1
|
Cheng B, Bai Y, Liu L, Meng P, Cheng S, Yang X, Pan C, Wei W, Liu H, Jia Y, Wen Y, Zhang F. Mendelian randomization study of the relationship between blood and urine biomarkers and schizophrenia in the UK Biobank cohort. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:40. [PMID: 38454150 PMCID: PMC10920902 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of suitable biomarkers is of crucial clinical importance for the early diagnosis of treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). This study aims to comprehensively analyze the association between TRS and blood and urine biomarkers. METHODS Candidate TRS-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained from a recent genome-wide association study. The UK Biobank cohort, comprising 376,807 subjects with blood and urine biomarker testing data, was used to calculate the polygenic risk score (PRS) for TRS. Pearson correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the correlation between TRS PRS and each of the biomarkers, using calculated TRS PRS as the instrumental variables. Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to assess potential causal associations between candidate biomarkers with TRS. RESULTS Here we identify a significant association between TRS PRS and phosphate (r = 0.007, P = 1.96 × 10-4). Sex subgroup analyses identify seven and three candidate biomarkers associated with TRS PRS in male and female participants, respectively. For example, total protein and phosphate for males, creatinine and phosphate for females. Bidirectional two-sample MR analyses indicate that TRS is negatively associated with cholesterol (estimate = -0.363, P = 0.008). Conversely, TRS is positively associated with total protein (estimate = 0.137, P = 0.027), mean corpuscular volume (estimate = 0.032, P = 2.25 × 10-5), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (estimate = 0.018, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insights into the roles of blood and urine biomarkers in the early detection and treatment of TRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health and Family Planning Commission, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunfeng Bai
- School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712046, Xianyang, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health and Family Planning Commission, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, China
| | - Peilin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health and Family Planning Commission, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, China
| | - Shiqiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health and Family Planning Commission, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuena Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health and Family Planning Commission, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, China
| | - Chuyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health and Family Planning Commission, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenming Wei
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health and Family Planning Commission, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health and Family Planning Commission, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, China
| | - Yumeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health and Family Planning Commission, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health and Family Planning Commission, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, 710061, Xi'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), National Health and Family Planning Commission, 710061, Xi'an, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, 710061, Xi'an, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Endemic Disease and Health Promotion for Silk Road Region, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sahay S, Devine EA, McCullumsmith RE, O’Donovan SM. Adenosine Receptor mRNA Expression in Frontal Cortical Neurons in Schizophrenia. Cells 2023; 13:32. [PMID: 38201235 PMCID: PMC10778287 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder associated with the dysregulation of glutamate and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. The adenosine system is an important neuroregulatory system in the brain that modulates glutamate and dopamine signaling via the ubiquitously expressed adenosine receptors; however, adenosine A1 and A2A receptor (A1R and A2AR) mRNA expression is poorly understood in specific cell subtypes in the frontal cortical brain regions implicated in this disorder. In this study, we assayed A1R and A2AR mRNA expression via qPCR in enriched populations of pyramidal neurons, which were isolated from postmortem anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) tissue from schizophrenia (n = 20) and control (n = 20) subjects using laser microdissection (LMD). A1R expression was significantly increased in female schizophrenia subjects compared to female control subjects (t(13) = -4.008, p = 0.001). A1R expression was also significantly decreased in female control subjects compared to male control subjects, suggesting sex differences in basal A1R expression (t(17) = 2.137, p = 0.047). A significant, positive association was found between dementia severity (clinical dementia rating (CDR) scores) and A2AR mRNA expression (Spearman's r = 0.424, p = 0.009). A2AR mRNA expression was significantly increased in unmedicated schizophrenia subjects, suggesting that A2AR expression may be normalized by chronic antipsychotic treatment (F(1,14) = 9.259, p = 0.009). Together, these results provide novel insights into the neuronal expression of adenosine receptors in the ACC in schizophrenia and suggest that receptor expression changes may be sex-dependent and associated with cognitive decline in these subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Sahay
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (R.E.M.)
| | - Emily A. Devine
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (R.E.M.)
- Neuroscience Institute Promedica, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Sinead M. O’Donovan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (S.S.); (R.E.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim H, Baek SH, Kim JW, Ryu S, Lee JY, Kim JM, Chung YC, Kim SW. Inflammatory markers of symptomatic remission at 6 months in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 9:68. [PMID: 37794014 PMCID: PMC10550944 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes to the pathophysiology of various mental illnesses including schizophrenia. We investigated peripheral inflammatory cytokines as a biomarker for predicting symptomatic remission in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. The study included 224 patients aged 15-60 years who fulfilled the criteria for schizophrenia spectrum disorder with a treatment duration ≤6 months. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 were measured. Psychotic symptoms, depressive symptoms, and general functioning were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, and Personal and Social Performance scale, respectively. Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) was also recorded. We investigated the factors associated with remission for each sex in logistic regression analysis. In total, 174 patients achieved remission at the 6-month follow-up (females, 83.5%; males, 70.9%). Remission was associated with older age and lower BDI scores in male patients and with lower TNF-α levels and shorter DUP in female patients. Our findings suggest that peripheral inflammatory cytokines may impede early symptomatic remission in female patients with schizophrenia. In addition, depressive symptoms in males and long DUP in females may be poor prognostic factors for early remission in patients with first-episode psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honey Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health and Welfare Center, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seon-Hwa Baek
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health and Welfare Center, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ju-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health and Welfare Center, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health and Welfare Center, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Chul Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
- Mindlink, Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health and Welfare Center, Gwangju, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cropley VL, Kittel M, Heurich M, Föcking M, Leweke FM, Pantelis C. Complement proteins are elevated in blood serum but not CSF in clinical high-risk and antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 113:136-144. [PMID: 37437819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the complement system have been reported in some people with psychotic disorder, including in pre-psychotic individuals, suggesting that complement pathway dysregulation may be a feature of the early psychosis phenotype. Measurement of complement protein expression in psychosis has been largely restricted to the blood from patients with established illness who were taking antipsychotic medication. The present study examined a range of complement proteins in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) derived from individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR), antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis (FEP) and healthy controls. A panel of complement proteins (C1q, C3, C3b/iC3b, C4, factor B and factor H) were quantified in serum and matched CSF in 72 participants [n = 23 individuals at CHR, n = 24 antipsychotic-naïve FEP, n = 25 healthy controls] using a multiplex immunoassay. Analysis of covariance was used to assess between-group differences in complement protein levels in serum and CSF. Pearson's correlation was used to assess the relationship between serum and CSF proteins, and between complement proteins and symptom severity. In serum, all proteins, except for C3, were significantly higher in FEP and CHR. While a trend was observed, protein levels in CSF did not statistically differ between groups and appeared to be impacted by BMI and sample storage time. Across the whole sample, serum and CSF protein levels were not correlated. In FEP, higher levels of serum classical and alternative grouped pathway components were correlated with symptom severity. Our exploratory study provides evidence for increased activity of the peripheral complement system in the psychosis spectrum, with such elevations varying with clinical severity. Further study of complement in CSF is warranted. Longitudinal investigations are required to elucidate whether complement proteins change peripherally and/or centrally with progression of psychotic illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V L Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - M Kittel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Heurich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - M Föcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F M Leweke
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - C Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rudkowski K, Waszczuk K, Tyburski E, Rek-Owodziń K, Plichta P, Podwalski P, Bielecki M, Mak M, Michalczyk A, Tarnowski M, Sielatycka K, Budkowska M, Łuczkowska K, Dołęgowska B, Ratajczak MZ, Samochowiec J, Kucharska-Mazur J, Sagan L. Complement Activation Products in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041577. [PMID: 36836111 PMCID: PMC9967657 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests a role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of a number of mental conditions, including schizophrenia (SCH). In terms of physiology, aside from its crucial protective function, the complement cascade (CC) is a critical element of the regeneration processes, including neurogenesis. Few studies have attempted to define the function of the CC components in SCH. To shed more light on this topic, we compared the levels of complement activation products (CAP) (C3a, C5a and C5b-9) in the peripheral blood of 62 patients with chronic SCH and disease duration of ≥ 10 years with 25 healthy controls matched for age, sex, BMI and smoking status. Concentrations of all the investigated CAP were elevated in SCH patients. However, after controlling for potential confounding factors, significant correlations were observed between SCH and C3a (M = 724.98 ng/mL) and C5a (M = 6.06 ng/mL) levels. In addition, multivariate logistic regression showed that C3a and C5b-9 were significant predictors of SCH. There were no significant correlations between any CAP and SCH symptom severity or general psychopathology in SCH patients. However, two significant links emerged between C3a and C5b-9 and global functioning. Increased levels of both complement activation products in the patient group as compared to healthy controls raise questions concerning the role of the CC in the etiology of SCH and further demonstrate dysregulation of the immune system in SCH patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rudkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-(91)-3511306
| | - Katarzyna Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ernest Tyburski
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rek-Owodziń
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Plichta
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Podwalski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Bielecki
