization of animal models with the NS1 protein confers protection against lethal challenges from flaviviruses such as dengue and Zika viruses. Understanding the multifaceted roles of NS1 in flavivirus pathogenesis is crucial for effective disease management and control. Therefore, further research into NS1 biology, including its host protein interactions and additional roles in disease pathology, is imperative for the development of strategies and therapeutics to combat flavivirus infections successfully. This Review provides an in-depth exploration of the current available knowledge on the multifaceted roles of the NS1 protein in the pathogenesis of flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayangi R Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka 00300
| | - Nadeeka D Ranadeva
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, KIU Campus Sri Lanka 10120
| | - Kavish Sirisena
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka 00300
- Section of Genetics, Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Sri Lanka 10120
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Ramphan S, Chumchanchira C, Sornjai W, Chailangkarn T, Jongkaewwattana A, Assavalapsakul W, Smith DR. Strain Variation Can Significantly Modulate the miRNA Response to Zika Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16216. [PMID: 38003407 PMCID: PMC10671159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus that has emerged as a major public health concern due to its association with neurological disorders in humans, including microcephaly in fetuses. ZIKV infection has been shown to alter the miRNA profile in host cells, and these changes can contain elements that are proviral, while others can be antiviral in action. In this study, the expression of 22 miRNAs in human A549 cells infected with two different ZIKV isolates was investigated. All of the investigated miRNAs showed significant changes in expression at at least one time point examined. Markedly, 18 of the miRNAs examined showed statistically significant differences in expression between the two strains examined. Four miRNAs (miR-21, miR-34a, miR-128 and miR-155) were subsequently selected for further investigation. These four miRNAs were shown to modulate antiviral effects against ZIKV, as downregulation of their expression through anti-miRNA oligonucleotides resulted in increased virus production, whereas their overexpression through miRNA mimics reduced virus production. However, statistically significant changes were again seen when comparing the two strains investigated. Lastly, candidate targets of the miRNAs miR-34a and miR-128 were examined at the level of the mRNA and protein. HSP70 was identified as a target of miR-34a, but, again, the effects were strain type-specific. The two ZIKV strains used in this study differ by only nine amino acids, and the results highlight that consideration must be given to strain type variation when examining the roles of miRNAs in ZIKV, and probably other virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwipa Ramphan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.R.); (W.S.)
| | - Chanida Chumchanchira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Wannapa Sornjai
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.R.); (W.S.)
| | - Thanathom Chailangkarn
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok 12120, Thailand; (T.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok 12120, Thailand; (T.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Wanchai Assavalapsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Duncan R. Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (S.R.); (W.S.)
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4
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Qin L, Rao T, Li X, Chen H, Qian P. DnaJA2 interacts with Japanese encephalitis virus NS3 via its C-terminal to promote viral infection. Virus Res 2023; 336:199210. [PMID: 37633595 PMCID: PMC10485146 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented that the interaction of viral and cellular proteins is essential in the viral life cycle. In our previous study, to screen cellular proteins that take part in the life cycle of JEV, cellular proteins that interacted with JEV NS3 were identified by Co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry analysis (Co-IP-MS), the results showed that ILF2, DnaJA1, DnaJA2, CKB, TUFM, and PABPC1 that putatively interact with NS3. Another candidate protein, DnaJA2, which interacted with JEV NS3 protein, was selected for further study. Overexpression of DnaJA2 increased JEV infection. Conversely, the knockdown of DnaJA2 suppressed JEV infection. Furthermore, DnaJA2 interacted with NS5 besides NS3 and colocalized with viral dsRNA. Additionally, the level of viral NS3 protein expression was higher in cells overexpressing DnaJA2 than in cells with empty vector expression, whereas DnaJA2 knockdown resulted in NS3 protein degradation, which was subsequently restored by MG132 treatment. Further analysis revealed that the C-terminal of DnaJA2 was a critical domain for interaction with NS3 and promoted JEV infection. Collectively, our study identified DnaJA2 as an essential host factor required for JEV infection, potentially representing a novel therapeutic target for the development of antiviral therapies against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxing Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Tingting Rao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ping Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Wu S, Zhao Y, Wang D, Chen Z. Mode of Action of Heat Shock Protein (HSP) Inhibitors against Viruses through Host HSP and Virus Interactions. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040792. [PMID: 37107550 PMCID: PMC10138296 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolded proteins after stress-induced denaturation can regain their functions through correct re-folding with the aid of molecular chaperones. As a molecular chaperone, heat shock proteins (HSPs) can help client proteins fold correctly. During viral infection, HSPs are involved with replication, movement, assembly, disassembly, subcellular localization, and transport of the virus via the formation of macromolecular protein complexes, such as the viral replicase complex. Recent studies have indicated that HSP inhibitors can inhibit viral replication by interfering with the interaction of the virus with the HSP. In this review, we describe the function and classification of HSPs, the transcriptional mechanism of HSPs promoted by heat shock factors (HSFs), discuss the interaction between HSPs and viruses, and the mode of action of HSP inhibitors at two aspects of inhibiting the expression of HSPs and targeting the HSPs, and elaborate their potential use as antiviral agents.
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6
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Sheppard EC, Martin CA, Armstrong C, González-Quevedo C, Illera JC, Suh A, Spurgin LG, Richardson DS. Genomic associations with poxvirus across divergent island populations in Berthelot's pipit. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3154-3173. [PMID: 35395699 PMCID: PMC9321574 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms and genes that enable animal populations to adapt to pathogens is important from an evolutionary, health and conservation perspective. Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii) experiences extensive and consistent spatial heterogeneity in avian pox infection pressure across its range of island populations, thus providing an excellent system with which to examine how pathogen-mediated selection drives spatial variation in immunogenetic diversity. Here we test for evidence of genetic variation associated with avian pox at both an individual and population-level. At the individual level, we find no evidence that variation in MHC class I and TLR4 (both known to be important in recognising viral infection) was associated with pox infection within two separate populations. However, using genotype-environment association (Bayenv) in conjunction with genome-wide (ddRAD-seq) data, we detected strong associations between population-level avian pox prevalence and allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at a number of sites across the genome. These sites were located within genes involved in cellular stress signalling and immune responses, many of which have previously been associated with responses to viral infection in humans and other animals. Consequently, our analyses indicates that pathogen-mediated selection may play a role in shaping genomic variation among relatively recently colonised island bird populations and highlights the utility of genotype-environment associations for identifying candidate genes potentially involved in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Sheppard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Claudia A Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Claire Armstrong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Catalina González-Quevedo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Grupo Ecología y Evolución de Vertebrados, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC-Oviedo University-Principality of Asturias), University of Oviedo, Campus of Mieres, Research Building, 5th Floor, c/ Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós, s/n, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alexander Suh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Department of Ecology and Genetics - Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lewis G Spurgin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - David S Richardson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
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7
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Dai G, Han K, Huang X, Zhang L, Liu Q, Yang J, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhao D. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) plays important role in tembusu virus infection. Vet Microbiol 2022; 267:109377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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van Leur SW, Heunis T, Munnur D, Sanyal S. Pathogenesis and virulence of flavivirus infections. Virulence 2021; 12:2814-2838. [PMID: 34696709 PMCID: PMC8632085 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1996059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus consists of >70 members including several that are considered significant human pathogens. Flaviviruses display a broad spectrum of diseases that can be roughly categorised into two phenotypes - systemic disease involving haemorrhage exemplified by dengue and yellow Fever virus, and neurological complications associated with the likes of West Nile and Zika viruses. Attempts to develop vaccines have been variably successful against some. Besides, mosquito-borne flaviviruses can be vertically transmitted in the arthropods, enabling long term persistence and the possibility of re-emergence. Therefore, developing strategies to combat disease is imperative even if vaccines become available. The cellular interactions of flaviviruses with their human hosts are key to establishing the viral lifecycle on the one hand, and activation of host immunity on the other. The latter should ideally eradicate infection, but often leads to immunopathological and neurological consequences. In this review, we use Dengue and Zika viruses to discuss what we have learned about the cellular and molecular determinants of the viral lifecycle and the accompanying immunopathology, while highlighting current knowledge gaps which need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiaan Heunis
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3RE, UK
| | - Deeksha Munnur
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3RE, UK
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Chailangkarn T, Tanwattana N, Jaemthaworn T, Sriswasdi S, Wanasen N, Tangphatsornruang S, Leetanasaksakul K, Jantraphakorn Y, Nawae W, Chankeeree P, Lekcharoensuk P, Lumlertdacha B, Kaewborisuth C. Establishment of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons-A Promising In Vitro Model for a Molecular Study of Rabies Virus and Host Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111986. [PMID: 34769416 PMCID: PMC8584829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a deadly viral disease caused by the rabies virus (RABV), transmitted through a bite of an infected host, resulting in irreversible neurological symptoms and a 100% fatality rate in humans. Despite many aspects describing rabies neuropathogenesis, numerous hypotheses remain unanswered and concealed. Observations obtained from infected primary neurons or mouse brain samples are more relevant to human clinical rabies than permissive cell lines; however, limitations regarding the ethical issue and sample accessibility become a hurdle for discovering new insights into virus-host interplays. To better understand RABV pathogenesis in humans, we generated human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons to offer the opportunity for an inimitable study of RABV infection at a molecular level in a pathologically relevant cell type. This study describes the characteristics and detailed proteomic changes of hiPSC-derived neurons in response to RABV infection using LC-MS/MS quantitative analysis. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) reveals temporal changes of proteins related to metabolic process, immune response, neurotransmitter transport/synaptic vesicle cycle, cytoskeleton organization, and cell stress response, demonstrating fundamental underlying mechanisms of neuropathogenesis in a time-course dependence. Lastly, we highlighted plausible functions of heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70 or HSPA8) that might play a pivotal role in regulating RABV replication and pathogenesis. Our findings acquired from this hiPSC-derived neuron platform help to define novel cellular mechanisms during RABV infection, which could be applicable to further studies to widen views of RABV-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanathom Chailangkarn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.W.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (T.C.); (C.K.)
