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Pagar R, Deshkar S, Mahore J, Patole V, Deshpande H, Gandham N, Mirza S, Junnarkar M, Nawani N. The microbial revolution: Unveiling the benefits of vaginal probiotics and prebiotics. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127787. [PMID: 38851010 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Vaginal health is essential to a woman's overall well-being, as abnormalities in vaginal health can lead to a variety of gynaecological disorders, such as urinary tract infections, yeast infections, and bacterial vaginosis. The vaginal microbiome is essential for the prevention of these infections. Disruptions in this microbial ecosystem can significantly impact vaginal health. The concept of utilizing probiotics and prebiotics to stimulate the growth of protective vaginal microbiota has gathered substantial interest in recent years. Probiotics are live micro-organisms that strengthen and restore vaginal microbial balance by lowering pH levels, production of bacteriocins, biofilm disruption, modulation of immune response, and production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), consequently combating the development of pathogens. Prebiotics are oligosaccharides that encourage the development of probiotics such as lactobacilli species. Probiotics and prebiotics also have some broader implications for vaginal health, including their role in minimizing the incidence of premature birth, optimizing fertility, managing menopausal symptoms, and preventing vaginal infections. Synbiotics are a combination of probiotics and prebiotics that deliver additional benefits by encouraging the development and activity of beneficial microbes. Furthermore, postbiotics are bioactive compounds derived from probiotic bacteria during fermentation that have immunomodulatory actions and provide an additional layer of protection against vaginal infections. The present study highlights the most prevalent vaginal infections and limitations of existing therapies that influence the vaginal microbiota. The profound consequences of probiotics and prebiotics in women's health, including their role in minimizing the prevalence of vaginal infections and promoting overall vaginal health, as well as advanced therapeutic strategies such as synbiotics and postbiotics, are also discussed. The literature offers significant insights into the mechanism, efficacy, and safety of probiotics and prebiotics to healthcare providers and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshani Pagar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Sanjeevani Deshkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, India.
| | - Jayashri Mahore
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Vinita Patole
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Hemant Deshpande
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Nageswari Gandham
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Shahzad Mirza
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Manisha Junnarkar
- Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, India
| | - Neelu Nawani
- Microbial Diversity Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, India
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Lin YT, Tsai WC, Lu HY, Fang SY, Chan HW, Huang CH. Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy of Cinnamon Essential Oil by Nanoemulsification for Intravaginal Treatment of Candida Vaginitis. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4941-4956. [PMID: 38828194 PMCID: PMC11144005 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s458593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Due to its prevalence, recurrence, and the emergence of drug-resistance, Candida vaginitis significantly impacts the well-being of women. Although cinnamon essential oil (CEO) possesses antifungal activity, its hydrophobic properties limit its clinical application. Purpose To overcome this challenge, a nanoemulsification technology was employed to prepare cinnamon essential oil-nanoemulsion (CEO@NE), and its therapeutic efficacy and action mechanism for Candida vaginitis was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Materials and Methods CEO@NE, composed of 4% CEO, 78% distilled water, and 18% Tween 80, was prepared by ultrasonic nanoemulsification. The physical properties, anti-Candida activity, cytotoxicity, immunomodulatory potential and storage stability of CEO@NE were explored. Subsequently, the effect of intravaginal CEO@NE treatment on Candida vaginitis was investigated in mice. To comprehend the possible mechanism of CEO@NE, an analysis was conducted to ascertain the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. albicans. Results CEO@NE, with the droplet size less than 100 nm and robust storage stability for up to 8 weeks, exhibited comparable anti-Candida activity with CEO. CEO@NE at the concentration lower than 400 μg/mL had no cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects on murine splenocytes. Intravaginal treatment of CEO@NE (400 μg/mL, 20 μL/day/mouse for 5 consecutive days) curbed Candida colonization, ameliorated histopathological changes, and suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in mice intravaginally challenged with C. albicans. Notably, this treatment preserved the density of vaginal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) crucial for vaginal health. Co-culturing C. albicans with CEO@NE revealed concentration-dependent augmentation of intracellular ROS generation and ensuing cell death. In addition, co-culturing LPS-stimulated murine splenocytes with CEO@NE yielded a decrease in the generation of cytokines. Conclusion This discovery provides insight into the conceivable antifungal and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of CEO@NE to tackle Candida vaginitis. CEO@NE offers a promising avenue to address the limitations of current treatments, providing novel strategy for treating Candida vaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Tsai
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yu Lu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yuan Fang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Wen Chan
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsiung Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center for Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
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Hashem NM, Essawi WM, El-Demerdash AS, El-Raghi AA. Biomolecule-Producing Probiotic Bacterium Lactococcus lactis in Free or Nanoencapsulated Form for Endometritis Treatment and Fertility Improvement in Buffaloes. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:138. [PMID: 38921512 PMCID: PMC11204555 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15060138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A Lactococcus (L.) lactis strain producing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory biomolecules (mainly 1,4-Diaza-2,5-dioxobicyclo[4.3.0]nonanes and pyrazine-derivatives) was tested for its capacity to cure clinical endometritis in buffaloes compared to conventional antibiotic-based treatment. Clinical endometritis-diagnosed buffaloes (n = 16/group) were infused intrauterine with four doses of 109 CFU-free (FLC group) or nanoencapsulated L. lactis (NLC group) and compared to those that received three doses of saline + a single dose of 500 mg cephapirin benzathin (AB group) or four doses of saline (control, C group) every other day. Endometrium samples were analyzed for cytological (polymorphonuclear cells, PMN), bacteriological, and proinflammatory mRNA expression. Uterine wash and blood samples were collected to determine proinflammatory cytokine concentrations and metabolites in the blood samples. The reproductive performance of buffaloes was assessed. Compared to the C group, the AB and NLC groups had the lowest percentage of PMN, followed by those in the FLC group (p < 0.05). All treated buffaloes had significantly lower numbers of pathogens than the control buffaloes. Compared to control, all treatments significantly down-regulated endometrial proinflammatory encoding mRNA expression. The concentrations of IL1B, TNFAIP7, and leukocyte esterase activity in the uterine washings were significantly decreased in the AB and NLC groups compared to the C and FLC groups. All treatments significantly decreased concentrations of serum proinflammatory cytokines compared to control. Both the AB and NLC groups had significantly lower concentrations of serum NEFA than the C and FLC groups. The percentage of control buffaloes having an echogenic uterus and PVD score > 2 was significantly higher than those in the treated buffaloes with higher numbers of corpora lutea, higher conception rates, and shorter days open than control buffaloes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, L. lactis-producing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory metabolites reduce uterine inflammatory responses and improve fertility in buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrein M. Hashem
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
- Departamento de Produccion y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal, Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Walaa M. Essawi
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt;
| | - Azza S. El-Demerdash
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig 44516, Egypt;
| | - Ali Ali El-Raghi
- Department of Animal, Poultry, and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta 34517, Egypt;
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Xiao L, Zuo Z, Zhao F. Microbiome in Female Reproductive Health: Implications for Fertility and Assisted Reproductive Technologies. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2024; 22:qzad005. [PMID: 38862423 PMCID: PMC11104452 DOI: 10.1093/gpbjnl/qzad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The microbiome plays a critical role in the process of conception and the outcomes of pregnancy. Disruptions in microbiome homeostasis in women of reproductive age can lead to various pregnancy complications, which significantly impact maternal and fetal health. Recent studies have associated the microbiome in the female reproductive tract (FRT) with assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes, and restoring microbiome balance has been shown to improve fertility in infertile couples. This review provides an overview of the role of the microbiome in female reproductive health, including its implications for pregnancy outcomes and ARTs. Additionally, recent advances in the use of microbial biomarkers as indicators of pregnancy disorders are summarized. A comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the microbiome before and during pregnancy and its impact on reproductive health will greatly promote maternal and fetal health. Such knowledge can also contribute to the development of ARTs and microbiome-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science/Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhenqiang Zuo
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science/Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fangqing Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science/Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Sookkhee S, Khamnoi P, Sastraruji T, Boonkum S, Wikan N, Nimlamool W. Synergistic Inhibition of Synbiotic Cultures among Lactobacilli and Plant Extracts against Vaginal Discharge Causing Candida albicans. Nutrients 2024; 16:1372. [PMID: 38732618 PMCID: PMC11085874 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge among women. The present study aimed to investigate the synergistic anticandidal effect of lactobacillus cultures supplemented with plant extracts. Among 600 isolates of lactic acid bacteria, 41 isolates exhibited inhibitory activity against Candida albicans ATCC10231. Six out of 41 cell-free supernatants demonstrated the most potent antibacterial and anticandidal activities. They also inhibited the clinical isolates of C. albicans, causing VVC and non-C. albicans. The synergistic effect between Lactobacillus crispatus 84/7 and Limosilactobacillus reuteri 89/4 was demonstrated by the lowest fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI = 0.5). The synbiotic culture of bacterial combination, cultured with Jerusalem artichoke (H. tuberosus) extract, also exhibited the strongest inhibition against the tested C. albicans. Biofilm formation decreased after 12 h of incubation in the selected cell-free supernatants of this synbiotic culture. The anticandidal activity of crude extracts was lost after treatment with proteinase K and trypsin but not with heating conditions, suggesting that it may be a heat-stable substance. In conclusion, the combination of L. crispatus 84/7 and L. reuteri 89/4 with H. tuberosus may be a promising candidate for inhibiting Candida infection and biofilm formation, with the potential use as ingredients in vaginal biotherapeutic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwoot Sookkhee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Phadungkiat Khamnoi
- Diagnostic Laboratory Unit, Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Thanapat Sastraruji
- Dental Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Sathian Boonkum
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Nitwara Wikan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Wutigri Nimlamool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Lanna Rice Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Barron AJ, Agrawal S, Lesperance DNA, Doucette J, Calle S, Broderick NA. Microbiome-derived acidity protects against microbial invasion in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114087. [PMID: 38583152 PMCID: PMC11163447 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial invasions underlie host-microbe interactions resulting in pathogenesis and probiotic colonization. In this study, we explore the effects of the microbiome on microbial invasion in Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate that gut microbes Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Acetobacter tropicalis improve survival and lead to a reduction in microbial burden during infection. Using a microbial interaction assay, we report that L. plantarum inhibits the growth of invasive bacteria, while A. tropicalis reduces this inhibition. We further show that inhibition by L. plantarum is linked to its ability to acidify its environment via lactic acid production by lactate dehydrogenase, while A. tropicalis diminishes the inhibition by quenching acids. We propose that acid from the microbiome is a gatekeeper to microbial invasions, as only microbes capable of tolerating acidic environments can colonize the host. The methods and findings described herein will add to the growing breadth of tools to study microbe-microbe interactions in broad contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Barron
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sneha Agrawal
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Danielle N A Lesperance
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jeremy Doucette
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sthefany Calle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Nichole A Broderick
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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7