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Mak
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Michalczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology in Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 54, 70-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sielatycka
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Budkowska
- Department of Medical Analytics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Łuczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wielkoposlkich 72, 70-110 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z. Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Leszek Sagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elkjaer Greenwood Ormerod MB, Ueland T, Frogner Werner MC, Hjell G, Rødevand L, Sæther LS, Lunding SH, Johansen IT, Ueland T, Lagerberg TV, Melle I, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA, Steen NE. Composite immune marker scores associated with severe mental disorders and illness course. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 24:100483. [PMID: 35856063 PMCID: PMC9287150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low-grade inflammation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of severe mental disorders (SMDs) and a link between immune activation and clinical characteristics is suggested. However, few studies have investigated how patterns across immune markers are related to diagnosis and illness course. Methods A total of 948 participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (SCZ, N = 602) or bipolar (BD, N = 346) spectrum disorder, and 814 healthy controls (HC) were included. Twenty-five immune markers comprising cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), interleukin (IL)-18-system factors, defensins, chemokines and other markers, related to neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, inflammasome activation and immune cell orchestration were analyzed. Eight immune principal component (PC) scores were constructed by PC Analysis (PCA) and applied in general linear models with diagnosis and illness course characteristics. Results Three PC scores were significantly associated with a SCZ and/or BD diagnosis (HC reference), with largest, however small, effect sizes of scores based on CAMs, BBB markers and defensins (p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.02–0.03). Number of psychotic episodes per year in SCZ was associated with a PC score based on IL-18 system markers and the potential neuroprotective cytokine A proliferation-inducing ligand (p = 0.006, partial η2 = 0.071). Conclusion Analyses of composite immune markers scores identified specific patterns suggesting CAMs-mediated BBB dysregulation pathways associated with SMDs and interrelated pro-inflammatory and neuronal integrity processes associated with severity of illness course. This suggests a complex pattern of immune pathways involved in SMDs and SCZ illness course. Composite score of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, NCAD and IL-18BP associated with SCZ and BD. Composite score of MadCAM-1 and BD-1 associated with SCZ and BD. Composite score of S100B, furin, HNP1-3 and BD-1 associated with BD. Composite score of APRIL and IL-18R markers associated with psychotic episode rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Bettina Elkjaer Greenwood Ormerod
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Corresponding author. Oslo University Hospital HF Psychosis Research Unit/TOP, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Thor Ueland
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maren Caroline Frogner Werner
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gabriela Hjell
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatry, Østfold Hospital, Graalum, Norway
| | - Linn Rødevand
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Linn Sofie Sæther
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Synve Hoffart Lunding
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Torp Johansen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torill Ueland
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Vik Lagerberg
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole Andreas Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Associations between inflammatory marker profiles and neurocognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric comparison subjects. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 149:106-113. [PMID: 35259663 PMCID: PMC9933244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia is the key predictor of functional disability and drives economic burden. Inflammation has been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, yet its role in cognitive decline has not been evaluated. This study explores the association between inflammation and cognitive functioning in persons with schizophrenia. METHODS Participants included 143 persons with schizophrenia (PwS) and 139 non-psychiatric comparison subjects (NCs) from an ongoing study of aging. Cognitive assessments included validated measures for executive functioning, processing speed, and visuospatial skills. Plasma levels of nine biomarkers associated with inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, serum amyloid A, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interferon gamma-induced protein-10, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, fractalkine, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) were quantified using commercially available, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Partial least squares regression was used to develop a composite "inflammatory profile" to maximize correlations with the cognitive outcomes. We then constructed a best-fit model using these composites and their interactions with diagnosis and sex as the predictors, controlling for covariates. RESULTS The biomarker composite, which best correlated with scores on cognitive testing, included high sensitivity C-reactive protein, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, serum amyloid A, interleukin-6, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, for a 5-biomarker "inflammatory profile." The best-fit model showed a significant biomarker composite by diagnosis by sex three-way interaction, for executive function and processing speed, but not visuospatial skill. CONCLUSIONS This approach to building an "inflammatory profile" may provide insight into inflammatory pathways affecting brain function and potential targets for anti-inflammatory interventions to improve cognition in schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
8
|
He Y, Bo Q, Mao Z, Yang J, Liu M, Wang H, Kastin AJ, Pan W, Wang C, Sun Z. Reduced Serum Levels of Soluble Interleukin-15 Receptor α in Schizophrenia and Its Relationship to the Excited Phenotype. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:842003. [PMID: 35356722 PMCID: PMC8959406 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies documented that interleukin-15 receptor α (IL-15Rα) knockout (KO) mice exhibited hyperactivity, memory impairment, and desperate behavior, which are core features of schizophrenia and depression. Due to the overlapping symptomology and pathogenesis observed for schizophrenia and depression, the present study attempted to determine whether IL-15Rα was associated with the risk of schizophrenia or depression. One hundred fifty-six participants, including 63 schizophrenia patients, 29 depressive patients, and 64 age-matched healthy controls, were enrolled in the study. We investigated the circulating levels of soluble IL-15Rα and analyzed potential links between the IL-15Rα levels and clinical symptoms present in schizophrenia or depressive patients. We observed reduced serum IL-15Rα levels in schizophrenia patients, but not depressive patients compared with controls. Moreover, a significant negative association was observed between the circulating IL-15Rα levels and excited phenotypes in the schizophrenia patients. The IL-15Rα KO mice displayed pronounced pre-pulse inhibition impairment, which was a typical symptom of schizophrenia. Interestingly, the IL-15Rα KO mice exhibited a remarkable elevation in the startle amplitude in the startle reflex test compared to wild type mice. These results demonstrated that serum levels of soluble IL-15Rα were reduced in schizophrenia and highlighted the relationship of IL-15Rα and the excited phenotype in schizophrenia patients and mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qijing Bo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Abba J Kastin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Weihong Pan
- BioPotentials Consult, Sedona, AZ, United States
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Heurich M, Föcking M, Mongan D, Cagney G, Cotter DR. Dysregulation of complement and coagulation pathways: emerging mechanisms in the development of psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:127-140. [PMID: 34226666 PMCID: PMC8256396 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early identification and treatment significantly improve clinical outcomes of psychotic disorders. Recent studies identified protein components of the complement and coagulation systems as key pathways implicated in psychosis. These specific protein alterations are integral to the inflammatory response and can begin years before the onset of clinical symptoms of psychotic disorder. Critically, they have recently been shown to predict the transition from clinical high risk to first-episode psychosis, enabling stratification of individuals who are most likely to transition to psychotic disorder from those who are not. This reinforces the concept that the psychosis spectrum is likely a central nervous system manifestation of systemic changes and highlights the need to investigate plasma proteins as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and pathophysiological mediators. In this review, we integrate evidence of alterations in proteins belonging to the complement and coagulation protein systems, including the coagulation, anticoagulation, and fibrinolytic pathways and their dysregulation in psychosis, into a consolidated mechanism that could be integral to the progression and manifestation of psychosis. We consolidate the findings of altered blood proteins relevant for progression to psychotic disorders, using data from longitudinal studies of the general population in addition to clinical high-risk (CHR) individuals transitioning to psychotic disorder. These are compared to markers identified from first-episode psychosis and schizophrenia as well as other psychosis spectrum disorders. We propose the novel hypothesis that altered complement and coagulation plasma levels enhance their pathways' activating capacities, while low levels observed in key regulatory components contribute to excessive activation observed in patients. This hypothesis will require future testing through a range of experimental paradigms, and if upheld, complement and coagulation pathways or specific proteins could be useful diagnostic or prognostic tools and targets for early intervention and preventive strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Heurich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Melanie Föcking
- grid.4912.e0000 0004 0488 7120Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Mongan
- grid.4912.e0000 0004 0488 7120Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard Cagney
- grid.7886.10000 0001 0768 2743School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R. Cotter
- grid.4912.e0000 0004 0488 7120Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chauhan P, Kaur G, Prasad R, Singh H. Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia: immunological aspects and potential role of immunotherapy. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:1441-1453. [PMID: 34654348 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1994857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a complex disorder owing to diversity in clinical phenotypes, overlapping symptoms, and heterogeneous clinical presentation. Even after decades of research, the exact causative mechanisms of schizophrenia are not completely known. Recent evidence indicates the role of immune dysfunction in schizophrenia pathogenesis as observed from alteration in immune cells, increased activity of complement cascade, and development of autoantibodies against neurotransmitter receptors. Immunotherapy involving immunosuppressants and cytokine-targeting drugs, have shown promising results in several clinical studies and it demands further research in this area. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review the immunopathogenesis of schizophrenia, limitations of conventional, and atypical antipsychotic drugs and the potential role and limitations of immunotherapeutic drugs in schizophrenia management. EXPERT OPINION Schizophrenia is a complex disorder and poses a challenge to the currently available treatment approaches. Nearly 30% schizophrenia patients exhibit minimal response toward conventional and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Immune system dysfunction plays an important part of schizophrenia pathophysiology and existing monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs targeting specific components of the immune system are being repositioned in schizophrenia. The authors call upon public and private funders to facilitate urgent and rigorous research efforts in exploring potential role of immunotherapy in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Chauhan