| | - Nathiphat Tanwattana
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Thanakorn Jaemthaworn
- Computational Molecular Biology Group, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.J.); (S.S.)
| | - Sira Sriswasdi
- Computational Molecular Biology Group, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.J.); (S.S.)
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathum Wan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nanchaya Wanasen
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Omics Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.T.); (W.N.)
| | - Kantinan Leetanasaksakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Yuparat Jantraphakorn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.W.); (Y.J.)
| | - Wanapinun Nawae
- National Omics Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (S.T.); (W.N.)
| | - Penpicha Chankeeree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.C.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advance Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Boonlert Lumlertdacha
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training Prophylaxis on Rabies, 1871 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Challika Kaewborisuth
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.W.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: (T.C.); (C.K.)
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Mahajan S, Choudhary S, Kumar P, Tomar S. Antiviral strategies targeting host factors and mechanisms obliging +ssRNA viral pathogens. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116356. [PMID: 34416512 PMCID: PMC8349405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, periodic recurrence of viral infections, and the emergence of challenging variants has created an urgent need of alternative therapeutic approaches to combat the spread of viral infections, failing to which may pose a greater risk to mankind in future. Resilience against antiviral drugs or fast evolutionary rate of viruses is stressing the scientific community to identify new therapeutic approaches for timely control of disease. Host metabolic pathways are exquisite reservoir of energy to viruses and contribute a diverse array of functions for successful replication and pathogenesis of virus. Targeting the host factors rather than viral enzymes to cease viral infection, has emerged as an alternative antiviral strategy. This approach offers advantage in terms of increased threshold to viral resistance and can provide broad-spectrum antiviral action against different viruses. The article here provides substantial review of literature illuminating the host factors and molecular mechanisms involved in innate/adaptive responses to viral infection, hijacking of signalling pathways by viruses and the intracellular metabolic pathways required for viral replication. Host-targeted drugs acting on the pathways usurped by viruses are also addressed in this study. Host-directed antiviral therapeutics might prove to be a rewarding approach in controlling the unprecedented spread of viral infection, however the probability of cellular side effects or cytotoxicity on host cell should not be ignored at the time of clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreeti Mahajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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Pan X, Gao Q, Shen J, Xu T. 14-3-3 is a VP3-binding protein involved in Macrobrachium rosenbergii Taihu virus infection in shrimp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 122:104139. [PMID: 34023374 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrobrachium rosenbergii Taihu virus (MrTV) is a fierce pathogen that causes high mortality in M. rosenbergii larvae. Little is known about the pathogenesis of MrTV and host-virus interactions. In this study, a virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA), followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, was carried out to search for novel host molecules that bind with VP3, one of the main capsid proteins of MrTV. Macrobrachium rosenbergii 14-3-3 protein (Mr14-3-3) was identified as the binding protein of VP3, which was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and co-localization assay. A preincubation assay was developed, which indicated that preincubation with recombinant Mr14-3-3 (rMr14-3-3) could significantly decrease the expression level of VP3 in MrTV-infected M. rosenbergii larvae, suggesting that preincubation with rMr14-3-3 could partially block MrTV infection. This study revealed that Mr14-3-3 acts as a binding protein for MrTV-VP3 and plays an important role in MrTV infection, offering a potential target for the development of anti-MrTV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Pan
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Jinyu Shen
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
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12
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Zhao Z, Tao M, Han W, Fan Z, Imran M, Cao S, Ye J. Nuclear localization of Zika virus NS5 contributes to suppression of type I interferon production and response. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001376. [PMID: 31859616 PMCID: PMC8515865 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, which caused an unprecedented epidemic in Latin America. Among all viral non-structural proteins in flavivirus, NS5 is the most highly conserved and has multiple crucial functions, including participating in viral RNA replication and suppressing host innate immunity. Although ZIKV NS5 prominently localizes in the nucleus during infection, its specific nuclear localization signal (NLS), and its role in viral replication and pathogenesis remain controversial. Here, we identified aa 11-90 and aa 370-406 regions that contain NLSs, which are critical for nuclear localization of ZIKV NS5. Further experiments demonstrated that nuclear localization of ZIKV NS5 predominantly participates in suppression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-mediated activation of type I IFN (IFN-I) transcription and inhibition of IFN-I downstream response independent of its effect on signal transducers and activators of transcription 2 (STAT2) degradation. These results suggest that subcellular localization of NS5 is important for its function on innate immune suppression, which provides new insight into ZIKV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Mengying Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wei Han
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zijing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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13
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Akt Interacts with Usutu Virus Polymerase, and Its Activity Modulates Viral Replication. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020244. [PMID: 33672588 PMCID: PMC7924047 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) is a flavivirus that mainly infects wild birds through the bite of Culex mosquitoes. Recent outbreaks have been associated with an increased number of cases in humans. Despite being a growing source of public health concerns, there is yet insufficient data on the virus or host cell targets for infection control. In this work we have investigated whether the cellular kinase Akt and USUV polymerase NS5 interact and co-localize in a cell. To this aim, we performed co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays, followed by confocal microscopy analyses. We further tested whether NS5 is a phosphorylation substrate of Akt in vitro. Finally, to examine its role in viral replication, we chemically silenced Akt with three inhibitors (MK-2206, honokiol and ipatasertib). We found that both proteins are localized (confocal) and pulled down (Co-IP) together when expressed in different cell lines, supporting the fact that they are interacting partners. This possibility was further sustained by data showing that NS5 is phosphorylated by Akt. Treatment of USUV-infected cells with Akt-specific inhibitors led to decreases in virus titers (>10-fold). Our results suggest an important role for Akt in virus replication and stimulate further investigations to examine the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as an antiviral target.