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Feng D, Zhang F, Cai J, Zhang Y, Yan H, Yang Y, Zhong H, Ye H. Functional testing is a complementary tool for the diagnosis of vaginitis. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:224. [PMID: 38582823 PMCID: PMC10998416 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-03035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaginal microbiota evaluation is a methodology widely used in China to diagnose various vaginal inflammatory diseases. Although vaginal microbiota evaluation has many advantages, it is time-consuming and requires highly skilled and experienced operators. Here, we investigated a six-index functional test that analyzed pH, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), leukocyte esterase (LEU), sialidase (SNA), β-glucuronidase (GUS), and acetylglucossidase (NAG), and determined its diagnostic value by comparing it with morphological tests of vaginal microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was conducted using data extracted from the Laboratory Information System of Women and Children's Hospital. A total of 4902 subjects, ranging in age from 35.4 ± 9.7 years, were analyzed. During the consultation, a minimum of two vaginal swab specimens per patient were collected for both functional and morphological testing. Fisher's exact was used to analyze data using SPSS. RESULTS Of the 4,902 patients, 2,454 were considered to have normal Lactobacillus morphotypes and 3,334 were considered to have normal dominant microbiota. The sensitivity and specificity of H2O2-indicating Lactobacillus morphotypes were 91.3% and 25.28%, respectively, while those of pH-indicating Lactobacillus morphotypes were 88.09% and 59.52%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of H2O2-indicating dominant microbiota were 91.3% and 25.3%, respectively, while those of pH-indicating dominant microbiota were 86.27% and 64.45%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of NAG for vulvovaginal candidiasis were 40.64% and 84.8%, respectively. For aerobic vaginitis, GUS sensitivity was low at 0.52%, while its specificity was high at 99.93%; the LEU sensitivity and specificity values were 94.73% and 27.49%, respectively. Finally, SNA sensitivity and specificity for bacterial vaginosis were 80.72% and 96.78%, respectively. CONCLUSION Functional tests (pH, SNA, H2O2, LEU) showed satisfactory sensitivity for the detection of vaginal inflammatory diseases. However, these tests lacked specificity, making it difficult to accurately identify specific pathologies. By contrast, NAG and GUS showed excellent specificity in identifying vaginal inflammatory diseases, but their sensitivity was limited. Therefore, functional tests alone are not sufficient to diagnose various vaginal inflammatory diseases. When functional and morphological tests are inconsistent, morphological tests are currently considered the preferred reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqin Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fuhui Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianguo Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yansheng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Honghong Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yichi Yang
- Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hongxiu Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Huiming Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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8
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Wang Y, Liu Z, Chen T. Vaginal microbiota: Potential targets for vulvovaginal candidiasis infection. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27239. [PMID: 38463778 PMCID: PMC10923723 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is the second most common cause of vaginal infection globally after bacterial vaginosis (BV) and associated with adverse reproductive and obstetric outcomes, including preterm delivery, sexually transmitted infections and pelvic inflammatory disease. Although effective control of VVC is achievable with the use of traditional treatment strategies (i.e., antifungals), the possibility of drug intolerance, treatment failure and recurrence, as well as the appearance of antifungal-resistant Candida species remain critical challenges. Therefore, alternative therapeutic strategies against VVC are urgently required. In recent years, an improved understanding of the dysbiotic vaginal microbiota (VMB) during VVC has prompted the consideration of administering -biotics to restore the balance of the VMB within the context of VVC prevention and treatment. Here, we aim to summarize the current evidence of the anti-Candida effects of probiotics, postbiotics and synbiotics and their potential use as an alternative/complementary therapy against VVC. Additionally, this review discusses advantages and challenges associated with the application of -biotics in VVC to provide guidance for their later use. We also review new developments in VVC therapy, i.e., vaginal microbiota transplantation (VMT) as an emerging live biotherapeutic therapy against VVC and discuss existing shortcomings associated with this nascent field, expecting to stimulate further investigations for introduction of new therapies against VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, No.1299, Xuefu Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No.1299, Xuefu Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, No.1299, Xuefu Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University Jiangxi Medical College, No.1299, Xuefu Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
- School of Pharmacy, National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, No.1299, Xuefu Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, China
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Shi W, Cassmann TJ, Bhagwate AV, Hitosugi T, Ip WKE. Lactic acid induces transcriptional repression of macrophage inflammatory response via histone acetylation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113746. [PMID: 38329873 PMCID: PMC10957222 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid has emerged as an important modulator of immune cell function. It can be produced by both gut microbiota and the host metabolism at homeostasis and during disease states. The production of lactic acid in the gut microenvironment is vital for tissue homeostasis. In the present study, we examined how lactic acid integrates cellular metabolism to shape the epigenome of macrophages during pro-inflammatory response. We found that lactic acid serves as a primary fuel source to promote histone H3K27 acetylation, which allows the expression of immunosuppressive gene program including Nr4a1. Consequently, macrophage pro-inflammatory function was transcriptionally repressed. Furthermore, the histone acetylation induced by lactic acid promotes a form of long-term immunosuppression ("trained immunosuppression"). Pre-exposure to lactic acid induces lipopolysaccharide tolerance. These findings thus indicate that lactic acid sensing and its effect on chromatin remodeling in macrophages represent a key homeostatic mechanism that can provide a tolerogenic tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Shi
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tiffany J Cassmann
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Aditya Vijay Bhagwate
- Departments of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Taro Hitosugi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - W K Eddie Ip
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Virk MS, Virk MA, He Y, Tufail T, Gul M, Qayum A, Rehman A, Rashid A, Ekumah JN, Han X, Wang J, Ren X. The Anti-Inflammatory and Curative Exponent of Probiotics: A Comprehensive and Authentic Ingredient for the Sustained Functioning of Major Human Organs. Nutrients 2024; 16:546. [PMID: 38398870 PMCID: PMC10893534 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Several billion microorganisms reside in the gastrointestinal lumen, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and yeast. Among them, probiotics were primarily used to cure digestive disorders such as intestinal infections and diarrhea; however, with a paradigm shift towards alleviating health through food, their importance is large. Moreover, recent studies have changed the perspective that probiotics prevent numerous ailments in the major organs. Probiotics primarily produce biologically active compounds targeting discommodious pathogens. This review demonstrates the implications of using probiotics from different genres to prevent and alleviate ailments in the primary human organs. The findings reveal that probiotics immediately activate anti-inflammatory mechanisms by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-11, and IL-13, and hindering pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α by involving regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper cells (Th cells). Several strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium breve have been listed among the probiotics that are excellent in alleviating various simple to complex ailments. Therefore, the importance of probiotics necessitates robust research to unveil the implications of probiotics, including the potency of strains, the optimal dosages, the combination of probiotics, their habitat in the host, the host response, and other pertinent factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Safiullah Virk
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | | | - Yufeng He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Tabussam Tufail
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mehak Gul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayum
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Abdur Rehman
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Arif Rashid
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - John-Nelson Ekumah
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Xu Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Junxia Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
| | - Xiaofeng Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (M.S.V.)
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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11
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Taha A, Yeheskeli E, Gavriel H, Berkovitch M, Mizrakli Y, Shlamkovitch N, Kohn E. The Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of DL-Lactic Acid Syrup (Tonsitin) in Children With Recurrent Tonsillitis: A Pilot Study. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024:99228231222317. [PMID: 38205711 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231222317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
To evaluate Tonsitin (10% DL-lactic acid) safety, tolerability, and efficacy, as a treatment for recurrent tonsillitis (RT) in children. This is a clinical prospective, randomized, double blind pilot study, to evaluate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Tonsitin in healthy children with RT. Safety evaluated in terms of adverse events (AEs), tolerability in terms of compliance, and efficacy in terms of tonsils' size and frequency of tonsillitis, and quality of life. The study included 51 children. The treatment regimen was tolerable among the participants. Six children experienced AEs, but mostly mild. Tonsil size declined in both groups, but these results did not reach statistical significance. Tonsillitis episodes' frequencies were random and not significant. Tonsitin treatment was found to be feasible in the clinical setup and was well tolerated, and appears to be safe. Study efficacy results did not reach statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Taha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shamir Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Yeheskeli
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shamir Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Haim Gavriel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shamir Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Matitiahu Berkovitch
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Mizrakli
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shamir Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Natan Shlamkovitch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shamir Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Elkana Kohn
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir Medical Center, Affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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12
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Ardizzone CM, Taylor CM, Toh E, Lillis RA, Elnaggar JH, Lammons JW, Mott PD, Duffy EL, Shen L, Quayle AJ. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis burden with the vaginal microbiota, bacterial vaginosis, and metronidazole treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1289449. [PMID: 38149008 PMCID: PMC10750252 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1289449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota, is a common coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), and BV-associated bacteria (BVAB) and their products have been implicated in aiding Ct evade natural immunity. Here, we determined if a non-optimal vaginal microbiota was associated with a higher genital Ct burden and if metronidazole, a standard treatment for BV, would reduce Ct burden or aid in natural clearance of Ct infection. Cervicovaginal samples were collected from women at enrollment and, if testing positive for Ct infection, at a follow-up visit approximately one week later. Cervical Ct burden was assessed by inclusion forming units (IFU) and Ct genome copy number (GCN), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to determine the composition of the vaginal microbiota. We observed a six-log spectrum of IFU and an eight-log spectrum of GCN in our study participants at their enrollment visit, but BV, as indicated by Amsel's criteria, Nugent scoring, or VALENCIA community state typing, did not predict infectious and total Ct burden, although IFU : GCN increased with Amsel and Nugent scores and in BV-like community state types. Ct burden was, however, associated with the abundance of bacterial species in the vaginal microbiota, negatively with Lactobacillus crispatus and positively with Prevotella bivia. Women diagnosed with BV were treated with metronidazole, and Ct burden was significantly reduced in those who resolved BV with treatment. A subset of women naturally cleared Ct infection in the interim, typified by low Ct burden at enrollment and resolution of BV. Abundance of many BVAB decreased, and Lactobacillus increased, in response to metronidazole treatment, but no changes in abundances of specific vaginal bacteria were unique to women who spontaneously cleared Ct infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M. Ardizzone
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Christopher M. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Evelyn Toh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Lillis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jacob H. Elnaggar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - John W. Lammons
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Patricia Dehon Mott
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Emily L. Duffy
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Alison J. Quayle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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13
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Tosado-Rodríguez E, Mendez LB, Espino AM, Dorta-Estremera S, Aquino EE, Romaguera J, Godoy-Vitorino F. Inflammatory cytokines and a diverse cervicovaginal microbiota associate with cervical dysplasia in a cohort of Hispanics living in Puerto Rico. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284673. [PMID: 38064478 PMCID: PMC10707696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is women's fourth most common cancer worldwide. A worrying increase in CC rates in Hispanics suggests that besides Human papillomavirus infections, there may be other cofactors included in the epithelial microenvironment that could play a role in promoting the disease. We hypothesized that the cervical microbiome and the epithelial microenvironment favoring inflammation is conducive to disease progression in a group of Hispanics attending gynecology clinics in Puerto Rico. Few studies have focused on the joint microbiota and cytokine profile response in Hispanics outside the US, especially regarding the development of precancerous lesions. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the cervicovaginal microbiome and inflammation in Hispanic women living in PR while considering cervical dysplasia and HPV genotype risk. Cervical samples collected from 91 participants coming to gynecology clinics in San Juan, underwent 16S rRNA genes (V4 region) profiling, and cytokines were measured using Luminex MAGPIX technology. Cytokines were grouped as inflammatory (IL-1β, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-6), anti-inflammatory (IL- 4, IL-10, TGFβ1), and traffic-associated (IL-8, MIP1a, MCP1, IP10). They were related to microbes via an inflammation scoring index based on the quartile and tercile distribution of the cytokine's concentration. We found significant differences in the diversity and composition of the microbiota according to HPV type according to carcinogenic risk, cervical disease, and cytokine abundance. Community State Types (CSTs) represents a profile of microbial communities observed within the vaginal microbiome ecological niche, and Lactobacillus-depleted CST IV had ~ 90% dominance in participants with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and high-risk HPV. The increasing concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines was associated with a decrease in L. crispatus. In contrast, dysbiosis-associated bacteria such as Gardnerella, Prevotella, Atopobium concomitantly increased with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our study highlights that the cervical microbiota of Hispanics living in Puerto Rico is composed mostly of diverse CST profiles with decreased Lactobacillus and is associated with a higher pro-inflammatory environment. The joint host-microbe interaction analyses via cytokine and microbiota profiling have very good translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Tosado-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, Carolina, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Loyda B. Mendez