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurjit Kaur
- Department of Physiology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Harmanjit Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu M, Liu Z, Guo Y, Sultana MS, Wu K, Lang X, Lv Q, Huang X, Yi Z, Li Z. Sex difference in the interrelationship between TNF-α and oxidative stress status in first-episode drug-naïve schizophrenia. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:202. [PMID: 34526062 PMCID: PMC8444364 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence indicates that dysregulated TNF-α and oxidative stress (OxS) contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Additionally, previous evidence has demonstrated sex differences in many aspects of schizophrenia including clinical characteristics, cytokines, and OxS markers. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study investigating sex differences in the association between TNF-α, the OxS system, and their interaction with clinical symptoms in schizophrenia patients, especially in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) patients. Methods A total of 119 FEDN schizophrenia patients and 135 healthy controls were recruited for this study. Serum TNF-α, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was applied to evaluate psychotic symptoms. Two-way ANOVA, partial correlation analysis, and multivariate regression analysis were performed. Results A sex difference in MDA levels was demonstrated only in healthy controls (F = 7.06, pBonferroni = 0.045) and not seen in patients. Furthermore, only male patients had higher MDA levels than male controls (F = 8.19, pBonferroni = 0.03). Additionally, sex differences were observed in the association of TNF-α and MDA levels with psychotic symptoms (all pBonferroni < 0.05). The interaction of TNF-α and MDA was only associated with general psychopathology symptom in male patients (B = − 0.07, p = 0.02). Conclusion Our results demonstrate the sex difference in the relationship between TNF-α, MDA, and their interaction with psychopathological symptoms of patients with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghuan Zhu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenjing Liu
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mst Sadia Sultana
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kang Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoe Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qinyu Lv
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhenghui Yi
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 South Wan Ping Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Zezhi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 36 Mingxin Road, Guangzhou, 510370, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fu Y, Ren X, Bai W, Yu Q, Sun Y, Yu Y, Zhou N. Association between C-Maf-inducing protein gene rs2287112 polymorphism and schizophrenia. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11907. [PMID: 34484985 PMCID: PMC8381876 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schizophrenia is a severely multifactorial neuropsychiatric disorder, and the majority of cases are due to genetic variations. In this study, we evaluated the genetic association between the C-Maf-inducing protein (CMIP) gene and schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population. Methods In this case-control study, 761 schizophrenia patients and 775 healthy controls were recruited. Tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs12925980, rs2287112, rs3751859 and rs77700579) from the CMIP gene were genotyped via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. We used logistic regression to estimate the associations between the genotypes/alleles of each SNP and schizophrenia in males and females, respectively. The in-depth link between CMIP and schizophrenia was explored through linkage disequilibrium (LD) and further haplotype analyses. False discovery rate correction was utilized to control for Type I errors caused by multiple comparisons. Results There was a significant difference in rs287112 allele frequencies between female schizophrenia patients and healthy controls after adjusting for multiple comparisons (χ2 = 12.296, Padj = 0.008). Females carrying minor allele G had 4.445 times higher risk of schizophrenia compared with people who carried the T allele (OR = 4.445, 95% CI [1.788–11.046]). Linkage-disequilibrium was not observed in the subjects, and people with haplotype TTGT of rs12925980–rs2287112–rs3751859–rs77700579 had a lower risk of schizophrenia (OR = 0.42, 95% CI [0.19–0.94]) when compared with CTGA haplotypes. However, the association did not survive false discovery rate correction. Conclusion This study identified a potential CMIP variant that may confer schizophrenia risk in the female Han Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Fu
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaojun Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Bai
- Center for Cognition and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yaoyao Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yaqin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Na Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thériault RK, St-Denis M, Hewitt T, Khokhar JY, Lalonde J, Perreault ML. Sex-Specific Cannabidiol- and Iloperidone-Induced Neuronal Activity Changes in an In Vitro MAM Model System of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115511. [PMID: 34073710 PMCID: PMC8197248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical circuit dysfunction is thought to be an underlying mechanism of schizophrenia (SZ) pathophysiology with normalization of aberrant circuit activity proposed as a biomarker for antipsychotic efficacy. Cannabidiol (CBD) shows potential as an adjunctive antipsychotic therapy; however, potential sex effects in these drug interactions remain unknown. In the present study, we sought to elucidate sex effects of CBD coadministration with the atypical antipsychotic iloperidone (ILO) on the activity of primary cortical neuron cultures derived from the rat methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) model used for the study of SZ. Spontaneous network activity measurements were obtained using a multielectrode array at baseline and following administration of CBD or ILO alone, or combined. At baseline, MAM male neurons displayed increased bursting activity whereas MAM female neurons exhibited no difference in bursting activity compared to sex-matched controls. CBD administered alone showed a rapid but transient increase in neuronal activity in the MAM networks, an effect more pronounced in females. Furthermore, ILO had an additive effect on CBD-induced elevations in activity in the MAM male neurons. In the MAM female neurons, CBD or ILO administration resulted in time-dependent elevations in neuronal activity, but the short-term CBD-induced increases in activity were lost when CBD and ILO were combined. Our findings indicate that CBD induces rapid increases in cortical neuronal activity, with sex-specific drug interactions upon ILO coadministration. This suggests that sex should be a consideration when implementing adjunct therapy for treatment of SZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel-Karson Thériault
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.-K.T.); (M.S.-D.); (T.H.); (J.L.)
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Myles St-Denis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.-K.T.); (M.S.-D.); (T.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Tristen Hewitt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.-K.T.); (M.S.-D.); (T.H.); (J.L.)
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Jibran Y. Khokhar
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jasmin Lalonde
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.-K.T.); (M.S.-D.); (T.H.); (J.L.)
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Melissa L. Perreault
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 52013)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mizuki Y, Sakamoto S, Okahisa Y, Yada Y, Hashimoto N, Takaki M, Yamada N. Mechanisms Underlying the Comorbidity of Schizophrenia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:367-382. [PMID: 33315097 PMCID: PMC8130204 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mortality rate of patients with schizophrenia is high, and life expectancy is shorter by 10 to 20 years. Metabolic abnormalities including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are among the main reasons. The prevalence of T2DM in patients with schizophrenia may be epidemiologically frequent because antipsychotics induce weight gain as a side effect and the cognitive dysfunction of patients with schizophrenia relates to a disordered lifestyle, poor diet, and low socioeconomic status. Apart from these common risk factors and risk factors unique to schizophrenia, accumulating evidence suggests the existence of common susceptibility genes between schizophrenia and T2DM. Functional proteins translated from common genetic susceptibility genes are known to regulate neuronal development in the brain and insulin in the pancreas through several common cascades. In this review, we discuss common susceptibility genes, functional cascades, and the relationship between schizophrenia and T2DM. Many genetic and epidemiological studies have reliably associated the comorbidity of schizophrenia and T2DM, and it is probably safe to think that common cascades and mechanisms suspected from common genes' functions are related to the onset of both schizophrenia and T2DM. On the other hand, even when genetic analyses are performed on a relatively large number of comorbid patients, the results are sometimes inconsistent, and susceptibility genes may carry only a low or moderate risk. We anticipate future directions in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Mizuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Shimonoseki Hospital
| | - Shinji Sakamoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yuko Okahisa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yuji Yada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center
| | - Nozomu Hashimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center
| | - Manabu Takaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Norihito Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mongan D, Sabherwal S, Susai SR, Föcking M, Cannon M, Cotter DR. Peripheral complement proteins in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of serological studies. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:58-72. [PMID: 32456884 PMCID: PMC7594643 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is renewed focus on the complement system in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. In addition to providing aetiological insights, consistently dysregulated complement proteins in serum or plasma may have clinical utility as biomarkers. METHODS We performed a systematic literature review searching PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO for studies measuring complement system activity or complement protein concentrations in serum or plasma from patients with schizophrenia compared to controls. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled effect estimates (Hedges' g standardised mean difference [SMD]) for complement proteins whose concentrations were measured in three or more studies. The review was pre-registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42018109012). RESULTS Database searching identified 1146 records. Fifty-eight full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 24 studies included. Seven studies measured complement system activity. Activity of the classical pathway did not differ between cases and controls in four of six studies, and conflicting results were noted in two studies of alternative pathway activity. Twenty studies quantified complement protein concentrations of which complement components 3 (C3) and 4 (C4) were measured in more than three studies. Meta-analyses showed no evidence of significant differences between cases and controls for 11 studies of C3 (SMD 0.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.29-0.36) and 10 studies of C4 (SMD 0.10, 95% CI -0.21-0.41). CONCLUSIONS Serological studies provide mixed evidence regarding dysregulation of the complement system in schizophrenia. Larger studies of a longitudinal nature, focusing on early phenotypes, could provide further insights regarding the potential role of the complement system in psychotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Mongan