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14
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Belon L, Skidmore P, Mehra R, Walter E. Effect of a fever in viral infections — the ‘Goldilocks’ phenomenon? World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:296-307. [PMID: 33521098 PMCID: PMC7812885 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i2.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute infections, including those due to Coronaviridae and other viruses, often stimulate a febrile response. A mild fever appears to improve outcome; it appears to diminish viral replication by several mechanisms, including virion entry into host cells and genome transcription, and improving host defence mechanisms against the pathogen. However, a fever may also damage host cellular and tissue function and increase metabolic demands. At temperatures at the lower end of the febrile range, the benefit of the fever appears to outweigh the detrimental effects. However, at higher temperatures, the outcome worsens, suggesting that the disadvantages of fever on the host predominate. A non-infective fever is associated with a worse outcome at lower temperatures, suggesting that hyperthermia carries less benefit in the absence of infection. This review discusses the risks and benefits of a fever on the host response, focusing on the effects of a fever on viral replication and host response, and the detrimental effect on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Belon
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Skidmore
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rohan Mehra
- Department of General Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Walter
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford GU2 7XX, Surrey, United Kingdom
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15
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A functional interaction between GRP78 and Zika virus E protein. Sci Rep 2021; 11:393. [PMID: 33432092 PMCID: PMC7801745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus that has caused significant public health concerns around the world, partly because of an association with microcephaly in babies born to mothers who were infected with ZIKV during pregnancy. As a recently emerging virus, little is known as to how the virus interacts with the host cell machinery. A yeast-2-hybrid screen for proteins capable of interacting with the ZIKV E protein domain III, the domain responsible for receptor binding, identified 21 proteins, one of which was the predominantly ER resident chaperone protein GRP78. The interaction of GRP78 and ZIKV E was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation, and indirect immunofluorescence staining showed intracellular and extracellular co-localization between GRP78 and ZIKV E. Antibodies directed against the N-terminus of GRP78 were able to inhibit ZIKV entry to host cells, resulting in significant reductions in the levels of ZIKV infection and viral production. Consistently, these reductions were also observed after down-regulation of GRP78 by siRNA. These results indicate that GRP78 can play a role mediating ZIKV binding, internalization and replication in cells. GRP78 is a main regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR), and the study showed that expression of GRP78 was up-regulated, and the UPR was activated. Increases in CHOP expression, and activation of caspases 7 and 9 were also shown in response to ZIKV infection. Overall these results indicate that the interaction between GRP78 and ZIKV E protein plays an important role in ZIKV infection and replication, and may be a potential therapeutic target.
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16
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The Role of Molecular Chaperones in Virus Infection and Implications for Understanding and Treating COVID-19. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113518. [PMID: 33143379 PMCID: PMC7693988 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic made imperative the search for means to end it, which requires a knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning the multiplication and spread of its cause, the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Many viruses use members of the hosts’ chaperoning system to infect the target cells, replicate, and spread, and here we present illustrative examples. Unfortunately, the role of chaperones in the SARS-CoV-2 cycle is still poorly understood. In this review, we examine the interactions of various coronaviruses during their infectious cycle with chaperones in search of information useful for future research on SARS-CoV-2. We also call attention to the possible role of molecular mimicry in the development of autoimmunity and its widespread pathogenic impact in COVID-19 patients. Viral proteins share highly antigenic epitopes with human chaperones, eliciting anti-viral antibodies that crossreact with the chaperones. Both, the critical functions of chaperones in the infectious cycle of viruses and the possible role of these molecules in COVID-19 autoimmune phenomena, make clear that molecular chaperones are promising candidates for the development of antiviral strategies. These could consist of inhibiting-blocking those chaperones that are necessary for the infectious viral cycle, or those that act as autoantigens in the autoimmune reactions causing generalized destructive effects on human tissues.
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17
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Andrographolide and Its 14-Aryloxy Analogues Inhibit Zika and Dengue Virus Infection. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215037. [PMID: 33143016 PMCID: PMC7662321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Andrographolide is a labdene diterpenoid with potential applications against a number of viruses, including the mosquito-transmitted dengue virus (DENV). In this study, we evaluated the anti-viral activity of three 14-aryloxy analogues (ZAD-1 to ZAD-3) of andrographolide against Zika virus (ZIKV) and DENV. Interestingly, one analogue, ZAD-1, showed better activity against both ZIKV and DENV than the parental andrographolide. A two-dimension (2D) proteomic analysis of human A549 cells treated with ZAD-1 compared to cells treated with andrographolide identified four differentially expressed proteins (heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 (HSPA1A), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), transketolase (TKT) and GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran (Ran)). Western blot analysis confirmed that ZAD-1 treatment downregulated expression of HSPA1A and upregulated expression of PGK1 as compared to andrographolide treatment. These results suggest that 14-aryloxy analogues of andrographolide have the potential for further development as anti-DENV and anti-ZIKV agents.
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18
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Felicetti T, Manfroni G, Cecchetti V, Cannalire R. Broad-Spectrum Flavivirus Inhibitors: a Medicinal Chemistry Point of View. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2391-2419. [PMID: 32961008 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections by flaviviruses, such as Dengue, West Nile, Yellow Fever and Zika viruses, represent a growing risk for global health. There are vaccines only for few flaviviruses while no effective treatments are available. Flaviviruses share epidemiological, structural, and ecologic features and often different viruses can co-infect the same host. Therefore, the identification of broad-spectrum inhibitors is highly desirable either for known flaviviruses or for viruses that likely will emerge in the future. Strategies targeting both virus and host factors have been pursued to identify broad-spectrum antiflaviviral agents. In this review, we describe the most promising and best characterized targets and their relative broad-spectrum inhibitors, identified by drug repurposing/libraries screenings and by focused medicinal chemistry campaigns. Finally, we discuss about future strategies to identify new broad-spectrum antiflavivirus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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19
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Placental Alkaline Phosphatase Promotes Zika Virus Replication by Stabilizing Viral Proteins through BIP. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01716-20. [PMID: 32934082 PMCID: PMC7492734 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01716-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy causes intrauterine growth defects and microcephaly, but knowledge of the mechanism through which ZIKV infects and replicates in the placenta remains elusive. Here, we found that ALPP, an alkaline phosphatase expressed primarily in placental tissue, promoted ZIKV infection in both human placental trophoblasts and astrocytoma cells. ALPP bound to ZIKV structural and nonstructural proteins and thereby prevented their proteasome-mediated degradation and enhanced viral RNA replication and virion biogenesis. In addition, the function of ALPP in ZIKV infection depends on its phosphatase activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ALPP was stabilized through interactions with BIP, which is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident heat shock protein 70 chaperone. The chaperone activity of BIP promoted ZIKV infection and mediated the interaction between ALPP and ZIKV proteins. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism through which ALPP facilitates ZIKV replication by coordinating with the BIP protein.IMPORTANCE ZIKV is a recently emerged mosquito-borne flavivirus that can cause devastating congenital Zika syndrome in pregnant women and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults, but how ZIKV specifically targets the placenta is not well understood. Here, we identified an alkaline phosphatase (ALPP) that is expressed primarily in placental tissue and promotes ZIKV infection by colocalizing with ZIKV proteins and preventing their proteasome-mediated degradation. The phosphatase activity of ALPP could be required for optimal ZIKV infection, and ALPP is stabilized by BIP via its chaperone activity. This report provides novel insights into host factors required for ZIKV infection, which potentially has implications for ZIKV infection of the placenta.