- University Ana G. Méndez, Carolina Campus, Carolina, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Ana M. Espino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, Carolina, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Dorta-Estremera
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, Carolina, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- Cancer Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Puerto Rico, Carolina, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Edna E. Aquino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, Carolina, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Josefina Romaguera
- Department of OBGYN, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, Carolina, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, Carolina, Puerto Rico, United States of America
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14
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Baradwan S, AlSghan R, Sabban H, Khadawardi K, Abdelrahman Mohamed Ali Z, Felemban LHA, Khamis Galal S, Ragab Rashed A, Salah Elsayed T, Mohammed Ibrahim E, Abdelghaffar Moustafa A, Mohamed Abdelhakim A, Abdelaziz A, Abdelgawad Magdy H, ElHodiby ME. Vaginal probiotics as an adjunct to antibiotic prophylaxis in the management of preterm premature rupture of membranes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2023; 291:112-119. [PMID: 37862929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of vaginal probiotics administration in combination with prophylactic antibiotics versus antibiotic prophylaxis only on perinatal outcomes in women with preterm premature rupture of membrane (PPROM). METHODS Four different databases were searched from inception till March 2023. We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared vaginal probiotics along with antibiotics versus antibiotics only among pregnant women who were presented with PPROM between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation. We performed the meta-analysis using Revman software. Our primary outcomes were gestational age at birth and latency period duration. Our secondary outcomes were the rate of admission in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), infant birth weight, length of stay in the NICU, and neonatal complications. RESULTS Four RCTs, involving a total of 339 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. The gestational age at the time of delivery and latency period duration were significantly higher among probiotics + antibiotics group (p = 0.01 & p < 0.001). There was a significant reduction in the rate of NICU admission and length of NICU stay among the probiotics + antibiotics group compared to the antibiotics only group. A significant improvement in the infant birth weight after delivery was demonstrated among the probiotics + antibiotics group (p = 0.002). Although there was a decrease in the incidence of neonatal sepsis and respiratory distress syndrome within probiotics + antibiotics group versus antibiotics only group, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The combination of vaginal probiotics and antibiotic prophylaxis has been shown to effectively improve perinatal outcomes in women with PPROM. Further trials are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Baradwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayan AlSghan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternity and Children Hospital, AlKharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein Sabban
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine at Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Khadawardi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Samir Khamis Galal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Tamer Salah Elsayed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | - Hagar Abdelgawad Magdy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E ElHodiby
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
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15
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Boahen A, Chew SY, Neela VK, Than LTL. Limosilactobacillus reuteri 29A Cell-Free Supernatant Antibiofilm and Antagonistic Effects in Murine Model of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1681-1699. [PMID: 36881331 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaginal dysbiosis advocates burgeoning of devious human vaginal pathobionts like Candida species that possess multiple virulence properties and metabolic flexibility to cause infections. Inevitably, antifungal resistance may emerge due to their innate nature (e.g., biofilm formation), which assists in their virulence as well as the formation of persister cells after dispersal. In consequence, the phenomenon of biofilm involvement in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and its recurrence is becoming paramount. Lactic acid bacteria and their derivatives have proven to be hostile to Candida species. Here, we throw more light on the potency of the derivatives, i.e., cell-free supernatant (CFS) produced by an indigenously isolated vaginal Lactobacillus strain, Limosilactobacillus reuteri 29A. In the present study, we investigated the antibiofilm and antagonistic effects of L. reuteri 29A CFS, against biofilms of Candida species and in murine model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. In our in vitro biofilm study, the CFS disrupted and inhibited preformed biofilms of C. albicans and C. glabrata. Scanning electron microscopy displayed the destruction of preformed biofilms and impediment of C. albicans morphogenesis by the CFS. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed multiple key compounds that may act singly or synergistically. In vivo, the CFS showed no collateral damage to uninfected mice; the integrity of infected vaginal tissues was restored by the administration of the CFS as seen from the cytological, histopathological, and electron microscopical analyses. The results of this study document the potential use of CFS as an adjuvant or prophylactic option in addressing vaginal fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Boahen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400 UPM, Malaysia
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Division, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Vasantha Kumari Neela
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400 UPM, Malaysia
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400 UPM, Malaysia.
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia.
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16
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Holm JB, France MT, Gajer P, Ma B, Brotman RM, Shardell M, Forney L, Ravel J. Integrating compositional and functional content to describe vaginal microbiomes in health and disease. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:259. [PMID: 38031142 PMCID: PMC10688475 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiome provides the first line of defense against adverse genital tract health outcomes. However, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms by which the vaginal microbiome modulates protection, as prior work mostly described its composition through morphologic assessment and marker gene sequencing methods that do not capture functional information. To address this gap, we developed metagenomic community state types (mgCSTs) which use metagenomic sequences to describe and define vaginal microbiomes based on both composition and functional potential. RESULTS MgCSTs are categories of microbiomes classified using taxonomy and the functional potential encoded in their metagenomes. MgCSTs reflect unique combinations of metagenomic subspecies (mgSs), which are assemblages of bacterial strains of the same species, within a microbiome. We demonstrate that mgCSTs are associated with demographics such as age and race, as well as vaginal pH and Gram stain assessment of vaginal smears. Importantly, these associations varied between mgCSTs predominated by the same bacterial species. A subset of mgCSTs, including three of the six predominated by Gardnerella vaginalis mgSs, as well as mgSs of L. iners, were associated with a greater likelihood of bacterial vaginosis diagnosed by Amsel clinical criteria. This L. iners mgSs, among other functional features, encoded enhanced genetic capabilities for epithelial cell attachment that could facilitate cytotoxin-mediated cell lysis. Finally, we report a mgSs and mgCST classifier for which source code is provided and may be adapted for use by the microbiome research community. CONCLUSIONS MgCSTs are a novel and easily implemented approach to reduce the dimension of complex metagenomic datasets while maintaining their functional uniqueness. MgCSTs enable the investigation of multiple strains of the same species and the functional diversity in that species. Future investigations of functional diversity may be key to unraveling the pathways by which the vaginal microbiome modulates the protection of the genital tract. Importantly, our findings support the hypothesis that functional differences between vaginal microbiomes, including those that may look compositionally similar, are critical considerations in vaginal health. Ultimately, mgCSTs may lead to novel hypotheses concerning the role of the vaginal microbiome in promoting health and disease, and identify targets for novel prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies to improve women's genital health. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B Holm
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael T France
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pawel Gajer
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bing Ma
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca M Brotman
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Shardell
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Larry Forney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Jacobsen S, Glavind-Kristensen M, Jensen AB, Forman A, Bor P. Vaginal CO 2 laser therapy for genitourinary syndrome in breast cancer survivors-VagLaser study protocol: a randomized blinded, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1164. [PMID: 38031020 PMCID: PMC10685468 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaginal CO2 laser therapy is a new treatment option for genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Its potential is particularly interesting in breast cancer survivors, where existing treatment options often are insufficient as hormonal treatment is problematic in these women. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of vaginal laser treatment for alleviation of genitourinary syndrome of menopause in breast cancer survivors treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy. The secondary objective is to explore the importance of repeated vaginal laser treatment and the long-term effects in this patient population. METHODS VagLaser consist of three sub-studies; a dose response study, a randomized, participant blinded, placebo-controlled study and a follow-up study. All studies include breast cancer survivors in adjuvant endocrine therapy, and are conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Randers Regional Hospital, Denmark. The first participant was recruited on 16th of February 2023. Primary outcome is vaginal dryness. Secondary subjective outcomes are vaginal pain, itching, soreness, urinary symptoms and sexual function. Secondary objective outcomes are change in vaginal histology (punch biopsy), change in vaginal and urine microbiota, and change in vaginal pH. DISCUSSION More randomized controlled trials, with longer follow-up to explore the optimal treatment regimen and the number of repeat vaginal laser treatments for alleviation the symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause in breast cancer survivors treated with endocrine adjuvant therapy, are needed. This study will be the first to investigate change in vaginal and urine microbiota during vaginal laser therapy in breast cancer survivors. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06007027 (registered 22 August, 2023). PROTOCOL VERSION Version 1, Date 13.11.2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sine Jacobsen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | | | - Anders Bonde Jensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Axel Forman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pinar Bor
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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18
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Schwecht I, Nazli A, Gill B, Kaushic C. Lactic acid enhances vaginal epithelial barrier integrity and ameliorates inflammatory effects of dysbiotic short chain fatty acids and HIV-1. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20065. [PMID: 37973920 PMCID: PMC10654711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The vaginal microenvironment is key in mediating susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections. A polymicrobial environment with reduced Lactobacilllus spp. is characteristic of vaginal dysbiosis, associated with increased production of several short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), vaginal inflammation and an increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition. In contrast, a eubiotic vaginal microbiome (VMB), dominated by Lactobacillus spp. correlates with increased production of lactic acid (LA), an acidic milieu and protection against HIV-1. Vaginal metabolites, specifically LA and SCFAs including butyric, succinic and acetic acids are associated with modulation of HIV-1 risk. We assessed the impact of combined and individual SCFAs and LA on vaginal epithelial cells (VK2) grown in air-liquid interface cultures. Treatment of VK2 cells with eubiotic SCFA + LA mixture showed increased epithelial barrier integrity, reduced FITC dextran leakage and enhanced expression of cell-cell adhesion proteins. Treatment with dysbiotic SCFA + LA mixture diminished epithelial barrier integrity, increased NFκB activation and inflammatory mediators: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES. LA was found to be the primary contributor of the beneficial effects. Eubiotic SCFA + LA mixture ameliorated HIV-1 mediated barrier disruption and HIV-1 leakage, whereas dysbiotic SCFA + LA treatment exacerbated HIV-1 effects. These findings indicate a key role for LA in future prophylactic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Schwecht
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Aisha Nazli
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Biban Gill
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- McMaster Immunology Research Center, Michael G. DeGroote Center for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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19