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fu Y, Zhou N, Bai W, Sun Y, Chen X, Wang Y, Zhang M, Kou C, Yu Y, Yu Q. Association of the CACNA2D2 gene with schizophrenia in Chinese Han population. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8521. [PMID: 32071821 PMCID: PMC7007731 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severely complex psychiatric disorder in which ~80% can be explained by genetic factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in calcium channel genes are potential genetic risk factors for a spectrum of psychiatric disorders including SCZ. This study evaluated the association between SNPs in the voltage-gated calcium channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 2 gene (CACNA2D2) and SCZ in the Han Chinese population of Northeast China. Methods A total of 761 SCZ patients and 775 healthy controls were involved in this case-control study. Three SNPs (rs3806706, rs45536634 and rs12496815) of CACNA2D2 were genotyped by the MALDI-TOF-MS technology. Genotype distribution and allele frequency differences between cases and controls were tested by Chi-square (χ2) in males and females respectively using SPSS 24.0 software. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analyses were conducted using Haploview4.2. The false discovery rate correction was utilized to control for Type I error by R3.2.3. Results There was a significant difference in allele frequencies (χ2 = 9.545, Padj = 0.006) and genotype distributions (χ2 = 9.275, Padj = 0.006) of rs45536634 between female SCZ patients and female healthy controls after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Minor allele A (OR = 1.871, 95% CI [1.251–2.798]) and genotype GA + AA (OR = 1.931, 95% CI [1.259–2.963]) were associated with an increased risk of SCZ. Subjects with haplotype AG consisting of rs45536634 and rs12496815 alleles had a higher risk of SCZ (OR = 1.91, 95% CI [1.26–2.90]) compared those with other haplotypes. Conclusions This study provides evidence that CACNA2D2 polymorphisms may influence the susceptibility to SCZ in Han Chinese women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Fu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Na Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yaoyao Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yueying Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mingyuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Changgui Kou
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yaqin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
van Mierlo HC, Broen JCA, Kahn RS, de Witte LD. B-cells and schizophrenia: A promising link or a finding lost in translation? Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:52-62. [PMID: 31271869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic studies have suggested a potential role for B-cells in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Greater insight in the functioning of B-cells in patients with schizophrenia is therefore of importance. In this narrative review we aim to give an overview of the current literature on B-cells and schizophrenia. We found no evidence for altered numbers of these cells in blood. We did find support for increased levels of B-cell related cytokines and certain autoantibodies. Studies on B-cell development and function, or their numbers in cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue are very limited. Based on the available data we appraise whether various B-cell mediated pathological mechanisms are likely to play a role in schizophrenia and provide directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans C van Mierlo
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jasper C A Broen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, United States; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, United States; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Owens SJ, Purves-Tyson TD, Webster MJ, Shannon Weickert C. Evidence for enhanced androgen action in the prefrontal cortex of people with bipolar disorder but not schizophrenia or major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2019; 280:112503. [PMID: 31446215 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety and depressive disorders are more prevalent in hypogonadal men. Low testosterone levels are associated with greater negative symptoms and impaired cognition in men with schizophrenia. Thus, androgens may contribute to brain pathophysiology in psychiatric disorders. We investigated androgen-related mRNAs in post-mortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of psychiatric disorders. We also assessed androgen receptor (AR) CAG trinucleotide repeat length, a functional AR gene variant associated with AR gene expression, receptor activity, and circulating testosterone. AR CAG repeat length was determined from genomic DNA and AR and 5α-reductase mRNAs measured using quantitative PCR in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and control cases [n = 35/group; Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI) Array collection]. Layer-specific AR gene expression was determined using in situ hybridisation in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and control cases (n = 15/group; SMRI Neuropathology Consortium). AR mRNA was increased in bipolar disorder, but was unchanged in schizophrenia, relative to controls. AR and 5α-reductase mRNAs were significantly positively correlated in bipolar disorder. AR CAG repeat length was significantly shorter in bipolar disorder relative to schizophrenia. AR mRNA expression was highest in cortical layers IV and V, but no layer-specific diagnostic differences were detected. Together, our results suggest enhanced cortical androgen action in people with bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Owens
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Tertia D Purves-Tyson
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maree J Webster
- Laboratory of Brain Research, Stanley Medical Research Institute, MD 20815, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Increased peripheral levels of TARC/CCL17 in first episode psychosis patients. Schizophr Res 2019; 210:221-227. [PMID: 30612841 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence for a link between the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the immune system is mounting. Altered levels of chemokines in plasma have previously been reported in patients with schizophrenia under antipsychotic medication. Here we aimed to study both peripheral and central chemokine levels in drug-naïve or short-time medicated first episode psychosis (FEP) patients. METHOD We analyzed nine chemokines in plasma and CSF from 41 FEP patients and 22 healthy controls using electrochemiluminescence assay. RESULTS In plasma four chemokines; TARC/CCL17, eotaxin/CCL11, MDC/CCL22, IP-10/CXCL10 and in CSF one chemokine; IP-10/CXCL10 showed reliable detection in >50% of the cases. FEP patients displayed increased levels of TARC/CCL17 in plasma compared to healthy controls, 89.6 (IQR 66.2-125.8) pg/mL compared to 48.6 (IQR 28.0-71.7) pg/mL (p = 0.001). The difference was not attributed to confounding factors. Plasma TARC/CCL17 was not associated with PANSS, CGI or GAF scores, neither with cognitive functions. The chemokines eotaxin/CCL11, MDC/CCL22, IP-10/CXCL10 in plasma and IP-10/CXCL10 in CSF did not differ between FEP patients and controls. CONCLUSION In line with a previous study showing that chronic patients with schizophrenia display increased plasma TARC/CCL17 levels, we here found an elevation in FEP patients suggesting a role of TARC/CCL17 in early stages of schizophrenia. The exact mechanism of this involvement is still unknown and future longitudinal studies as well as studies of central and peripheral chemokine levels would be of great interest.
Collapse
|
20
|
Sabherwal S, Föcking M, English JA, Fitzsimons S, Hryniewiecka M, Wynne K, Scaife C, Healy C, Cannon M, Belton O, Zammit S, Cagney G, Cotter DR. ApoE elevation is associated with the persistence of psychotic experiences from age 12 to age 18: Evidence from the ALSPAC birth cohort. Schizophr Res 2019; 209:141-147. [PMID: 31080155 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins, which play important roles in lipid metabolism, innate immunity and synaptic signalling, have been implicated in first episode psychosis and schizophrenia. This is the first study to investigate plasma apolipoprotein expression in children with psychotic experiences that persist into adulthood. Here, using semi-targeted proteomic analysis we compared plasma apolipoprotein expression levels in age 12 subjects who reported psychotic experiences at both age 12 and age 18 (n = 37) with age-matched subjects who only experienced psychotic experiences (PEs) at age 12 (n = 38). Participants were recruited from the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort who participated in psychiatric assessment interviews at ages 12 and 18. We identified apoE, a protein with significant regulatory activity on cholesterol metabolism in the brain, to be significantly up regulated (p < 0.003) in those with persistent psychotic experiences. We confirmed this finding in these samples using ELISA. Our findings indicate elevated plasma apoE in age 12 children who experience PEs is associated with persistence psychotic experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sabherwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Melanie Föcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane A English
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Fitzsimons
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Magdalena Hryniewiecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran Wynne
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caitriona Scaife
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Healy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orina Belton
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stanley Zammit
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gerard Cagney
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sex-Dependent Effects of Perinatal Inflammation on the Brain: Implication for Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092270. [PMID: 31071949 PMCID: PMC6539135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals born preterm have higher rates of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia, autistic spectrum, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders. These conditions are often sexually dimorphic and with different developmental trajectories. The etiology is likely multifactorial, however, infections both during pregnancy and in childhood have emerged as important risk factors. The association between sex- and age-dependent vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders has been suggested to relate to immune activation in the brain, including complex interactions between sex hormones, brain transcriptome, activation of glia cells, and cytokine production. Here, we will review sex-dependent effects on brain development, including glia cells, both under normal physiological conditions and following perinatal inflammation. Emphasis will be given to sex-dependent effects on brain regions which play a role in neuropsychiatric disorders and inflammatory reactions that may underlie early-life programming of neurobehavioral disturbances later in life.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cooper JD, Han SYS, Tomasik J, Ozcan S, Rustogi N, van Beveren NJM, Leweke FM, Bahn S. Multimodel inference for biomarker development: an application to schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:83. [PMID: 30745560 PMCID: PMC6370882 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, to improve the predictive performance of a model and its reproducibility when applied to an independent data set, we investigated the use of multimodel inference to predict the probability of having a complex psychiatric disorder. We formed training and test sets using proteomic data (147 peptides from 77 proteins) from two-independent collections of first-onset drug-naive schizophrenia patients and controls. A set of prediction models was produced by applying lasso regression with repeated tenfold cross-validation to the training set. We used feature extraction and model averaging across the set of models to form two prediction models. The resulting models clearly demonstrated the utility of a multimodel based approach to make good (training set AUC > 0.80) and reproducible predictions (test set AUC > 0.80) for the probability of having schizophrenia. Moreover, we identified four proteins (five peptides) whose effect on the probability of having schizophrenia was modified by sex, one of which was a novel potential biomarker of schizophrenia, foetal haemoglobin. The evidence of effect modification suggests that future schizophrenia studies should be conducted in males and females separately. Future biomarker studies should consider adopting a multimodel approach and going beyond the main effects of features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Cooper
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sung Yeon Sarah Han
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jakub Tomasik
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sureyya Ozcan
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000 0001 1881 7391grid.6935.9Present Address: Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nitin Rustogi
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nico J. M. van Beveren
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands ,000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands ,Department “Nieuwe Kennis”, Delta Centre, for Mental Health Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - F. Markus Leweke
- 0000 0004 1936 834Xgrid.1013.3Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sabine Bahn