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20
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Degradation of MicroRNA miR-466d-3p by Japanese Encephalitis Virus NS3 Facilitates Viral Replication and Interleukin-1β Expression. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00294-20. [PMID: 32461319 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00294-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection alters microRNA (miRNA) expression in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the mechanism contributing to miRNA regulation in the CNS is not known. We discovered global degradation of mature miRNA in mouse brains and neuroblastoma (NA) cells after JEV infection. Integrative analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs suggested that several significantly downregulated miRNAs and their targeted mRNAs were clustered into an inflammation pathway. Transfection with miRNA 466d-3p (miR-466d-3p) decreased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression and inhibited JEV replication in NA cells. However, miR-466d-3p expression increased after JEV infection in the presence of cycloheximide, indicating that viral protein expression reduced miR-466d-3p expression. We generated all the JEV coding proteins and demonstrated NS3 helicase protein to be a potent miRNA suppressor. The NS3 proteins of Zika virus, West Nile virus, and dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) and DENV-2 also decreased miR-466d-3p expression. Results from helicase-blocking assays and in vitro unwinding assays demonstrated that NS3 could unwind pre-miR-466d and induce miRNA dysfunction. Computational models and an RNA immunoprecipitation assay revealed arginine-rich domains of NS3 to be crucial for pre-miRNA binding and degradation of host miRNAs. Importantly, site-directed mutagenesis of conserved residues in NS3 revealed that R226G and R202W reduced the binding affinity and degradation of pre-miR-466d. These results expand the function of flavivirus helicases beyond unwinding duplex RNA to degrade pre-miRNAs. Hence, we revealed a new mechanism for NS3 in regulating miRNA pathways and promoting neuroinflammation.IMPORTANCE Host miRNAs have been reported to regulate JEV-induced inflammation in the CNS. We found that JEV infection could reduce expression of host miRNA. The helicase region of the NS3 protein bound specifically to miRNA precursors and could lead to incorrect unwinding of miRNA precursors, thereby reducing the expression of mature miRNAs. This observation led to two major findings. First, our results suggested that JEV NS3 protein induced miR-466d-3p degradation, which promoted IL-1β expression and JEV replication. Second, arginine molecules on NS3 were the main miRNA-binding sites, because we demonstrated that miRNA degradation was abolished if arginines at R226 and R202 were mutated. Our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of JEV and reveals several amino acid sites that could be mutated for a JEV vaccine.
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21
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Wan Q, Song D, Li H, He ML. Stress proteins: the biological functions in virus infection, present and challenges for target-based antiviral drug development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:125. [PMID: 32661235 PMCID: PMC7356129 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress proteins (SPs) including heat-shock proteins (HSPs), RNA chaperones, and ER associated stress proteins are molecular chaperones essential for cellular homeostasis. The major functions of HSPs include chaperoning misfolded or unfolded polypeptides, protecting cells from toxic stress, and presenting immune and inflammatory cytokines. Regarded as a double-edged sword, HSPs also cooperate with numerous viruses and cancer cells to promote their survival. RNA chaperones are a group of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which are essential factors for manipulating both the functions and metabolisms of pre-mRNAs/hnRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II. hnRNPs involve in a large number of cellular processes, including chromatin remodelling, transcription regulation, RNP assembly and stabilization, RNA export, virus replication, histone-like nucleoid structuring, and even intracellular immunity. Dysregulation of stress proteins is associated with many human diseases including human cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s diseases, Alzheimer disease), stroke and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarized the biologic function of stress proteins, and current progress on their mechanisms related to virus reproduction and diseases caused by virus infections. As SPs also attract a great interest as potential antiviral targets (e.g., COVID-19), we also discuss the present progress and challenges in this area of HSP-based drug development, as well as with compounds already under clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianya Wan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huangcan Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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22
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Yang J, Xu Y, Yan Y, Li W, Zhao L, Dai Q, Li Y, Li S, Zhong J, Cao R, Zhong W. Small Molecule Inhibitor of ATPase Activity of HSP70 as a Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor against Flavivirus Infections. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:832-843. [PMID: 31967789 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses including Zika virus, Dengue virus, Japanese Encephalitis virus, and Yellow Fever virus cause heavy burdens to public health around the world. No specific antiviral drug is available in the clinic against these flavivirus infections. Heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) has recently been proven to be a promising antiviral target against Zika virus and Dengue virus. Here, we report that Apoptozole, a small molecule inhibitor of ATPase activity of HSP70, has broad-spectrum anti-flavivirus potential. The mode of action analysis revealed that Apoptozole acted at the post-entry step. Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes related to cholesterol metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and innate immunity were differentially expressed after treatment with Apoptozole. In vivo data suggested Apoptozole exerted protection effects against Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in a mouse model by enhancing the innate immune response, which suggested a novel anti-ZIKV mechanism of HSP70 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yongfen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yunzheng Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qingsong Dai
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuexiang Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Song Li
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ruiyuan Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wu Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
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23
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Taguwa S, Yeh MT, Rainbolt TK, Nayak A, Shao H, Gestwicki JE, Andino R, Frydman J. Zika Virus Dependence on Host Hsp70 Provides a Protective Strategy against Infection and Disease. Cell Rep 2020; 26:906-920.e3. [PMID: 30673613 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of mosquito-borne Zika virus (ZIKV), which causes neurological disorders and microcephaly, highlights the need for countermeasures against sudden viral epidemics. Here, we tested the concept that drugs targeting host proteostasis provide effective antivirals. We show that different cytosolic Hsp70 isoforms are recruited to ZIKV-induced compartments and are required for virus replication at pre- and post-entry steps. Drugs targeting Hsp70 significantly reduce replication of different ZIKV strains in human and mosquito cells, including human neural stem cells and a placental trophoblast cell line, at doses without appreciable toxicity to the host cell. By targeting several ZIKV functions, including entry, establishment of active replication complexes, and capsid assembly, Hsp70 inhibitors are refractory to the emergence of drug-resistant virus. Importantly, these drugs protected mouse models from ZIKV infection, reducing viremia, mortality, and disease symptoms. Hsp70 inhibitors are thus attractive candidates for ZIKV therapeutics with the added benefit of a broad spectrum of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Taguwa
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ming-Te Yeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - T Kelly Rainbolt
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arabinda Nayak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hao Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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24
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Aviner R, Frydman J. Proteostasis in Viral Infection: Unfolding the Complex Virus-Chaperone Interplay. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a034090. [PMID: 30858229 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that rely on their hosts for protein synthesis, genome replication, and viral particle production. As such, they have evolved mechanisms to divert host resources, including molecular chaperones, facilitate folding and assembly of viral proteins, stabilize complex structures under constant mutational pressure, and modulate signaling pathways to dampen antiviral responses and prevent premature host death. Biogenesis of viral proteins often presents unique challenges to the proteostasis network, as it requires the rapid and orchestrated production of high levels of a limited number of multifunctional, multidomain, and aggregation-prone proteins. To overcome such challenges, viruses interact with the folding machinery not only as clients but also as regulators of chaperone expression, function, and subcellular localization. In this review, we summarize the main types of interactions between viral proteins and chaperones during infection, examine evolutionary aspects of this relationship, and discuss the potential of using chaperone inhibitors as broad-spectrum antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranen Aviner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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25
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Hsp40 Protein DNAJB6 Interacts with Viral NS3 and Inhibits the Replication of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225719. [PMID: 31739611 PMCID: PMC6888364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus prevalent in east and southeast Asia, the Western Pacific, and northern Australia. Since viruses are obligatory intracellular pathogens, the dynamic processes of viral entry, replication, and assembly are dependent on numerous host-pathogen interactions. Efforts to identify JEV-interacting host factors are ongoing because their identification and characterization remain incomplete. Three enzymatic activities of flavivirus non-structural protein 3 (NS3), including serine protease, RNA helicase, and triphosphatase, play major roles in the flaviviruses lifecycle. To identify cellular factors that interact with NS3, we screened a human brain cDNA library using a yeast two-hybrid assay, and identified eight proteins that putatively interact with NS3: COPS5, FBLN5, PPP2CB, CRBN, DNAJB6, UBE2N, ZNF350, and GPR137B. We demonstrated that the DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member B6 (DNAJB6) colocalizes and interacts with NS3, and has a negative regulatory function in JEV replication. We also show that loss of DNAJB6 function results in significantly increased viral replication, but does not affect viral binding or internalization. Moreover, the time-course of DNAJB6 disruption during JEV infection varies in a viral load-dependent manner, suggesting that JEV targets this host chaperone protein for viral benefit. Deciphering the modes of NS3-interacting host proteins functions in virion production will shed light on JEV pathogenic mechanisms and may also reveal new avenues for antiviral therapeutics.