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Nori SRC, McGuire TK, Lawton EM, McAuliffe FM, Sinderen DV, Walsh CJ, Cotter PD, Feehily C. Profiling of vaginal Lactobacillus jensenii isolated from preterm and full-term pregnancies reveals strain-specific factors relating to host interaction. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 38010361 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Each year, 15 million infants are born preterm (<37 weeks gestation), representing the leading cause of mortality for children under the age of five. Whilst there is no single cause, factors such as maternal genetics, environmental interactions, and the vaginal microbiome have been associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. Previous studies show that a vaginal microbiota dominated by Lactobacillus is, in contrast to communities containing a mixture of genera, associated with full-term birth. However, this binary principle does not fully consider more nuanced interactions between bacterial strains and the host. Here, through a combination of analyses involving genome-sequenced isolates and strain-resolved metagenomics, we identify that L. jensenii strains from preterm pregnancies are phylogenetically distinct from strains from full-term pregnancies. Detailed analysis reveals several genetic signatures that distinguish preterm birth strains, including genes predicted to be involved in cell wall synthesis, and lactate and acetate metabolism. Notably, we identify a distinct gene cluster involved in cell surface protein synthesis in our preterm strains, and profiling the prevalence of this gene cluster in publicly available genomes revealed it to be predominantly present in the preterm-associated clade. This study contributes to the ongoing search for molecular biomarkers linked to preterm birth and opens up new avenues for exploring strain-level variations and mechanisms that may contribute to preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Ravi Chandra Nori
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- SFI Centre for Research Training in Genomics Data Science, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Applied Mathematics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - Fionnuala M McAuliffe
- UCD Perinatal Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Douwe Van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Calum J Walsh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Conor Feehily
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Despot A, Fureš R, Despot AM, Mikuš M, Zlopaša G, D’Amato A, Chiantera V, Serra P, Etrusco A, Laganà AS. Reactive oxygen species within the vaginal space: An additional promoter of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and uterine cervical cancer development? Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230826. [PMID: 37873540 PMCID: PMC10590607 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine cervical intraepithelial abnormalities and cancer development may also depend upon biological problems that arise as a result of complex molecular disturbances within the vaginal space, in addition to the widely known causative effect of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Chronic oxidative stress is a consequence of oxygen reduction in the vaginal space. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals are yet unrecognizable causative agents and are probably very important factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer development. The intermediate compounds of oxygen reduction on these metabolic pathways are superoxide anion (O 2 ˙ - ), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxide ions (OH-), and hydroxyl radical (HO˙). Considering these points, the aim of this work was to summarize how these compounds can damage all molecules, including DNA, of vulnerable metaplastic cervical epithelium. Finally, in some women with a poor immune defense system, ROS alone or accompanied by a high-risk HPV type may promote all levels of CIN and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Despot
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rajko Fureš
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital Zabok, 49210Zabok, Croatia
| | - Ana-Marija Despot
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 1000Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mislav Mikuš
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, 1000Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Zlopaša
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, 1000Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio D’Amato
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Human Oncological Science, University of Bari, 70100Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Chiantera
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127Palermo, Italy
- Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Institute – IRCCS – Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Serra
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Paolo Giaccone” Hospital, 90127Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Etrusco
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127Palermo, Italy
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Paolo Giaccone” Hospital, 90127Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127Palermo, Italy
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Paolo Giaccone” Hospital, 90127Palermo, Italy
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21
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Turner F, Drury J, Hapangama DK, Tempest N. Menstrual Tampons Are Reliable and Acceptable Tools to Self-Collect Vaginal Microbiome Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14121. [PMID: 37762424 PMCID: PMC10531428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many women report embarrassment as the cause for their avoidance of routine gynaecological screening appointments. Methods of self-collection of bio samples would perhaps encourage women to participate in routine screening programs. The vaginal microbiome plays a key role in women's health and reproductive function. Microbial disturbances can result in the loss of lactobacillus dominance, also known as dysbiosis, associated with an increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs), pregnancy complications and infertility. Our primary aim was to determine if vaginal microbiome screening results are comparable between two methods for self-collected sample acquisition: tampons and lower vaginal swabs (LVSs). Secondary aims included the assessment of the effect of pre-analytic storage on the data (to streamline processing), the prevalence of dysbiosis and the acceptability of the tampons to the participants. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in the microbiome data, from tampons versus LVSs or fresh versus frozen samples. The prevalence of dysbiosis in this population of healthy volunteers was 42.9%. The questionnaire data revealed that 52.4% of volunteers use tampons every period, and the majority of volunteers rated the tampons as 5 on a 1-5 Likert scale regarding their perceived comfort using tampons. All (100%) of volunteers were happy to provide a tampon as a sample for testing. The findings from this study show that tampons and LVSs were comparable when analysing the vaginal microbiome, with potential superiority of the tampon with regard to patient acceptability. Self-collection of vaginal secretions for gynaecological screening using tampons warrants further research as this could change the screening landscape, ensuring wider participation and increasing efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Turner
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (F.T.); (J.D.); (D.K.H.)
| | - Josephine Drury
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (F.T.); (J.D.); (D.K.H.)
| | - Dharani K. Hapangama
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (F.T.); (J.D.); (D.K.H.)
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
| | - Nicola Tempest
- Centre for Women’s Health Research, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; (F.T.); (J.D.); (D.K.H.)
- Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
- Hewitt Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Liverpool Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
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22
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Wang Q, Wang P, Yuan M, Zhang M, Zhang S, Sun X, Shang L, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Jiang N, Gao X. Efficacy and mechanism of Baicao Fuyanqing suppository on mixed vaginitis based on 16S rRNA and metabolomics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1166366. [PMID: 37780858 PMCID: PMC10538640 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1166366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mixed vaginitis is the infection of the vagina by at least two different pathogens at the same time, both of which contribute to an abnormal vaginal environment leading to signs and symptoms. Baicao Fuyanqing suppository (BCFYQ) is a Miao ethnomedicine, used to treat various vaginitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and possible mechanism of BCFYQ in the treatment of mixed vaginitis based on 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and metabonomics. Methods Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were used to establish mixed vaginitis model in SD rats. Three groups of low, medium and high doses (0.18/0.36/0.64 g.kg-1) were established, and administered vaginally once a day for 6 consecutive days. After the last administration, vaginal pH and IL-1β, IL-2, IL-13 and IgA levels were measured, and the vaginal tissue was examined pathologically. In addition, the vaginal flora was characterised by 16S rRNA, and endogenous metabolites in the vaginal tissue were detected by UHPLC-Q-Exactive MS. Results Compared with the model group, BCFYQ can reduce the vaginal pH of rats, make it close to the normal group and improve the damaged vaginal epithelial tissue. The results of ELISA showed that BCFYQ decreased the levels of IL-1 β and IL-2 and increased the levels of IL-13 and IgA (P<0.05). In addition, BCFYQ may increase the abundance of vaginal flora, especially Lactobacillus. The differential metabolite enrichment pathway suggests that the therapeutic mechanism of BCFYQ is mainly related to lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Conclusion Our research shows that BCFYQ has a good therapeutic effect on mixed vaginitis. It repairs the damaged vaginal mucosa by regulating the vaginal flora and lipid metabolism disorders to improve the local immune function of the vagina and inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pengjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Minyan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Experimental Animal Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Leyuan Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yanni Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Research and Development Department, Changsheng Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Guizhou, China
| | - Xiuli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Center of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceutical Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Saadaoui M, Singh P, Ortashi O, Al Khodor S. Role of the vaginal microbiome in miscarriage: exploring the relationship. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1232825. [PMID: 37780845 PMCID: PMC10533927 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1232825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Miscarriage is a devastating pregnancy loss that affects many women worldwide. It is characterized as a spontaneous miscarriage that occurs before 20 weeks of gestation which affects more than 25% of pregnancies. While the causes of miscarriage are complex and multifactorial, recent research has suggested a potential role of the vaginal microbiota. The vaginal microbiome is a dynamic ecosystem of microbes that are essential for preserving vaginal health and avoiding infections. Vaginal dysbiosis has been accompanied with numerous adverse pregnancy complications, such as preterm birth. However, the effect of the vaginal microbiome in miscarriage is not fully understood. This review aims to investigate the link between vaginal microbiota and miscarriage. Also, we investigate the various mechanisms through which the vaginal microbiota may affect miscarriage. Additionally, we examine the implications of these research findings, specifically the possibility of vaginal microbiome screening and targeted interventions to prevent miscarriage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parul Singh
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Osman Ortashi
- Women’s Services Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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Lingasamy P, Modhukur V, Mändar R, Salumets A. Exploring Immunome and Microbiome Interplay in Reproductive Health: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Novel Diagnostic Tools. Semin Reprod Med 2023; 41:172-189. [PMID: 38262441 PMCID: PMC10846929 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1778017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The dynamic interplay between the immunome and microbiome in reproductive health is a complex and rapidly advancing research field, holding tremendously vast possibilities for the development of reproductive medicine. This immunome-microbiome relationship influences the innate and adaptive immune responses, thereby affecting the onset and progression of reproductive disorders. However, the mechanisms governing these interactions remain elusive and require innovative approaches to gather more understanding. This comprehensive review examines the current knowledge on reproductive microbiomes across various parts of female reproductive tract, with special consideration of bidirectional interactions between microbiomes and the immune system. Additionally, it explores innate and adaptive immunity, focusing on immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgM antibodies, their regulation, self-antigen tolerance mechanisms, and their roles in immune homeostasis. This review also highlights ongoing technological innovations in microbiota research, emphasizing the need for standardized detection and analysis methods. For instance, we evaluate the clinical utility of innovative technologies such as Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) and Microbial Flow Cytometry coupled to Next-Generation Sequencing (mFLOW-Seq). Despite ongoing advancements, we emphasize the need for further exploration in this field, as a deeper understanding of immunome-microbiome interactions holds promise for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for reproductive health, like infertility treatment and management of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijayachitra Modhukur
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reet Mändar
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Salumets
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Teixeira ADR, Quaresma ADV, Branquinho RT, Santos SLEN, Magalhães JTD, Silva FHRD, Marques MBDF, Moura SALD, Barboza APM, Araújo MGDF, Silva GRD. Miconazole-loaded nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid to treat vulvovaginal candidiasis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106508. [PMID: 37379779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Miconazole-loaded nanoparticles coated with hyaluronic acid (miconazole-loaded nanoparticles/HA) were developed to overcome the limitations of the conventional therapy of the vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). They were synthesized by emulsification and solvent evaporation techniques, characterized by diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, atomic force microscopy (AFM), evaluated in terms of efficacy against C. albicans in vitro, and tested in a murine VVC model. Nanoparticles showed 211nm of diameter with a 0.32 polydispersity index, -53mV of zeta potential, and 90% miconazole encapsulation efficiency. AFM evidenced nanoparticles with a spherical shape. They inhibited the proliferation of C. albicans in vitro and in vivo after a single administration. Nanoparticles released the miconazole directly in the site of action at low therapeutic doses, which was enough to eliminate the fungal burden in the murine VVC model. These systems were rationally designed since the existence of the HA induces their adhesion on the vaginal mucus and their internalization via CD44 receptors, inhibiting the C. albicans. Therefore, miconazole-loaded nanoparticles/HA represent an innovative non-conventional pharmaceutical dosage form to treat the VVC and recurrent VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniely Dos Reis Teixeira