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Balõtšev R, Haring L, Koido K, Leping V, Kriisa K, Zilmer M, Vasar V, Piir A, Lang A, Vasar E. Antipsychotic treatment is associated with inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers alterations among first-episode psychosis patients: A 7-month follow-up study. Early Interv Psychiatry 2019; 13:101-109. [PMID: 28719155 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Second-generation antipsychotics are commonly used to treat schizophrenia, but may cause metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a subset of patients. The mechanisms of antipsychotic-related metabolic changes remain to be established, especially in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients. METHODS In the present study, we used a chip technology to measure metabolic (C-peptide, insulin, leptin, adiponectin and resistin) and inflammatory biomarkers (ferritin, interleukin-6, interleukin-1α, tumour necrosis factor-α and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) in the serum samples of a population of FEP patients before and after 7 months of antipsychotic drug treatment, compared to control subjects (CS). RESULTS The comparison of these markers in antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients (N = 38) and CS (N = 37) revealed significantly higher levels of ferritin (P = .004), and resistin (P = .03) and lower level of leptin (P = .03) among FEP patients group. Seven months of antipsychotic drug treatment in patients (N = 36) ameliorated clinical symptoms, but increased significantly body mass index (BMI; P = .002) and these changes were accompanied by increased levels of C-peptide (P = .03) and leptin (P = .02), as well as decreased level of adiponectin (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Seven months of antipsychotic drug treatment suppressed the clinical symptoms of psychosis whereas caused imbalance in metabolic biomarkers and increased BMI. These findings provide insight into antipsychotic-induced MetS and refer to problems in insulin processing already present in the early stage of the chronic psychotic disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Balõtšev
- Psychiatry Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Haring
- Psychiatry Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kati Koido
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vambola Leping
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kärt Kriisa
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Veiko Vasar
- Psychiatry Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anneli Piir
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aavo Lang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Schizophrenia and diabetes have been known to be linked disorders for decades. One reason is due to the fact that a major side effect of antipsychotic medication treatment is metabolic syndrome, which increases the risk of the patients developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. However, signs of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients were identified more than 100 years ago, even before the development of antipsychotic drugs. This suggests that schizophrenia itself predisposes towards diabetes and, in turn, insulin resistance may be a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. This review summarizes the findings surrounding this issue and places them into context with regards to increasing our understanding of the aetiology of schizophrenia and in support of biomarker and drug discovery efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Guest
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Haplotypes of TNF α/ β Genes Associated with Sex-Specific Paranoid Schizophrenic Risk in Tunisian Population. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:3502564. [PMID: 30627222 PMCID: PMC6304811 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3502564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several medical research findings have announced a strong association between the biology of cytokines and various brain activities. Since growing evidences suggest the crucial and complex role of the tumor necrosis factor in the CNS, we have hypothesized that functional genetic variants of the LTA and TNFA genes (LTA +252A/G (rs909253) and TNFA -857C/T (rs1799724) and TNFA -238G/A (rs361525)) may be involved in the predisposition to schizophrenia. This research is based on a case-control study. The RFLP-PCR genotyping was conducted on a Tunisian population composed of 208 patients and 208 controls. We found a strong significant overrepresentation of the minor alleles (G, T, and A, respectively) in all patients compared with controls (p = 0.003, OR = 1.55; p = 0.005, OR = 1.78; and p = 0.0001, OR = 1.74, respectively). This correlation was confirmed for male but not for female patients. Interestingly, the frequencies of the minor alleles were significantly more common among patients with paranoid schizophrenia when compared with controls (p = 0.003, OR = 1.75; p = 5 · 10-6, OR = 3.04; and p = 4 · 10-6, OR = 2.35, respectively). This potential association was confirmed by a logistic binary regression analysis only for the development of the paranoid form of schizophrenia (p = 0.001/OR = 2.6; p = 0.0002/OR = 3.2; and p = 0.0004/OR = 3.1, respectively) and remained not significant for the other subtypes. Moreover, our study showed an important association between GCA haplotype and the development of this pathological form (p = 10-4, OR = 3.71). In conclusion, our results proved a significant association between the three polymorphisms and paranoid schizophrenia, at least in the Tunisian population, suggesting a substantially increased risk for paranoid schizophrenia with dominant inheritance of these three minor alleles.
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen J, Cao H, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Schwarz E. Male increase in brain gene expression variability is linked to genetic risk for schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:140. [PMID: 30068996 PMCID: PMC6070530 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia shows substantial sex differences in age of onset, course, and treatment response, but the biological basis of these effects is incompletely understood. Here we show that during human development, males show a regionally specific decrease in brain expression similarity compared to females. The genes modulating this effect were significantly co-expressed with schizophrenia risk genes during prefrontal cortex brain development in the fetal period as well as during early adolescence. This suggests a genetic contribution to a mechanism through which developmental abnormalities manifest with psychosis during adolescence. It further supports sex differences in brain expression variability as a factor underlying the well-established sex differences in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Chen
- 0000 0001 2190 4373grid.7700.0Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Han Cao
- 0000 0001 2190 4373grid.7700.0Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- 0000 0001 2190 4373grid.7700.0Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Emanuel Schwarz
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jeffries CD, Perkins DO, Fournier M, Do KQ, Cuenod M, Khadimallah I, Domenici E, Addington J, Bearden CE, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, Cornblatt BA, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Seidman LJ, Tsuang M, Walker EF, Woods SW. Networks of blood proteins in the neuroimmunology of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:112. [PMID: 29875399 PMCID: PMC5990539 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Levels of certain circulating cytokines and related immune system molecules are consistently altered in schizophrenia and related disorders. In addition to absolute analyte levels, we sought analytes in correlation networks that could be prognostic. We analyzed baseline blood plasma samples with a Luminex platform from 72 subjects meeting criteria for a psychosis clinical high-risk syndrome; 32 subjects converted to a diagnosis of psychotic disorder within two years while 40 other subjects did not. Another comparison group included 35 unaffected subjects. Assays of 141 analytes passed early quality control. We then used an unweighted co-expression network analysis to identify highly correlated modules in each group. Overall, there was a striking loss of network complexity going from unaffected subjects to nonconverters and thence to converters (applying standard, graph-theoretic metrics). Graph differences were largely driven by proteins regulating tissue remodeling (e.g. blood-brain barrier). In more detail, certain sets of antithetical proteins were highly correlated in unaffected subjects (e.g. SERPINE1 vs MMP9), as expected in homeostasis. However, for particular protein pairs this trend was reversed in converters (e.g. SERPINE1 vs TIMP1, being synthetical inhibitors of remodeling of extracellular matrix and vasculature). Thus, some correlation signals strongly predict impending conversion to a psychotic disorder and directly suggest pharmaceutical targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clark D Jeffries
- Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Margot Fournier
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Cuenod
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ines Khadimallah
- Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Domenici
- Laboratory of Neurogenomic Biomarkers, Centre for Integrative Biology, and Microsoft Research, Centre for Computational Systems Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Jean Addington
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Daniel H Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSF and San Francisco VA Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Larry J Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavioral Genomics UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elaine F Walker
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott W Woods
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen YJ, Liu CM, Hsu YC, Lo YC, Hwang TJ, Hwu HG, Lin YT, Tseng WYI. Individualized prediction of schizophrenia based on the whole-brain pattern of altered white matter tract integrity. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 39:575-587. [PMID: 29080229 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A schizophrenia diagnosis relies on characteristic symptoms identified by trained physicians, and is thus prone to subjectivity. This study developed a procedure for the individualized prediction of schizophrenia based on whole-brain patterns of altered white matter tract integrity. METHODS The study comprised training (108 patients and 144 controls) and testing (60 patients and 60 controls) groups. Male and female participants were comparable in each group and were analyzed separately. All participants underwent diffusion spectrum imaging of the head, and the data were analyzed using the tract-based automatic analysis method to generate a standardized two-dimensional array of white matter tract integrity, called the connectogram. Unique patterns in the connectogram that most accurately identified schizophrenia were systematically reviewed in the training group. Then, the diagnostic performance of the patterns was individually verified in the testing group by using receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS The performance was high in men (accuracy = 0.85) and satisfactory in women (accuracy = 0.75). In men, the pattern was located in discrete fiber tracts, as has been consistently reported in the literature; by contrast, the pattern was widespread over all tracts in women. These distinct patterns suggest that there is a higher variability in the microstructural alterations in female patients than in male patients. CONCLUSIONS The individualized prediction of schizophrenia is feasible based on the different whole-brain patterns of tract integrity. The optimal masks and their corresponding regions in the fiber tracts could serve as potential imaging biomarkers for schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 39:575-587, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Chen
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chin Hsu
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lo
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute for Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Jeng Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bridging Autism Spectrum Disorders and Schizophrenia through inflammation and biomarkers - pre-clinical and clinical investigations. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:179. [PMID: 28870209 PMCID: PMC5584030 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0938-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, evidence supporting a link between inflammation and neuropsychiatric disorders has been mounting. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia share some clinical similarities which we hypothesize might reflect the same biological basis, namely, in terms of inflammation. However, the diagnosis of ASD and schizophrenia relies solely on clinical symptoms, and to date, there is no clinically useful biomarker to diagnose or monitor the course of such illnesses. The focus of this review is the central role that inflammation plays in ASD and schizophrenia. It spans from pre-clinical animal models to clinical research and excludes in vitro studies. Four major areas are covered: (1) microglia, the inflammatory brain resident myeloid cells, (2) biomarkers, including circulating cytokines, oxidative stress markers, and microRNA players, known to influence cellular processes at brain and immune levels, (3) effect of anti-psychotics on biomarkers and other predictors of response, and (4) impact of gender on response to immune activation, biomarkers, and response to anti-psychotic treatments.