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Fan YC, Liang JJ, Chen JM, Lin JW, Chen YY, Su KH, Lin CC, Tu WC, Chiou MT, Ou SC, Chang GJJ, Lin YL, Chiou SS. NS2B/NS3 mutations enhance the infectivity of genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus in amplifying hosts. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007992. [PMID: 31381617 PMCID: PMC6695206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotype I (GI) virus has replaced genotype III (GIII) virus as the dominant Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in the epidemic area of Asia. The mechanism underlying the genotype replacement remains unclear. Therefore, we focused our current study on investigating the roles of mosquito vector and amplifying host(s) in JEV genotype replacement by comparing the replication ability of GI and GIII viruses. GI and GIII viruses had similar infection rates and replicated to similar viral titers after blood meal feedings in Culex tritaeniorhynchus. However, GI virus yielded a higher viral titer in amplifying host-derived cells, especially at an elevated temperature, and produced an earlier and higher viremia in experimentally inoculated pigs, ducklings, and young chickens. Subsequently we identified the amplification advantage of viral genetic determinants from GI viruses by utilizing chimeric and recombinant JEVs (rJEVs). Compared to the recombinant GIII virus (rGIII virus), we observed that both the recombinant GI virus and the chimeric rJEVs encoding GI virus-derived NS1-3 genes supported higher replication ability in amplifying hosts. The replication advantage of the chimeric rJEVs was lost after introduction of a single substitution from a GIII viral mutation (NS2B-L99V, NS3-S78A, or NS3-D177E). In addition, the gain-of-function assay further elucidated that rGIII virus encoding GI virus NS2B-V99L/NS3-A78S/E177E substitutions re-gained the enhanced replication ability. Thus, we conclude that the replication advantage of GI virus in pigs and poultry is the result of three critical NS2B/NS3 substitutions. This may lead to more efficient transmission of GI virus than GIII virus in the amplifying host-mosquito cycle. Flaviviral vertebrate amplifying host(s), invertebrate vector(s), genetics, and environmental factors shape the viral geographical distribution and epidemic disease pattern. Newly emerging dengue virus genotypes, West Nile virus clades, or Zika virus strains exhibited an enhancement in mosquito vector competence. However, hosts and viral determinants responsible for the occurrence of JEV genotype replacement remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that emerging GI viruses with enhanced transmission potential in amplifying hosts such as pigs and avian species was encoded by three critical GI-specific mutations in NS2B/NS3 proteins. This discovery provides insight into the viral genetic mechanism underlying the GI virus advantage and adaptation in the pig/avian species-mosquito cycle. Our results also emphasize the importance of monitoring viral evolution in amplifying vertebrate hosts to clarify the role of avian species in local transmission of GI virus in JE endemic and epidemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Fan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Mei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Su
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chi Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chun Tu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chia Ou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gwong-Jen J. Chang
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyan-Song Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Kovanich D, Saisawang C, Sittipaisankul P, Ramphan S, Kalpongnukul N, Somparn P, Pisitkun T, Smith DR. Analysis of the Zika and Japanese Encephalitis Virus NS5 Interactomes. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3203-3218. [PMID: 31199156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses, including dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and Zika virus (ZIKV), are major human pathogens. Among the flaviviral proteins, the nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) is the largest, most conserved, and major enzymatic component of the viral replication complex. Disruption of the common key NS5-host protein-protein interactions critical for viral replication could aid in the development of broad-spectrum antiflaviviral therapeutics. Hundreds of NS5 interactors have been identified, but these are mostly DENV-NS5 interactors. To this end, we sought to investigate the JEV- and ZIKV-NS5 interactomes using EGFP immunoprecipitation with label-free quantitative mass spectrometry analysis. We report here a total of 137 NS5 interactors with a significant enrichment of spliceosomal and spliceosomal-associated proteins. The transcription complex Paf1C and phosphatase 6 were identified as common NS5-associated complexes. PAF1 was shown to play opposite roles in JEV and ZIKV infections. Additionally, we validated several NS5 targets and proposed their possible roles in infection. These include lipid-shuttling proteins OSBPL9 and OSBPL11, component of RNAP3 transcription factor TFIIIC, minichromosome maintenance, and cochaperone PAQosome. Mining this data set, our study expands the current interaction landscape of NS5 and uncovers several NS5 targets that are new to flavivirus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangnapa Kovanich
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University , Nakhon Pathom , Thailand
| | - Chonticha Saisawang
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University , Nakhon Pathom , Thailand
| | | | - Suwipa Ramphan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University , Nakhon Pathom , Thailand
| | - Nuttiya Kalpongnukul
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research affairs, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Poorichaya Somparn
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research affairs, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Research affairs, Faculty of Medicine , Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University , Nakhon Pathom , Thailand
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Campos RK, Garcia-Blanco MA, Bradrick SS. Roles of Pro-viral Host Factors in Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus Infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 419:43-67. [PMID: 28688087 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Identification and analysis of viral host factors is a growing area of research which aims to understand the how viruses molecularly interface with the host cell. Investigations into flavivirus-host interactions has led to new discoveries in viral and cell biology, and will potentially bolster strategies to control the important diseases caused by these pathogens. Here, we address the current knowledge of prominent host factors required for the flavivirus life-cycle and mechanisms by which they promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael K Campos
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. .,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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29
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Sigle LT, McGraw EA. Expanding the canon: Non-classical mosquito genes at the interface of arboviral infection. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:72-80. [PMID: 30970277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito transmitted viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in human populations. Despite the use of insecticides and other measures of vector control, arboviral diseases are on the rise. One potential solution for limiting disease transmission to humans is to render mosquitoes refractory to viral infection through genetic modification. Substantial research effort in Drosophila, Aedes and Anopheles has helped to define the major innate immune pathways, including Toll, IMD, Jak/Stat and RNAi, however we still have an incomplete picture of the mosquito antiviral response. Transcriptional profiles of virus-infected insects reveal a much wider range of pathways activated by the process of infection. Within these lists of genes are unexplored mosquito candidates of viral defense. Wolbachia species are endosymbiotic bacteria that naturally limit arboviral infection in mosquitoes. Our understanding of the Wolbachia-mediated viral blocking mechanism is poor, but it does not appear to operate via the classical immune pathways. Herein, we reviewed the transcriptomic response of mosquitoes to multiple viral species and put forth consensus gene types/families outside the immune canon whose expression responds to infection, including cytoskeleton and cellular trafficking, the heat shock response, cytochromes P450, cell proliferation, chitin and small RNAs. We then examine emerging evidence for their functional role in viral resistance in diverse insect and mammalian hosts and their potential role in Wolbachia-mediated viral blocking. These candidate gene families offer novel avenues for research into the nature of insect viral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah T Sigle
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Entomology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A McGraw
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Entomology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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30