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil
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Vargas-Robles D, Romaguera J, Alvarado-Velez I, Tosado-Rodríguez E, Dominicci-Maura A, Sanchez M, Wiggin KJ, Martinez-Ferrer M, Gilbert JA, Forney LJ, Godoy-Vitorino F. The cervical microbiota of Hispanics living in Puerto Rico is nonoptimal regardless of HPV status. mSystems 2023; 8:e0035723. [PMID: 37534938 PMCID: PMC10469956 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00357-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cervicovaginal microbiota is influenced by host physiology, immunology, lifestyle, and ethnicity. We hypothesized that there would be differences in the cervicovaginal microbiota among pregnant, nonpregnant, and menopausal women living in Puerto Rico (PR) with and without human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer. We specifically wanted to determine if the microbiota is associated with variations in cervical cytology. A total of 294 women, including reproductive-age nonpregnant (N = 196), pregnant (N = 37), and menopausal (N = 61) women, were enrolled. The cervicovaginal bacteria were characterized by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, the HPV was genotyped with SPF10-LiPA, and cervical cytology was quantified. High-risk HPV (HR-HPV, 67.3%) was prevalent, including genotypes not covered by the 9vt HPV vaccine. Cervical lesions (34%) were also common. The cervical microbiota was dominated by Lactobacillus iners. Pregnant women in the second and third trimesters exhibited a decrease in diversity and abundance of microbes associated with bacterial vaginosis. Women in menopause had greater alpha diversity, a greater proportion of facultative and strictly anaerobic bacteria, and higher cervicovaginal pH than premenopausal women. Cervical lesions were associated with greater alpha diversity. However, no significant associations between the microbiota and HPV infection (HR or LR-HPV types) were found. The cervicovaginal microbiota of women living in Puerto Rican were either dominated by L. iners or diverse microbial communities regardless of a woman's physiological stage. We postulate that the microbiota and the high prevalence of HR-HPV increase the risk of cervical lesions among women living in PR. IMPORTANCE In the enclosed manuscript, we provide the first in-depth characterization of the cervicovaginal microbiota of Hispanic women living in Puerto Rico (PR), using a 16S rRNA approach, and include women of different physiological stages. Surprisingly we found that high-risk HPV was ubiquitous with a prevalence of 67.3%, including types not covered by the 9vt HPV vaccine. We also found highly diverse microbial communities across women groups-with a reduction in pregnant women, but dominated by nonoptimal Lactobacillus iners. Additionally, we found vaginosis-associated bacteria as Dialister spp., Gardnerella spp., Clostridium, or Prevotella among most women. We believe this is a relevant and timely article expanding knowledge on the cervicovaginal microbiome of PR women, where we postulate that these highly diverse communities are conducive to cervical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vargas-Robles
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Josefina Romaguera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Ian Alvarado-Velez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Eduardo Tosado-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Anelisse Dominicci-Maura
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Maria Sanchez
- University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Kara J. Wiggin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Jack A. Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Larry J. Forney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Doroftei B, Ilie OD, Armeanu T, Stoian IL, Anton N, Babici RG, Ilea C. A Narrative Review Discussing the Obstetric Repercussions Due to Alterations of Personalized Bacterial Sites Developed within the Vagina, Cervix, and Endometrium. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5069. [PMID: 37568471 PMCID: PMC10419759 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reproductive tract microbiota that evolved as an integrative component has been studied intensively in the last decade. As a result, novel research, clinical opportunities, and perspectives have been derived following the close investigation of this microecological environment. This has paved the way for an update to and improvement of the management strategies and therapeutic approaches. However, obscurities, contradictions, and controversies arise regarding the ascension route from the vagina to the endometrium via the cervix, with finality in adverse obstetric outcomes. METHODS Starting from these considerations, we aimed to gather all existing data and information from four major academic databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and ScienceDirect) published in the last 13 years (2010-2023) using a controlled vocabulary and dedicated terminology to enhance the coverage, identification, and sorting of potentially eligible studies. RESULTS Despite the high number of returned entries (n = 804), only a slight percentage (2.73%) of all manuscripts were deemed eligible following two rounds of evaluation. Cumulatively, a low level of Lactobacillus spp. and of other core microbiota members is mandatory, with a possible eubiosis-to-dysbiosis transition leading to an impairment of metabolic and endocrine network homeostasis. This transposes into a change in the pro-inflammatory landscape and activation of signaling pathways due to activity exerted by the bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs)/endotoxins that further reflect a high risk of miscarriage in various stages. While the presence of some pathogenic entities may be suggestive of an adverse obstetric predisposition, there are still pros and cons of the role of specific strains, as only the vagina and cervix have been targeted as opposed to the endometrium, which recently started to be viewed as the key player in the vagina-cervix-endometrium route. Consequently, based on an individual's profile, diet, and regime, antibiotics and probiotics might be practical or not. CONCLUSIONS Resident bacteria have a dual facet and are beneficial for women's health, but, at the same time, relaying on the abundance, richness, and evenness that are definitory indexes standing as intermediaries of a miscarriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Doroftei
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology “Cuza Voda”, Cuza Voda Street No. 34, 700038 Iasi, Romania
- Origyn Fertility Center, Palace Street No. 3C, 700032 Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Theodora Armeanu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology “Cuza Voda”, Cuza Voda Street No. 34, 700038 Iasi, Romania
- Origyn Fertility Center, Palace Street No. 3C, 700032 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina-Liviana Stoian
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Anton
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ramona-Geanina Babici
- Department of Genetics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ciprian Ilea
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, University Street No. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology “Cuza Voda”, Cuza Voda Street No. 34, 700038 Iasi, Romania
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Lee CY, Diegel J, France MT, Ravel J, Arnold KB. Evaluation of vaginal microbiome equilibrium states identifies microbial parameters linked to resilience after menses and antibiotic therapy. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011295. [PMID: 37566641 PMCID: PMC10446192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The vaginal microbiome (VMB) is a complex microbial community that is closely tied to reproductive health. Optimal VMB communities have compositions that are commonly defined by the dominance of certain Lactobacillus spp. and can remain stable over time or transition to non-optimal states dominated by anaerobic bacteria and associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV). The ability to remain stable or undergo transitions suggests a system with either single (mono-stable) or multiple (multi-stable) equilibrium states, though factors that contribute to stability have been difficult to determine due to heterogeneity in microbial growth characteristics and inter-species interactions. Here, we use a computational model to determine whether differences in microbial growth and interaction parameters could alter equilibrium state accessibility and account for variability in community composition after menses and antibiotic therapies. Using a global uncertainty and sensitivity analysis that captures parameter sets sampled from a physiologically relevant range, model simulations predicted that 79.7% of microbial communities were mono-stable (gravitate to one composition type) and 20.3% were predicted to be multi-stable (can gravitate to more than one composition type, given external perturbations), which was not significantly different from observations in two clinical cohorts (HMP cohort, 75.2% and 24.8%; Gajer cohort, 78.1% and 21.9%, respectively). The model identified key microbial parameters that governed equilibrium state accessibility, such as the importance of non-optimal anaerobic bacteria interactions with Lactobacillus spp., which is largely understudied. Model predictions for composition changes after menses and antibiotics were not significantly different from those observed in clinical cohorts. Lastly, simulations were performed to illustrate how this quantitative framework can be used to gain insight into the development of new combinatorial therapies involving altered prebiotic and antibiotic dosing strategies. Altogether, dynamical models could guide development of more precise therapeutic strategies to manage BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Y. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jenna Diegel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael T. France
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Navarro S, Abla H, Delgado B, Colmer-Hamood JA, Ventolini G, Hamood AN. Glycogen availability and pH variation in a medium simulating vaginal fluid influence the growth of vaginal Lactobacillus species and Gardnerella vaginalis. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:186. [PMID: 37442975 PMCID: PMC10339506 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen metabolism by Lactobacillus spp. that dominate the healthy vaginal microbiome contributes to a low vaginal pH (3.5-4.5). During bacterial vaginosis (BV), strict and facultative anaerobes including Gardnerella vaginalis become predominant, leading to an increase in the vaginal pH (> 4.5). BV enhances the risk of obstetrical complications, acquisition of sexually transmitted infections, and cervical cancer. Factors critical for the maintenance of the healthy vaginal microbiome or the transition to the BV microbiome are not well defined. Vaginal pH may affect glycogen metabolism by the vaginal microflora, thus influencing the shift in the vaginal microbiome. RESULTS The medium simulating vaginal fluid (MSVF) supported growth of L. jensenii 62G, L. gasseri 63 AM, and L. crispatus JV-V01, and G. vaginalis JCP8151A at specific initial pH conditions for 30 d. L. jensenii at all three starting pH levels (pH 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0), G. vaginalis at pH 4.5 and 5.0, and L. gasseri at pH 5.0 exhibited the long-term stationary phase when grown in MSVF. L. gasseri at pH 4.5 and L. crispatus at pH 5.0 displayed an extended lag phase over 30 d suggesting inefficient glycogen metabolism. Glycogen was essential for the growth of L. jensenii, L. crispatus, and G. vaginalis; only L. gasseri was able to survive in MSVF without glycogen, and only at pH 5.0, where it used glucose. All four species were able to survive for 15 d in MSVF with half the glycogen content but only at specific starting pH levels - pH 4.5 and 5.0 for L. jensenii, L. gasseri, and G. vaginalis and pH 5.0 for L. crispatus. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that variations in the vaginal pH critically influence the colonization of the vaginal tract by lactobacilli and G. vaginalis JCP8151A by affecting their ability to metabolize glycogen. Further, we found that L. jensenii 62G is capable of glycogen metabolism over a broader pH range (4.0-5.0) while L. crispatus JV-V01 glycogen utilization is pH sensitive (only functional at pH 5.0). Finally, our results showed that G. vaginalis JCP8151A can colonize the vaginal tract for an extended period as long as the pH remains at 4.5 or above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephany Navarro
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Habib Abla
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Betsaida Delgado
- Honors College, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX USA
- Woody L. Hunt School of Dental Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Jane A. Colmer-Hamood
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
- Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Gary Ventolini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Permian Basin, Odessa, TX USA
| | - Abdul N. Hamood
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX USA
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Baud A, Hillion KH, Plainvert C, Tessier V, Tazi A, Mandelbrot L, Poyart C, Kennedy SP. Microbial diversity in the vaginal microbiota and its link to pregnancy outcomes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9061. [PMID: 37271782 PMCID: PMC10239749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vaginal microbiota refers to the microorganisms that reside in the vagina. These microorganisms contribute significantly to a woman's reproductive and general health. A healthy vaginal microbiota is typically a low-diversity environment with a predominance of lactic acid-producing Lactobacillus species. Factors such as antibiotic use, sexual activity, and hormonal changes can disrupt the balance of the vaginal microbiota, leading to conditions such as bacterial vaginosis. The composition of the vaginal microbiota changes and takes on added importance during pregnancy, serving as a barrier against infection for both mother and fetus. Despite the importance of the microorganisms that colonize the vagina, details of how changes in composition and diversity can impact pregnancy outcomes is poorly understood. This is especially true for woman with a high prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis. Here we report on a diverse cohort of 749 women, enrolled in the InSPIRe cohort, during their final trimester of pregnancy. We show that Lactobacilli, including L. crispatus are important in maintaining low diversity, and that depletion in this critical community is linked with preterm delivery. We further demonstrate that it is overall diversity of the vaginal microbiota, not specific species, which provides the best indicator of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Baud
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Département de biologie computationnelle, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Kenzo-Hugo Hillion
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Département de biologie computationnelle, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Céline Plainvert
- AP-HP Centre-Université Paris Cité, FHU PREMA, Centre national de référence des streptocoques, Paris, France
| | | | - Asmaa Tazi
- AP-HP Centre-Université Paris Cité, FHU PREMA, Centre national de référence des streptocoques, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Mandelbrot
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, AP-HP, Université de PARIS, IAME INSERM U1137, Paris, France
| | - Claire Poyart
- AP-HP Centre-Université Paris Cité, FHU PREMA, Centre national de référence des streptocoques, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, Institut Cochin 1016, Paris, France
| | - Sean P Kennedy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Département de biologie computationnelle, F-75015, Paris, France.