Collapse
|
30
|
Hong S, Lee EE, Martin AS, Soontornniyomkij B, Soontornniyomkij V, Achim CL, Reuter C, Irwin MR, Eyler LT, Jeste DV. Abnormalities in chemokine levels in schizophrenia and their clinical correlates. Schizophr Res 2017; 181:63-69. [PMID: 27650194 PMCID: PMC5357211 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are promising biomarkers of immune activation and inflammation, but evidence for chemokine abnormalities in schizophrenia and their relationship to clinical factors remains inconclusive. We aimed to understand chemokine-related diagnostic differences and clinical correlates using a comprehensive panel and studying a large, well-characterized sample of adults with and without schizophrenia. We studied 134 outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 112 healthy comparison (HC) individuals, 26 to 65years of age. Clinical measures were obtained, and plasma levels of 11 chemokines were assessed using multiplex immunoassay. Schizophrenia vs. HC differences were tested for each chemokine, adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, and current smoking status. We also examined whether age and gender relationships differed between diagnostic groups. Using logistic regression, we created a Chemokine Index (CI) and explored its clinical correlates. Levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β/CCL4), Eotaxin-1 (CCL11), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17), and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) were significantly higher in persons with schizophrenia than HCs. Group differences in TARC were reduced after adjusting for covariates. The CI, a linear combination of Eotaxin-1 and MDC levels, was positively associated with age, duration of schizophrenia, and severity of negative symptoms. Levels of chemokines with neuroimmune regulatory effects were higher in individuals with schizophrenia, particularly in older and chronic patients. Treatments aimed at normalizing chemokine levels might improve mental and physical health among schizophrenia patients as they age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzi Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego
| | - Ellen E. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | - Averria Sirkin Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego
| | | | | | | | - Chase Reuter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego
| | - Michael R. Irwin
- Cousins Center fo r Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego
| | - Dilip V. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego,Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wolkowitz OM, Jeste DV, Martin AS, Lin J, Daly RE, Reuter C, Kraemer H. Leukocyte telomere length: Effects of schizophrenia, age, and gender. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 85:42-48. [PMID: 27835738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is linked with early medical comorbidity and mortality. These observations indicate possible "accelerated biological aging" in schizophrenia, although prior findings are mixed, and few such studies have examined the role of gender. One putative marker of biological aging is leukocyte telomere length (LTL), which typically shortens with age. METHODS We assessed LTL in phenotypically well characterized 134 individuals with schizophrenia (60 women and 74 men) and 123 healthy comparison subjects (HCs) (66 women and 57 men), aged 26 to 65 years. RESULTS Overall, LTL was inversely associated with age (t(249) = -6.2, p < 0.001), and a gender effect on the rate of LTL decrease with age was found (t(249) = 2.20, p = 0.029), with men declining more rapidly than women. No significant overall effect of diagnosis on the rate of decline was detected. However, at the average sample age (48 years), there was a significant gender effect in both schizophrenia and HC groups (t(249) = 2.48, p = 0.014), with women having longer LTL than men, and a significant gender X diagnosis effect (t(249) = 2.43, p = 0.016) - at the average sample age, women with schizophrenia had shorter LTL than HC women. DISCUSSION Gender, not the diagnosis of schizophrenia, was the major factor involved with LTL shortening across the age range studied. We discuss the constraints of a cross-sectional design and other methodological issues, and indicate future directions. Understanding the impact of schizophrenia on biological aging will require separate evaluations in men and women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Wolkowitz
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dilip V Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0738, USA.
| | - Averria Sirkin Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0738, USA
| | - Jue Lin
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca E Daly
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0738, USA
| | - Chase Reuter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0738, USA
| | - Helena Kraemer
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sabherwal S, English JA, Föcking M, Cagney G, Cotter DR. Blood biomarker discovery in drug-free schizophrenia: the contribution of proteomics and multiplex immunoassays. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:1141-1155. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1252262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sabherwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, ERC Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane A. English
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, ERC Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Melanie Föcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, ERC Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard Cagney
- Proteome Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R. Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, ERC Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim S, Hwang Y, Lee D, Webster MJ. Transcriptome sequencing of the choroid plexus in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e964. [PMID: 27898074 PMCID: PMC5290353 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) has a key role in maintaining brain homeostasis by producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), by mediating transport of nutrients and removing metabolic products from the central nervous system and by responding to peripheral inflammatory signals. Although abnormal markers of immune response and inflammation are apparent in individuals with schizophrenia, the CP of these individuals has not been characterized. We therefore sequenced mRNA from the CP from two independent collections of individuals with schizophrenia and unaffected controls. Genes related to immune function and inflammation were upregulated in both collections. In addition, a co-expression module related to immune/inflammation response that was generated by combining mRNA-Seq data from both collections was significantly associated with disease status. The immune/inflammation-related co-expression module was positively correlated with levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol and several immune modulator proteins in the serum of the same individuals and was also positively correlated with CRP, cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the frontal cortex of the same individuals. In addition, we found a substantial number of nodes (genes) that were common to our schizophrenia-associated immune/inflammation module from the pooled data and a module we generated from lippopolysaccharides-treated mouse model data. These results suggest that the CP of individuals with schizophrenia are responding to signals from the periphery by upregulating immune/inflammation-related genes to protect the brain and maintain the homeostasis but nevertheless fails to completely prevent immune/inflammation related changes in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kim
- Stanley Brain Research Laboratory, Stanley Medical Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Y Hwang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - D Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea E-mail:
| | - M J Webster
- Stanley Brain Research Laboratory, Stanley Medical Research Institute, Rockville, MD, USA,Stanley Brain Research Laboratory, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Suite C-050, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li J, Huang S, Dai HR, Wang J, Lin LH, Xiao H, Peng X, Li F, Wang YP, Yuan JM, Li L. A promoter polymorphism rs2075824 within IMPA2 gene affecting the transcription activity: possible relationship with schizophrenia. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:658-664. [PMID: 27748550 PMCID: PMC5345638 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies with biological and genetic evidence indicate that the myo‐inositol monophosphatase 2 (IMPA2) gene may influence schizophrenia. We performed a genetic association study in Han Chinese cohorts. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms within IMPA2 promoter region (rs971363, rs971362, rs2075824, rs111410794 and rs111610121), as well as one (rs45442994, in intron 1) that was positively associated in another study, were selected for genotyping in 1397 patients with schizophrenia and 1285 mentally healthy controls. Genotype and allele frequencies were assessed by gender stratification. Interestingly, rs2075824 showed a strong association with schizophrenia (P = 4.1 × 10−4), and the T allele was more frequent in cases than controls [P = 5.6 × 10−5, OR (95% CI) = 1.26 (1.13–1.41)]. In vitro promoter assay showed that the transcription activity of the T allele promoter was higher than that of the C allele promoter and the T allele of rs2075824 contributed to risk for schizophrenia. By stratifying males and females, we found a gender‐specific association for IMPA2 and schizophrenia: the T allele of rs2075824 was more frequent in male cases compared with male controls [P = 1.4 × 10−4, OR (95% CI) = 1.33 (1.15–1.55)]. Our data suggest that a promoter polymorphism of IMPA2 possibly contributed to risk for schizophrenia by elevating transcription activity in Han Chinese individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Rong Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Hui Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Department of Central Laboratory, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tomasik J, Rahmoune H, Guest PC, Bahn S. Neuroimmune biomarkers in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:3-13. [PMID: 25124519 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical and biological manifestations. Due to the lack of objective tests, the accurate diagnosis and selection of effective treatments for schizophrenia remains challenging. Numerous technologies have been employed in search of schizophrenia biomarkers. These studies have suggested that neuroinflammatory processes may play a role in schizophrenia pathogenesis, at least in a subgroup of patients. The evidence indicates alterations in both pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules in the central nervous system, which have also been found in peripheral tissues and may correlate with schizophrenia symptoms. In line with these findings, certain immunomodulatory interventions have shown beneficial effects on psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia patients, in particular those with distinct immune signatures. In this review, we evaluate these findings and their potential for more targeted drug interventions and the development of companion diagnostics. Although currently no validated markers exist for schizophrenia patient stratification or the prediction of treatment efficacy, we propose that utilisation of inflammatory markers for diagnostic and theranostic purposes may lead to novel therapeutic approaches and deliver more effective care for schizophrenia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Tomasik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hassan Rahmoune