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Zakaria MK, Carletti T, Marcello A. Cellular Targets for the Treatment of Flavivirus Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:398. [PMID: 30483483 PMCID: PMC6240593 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical antiviral therapy targets viral functions, mostly viral enzymes or receptors. Successful examples include precursor herpesvirus drugs, antiretroviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase and protease, influenza virus directed compounds as well as more recent direct antiviral agents (DAA) applied in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, from early times, the possibility of targeting the host cell to contain the infection has frequently re-emerged as an alternative and complementary antiviral strategy. Advantages of this approach include an increased threshold to the emergence of resistance and the possibility to target multiple viruses. Major pitfalls are related to important cellular side effects and cytotoxicity. In this mini-review, the concept of host directed antiviral therapy will be discussed with a focus on the most recent advances in the field of Flaviviruses, a family of important human pathogens for which we do not have antivirals available in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khalid Zakaria
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tea Carletti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
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31
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Chen B, Li C, Wang Y, Lu Y, Wang F, Liu X. 14-3-3β/α-A interacts with glycoprotein of spring viremia of carp virus and positively affects viral entry. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:438-444. [PMID: 29680490 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a fierce pathogen causing high mortality in the common carp. The glycoprotein (G protein) of SVCV is a pivotal component of the viral structure, located in the surface of the virion, and plays a key role in viral endocytosis. In this study, tandem affinity purification (TAP) followed by mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS) was carried out to search for novel host molecules that interact with SVCV G protein and a 14-3-3β/α-A protein was identified. The level of 14-3-3β/α-A mRNA expression was dramatically down regulated by SVCV infection. Furthermore, over expression of 14-3-3β/α-A results in a significantly increased SVCV attachment and entry in FHM cells. This study reveals an important role of 14-3-3 protein in regulating the early stage of SVCV infection, which offers a potential target for development of anti-SVCV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buxin Chen
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yeda Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanan Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xueqin Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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32
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Mukherjee S, Sengupta N, Chaudhuri A, Akbar I, Singh N, Chakraborty S, Suryawanshi AR, Bhattacharyya A, Basu A. PLVAP and GKN3 Are Two Critical Host Cell Receptors Which Facilitate Japanese Encephalitis Virus Entry Into Neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11784. [PMID: 30082709 PMCID: PMC6079088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), a globally important pathogen, belongs to the family Flaviviridae, is transmitted between vertebrate hosts by mosquitoes, principally by Culex tritaeniorhynchus. The E-glycoprotein of the virus mediates its attachment to the host cell receptors. In this study, we cloned and purified JEV E-glycoprotein in pET28a vector using E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells. A pull down assay was performed using plasma membrane fraction of BALB/c mouse brain and E-glycoprotein as a bait protein. 2-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis based separation of the interacting proteins was analyzed by mass spectrometry. Among all the identified partners of E-glycoprotein, PLVAP (Plasmalemma vesicle associated protein) and GKN3 (Gastrokine3) showed significant up-regulation in both JEV infected mouse brain and neuro2a cells. In-silico studies also predicted significant interaction of these receptors with E-glycoprotein. Additionally, overexperssion and silencing of these receptors resulted in increase and reduction in viral load respectively, suggesting them as two critical cellular receptors governing JEV entry and propagation in neurons. In support, we observed significant expression of PLVAP but not GKN3 in post-mortem autopsied human brain tissue. Our results establish two novel receptor proteins in neurons in case of JEV infection, thus providing potential targets for antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriparna Mukherjee
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India.,Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Nabonita Sengupta
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India.,Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Ankur Chaudhuri
- West Bengal State University, North 24 Parganas, Barasat, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | - Irshad Akbar
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Noopur Singh
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India
| | - Sibani Chakraborty
- West Bengal State University, North 24 Parganas, Barasat, Kolkata, 700126, India
| | | | - Arindam Bhattacharyya
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
| | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, 122052, India.
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33
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Khachatoorian R, Cohn W, Buzzanco A, Riahi R, Arumugaswami V, Dasgupta A, Whitelegge JP, French SW. HSP70 Copurifies with Zika Virus Particles. Virology 2018; 522:228-233. [PMID: 30053656 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been identified as a cause of neurologic diseases in infants and Guillain-Barré Syndrome, and currently, no therapeutics or vaccines are approved. In this study, we sought to identify potential host proteins interacting with ZIKV particles to gain better insights into viral infectivity. Viral particles were purified through density-gradient centrifugation and subsequently, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Mass spectrometric analyses revealed viral envelope protein and HSP70 to comigrate in only one SEC fraction. Neither of these proteins were found in any other SEC fractions. We then performed neutralization assays and found that incubating viral particles with antibody against HSP70 indeed significantly reduced viral infectivity, while HSC70 antibody did not. Preincubating cells with recombinant HSP70 also decreased viral infectivity. Knockdown and inhibition of HSP70 also significantly diminished viral production. These results implicate HSP70 in the pathogenesis of ZIKV and identify HSP70 as a potential host therapeutic target against ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronik Khachatoorian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Anthony Buzzanco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Rana Riahi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Asim Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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34
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Cheng W, Jia H, Wang X, He X, Jin Q, Cao J, Jing Z. Ectromelia virus upregulates the expression of heat shock protein�70 to promote viral replication. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:1044-1053. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu�730046, P.R.�China
| | - Huaijie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Qiwang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
| | - Jingxin Cao
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB�R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Agriculture Ministry, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, P.R. China
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35
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Giraldo MI, Vargas-Cuartas O, Gallego-Gomez JC, Shi PY, Padilla-Sanabria L, Castaño-Osorio JC, Rajsbaum R. K48-linked polyubiquitination of dengue virus NS1 protein inhibits its interaction with the viral partner NS4B. Virus Res 2017; 246:1-11. [PMID: 29294313 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family, which is transmitted to mammalian species through arthropods, and causes dengue fever or severe dengue fever in humans. The DENV genome encodes for multiple nonstructural (NS) proteins including NS1. NS1 plays an essential role in replication by interacting with other viral proteins including NS4B, however how these interactions are regulated during virus infection is not known. By using bioinformatics, mass spectrometry analysis, and co-immunoprecipitation assays, here we show that DENV-NS1 is ubiquitinated on multiples lysine residues during DENV infection, including K189, a lysine residue previously shown to be important for efficient DENV replication. Data from in vitro and cell culture experiments indicate that dengue NS1 undergoes modification with K48-linked polyubiquitin chains, which usually target proteins to the proteasome for degradation. Furthermore, ubiquitinated NS1 was detected in lysates as well as in supernatants of human and mosquito infected cells. Ubiquitin deconjugation of NS1 using the deubiquitinase OTU resulted in increased interaction with the viral protein NS4B suggesting that ubiquitinated NS1 has reduced affinity for NS4B. In support of these data, a K189R mutation on NS1, which abrogates ubiquitination on amino acid residue 189 of NS1, also increased NS1-NS4B interactions. Our work describes a new mechanism of regulation of NS1-NS4B interactions and suggests that ubiquitination of NS1 may affect DENV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Giraldo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindío, Cra 15 Cl 12N, Armenia, Colombia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Oscar Vargas-Cuartas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad del Quindío, Cra 15 Cl 12N, Armenia, Colombia.
| | - Juan Carlos Gallego-Gomez
- Grupo de Medicina Molecular y de Traslación, Universidad de Antioquia, Cra. 51 D No. 62-29, Medellin, Colombia.