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31
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Kumar L, Dwivedi M, Jain N, Shete P, Solanki S, Gupta R, Jain A. The Female Reproductive Tract Microbiota: Friends and Foe. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1313. [PMID: 37374096 DOI: 10.3390/life13061313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We do not seem to be the only owner of our body; it houses a large population of microorganisms. Through countless years of coevolution, microbes and hosts have developed complex relationships. In the past few years, the impact of microbial communities on their host has received significant attention. Advanced molecular sequencing techniques have revealed a remarkable diversity of the organ-specific microbiota populations, including in the reproductive tract. Currently, the goal of researchers has shifted to generate and perceive the molecular data of those hidden travelers of our body and harness them for the betterment of human health. Recently, microbial communities of the lower and upper reproductive tract and their correlation with the implication in reproductive health and disease have been extensively studied. Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors influences the female reproductive tract microbiota (FRTM) that directly affects the reproductive health. It is now believed that FRTM dominated by Lactobacilli may play an essential role in obstetric health beyond the woman's intimate comfort and well-being. Women with altered microbiota may face numerous health-related issues. Altered microbiota can be manipulated and restored to their original shape to re-establish normal reproductive health. The aim of the present review is to summarize the FRTM functional aspects that influence reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Kumar
- Genus Breeding India Pvt Ltd., Pune 411005, Maharashtra, India
| | - Monika Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Natasha Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pranali Shete
- Department of Microbiology, Smt. CHM College, University of Mumbai, Ulhasnagar 421003, Maharashtra, India
| | - Subhash Solanki
- Genus Breeding India Pvt Ltd., Pune 411005, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Genus Breeding India Pvt Ltd., Pune 411005, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashish Jain
- Department of Microbiology, Smt. CHM College, University of Mumbai, Ulhasnagar 421003, Maharashtra, India
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32
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Abbe C, Mitchell CM. Bacterial vaginosis: a review of approaches to treatment and prevention. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2023; 5:1100029. [PMID: 37325243 PMCID: PMC10264601 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2023.1100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common cause of vaginitis worldwide and is associated with serious reproductive health outcomes, including increased risk of preterm birth, sexually transmitted infections, and pelvic inflammatory disease. The current and only FDA-approved treatment regimens for BV are antibiotics, such as metronidazole and clindamycin. Antibiotics provide a short-term cure for bacterial vaginosis; however, fail to provide a consistent long-term cure for many women. Fifty to eighty percent of women experience a BV recurrence within a year of completing antibiotic treatment. This may be because after antibiotic treatment, beneficial strains of Lactobacillus, such as L. crispatus, do not recolonize the vagina. In the absence of an effective long-term cure, patients, providers, and researchers are exploring different approaches to treatment and prevention, resulting in a rapid evolution of perspectives on BV pathogenesis and approaches to management. Current areas of investigation for BV management include probiotics, vaginal microbiome transplantation, pH modulation, and biofilm disruption. Behavioral modifications that may help include smoking cessation, condom use and hormonal contraception. Additional strategies considered by many people include dietary modification, non-medical vaginally applied products, choice of lubricant, and treatments from medical practices outside of allopathic medicine. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and up to date outline of the landscape of ongoing and potential treatment and prevention strategies for BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Abbe
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Caroline M. Mitchell
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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33
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Tuniyazi M, Zhang N. Possible Therapeutic Mechanisms and Future Perspectives of Vaginal Microbiota Transplantation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1427. [PMID: 37374929 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities inhabiting the human body play a crucial role in protecting the host against pathogens and inflammation. Disruptions to the microbial composition can lead to various health issues. Microbial transfer therapy (MTT) has emerged as a potential treatment option to address such issues. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the most widely used form of MTT and has been successful in treating several diseases. Another form of MTT is vaginal microbiota transplantation (VMT), which involves transferring vaginal microbiota from a healthy female donor to a diseased patient's vaginal cavity with the goal of restoring normal vaginal microbial composition. However, VMT has not been extensively studied due to safety concerns and a lack of research. This paper explores the therapeutic mechanisms of VMT and discusses future perspectives. Further research is necessary to advance the clinical applications and techniques of VMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimaiti Tuniyazi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Naisheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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34
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Miko E, Barakonyi A. The Role of Hydrogen-Peroxide (H 2O 2) Produced by Vaginal Microbiota in Female Reproductive Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051055. [PMID: 37237921 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Female reproductive health is strongly associated with healthy vaginal microbiota, which is thought to be ensured by the dominance of certain Lactobacillus species. Lactobacilli control the vaginal microenvironment through several factors and mechanisms. One of them is their ability to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The role of Lactobacillus-derived H2O2 in the vaginal microbial community has been intensively investigated in several studies with many designs. However, results and data are controversial and challenging to interpret in vivo. Defining the underlying mechanisms responsible for a physiological vaginal ecosystem is crucial since it could directly affect probiotic treatment attempts. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the topic, focusing on probiotic treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Miko
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, 20 Ifjusag Street, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Aliz Barakonyi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti Street, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, 20 Ifjusag Street, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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35
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Gaziano R, Sabbatini S, Monari C. The Interplay between Candida albicans, Vaginal Mucosa, Host Immunity and Resident Microbiota in Health and Disease: An Overview and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1211. [PMID: 37317186 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), which is primarily caused by Candida albicans, is an infection that affects up to 75% of all reproductive-age women worldwide. Recurrent VVC (RVVC) is defined as >3 episodes per year and affects nearly 8% of women globally. At mucosal sites of the vagina, a delicate and complex balance exists between Candida spp., host immunity and local microbial communities. In fact, both immune response and microbiota composition play a central role in counteracting overgrowth of the fungus and maintaining homeostasis in the host. If this balance is perturbed, the conditions may favor C. albicans overgrowth and the yeast-to-hyphal transition, predisposing the host to VVC. To date, the factors that affect the equilibrium between Candida spp. and the host and drive the transition from C. albicans commensalism to pathogenicity are not yet fully understood. Understanding the host- and fungus-related factors that drive VVC pathogenesis is of paramount importance for the development of adequate therapeutic interventions to combat this common genital infection. This review focuses on the latest advances in the pathogenic mechanisms implicated in the onset of VVC and also discusses novel potential strategies, with a special focus on the use of probiotics and vaginal microbiota transplantation in the treatment and/or prevention of recurrent VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Gaziano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Samuele Sabbatini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Monari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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36
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Čeprnja M, Hadžić E, Oros D, Melvan E, Starcevic A, Zucko J. Current Viewpoint on Female Urogenital Microbiome-The Cause or the Consequence? Microorganisms 2023; 11:1207. [PMID: 37317181 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing amount of evidence implies that native microbiota is a constituent part of a healthy urinary tract (UT), making it an ecosystem on its own. What is still not clear is whether the origin of the urinary microbial community is the indirect consequence of the more abundant gut microbiota or a more distinct separation exists between these two systems. Another area of uncertainty is the existence of a link between the shifts in UT microbial composition and both the onset and persistence of cystitis symptoms. Cystitis is one of the most common reasons for antimicrobial drugs prescriptions in primary and secondary care and an important contributor to the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Despite this fact, we still have trouble distinguishing whether the primary cause of the majority of cystitis cases is a single pathogen overgrowth or a systemic disorder affecting the entire urinary microbiota. There is an increasing trend in studies monitoring changes and dynamics of UT microbiota, but this field of research is still in its infancy. Using NGS and bioinformatics, it is possible to obtain microbiota taxonomic profiles directly from urine samples, which can provide a window into microbial diversity (or the lack of) underlying each patient's cystitis symptoms. However, while microbiota refers to the living collection of microorganisms, an interchangeably used term microbiome referring to the genetic material of the microbiota is more often used in conjunction with sequencing data. It is this vast amount of sequences, which are truly "Big Data", that allow us to create models that describe interactions between different species contributing to an UT ecosystem, when coupled with machine-learning techniques. Although in a simplified predator-prey form these multi-species interaction models have the potential to further validate or disprove current beliefs; whether it is the presence or the absence of particular key players in a UT microbial ecosystem, the exact cause or consequence of the otherwise unknown etiology in the majority of cystitis cases. These insights might prove to be vital in our ongoing struggle against pathogen resistance and offer us new and promising clinical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Čeprnja
- Biochemical Laboratory, Special Hospital Agram, Polyclinic Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Edin Hadžić
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Damir Oros
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ena Melvan
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Antonio Starcevic
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jurica Zucko
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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37
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Yu HR, Tsai CC, Chan JYH, Lee WC, Wu KLH, Tain YL, Hsu TY, Cheng HH, Huang HC, Huang CH, Pan WH, Yeh YT. A Higher Abundance of Actinomyces spp. in the Gut Is Associated with Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1171. [PMID: 37317145 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is a major challenge in pregnancy worldwide. Prematurity is the leading cause of death in infants and may result in severe complications. Nearly half of preterm births are spontaneous, but do not have recognizable causes. This study investigated whether the maternal gut microbiome and associated functional pathways might play a key role in spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Two hundred eleven women carrying singleton pregnancies were enrolled in this mother-child cohort study. Fecal samples were freshly collected at 24-28 weeks of gestation before delivery, and the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was sequenced. Microbial diversity and composition, core microbiome, and associated functional pathways were then statistically analyzed. Demographic characteristics were collected using records from the Medical Birth Registry and questionnaires. The result showed that the gut microbiome of mothers with over-weight (BMI ≥ 24) before pregnancy have lower alpha diversity than those with normal BMI before pregnancy. A higher abundance of Actinomyces spp. was filtered out from the Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe), Spearman correlation, and random forest model, and was inversely correlated with gestational age in sPTB. The multivariate regression model showed that the odds ratio of premature delivery was 3.274 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.349; p = 0.010] in the group with over-weight before pregnancy with a cutoff Hit% > 0.022 for Actinomyces spp. The enrichment of Actinomyces spp. was negatively correlated with glycan biosynthesis and metabolism in sPTB by prediction from the Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) platform. Maternal gut microbiota showing a lower alpha diversity, increased abundance of Actinomyces spp., and dysregulated glycan metabolism may be associated with sPTB risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chang Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Julie Y H Chan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chia Lee