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul C Guest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ramsey JM, Cooper JD, Bot M, Guest PC, Lamers F, Weickert CS, Penninx BWJH, Bahn S. Sex Differences in Serum Markers of Major Depressive Disorder in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156624. [PMID: 27232630 PMCID: PMC4883748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Women have a consistently higher prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) than men. Hypotheses implicating hypothalamic-pituitary -adrenal, -gonadal, and -thyroid axes, immune response, genetic factors, and neurotransmitters have emerged to explain this difference. However, more evidence for these hypotheses is needed and new explanations must be explored. Here, we investigated sex differences in MDD markers using multiplex immunoassay measurements of 171 serum molecules in individuals enrolled in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NMDD = 231; Ncontrol = 365). We found 28 sex-dependent markers of MDD, as quantified by a significant interaction between sex and log2-transformed analyte concentration in a logistic regression with diagnosis (MDD/control) as the outcome variable (p<0.05; q<0.30). Among these were a number of male-specific associations between MDD and elevated levels of proteins involved in immune response, including C-reactive protein, trefoil factor 3, cystatin-C, fetuin-A, β2-microglobulin, CD5L, FASLG receptor, and tumor necrosis factor receptor 2. Furthermore, only male MDD could be classified with an accuracy greater than chance using the measured serum analytes (area under the ROC curve = 0.63). These findings may have consequences for the generalization of inflammatory hypotheses of depression to males and females and have important implications for the development of diagnostic biomarker tests for MDD. More studies are needed to validate these results, investigate a broader range of biological pathways, and integrate this data with brain imaging, genetic, and other relevant data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M. Ramsey
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D. Cooper
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mariska Bot
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul C. Guest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Femke Lamers
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia S. Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Schizophrenia Research Institute and University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Centre and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (SB); (BWJHP)
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (SB); (BWJHP)
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gragnoli C, Reeves GM, Reazer J, Postolache TT. Dopamine-prolactin pathway potentially contributes to the schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes comorbidity. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e785. [PMID: 27093067 PMCID: PMC4872408 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are clinically associated, and common knowledge attributes this association to side effects of antipsychotic treatment. However, even drug-naive patients with SCZ are at increased risk for T2D. Dopamine dysfunction has a central role in SCZ. It is well-known that dopamine constitutively inhibits prolactin (PRL) secretion via the dopamine receptor 2 (DR2D). If dopamine is increased or if dopamine receptors hyperfunction, PRL may be reduced. During the first SCZ episode, low PRL levels are associated with worse symptoms. PRL is essential in human and social bonding, as well as it is implicated in glucose homeostasis. Dopamine dysfunction, beyond contributing to SCZ symptoms, may lead to altered appetite and T2D. To our knowledge, there are no studies of the genetics of the SCZ-T2D comorbidity focusing jointly on the dopamine and PRL pathway in the attempt to capture molecular heterogeneity correlated to possible disease manifestation heterogeneity. In this dopamine-PRL pathway-focused-hypothesis-driven review on the association of SCZ with T2D, we report a specific revision of what it is known about PRL and dopamine in relation to what we theorize is one of the missing links between the two disorders. We suggest that new studies are necessary to establish the genetic role of PRL and dopamine pathway in SCZ-T2D comorbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gragnoli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA,Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA,Molecular Biology Laboratory, Bios Biotech Multi-Diagnostic Health Center, Rome, Italy,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, 653-1 West 8th Street, Learning Resource Center, L14, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA. E-mail:
| | - G M Reeves
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Reazer
- Borland Health Sciences Library, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - T T Postolache
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, USA,Veterans Integrated Service Network 5 MIRECC, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dickerson F, Schroeder J, Stallings C, Origoni A, Bahn S, Yolken R. Multianalyte markers of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A preliminary study. Schizophr Res 2015; 168:450-5. [PMID: 26298538 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have identified altered molecular profiles in blood samples from individuals with schizophrenia and with bipolar disorder using multianalyte immunoassay platforms but there has been little comparison of the two groups in the same investigation. A total of 337 participants including 146 with schizophrenia, 79 with bipolar disorder, and 112 non-psychiatric controls had a blood sample drawn from which 166 analytes were measured. The initial dataset was split; classification models were developed in a training dataset and their performance evaluated in a test dataset. Principal component analysis was used to generate factor scores that were then compared between the groups. In a training set, a total of 7 independent factors were generated using 29 markers that were both normally distributed and significantly associated with diagnosis. Many of these analytes are components of the immune system and involved in the inflammatory response to infectious agents and foreign antigens. Two of the seven principal component scores discriminated between individuals with schizophrenia and with bipolar disorder; additional factors distinguished individuals with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder from control individuals, while two factors were not significantly different between any of the diagnostic groups. In a test dataset, the schizophrenia vs. control Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis shows an overall accuracy of 77% for schizophrenia vs. bipolar disorder, 84% for schizophrenia vs. controls, and 72% for bipolar disorder vs. CONTROLS An increased understanding of the role of altered pathways in serious psychiatric disorders may lead to novel methods for disease diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Yolken
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Development of a blood-based molecular biomarker test for identification of schizophrenia before disease onset. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e601. [PMID: 26171982 PMCID: PMC5068725 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research efforts have progressively shifted towards preventative psychiatry and prognostic identification of individuals before disease onset. We describe the development of a serum biomarker test for the identification of individuals at risk of developing schizophrenia based on multiplex immunoassay profiling analysis of 957 serum samples. First, we conducted a meta-analysis of five independent cohorts of 127 first-onset drug-naive schizophrenia patients and 204 controls. Using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, we identified an optimal panel of 26 biomarkers that best discriminated patients and controls. Next, we successfully validated this biomarker panel using two independent validation cohorts of 93 patients and 88 controls, which yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 (0.95-1.00) for schizophrenia detection. Finally, we tested its predictive performance for identifying patients before onset of psychosis using two cohorts of 445 pre-onset or at-risk individuals. The predictive performance achieved by the panel was excellent for identifying USA military personnel (AUC: 0.90 (0.86-0.95)) and help-seeking prodromal individuals (AUC: 0.82 (0.71-0.93)) who developed schizophrenia up to 2 years after baseline sampling. The performance increased further using the latter cohort following the incorporation of CAARMS (Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental State) positive subscale symptom scores into the model (AUC: 0.90 (0.82-0.98)). The current findings may represent the first successful step towards a test that could address the clinical need for early intervention in psychiatry. Further developments of a combined molecular/symptom-based test will aid clinicians in the identification of vulnerable patients early in the disease process, allowing more effective therapeutic intervention before overt disease onset.