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | | | | | - Ricardo Rajsbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein SCAP Inhibits Dengue Virus NS2B3 Protease by Suppressing Its K27-Linked Polyubiquitylation. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02234-16. [PMID: 28228593 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02234-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENVs) are an emerging threat to global public health. The NS2B3 protease complex of DENV has recently been shown to cleave the antiviral protein STING and thereby subvert the innate immune signaling to facilitate virus replication. Whether host cells have a mechanism to counteract this virus-mediated immunosuppression is unclear. We discovered that the K27-linked polyubiquitination of NS3 protein facilitates its recruitment of NS2B, the formation of NS2B3, and consequently the enhanced cleavage of STING. However, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein, SCAP, through binding to NS2B protein, inhibits the ubiquitination of NS3, rendering NS2B3 protease incapable of binding and cleaving STING. Importantly, ectopic expression of SCAP impaired DENV infection, whereas silencing of SCAP potentiated DENV infection. Collectively, this study uncovered a novel function of SCAP of counteracting the inhibitory action of DENV NS2B3 protease on STING signaling, suggesting that modulation of SCAP levels may have therapeutic implications.IMPORTANCE This study reports the first ubiquitylation target protein in DENV, the NS3 protein, and the unique role of K27-linked polyubiquitylation in NS3's ability to recruit NS2B and formation of the NS2B3 protease complex. Additionally, this study identified novel functions of the ER protein SCAP: one is to compete with NS2B for binding to STING, and the other is to inhibit the ubiquitination of NS3. Both of these functions protect STING from being cleaved by the NS2B3 protease and thus contribute to host antiviral response.
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Li Y, Yang Z. Adaptive Diversification Between Yellow Fever Virus West African and South American Lineages: A Genome-Wide Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:727-734. [PMID: 28044043 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) has emerged as the causative agent of a vector-borne disease with devastating mortality in the tropics of Africa and the Americas. YFV phylogenies indicate that the isolates collected from West Africa, East and Central Africa, and South America cluster into different lineages and the virus spread into the Americas from Africa. To determine the nature of genetic variation accompanying the intercontinental epidemic, we performed a genome-wide evolutionary study on the West African and South American lineages of YFV. Our results reveal that adaptive genetic diversification has occurred on viral nonstructural protein 5 (NS5), which is crucially required for viral genome replication, in the early epidemic phase of these currently circulating lineages. Furthermore, major amino acid changes relevant to the adaptive diversification generally cluster in different structural regions of NS5 in a lineage-specific manner. These results suggest that YFV has experienced adaptive diversification in the epidemic spread between the continents and shed insights into the genetic determinants of such diversification, which might be beneficial for understanding the emergence and re-emergence of yellow fever as an important global public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, People's Republic of China
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Gorovits R, Czosnek H. The Involvement of Heat Shock Proteins in the Establishment of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:355. [PMID: 28360921 PMCID: PMC5352662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a begomovirus, induces protein aggregation in infected tomatoes and in its whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci. The interactions between TYLCV and HSP70 and HSP90 in plants and vectors are necessity for virus infection to proceed. In infected host cells, HSP70 and HSP90 are redistributed from a soluble to an aggregated state. These aggregates contain, together with viral DNA/proteins and virions, HSPs and components of the protein quality control system such as ubiquitin, 26S proteasome subunits, and the autophagy protein ATG8. TYLCV CP can form complexes with HSPs in tomato and whitefly. Nonetheless, HSP70 and HSP90 play different roles in the viral cell cycle in the plant host. In the infected host cell, HSP70, but not HSP90, participates in the translocation of CP from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Viral amounts decrease when HSP70 is inhibited, but increase when HSP90 is downregulated. In the whitefly vector, HSP70 impairs the circulative transmission of TYLCV; its inhibition increases transmission. Hence, the efficiency of virus acquisition by whiteflies depends on the functionality of both plant chaperones and their cross-talk with other protein mechanisms controlling virus-induced aggregation.
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Wang F, Qiu Y, Zhang HM, Hanson P, Ye X, Zhao G, Xie R, Tong L, Yang D. Heat shock protein 70 promotes coxsackievirus B3 translation initiation and elongation via Akt-mTORC1 pathway depending on activation of p70S6K and Cdc2. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Ye Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Huifang M. Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Paul Hanson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Guangze Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Ronald Xie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia, Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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Gerold G, Bruening J, Weigel B, Pietschmann T. Protein Interactions during the Flavivirus and Hepacivirus Life Cycle. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:S75-S91. [PMID: 28077444 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r116.065649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions govern biological functions in cells, in the extracellular milieu, and at the border between cells and extracellular space. Viruses are small intracellular parasites and thus rely on protein interactions to produce progeny inside host cells and to spread from cell to cell. Usage of host proteins by viruses can have severe consequences e.g. apoptosis, metabolic disequilibria, or altered cell proliferation and mobility. Understanding protein interactions during virus infection can thus educate us on viral infection and pathogenesis mechanisms. Moreover, it has led to important clinical translations, including the development of new therapeutic and vaccination strategies. Here, we will discuss protein interactions of members of the Flaviviridae family, which are small enveloped RNA viruses. Dengue virus, Zika virus and hepatitis C virus belong to the most prominent human pathogenic Flaviviridae With a genome of roughly ten kilobases encoding only ten viral proteins, Flaviviridae display intricate mechanisms to engage the host cell machinery for their purpose. In this review, we will highlight how dengue virus, hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus proteins engage host proteins and how this knowledge helps elucidate Flaviviridae infection. We will specifically address the protein composition of the virus particle as well as the protein interactions during virus entry, replication, particle assembly, and release from the host cell. Finally, we will give a perspective on future challenges in Flaviviridae interaction proteomics and why we believe these challenges should be met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisa Gerold
- From the Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janina Bruening
- From the Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Weigel
- From the Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- From the Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
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Nagy PD. Tombusvirus-Host Interactions: Co-Opted Evolutionarily Conserved Host Factors Take Center Court. Annu Rev Virol 2016; 3:491-515. [PMID: 27578441 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plant positive-strand (+)RNA viruses are intracellular infectious agents that reorganize subcellular membranes and rewire the cellular metabolism of host cells to achieve viral replication in elaborate replication compartments. This review describes the viral replication process based on tombusviruses, highlighting common strategies with other plant and animal viruses. Overall, the works on Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) have revealed intriguing and complex functions of co-opted cellular translation factors, heat shock proteins, DEAD-box helicases, lipid transfer proteins, and membrane-deforming proteins in virus replication. The emerging picture is that many of the co-opted host factors are from highly expressed and conserved protein families. By hijacking host proteins, phospholipids, sterols, and the actin network, TBSV exerts supremacy over the host cell to support viral replication in large replication compartments. Altogether, these advances in our understanding of tombusvirus-host interactions are broadly applicable to many other viruses, which also usurp conserved host factors for various viral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546;
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Kakumani PK, Medigeshi GR, Kaur I, Malhotra P, Mukherjee SK, Bhatnagar RK. Role of human GRP75 in miRNA mediated regulation of dengue virus replication. Gene 2016; 586:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Transcriptional regulation of miR-15b by c-Rel and CREB in Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22581. [PMID: 26931521 PMCID: PMC4773857 DOI: 10.1038/srep22581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been well known to play diverse roles in viral infection at the level of posttranscriptional repression. However, much less is understood about the mechanism by which miRNAs are regulated during viral infection. It is likely that both host and virus contain factors to modulate miRNA expression. Here we report the up-regulation of microRNA-15b (miR-15b) in vitro upon infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Analysis of miR-15b precursor, pri-miR-15b and pre-miR-15b, suggest that the regulation occurs transcriptionally. Further, we identified the transcriptional regulatory region of miR-15b that contains consensus binding motif for NF-κB subunit c-Rel and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), which are known as transcription factor to regulate gene expression. By promoter fusion and mutational analyses, we demonstrated that c-Rel and CREB bind directly to the promoter elements of miR-15b, which are responsible for miR-15b transcription in response to JEV infection. Finally, we showed that pharmacological inhibition of ERK and NF-κB signaling pathway blocked induction of miR-15b in JEV infection, suggesting important roles of ERK and NF-κB pathway in the regulation of miR-15b gene. Therefore, our observations indicate that induced expression of miR-15b is modulated by c-Rel and CREB in response to JEV infection.