- Division of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Kay L H Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Te-Yao Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsin Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chun Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsieh Huang
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung 83130, Taiwan
- Aging and Disease Prevention Research Center, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83130, Taiwan
- BioMed Analysis Center, Fooyin University Hospital, Pingtung 92847, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83130, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Tsung Yeh
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung 83130, Taiwan
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38
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Novak J, Ferreira CST, Golim MA, Silva MG, Marconi C. Covariates of vaginal microbiota and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in women of reproductive age. Benef Microbes 2023; 14:131-142. [PMID: 37026365 DOI: 10.3920/bm2022.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the correlation between covariates of the vaginal microbiota and local levels of proinflammatory cytokines in women of reproductive age presenting four molecularly defined bacterial community-state types (CSTs). We enrolled 133 non-pregnant women who attended primary care health clinics for routine Pap-testing. Molecular profiling of vaginal microbiota was performed by V3-V4 16S rRNA sequencing. The covariates of vaginal microbiota included were: vaginal pH, total bacterial cell count, diversity (Shannon index), -richness and dominant taxa abundances. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in supernatants of cervicovaginal fluids. Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare microbiota covariates and cytokines among different CSTs. Spearman's tests were performed to assess correlations across the measured parameters. A total of 96 (72.2%) participants had CSTs dominated by Lactobacillus spp. (Lactobacillus crispatus CST I, n=38; Lactobacillus gasseri CST II, n=20; and Lactobacillus iners CST III, n=38). A total of 37 (27.8%) presented the Lactobacillus-depleted CST IV. Total bacterial count was higher in CST II (1.29E+05, 3.40E+04-6.69E+05) compared to other Lactobacillus-dominated CSTs (p=0.0003). The highest values of microbiota diversity (1.85; 0.23-2.68) and richness (27.0; 5.0-37.0) were observed in CST IV (P<0.0001). Lower levels of IL-1β were observed in CST I (5.4; 0.0-3,256) when compared to CST III (51.7; 0.0-2,616) and to CST IV (56.2; 0.0-3,407) (P=0.008). Levels of IL-6 were higher in CST II (4.13; 0-131.4) than in CST IV (0.0-58.27) (P=0.02). Correlation tests showed an overall distinct profile of CST II when compared to other Lactobacillusdominated CSTs, particularly regarding the correlation between total bacterial load and cytokines (r>0.39). In conclusion, this study provides evidence of a single pro-inflammatory signature of L. gasseri-dominated microbiota in response to bacterial load. Further studies evaluating a broader range of inflammation markers are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Novak
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - C S T Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - M A Golim
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Center Blood, Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - M G Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu-SP, Brazil
| | - C Marconi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, 18618-970 Botucatu-SP, Brazil
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Department of Basic Pathology, Av. Cel. Francisco H. dos Santos, 100 - Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, PR 81531-980, Brazil
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39
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Pedro NA, Fontebasso G, Pinto SN, Alves M, Mira NP. Acetate modulates the inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus gasseri against the pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2023; 10:88-102. [PMID: 37009625 PMCID: PMC10054710 DOI: 10.15698/mic2023.04.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of the interference prompted by commensal bacteria over fungal pathogens is an interesting alternative to develop new therapies. In this work we scrutinized how the presence of the poorly studied vaginal species Lactobacillus gasseri affects relevant pathophysiological traits of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. L. gasseri was found to form mixed biofilms with C. albicans and C. glabrata resulting in pronounced death of the yeast cells, while bacterial viability was not affected. Reduced viability of the two yeasts was also observed upon co-cultivation with L. gasseri under planktonic conditions. Either in planktonic cultures or in biofilms, the anti-Candida effect of L. gasseri was augmented by acetate in a concentration-dependent manner. During planktonic co-cultivation the two Candida species counteracted the acidification prompted by L. gasseri thus impacting the balance between dissociated and undissociated organic acids. This feature couldn't be phenocopied in single-cultures of L. gasseri resulting in a broth enriched in acetic acid, while in the co-culture the non-toxic acetate prevailed. Altogether the results herein described advance the design of new anti-Candida therapies based on probiotics, in particular, those based on vaginal lactobacilli species, helping to reduce the significant burden that infections caused by Candida have today in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno A. Pedro
- iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico – Department of Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Fontebasso
- iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico – Department of Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra N. Pinto
- iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico – Department of Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Alves
- CQE-Centro Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno P. Mira
- iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico – Department of Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- * Corresponding Author: Nuno P Mira, Instituto Superior Técnico, Department of Bioengineering, University of Lisbon, Portugal; E-mail:
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Xiao L, Zhao F. Microbial transmission, colonisation and succession: from pregnancy to infancy. Gut 2023; 72:772-786. [PMID: 36720630 PMCID: PMC10086306 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome has been proven to be associated with many diseases and has been used as a biomarker and target in disease prevention and intervention. Currently, the vital role of the microbiome in pregnant women and newborns is increasingly emphasised. In this review, we discuss the interplay of the microbiome and the corresponding immune mechanism between mothers and their offspring during the perinatal period. We aim to present a comprehensive picture of microbial transmission and potential immune imprinting before and after delivery. In addition, we discuss the possibility of in utero microbial colonisation during pregnancy, which has been highly debated in recent studies, and highlight the importance of the microbiome in infant development during the first 3 years of life. This holistic view of the role of the microbial interplay between mothers and infants will refine our current understanding of pregnancy complications as well as diseases in early life and will greatly facilitate the microbiome-based prenatal diagnosis and treatment of mother-infant-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Xiao
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangqing Zhao
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of System Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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Holm JB, France MT, Gajer P, Ma B, Brotman RM, Shardell M, Forney L, Ravel J. High-resolution functional description of vaginal microbiomes in health and disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.24.533147. [PMID: 36993583 PMCID: PMC10055360 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.24.533147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Background A Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiome provides the first line of defense against numerous adverse genital tract health outcomes. However, there is limited understanding of the mechanisms by which the vaginal microbiome modulates protection, as prior work mostly described its composition through morphologic assessment and marker gene sequencing methods that do not capture functional information. To address this limitation, we developed metagenomic community state types (mgCSTs) which uses metagenomic sequences to describe and define vaginal microbiomes based on both composition and function. Results MgCSTs are categories of microbiomes classified using taxonomy and the functional potential encoded in their metagenomes. MgCSTs reflect unique combinations of metagenomic subspecies (mgSs), which are assemblages of bacterial strains of the same species, within a microbiome. We demonstrate that mgCSTs are associated with demographics such as age and race, as well as vaginal pH and Gram stain assessment of vaginal smears. Importantly, these associations varied between mgCSTs predominated by the same bacterial species. A subset of mgCSTs, including three of the six predominated by Gardnerella mgSs, as well as a mgSs of L. iners, were associated with a greater likelihood of Amsel bacterial vaginosis diagnosis. This L. iners mgSs, among other functional features, encoded enhanced genetic capabilities for epithelial cell attachment that could facilitate cytotoxin-mediated cell lysis. Finally, we report a mgSs and mgCST classifier as an easily applied, standardized method for use by the microbiome research community. Conclusions MgCSTs are a novel and easily implemented approach to reducing the dimension of complex metagenomic datasets, while maintaining their functional uniqueness. MgCSTs enable investigation of multiple strains of the same species and the functional diversity in that species. Future investigations of functional diversity may be key to unraveling the pathways by which the vaginal microbiome modulates protection to the genital tract. Importantly, our findings support the hypothesis that functional differences between vaginal microbiomes, including those that may look compositionally similar, are critical considerations in vaginal health. Ultimately, mgCSTs may lead to novel hypotheses concerning the role of the vaginal microbiome in promoting health and disease, and identify targets for novel prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies to improve women's genital health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B. Holm
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael T. France
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pawel Gajer
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bing Ma
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Brotman
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Shardell
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Larry Forney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Pendharkar S, Skafte-Holm A, Simsek G, Haahr T. Lactobacilli and Their Probiotic Effects in the Vagina of Reproductive Age Women. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030636. [PMID: 36985210 PMCID: PMC10056154 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present narrative review, the probiotic effects of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. are described in detail, covering the importance of the differential production of lactic acid, the lactic acid D/L isoforms, the questionable in vivo effect of hydrogen peroxide, as well as bacteriocins and other core proteins produced by vaginal Lactobacillus spp. Moreover, the microbe–host interaction is explained with emphasis on the vaginal mucosa. To understand the crucial role of Lactobacillus spp. dominance in the vaginal microbiota, different dysbiotic states of the vagina are explained including bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis. Finally, this review takes on the therapeutic aspect of live lactobacilli in the context of bacterial vaginosis. Until recently, there was very low-quality evidence to suggest that any probiotic might aid in reducing vaginal infections or dysbiosis. Therefore, clinical usage or over the counter usage of probiotics was not recommended. However, recent progress has been made, moving from probiotics that are typically regulated as food supplements to so-called live biotherapeutic products that are regulated as medical drugs. Thus, recently, a phase 2b trial using a Lactobacillus crispatus strain as a therapeutic add-on to standard metronidazole showed significant reduction in the recurrence of bacterial vaginosis by 12 weeks compared to placebo. This may constitute evidence for a brighter future where the therapeutic use of lactobacilli can be harnessed to improve women’s health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Axel Skafte-Holm
- Research Unit for Reproductive Microbiology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gizem Simsek
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thor Haahr