Collapse
|
40
|
Crespi BJ, Hurd PL. Genetically based correlates of serum oxytocin and testosterone in autism and schizotypy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
41
|
Li Y, Yolken R, Cowan DN, Boivin MR, Liu T, Niebuhr DW. Biomarker identification and effect estimation on schizophrenia - a high dimensional data analysis. Front Public Health 2015; 3:75. [PMID: 26000271 PMCID: PMC4419552 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers have been examined in schizophrenia research for decades. Medical morbidity and mortality rates, as well as personal and societal costs, are associated with schizophrenia patients. The identification of biomarkers and alleles, which often have a small effect individually, may help to develop new diagnostic tests for early identification and treatment. Currently, there is not a commonly accepted statistical approach to identify predictive biomarkers from high dimensional data. We used space decomposition-gradient-regression (DGR) method to select biomarkers, which are associated with the risk of schizophrenia. Then, we used the gradient scores, generated from the selected biomarkers, as the prediction factor in regression to estimate their effects. We also used an alternative approach, classification and regression tree, to compare the biomarker selected by DGR and found about 70% of the selected biomarkers were the same. However, the advantage of DGR is that it can evaluate individual effects for each biomarker from their combined effect. In DGR analysis of serum specimens of US military service members with a diagnosis of schizophrenia from 1992 to 2005 and their controls, Alpha-1-Antitrypsin (AAT), Interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6r) and connective tissue growth factor were selected to identify schizophrenia for males; and AAT, Apolipoprotein B and Sortilin were selected for females. If these findings from military subjects are replicated by other studies, they suggest the possibility of a novel biomarker panel as an adjunct to earlier diagnosis and initiation of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhang Li
- Preventive Medicine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) , Silver Spring, MD , USA
| | - Robert Yolken
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - David N Cowan
- Preventive Medicine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) , Silver Spring, MD , USA ; ManTech International Corporation, Health and Life Sciences , Herndon, VA , USA
| | - Michael R Boivin
- Preventive Medicine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) , Silver Spring, MD , USA
| | - Tianqing Liu
- Department of Statistics, George Washington University , Washington, DC , USA
| | - David W Niebuhr
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fond G, d'Albis MA, Jamain S, Tamouza R, Arango C, Fleischhacker WW, Glenthøj B, Leweke M, Lewis S, McGuire P, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Sommer IE, Winter-van Rossum I, Kapur S, Kahn RS, Rujescu D, Leboyer M. The promise of biological markers for treatment response in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:559-73. [PMID: 25759473 PMCID: PMC4393702 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Successful treatment of first-episode psychosis is one of the major factors that impacts long-term prognosis. Currently, there are no satisfactory biological markers (biomarkers) to predict which patients with a first-episode psychosis will respond to which treatment. In addition, a non-negligible rate of patients does not respond to any treatment or may develop side effects that affect adherence to the treatments as well as negatively impact physical health. Thus, there clearly is a pressing need for defining biomarkers that may be helpful to predict response to treatment and sensitivity to side effects in first-episode psychosis. The present systematic review provides (1) trials that assessed biological markers associated with antipsychotic response or side effects in first-episode psychosis and (2) potential biomarkers associated with biological disturbances that may guide the choice of conventional treatments or the prescription of innovative treatments. Trials including first-episode psychoses are few in number. Most of the available data focused on pharmacogenetics markers with so far only preliminary results. To date, these studies yielded-beside markers for metabolism of antipsychotics-no or only a few biomarkers for response or side effects, none of which have been implemented in daily clinical practice. Other biomarkers exploring immunoinflammatory, oxidative, and hormonal disturbances emerged as biomarkers of first-episode psychoses in the last decades, and some of them have been associated with treatment response. In addition to pharmacogenetics, further efforts should focus on the association of emergent biomarkers with conventional treatments or with innovative therapies efficacy, where some preliminary data suggest promising results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryad Tamouza
- Jean Dausset Laboratory & INSERM, UMRS 940, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Celso Arango
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Birte Glenthøj
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research & Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Psychiatric Hospital Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Denmark
| | - Markus Leweke
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Shôn Lewis
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Phillip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg/Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Winter-van Rossum
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shitij Kapur
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mirendil H, Thomas EA, De Loera C, Okada K, Inomata Y, Chun J. LPA signaling initiates schizophrenia-like brain and behavioral changes in a mouse model of prenatal brain hemorrhage. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e541. [PMID: 25849980 PMCID: PMC4462599 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic, environmental and neurodevelopmental factors are thought to underlie the onset of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. How these risk factors collectively contribute to pathology is unclear. Here, we present a mouse model of prenatal intracerebral hemorrhage--an identified risk factor for schizophrenia--using a serum-exposure paradigm. This model exhibits behavioral, neurochemical and schizophrenia-related gene expression alterations in adult females. Behavioral alterations in amphetamine-induced locomotion, prepulse inhibition, thigmotaxis and social interaction--in addition to increases in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area and decreases in parvalbumin-positive cells in the prefrontal cortex--were induced upon prenatal serum exposure. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a lipid component of serum, was identified as a key molecular initiator of schizophrenia-like sequelae induced by serum. Prenatal exposure to LPA alone phenocopied many of the schizophrenia-like alterations seen in the serum model, whereas pretreatment with an antagonist against the LPA receptor subtype LPA1 prevented many of the behavioral and neurochemical alterations. In addition, both prenatal serum and LPA exposure altered the expression of many genes and pathways related to schizophrenia, including the expression of Grin2b, Slc17a7 and Grid1. These findings demonstrate that aberrant LPA receptor signaling associated with fetal brain hemorrhage may contribute to the development of some neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Mirendil
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - E A Thomas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - C De Loera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - K Okada
- Advanced Medical Research Laboratories, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Inomata
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories I, Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - J Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Perkins DO, Jeffries CD, Addington J, Bearden CE, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, Cornblatt BA, Mathalon DH, McGlashan TH, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT, Walker EF, Woods SW, Heinssen R. Towards a psychosis risk blood diagnostic for persons experiencing high-risk symptoms: preliminary results from the NAPLS project. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:419-28. [PMID: 25103207 PMCID: PMC4332942 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A barrier to preventative treatments for psychosis is the absence of accurate identification of persons at highest risk. A blood test that could substantially increase diagnostic accuracy would enhance development of psychosis prevention interventions. METHODS The North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study project is a multisite endeavor that aims to better understand predictors and mechanisms for the development of psychosis. In this study, we measured expression of plasma analytes reflecting inflammation, oxidative stress, hormones, and metabolism. A "greedy algorithm" selected analytes that best distinguished persons with clinical high-risk symptoms who developed psychosis (CHR-P; n = 32) from unaffected comparison (UC) subjects (n = 35) and from those who did not develop psychosis during a 2-year follow-up (CHR-NP; n = 40). RESULTS The classifier included 15 analytes (selected from 117), with an area under the receiver operating curve for CHR-P vs UC of 0.91 and CHR-P vs CHR-NP of 0.88. Randomly scrambled group membership followed by reconstructions of the entire classifier method yielded consistently weak classifiers, indicating that the true classifier is highly unlikely to be a chance occurrence. Such randomization methods robustly imply the assays contain consistent information distinguishing the groups which was not obscured by the data normalization method and was revealed by classifier construction. These results support the hypothesis that inflammation, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary axes may be prominent in the earliest stages of psychosis. CONCLUSION If confirmed in other groups of persons at elevated risk of psychosis, a multiplex blood assay has the potential for high clinical utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana O. Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC;,These authors contributed equally to the article
| | - Clark D. Jeffries
- Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC;,These authors contributed equally to the article
| | - Jean Addington
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Tyrone D. Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT;,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Daniel H. Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Larry J. Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavioral Genomics, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Elaine F. Walker
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Scott W. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Robert Heinssen
- Division of Adult Translational Research and Treatment Development, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Crespi BJ. Oxytocin, testosterone, and human social cognition. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:390-408. [PMID: 25631363 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
I describe an integrative social-evolutionary model for the adaptive significance of the human oxytocinergic system. The model is based on a role for this hormone in the generation and maintenance of social familiarity and affiliation across five homologous, functionally similar, and sequentially co-opted contexts: mothers with offspring, female and male mates, kin groups, individuals with reciprocity partners, and individuals within cooperating and competing social groups defined by culture. In each situation, oxytocin motivates, mediates and rewards the cognitive and behavioural processes that underlie the formation and dynamics of a more or less stable social group, and promotes a relationship between two or more individuals. Such relationships may be positive (eliciting neurological reward, reducing anxiety and thus indicating fitness-enhancing effects), or negative (increasing anxiety and distress, and thus motivating attempts to alleviate a problematic, fitness-reducing social situation). I also present evidence that testosterone exhibits opposite effects from oxytocin on diverse aspects of cognition and behaviour, most generally by favouring self-oriented, asocial and antisocial behaviours. I apply this model for effects of oxytocin and testosterone to understanding human psychological disorders centrally involving social behaviour. Reduced oxytocin and higher testosterone levels have been associated with under-developed social cognition, especially in autism. By contrast, some combination of oxytocin increased above normal levels, and lower testosterone, has been reported in a notable number of studies of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression, and, in some cases, higher oxytocin involves maladaptively 'hyper-developed' social cognition in these conditions. This pattern of findings suggests that human social cognition and behaviour are structured, in part, by joint and opposing effects of oxytocin and testosterone, and that extremes of such joint effects partially mediate risks and phenotypes of autism and psychotic-affective conditions. These considerations have direct implications for the development of therapies for alleviating disorders of social cognition, and for understanding how such disorders are associated with the evolution of human cognitive-affective architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hayes LN, Severance EG, Leek JT, Gressitt KL, Rohleder C, Coughlin JM, Leweke FM, Yolken RH, Sawa A. Inflammatory molecular signature associated with infectious agents in psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:963-72. [PMID: 24743863 PMCID: PMC4133679 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating mental condition with onset in young adulthood. The identification of molecular biomarkers that reflect illness pathology is crucial. Recent evidence suggested immune and inflammatory cascades in conjunction with infection may play a role in the pathology. To address this question, we investigated molecular changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from antipsychotic-naïve patients with SZ and at risk mental status for psychosis (ARMS), in comparison with healthy controls (HCs). We measured 90 analytes using a broad multiplex platform focusing on immune and inflammatory cascades then selected 35 with our quality reporting criteria for further analysis. We also examined Toxoplasma gondii (TG) and herpes simplex virus 1 antibody levels in CSF. We report that expression of 15 molecules was significantly altered in the patient groups (SZ and ARMS) compared with HCs. The majority of these molecular changes (alpha-2-macroglobulin [α2M], fibrinogen, interleukin-6 receptor [IL-6R], stem cell factor [SCF], transforming growth factor alpha [TGFα], tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 [TNFR2], IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein 2 [MCP-2/CCL8], testosterone [for males], angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE], and epidermal growth factor receptor) were consistent between SZ and ARMS patients, suggesting these may represent trait changes associated with psychotic conditions in general. Interestingly, many of these analytes (α2M, fibrinogen, IL-6R, SCF, TGFα, TNFR2, IL-8, MCP-2/CCL8, and testosterone [for males]) were exacerbated in subjects with ARMS compared with subjects with SZ. Although further studies are needed, we optimistically propose that these molecules may be good candidates for predictive markers for psychosis from an early stage. Lastly, reduction of IL-6R, TGFα, and ACE was correlated with positivity of TG antibody in the CSF, suggesting possible involvement of TG infection in the pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay N. Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Emily G. Severance
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeffrey T. Leek
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kristin L. Gressitt
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Cathrin Rohleder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jennifer M. Coughlin
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - F. Markus Leweke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Robert H. Yolken
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|