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Qiu Y, Ye X, Hanson PJ, Zhang HM, Zong J, Cho B, Yang D. Hsp70-1: upregulation via selective phosphorylation of heat shock factor 1 during coxsackieviral infection and promotion of viral replication via the AU-rich element. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1067-84. [PMID: 26361762 PMCID: PMC11108310 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the primary pathogen of viral myocarditis. Upon infection, CVB3 exploits the host cellular machineries, such as chaperone proteins, to benefit its own infection cycles. Inducible heat shock 70-kDa proteins (Hsp70s) are chaperone proteins induced by various cellular stress conditions. The internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) within Hsp70 mRNA allows Hsp70 to be translated cap-independently during CVB3 infection when global cap-dependent translation is compromised. The Hsp70 protein family contains two major members, Hsp70-1 and Hsp70-2. This study showed that Hsp70-1, but not Hsp70-2, was upregulated during CVB3 infection both in vitro and in vivo. Then a novel mechanism of Hsp70-1 induction was revealed in which CaMKIIγ is activated by CVB3 replication and leads to phosphorylation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) specifically at Serine 230, which enhances Hsp70-1 transcription. Meanwhile, phosphorylation of Ser230 induces translocation of HSF1 from the cytoplasm to nucleus, thus blocking the ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation of HSF1 at Ser307, a negative regulatory process of Hsp70 transcription, further contributing to Hsp70-1 upregulation. Finally, we demonstrated that Hsp70-1 upregulation, in turn, stabilizes CVB3 genome via the AU-rich element (ARE) harbored in the 3' untranslated region of CVB3 genomic RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Paul J Hanson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Huifang Mary Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jeff Zong
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Brian Cho
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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MicroRNA-33a-5p Modulates Japanese Encephalitis Virus Replication by Targeting Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 1A1. J Virol 2016; 90:3722-34. [PMID: 26819305 PMCID: PMC4794666 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03242-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a typical mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for acute encephalitis and meningitis in humans. However, the molecular mechanism for JEV pathogenesis is still unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that act as gene regulators. They are directly or indirectly involved in many cellular functions owing to their ability to target mRNAs for degradation or translational repression. However, how cellular miRNAs are regulated and their functions during JEV infection are largely unknown. In the present study, we found that JEV infection downregulated the expression of endogenous cellular miR-33a-5p. Notably, artificially transfecting with miR-33a-5p mimics led to a significant decrease in viral replication, suggesting that miR-33a-5p acts as a negative regulator of JEV replication. A dual-luciferase reporter assay identified eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A1 (EEF1A1) as one of the miR-33a-5p target genes. Our study further demonstrated that EEF1A1 can interact with the JEV proteins NS3 and NS5 in replicase complex. Through this interaction, EEF1A1 can stabilize the components of viral replicase complex and thus facilitates viral replication during JEV infection. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-33a-5p is downregulated during JEV infection, which contributes to viral replication by increasing the intracellular level of EEF1A1, an interaction partner of JEV NS3 and NS5. This study provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of JEV pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE MiRNAs are critical regulators of gene expression that utilize sequence complementarity to bind to and modulate the stability or translation efficiency of target mRNAs. Accumulating data suggest that miRNAs regulate a wide variety of molecular mechanisms in the host cells during viral infections. JEV, a neurotropic flavivirus, is one of the major causes of acute encephalitis in humans worldwide. The roles of cellular miRNAs during JEV infections are widely unexplored. The present study explores a novel role of miR-33a-5p as a negative regulator of JEV replication. We found EEF1A1 as a direct target of miR-33a-5p. We also demonstrated that EEF1A1 interacts with and stabilize the components of JEV replicase complex, which positively regulates JEV replication. These findings suggest a new insight into the molecular mechanism of JEV pathogenesis and provide a possible therapeutic entry point for viral encephalitis.
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Taguwa S, Maringer K, Li X, Bernal-Rubio D, Rauch JN, Gestwicki JE, Andino R, Fernandez-Sesma A, Frydman J. Defining Hsp70 Subnetworks in Dengue Virus Replication Reveals Key Vulnerability in Flavivirus Infection. Cell 2015; 163:1108-1123. [PMID: 26582131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Viral protein homeostasis depends entirely on the machinery of the infected cell. Accordingly, viruses can illuminate the interplay between cellular proteostasis components and their distinct substrates. Here, we define how the Hsp70 chaperone network mediates the dengue virus life cycle. Cytosolic Hsp70 isoforms are required at distinct steps of the viral cycle, including entry, RNA replication, and virion biogenesis. Hsp70 function at each step is specified by nine distinct DNAJ cofactors. Of these, DnaJB11 relocalizes to virus-induced replication complexes to promote RNA synthesis, while DnaJB6 associates with capsid protein and facilitates virion biogenesis. Importantly, an allosteric Hsp70 inhibitor, JG40, potently blocks infection of different dengue serotypes in human primary blood cells without eliciting viral resistance or exerting toxicity to the host cells. JG40 also blocks replication of other medically-important flaviviruses including yellow fever, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Thus, targeting host Hsp70 subnetworks provides a path for broad-spectrum antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Taguwa
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin Maringer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Xiaokai Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dabeiba Bernal-Rubio
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jennifer N Rauch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Kao YT, Chang BL, Liang JJ, Tsai HJ, Lee YL, Lin RJ, Lin YL. Japanese encephalitis virus nonstructural protein NS5 interacts with mitochondrial trifunctional protein and impairs fatty acid β-oxidation. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004750. [PMID: 25816318 PMCID: PMC4376648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) can induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cause acute encephalitis in humans. β-oxidation breaks down fatty acids for ATP production in mitochondria, and impaired β-oxidation can induce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. To address the role of fatty-acid β-oxidation in JEV infection, we measured the oxygen consumption rate of mock- and JEV-infected cells cultured with or without long chain fatty acid (LCFA) palmitate. Cells with JEV infection showed impaired LCFA β-oxidation and increased interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) expression. JEV nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) interacted with hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase α and β subunits, two components of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP) involved in LCFA β-oxidation, and NS5 proteins were detected in mitochondria and co-localized with MTP. LCFA β-oxidation was impaired and higher cytokines were induced in cells overexpressing NS5 protein as compared with control cells. Deletion and mutation studies showed that the N-terminus of NS5 was involved in the MTP association, and a single point mutation of NS5 residue 19 from methionine to alanine (NS5-M19A) reduced its binding ability with MTP. The recombinant JEV with NS5-M19A mutation (JEV-NS5-M19A) was less able to block LCFA β-oxidation and induced lower levels of IL-6 and TNF-α than wild-type JEV. Moreover, mice challenged with JEV-NS5-M19A showed less neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness. We identified a novel function of JEV NS5 in viral pathogenesis by impairing LCFA β-oxidation and inducing cytokine expression by association with MTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Kao
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Lan Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hang-Jen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Jye Lin
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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48
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Alvarez-Sanchez C, Cancio-Lonches C, Mora-Heredia JE, Santos-Valencia JC, Barrera-Vázquez OS, Yocupicio-Monroy M, Gutiérrez-Escolano AL. Negative effect of heat shock on feline calicivirus release from infected cells is associated with the control of apoptosis. Virus Res 2015; 198:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Selisko B, Wang C, Harris E, Canard B. Regulation of Flavivirus RNA synthesis and replication. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 9:74-83. [PMID: 25462437 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RNA synthesis and replication of the members of the Flavivirus genus (including dengue, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses) is regulated by a wide variety of mechanisms and actors. These include the sequestration of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) for functions other than RNA synthesis, regulatory interactions with other viral and host proteins within the replication complex (RC), and regulatory elements within the RNA genome itself. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of the multiple levels at which Flavivirus RNA synthesis is controlled. We aim to bring together two active research fields: the structural and functional biology of individual proteins of the RC and the impressive wealth of knowledge acquired regarding the viral genomic RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Selisko
- Aix-Marseille Université, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France; CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Chunling Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 185 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 185 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Bruno Canard
- Aix-Marseille Université, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France; CNRS, AFMB UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France.
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