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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Hashiramoto S, Kinjo T, Tanaka SE, Arai W, Shimada M, Ashikawa K, Sakuraba Y, Yuji O, Yara N, Kinjyo Y, Chinen Y, Nagai Y, Mekaru K, Aoki Y. Vaginal Microbiota and Pregnancy Outcomes of Patients with Conization Histories. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2023; 32:375-384. [PMID: 36720074 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2022.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: One of the major risks of preterm birth is a history of conization. However, the risk of infection due to this procedure is still not well known. Using next-generation sequencing, we aimed to reveal the influence of conization on vaginal microbiota in the following pregnancy, and their relationship between spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study including 133 pregnant patients, of whom 25 had conization histories and 108 did not. Vaginal microbiome samples were collected using swabs by an obstetrician upon inclusion in the first trimester and during delivery. V1-V2 of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified and analyzed to identify the bacteria. Results: The conization group had a significantly lower delivery week (34 weeks vs. 36 weeks, p = 0.003) and higher sPTB rate (64% vs. 8.3%, p ≤ 0.001) than the control group. In the conization group, alpha (Chao 1, p = 0.02; phylogenetic diversity whole tree, p = 0.04) and beta diversity (permutational multivariate analysis of variance test, p = 0.04) of the vaginal microbiota was significantly higher during delivery in patients who delivered preterm than in those who delivered term. Community-state type IV in the first trimester was significantly associated with sPTB (overall odds ratio 3.80, 95% confidence interval 1.33-10.8, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Conization is a risk factor for sPTB. Increased risk of sPTB in patients after conization may belong to the vulnerable defense mechanism, due to the shortened cervix and decreased cervical mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hashiramoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Tadatsugu Kinjo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Oki Yuji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Nana Yara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yoshino Kinjyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yukiko Chinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nagai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okinawa Prefectural Nanbu Medical Center & Children's Medical Center, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Mekaru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Das S, Bhattacharjee MJ, Mukherjee AK, Khan MR. Recent advances in understanding of multifaceted changes in the vaginal microenvironment: implications in vaginal health and therapeutics. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:256-282. [PMID: 35312419 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2049696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The vagina endures multifaceted changes from neonatal to menopausal phases due to hormonal flux, metabolite deposition, and microbial colonization. These features have important implications in women's health. Several pre-factors show dynamic characteristics according to the phases that shift the vaginal microbiota from anaerobes to aerobes which is a hallmark of healthy vaginal environment. These factors include oestrogen levels, glycogen deposition, and vaginal microstructure. In the adult phase, Lactobacillus is highly dominant and regulates pH, adherence, aggregation, immune modulation, synthesis of bacteriocins, and biosurfactants (BSs) which are antagonistic to pathogens. Maternal factors are protective by favouring the colonization of lactobacilli in the vagina in the neonatal phase, which diminishes with age. The dominance of lactobacilli and dysbiosis in the adult phase depends on intrinsic and extrinsic factors in women, which vary between ethnicities. Recent developments in probiotics used against vaginal microbiome dysbiosis have shown great promise in restoring the normal microbiota including preventing the loss of beneficial bacteria. However, further in-depth studies are warranted to ensure long-term protection by probiotics. This review highlights various aspects of the vaginal microenvironment in different phases of growth and diverse ethnicities. Furthermore, it discusses future trends for formulating more effective population-specific probiotics and implications of paraprobiotics and postbiotics as effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Das
- Division of Life Science, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, India
| | | | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Division of Life Science, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, India.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Mojibur Rohman Khan
- Division of Life Science, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, India
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Influence of Hormonal Contraceptive Use and HIV on Cervicovaginal Cytokines and Microbiota in Malawi. mSphere 2023; 8:e0058522. [PMID: 36622252 PMCID: PMC9942570 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00585-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Important questions remain on how hormonal contraceptives alter the local immune environment and the microbiota in the female genital tract and how such effects may impact susceptibility to HIV infection. We leveraged samples from a previously conducted clinical trial of Malawian women with (n = 73) and without (n = 24) HIV infection randomized to depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) or the levonogestrel implant in equal numbers within each group and determined the effects of these hormonal contraceptives (HCs) on the vaginal immune milieu and the composition of the vaginal microbiota. Longitudinal data for soluble immune mediators, measured by multiplex bead arrays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and vaginal microbiota, assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon, were collected prior to and over a period of 180 days post-HC initiation. DMPA and levonogestrel had only minimal effects on the vaginal immune milieu and microbiota. In women with HIV, with the caveat of a small sample size, there was an association between the median log10 change in the interleukin-12 (IL-12)/IL-10 ratio in vaginal fluid at day 180 post-HC compared to baseline when these women were classified as having a community state type (CST) IV vaginal microbiota and were randomized to DMPA. Long-lasting alterations in soluble immune markers or shifts in microbiota composition were not observed. Furthermore, women with HIV did not exhibit increased viral shedding in the genital tract after HC initiation. Consistent with the results of the ECHO (Evidence for Contraceptive Options and HIV Outcomes) trial, our data imply that the progestin-based HC DMPA and levonorgestrel are associated with minimal risk for women with HIV. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT02103660). IMPORTANCE The results of the Evidence for Contraceptive Options and HIV Outcomes (ECHO) trial, the first large randomized controlled clinical trial comparing the HIV acquisition risk of women receiving DMPA, the levonorgestrel (LNG) implant, or the copper intrauterine device (IUD), did not reveal an increased risk of HIV acquisition for women on any of these three contraceptives. Our study results confirm that the two different progestin-based hormonal contraceptives DMPA and levonogestrel will not increase the risk for HIV infection. Furthermore, DMPA and levonogestrel have only minimal effects on the immune milieu and the microbiota in the vaginal tract, attesting to the safety of these hormonal contraceptives.
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Ault-Seay TB, Moorey SE, Mathew DJ, Schrick FN, Pohler KG, McLean KJ, Myer PR. Importance of the female reproductive tract microbiome and its relationship with the uterine environment for health and productivity in cattle: A review. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2023.1111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Once thought to be sterile, the reproductive tract microbiome has been characterized due to the transition from culture-dependent identification of bacteria to culture-independent sequencing methods. The urogenital microbiome was first identified in women through the Human Microbiome Project, which led to research in other species such as the bovine. Previous research focused on uterine bacteria associated with postpartum disease, but next generation sequencing methods identified a normal, healthy bacterial community of the reproductive tract of cows and heifers. Bacterial communities are now understood to differ between the uterus and vagina, and throughout the estrous cycle with changes in hormone dominance. In a healthy state, the bacterial communities largely interact with the uterine environment by assisting in maintaining the proper pH, providing and utilizing nutrients and metabolites, and influencing the immunological responses of the reproductive tract. If the bacterial communities become unbalanced due to an increase in potentially pathogenic bacteria, the health and fertility of the host may be affected. Although the presence of a reproductive tract microbiome has become widely accepted, the existence of a placental microbiome and in utero colonization of the fetus is still a popular debate due to conflicting study results. Currently, researchers are evaluating methods to manipulate the reproductive bacterial communities, such as diet changes and utilizing probiotics, to improve reproductive outcomes. The following review discusses the current understanding of the reproductive tract microbiome, how it differs between humans and cattle, and its relationship with the uterine environment.
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47
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Handa VL, Brotman RM, Ravel J, Tuddenham S. Does Bacterial Vaginosis Contribute to Urinary Tract Infection? Curr Infect Dis Rep 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-022-00795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Mashatan N, Heidari R, Altafi M, Amini A, Ommati MM, Hashemzaei M. Probiotics in vaginal health. Pathog Dis 2023; 81:ftad012. [PMID: 37286796 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis, a type of vaginal inflammation, can be considered the main reason for abnormal discharges of the vagina and vaginal dysbiosis during reproductive years. Epidemiological investigations of females suffering from vaginitis demonstrated that at least 30% to 50% of all women had Bacterial vaginosis (BV). One of the fields of treatment is the use of probiotics, probiotics are commonly defined as viable microorganisms (yeasts or bacteria) that can positively affect the health of their hosts. They are used in foods, notably fermented milk products, and medicine-related products. The development of new probiotic strains is aimed at more active advantageous organisms. Lactobacillus species are the dominant bacteria in a normal vagina that can decrease the pH of the vagina by the production of lactic acid. A number of lactobacilli types can produce hydrogen peroxide as well. The presence of hydrogen peroxide-induced low pH can prevent the growth of several other microorganisms. The vaginal flora of BV cases can modify by replacing the Lactobacillus species with a high density of anaerobic bacteria (i.e. Mobiluncus sp. Bacteroides sp.), Mycoplasma hominis, and Gardnerella vaginalis. More vaginal infections are treated with medications, while there is a possibility of recurrence and chronic infection because of the adverse effects on the indigenous lactobacilli. Probiotics and prebiotics have shown capacities for optimizing, maintaining, and restoring the vaginal microflora. Therefore, biotherapeutics can offer alternative approaches to reduce infections of the vagina and thus promote consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Mashatan
- Graduated, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Mana Altafi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Shiraz Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Amini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Masoud Hashemzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
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Barron AJ, Lesperance DNA, Doucette J, Calle S, Broderick NA. Microbiome derived acidity protects against microbial invasion in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.12.523836. [PMID: 36711873 PMCID: PMC9882140 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.12.523836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial invasions underlie host-microbe interactions that result in microbial pathogenesis and probiotic colonization. While these processes are of broad interest, there are still gaps in our understanding of the barriers to entry and how some microbes overcome them. In this study, we explore the effects of the microbiome on invasions of foreign microbes in Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate that gut microbes Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Acetobacter tropicalis improve survival during invasion of a lethal gut pathogen and lead to a reduction in microbial burden. Using a novel multi-organism interactions assay, we report that L. plantarum inhibits the growth of three invasive Gram-negative bacteria, while A. tropicalis prevents this inhibition. A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that inhibition by L. plantarum is linked to its ability to acidify both internal and external environments, including culture media, fly food, and the gut itself, while A. tropicalis diminishes the inhibition by quenching acids. We propose that acid produced by the microbiome serves as an important gatekeeper to microbial invasions, as only microbes capable of tolerating acidic environments can colonize the host. The methods described herein will add to the growing breadth of tools to study microbe-microbe interactions in broad contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Barron
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 U.S.A
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 U.S.A
| | - Danielle N. A. Lesperance
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 U.S.A
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 U.S.A
| | - Jeremy Doucette
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 U.S.A
| | - Sthefany Calle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 U.S.A
| | - Nichole A. Broderick
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 U.S.A
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 U.S.A
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50
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Immunomodulation of the Vaginal Ecosystem by Ligilactobacillus salivarius CECT 30632 Improves Pregnancy Rates among Women with Infertility of Unknown Origin or Habitual Abortions. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020362. [PMID: 36678233 PMCID: PMC9860997 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the probiotic potential of Ligilactobacillus salivarius CECT 30632 was assessed, including properties specifically related with gynecological targets. This strain displayed co-aggregative and antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of vaginal pathogens while being respectful with the growth of vaginal lactobacilli. The strain produced a high concentration of lactic acid and displayed α-amylase activity when assayed in vitro. It showed a noticeable survival rate after exposition to conditions similar to those present in the human digestive tract and was adhesive to both vaginal and intestinal cells. Subsequently, their capacity to increase pregnancy rates among women with habitual abortion or infertility of unknown origin was studied. Administration of L. salivarius CECT 30632 (~9 log10 CFU) daily for a maximum of six months to these women was safe and led to a successful pregnancy rate of 67.5% (80% and 55% for women with repetitive abortion and infertile women, respectively). Significant differences in Nugent score, vaginal pH, and vaginal concentrations of lactobacilli, TGF-β, and VEFG were observed when the samples collected before the intervention were compared with those collected after the treatment among those women who got pregnant. Therefore, this strain can modulate the vaginal ecosystem and lead to better fertility outcomes.
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