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Wang D, Chen Y, Li J, Wu E, Tang T, Singla RK, Shen B, Zhang M. Natural products for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155522. [PMID: 38820665 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic retinal disease that significantly influences the vision of the elderly. PURPOSE There is no effective treatment and prevention method. The pathogenic process behind AMD is complex, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and neovascularization. It has been demonstrated that several natural products can be used to manage AMD, but systematic summaries are lacking. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched using the keywords "Biological Products" AND "Macular Degeneration" for studies published within the last decade until May 2023 to summarize the latest findings on the prevention and treatment of age-related macular degeneration through the herbal medicines and functional foods. RESULTS The eligible studies were screened, and the relevant information about the therapeutic action and mechanism of natural products used to treat AMD was extracted. Our findings demonstrate that natural substances, including retinol, phenols, and other natural products, prevent the development of new blood vessels and protect the retina from oxidative stress in cells and animal models. However, they have barely been examined in clinical studies. CONCLUSION Natural products could be highly prospective candidate drugs used to treat AMD, and further preclinical and clinical research is required to validate it to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiakun Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Erman Wu
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Tong Tang
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Rajeev K Singla
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab-144411, India.
| | - Bairong Shen
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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Shafi S, Gupta S, Jain R, Shoaib R, Munjal A, Maurya P, Kumar P, Kalam Najmi A, Singh S. Tackling the emerging Artemisinin-resistant malaria parasite by modulation of defensive oxido-reductive mechanism via nitrofurantoin repurposing. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115756. [PMID: 37598974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-mediated cell death has remained the prime parasiticidal mechanism of front line antimalarial, artemisinin (ART). The emergence of resistant Plasmodium parasites characterized by oxidative stress management due to impaired activation of ART and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification has decreased its clinical efficacy. This gap can be filled by development of alternative chemotherapeutic agents to combat resistance defense mechanism. Interestingly, repositioning of clinically approved drugs presents an emerging approach for expediting antimalarial drug development and circumventing resistance. Herein, we evaluated the antimalarial potential of nitrofurantoin (NTF), a clinically used antibacterial drug, against intra-erythrocytic stages of ART-sensitive (Pf3D7) and resistant (PfKelch13R539T) strains of P. falciparum, alone and in combination with ART. NTF exhibited growth inhibitory effect at submicro-molar concentration by arresting parasite growth at trophozoite stage. It also inhibited the survival of resistant parasites as revealed by ring survival assay. Concomitantly, in vitro combination assay revealed synergistic association of NTF with ART. NTF was found to enhance the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization in parasite. Furthermore, we found that exposure of parasites to NTF disrupted redox balance by impeding Glutathione Reductase activity, which manifests in enhanced oxidative stress, inducing parasite death. In vivo administration of NTF, alone and in combination with ART, in P. berghei ANKA-infected mice blocked parasite multiplication and enhanced mean survival time. Overall, our results indicate NTF as a promising repurposable drug with therapeutic potential against ART-sensitive as well as resistant parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadat Shafi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India; Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Jain
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rumaisha Shoaib
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Akshay Munjal
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Maurya
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Purnendu Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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Maciuk A, Mazier D, Duval R. Future antimalarials from Artemisia? A rationale for natural product mining against drug-refractory Plasmodium stages. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1130-1144. [PMID: 37021639 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2023Infusions of the plants Artemisia annua and A. afra are gaining broad popularity to prevent or treat malaria. There is an urgent need to address this controversial public health question by providing solid scientific evidence in relation to these uses. Infusions of either species were shown to inhibit the asexual blood stages, the liver stages including the hypnozoites, but also the sexual stages, the gametocytes, of Plasmodium parasites. Elimination of hypnozoites and sterilization of mature gametocytes remain pivotal elements of the radical cure of P. vivax, and the blockage of P. vivax and P. falciparum transmission, respectively. Drugs active against these stages are restricted to the 8-aminoquinolines primaquine and tafenoquine, a paucity worsened by their double dependence on the host genetic to elicit clinical activity without severe toxicity. Besides artemisinin, these Artemisia spp. contain many natural products effective against Plasmodium asexual blood stages, but their activity against hypnozoites and gametocytes was never investigated. In the context of important therapeutic issues, we provide a review addressing (i) the role of artemisinin in the bioactivity of these Artemisia infusions against specific parasite stages, i.e., alone or in association with other phytochemicals; (ii) the mechanisms of action and biological targets in Plasmodium of ca. 60 infusion-specific Artemisia phytochemicals, with an emphasis on drug-refractory parasite stages (i.e., hypnozoites and gametocytes). Our objective is to guide the strategic prospecting of antiplasmodial natural products from these Artemisia spp., paving the way toward novel antimalarial "hit" compounds either naturally occurring or Artemisia-inspired.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique Mazier
- CIMI, CNRS, Inserm, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Romain Duval
- MERIT, IRD, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.
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Shinyuy LM, Loe GE, Jansen O, Mamede L, Ledoux A, Noukimi SF, Abenwie SN, Ghogomu SM, Souopgui J, Robert A, Demeyer K, Frederich M. Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Artemisia afra and Artemisia annua and Their Anti-Malarial, Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulating Properties-Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: A Review. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050613. [PMID: 37233654 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There are over 500 species of the genus Artemisia in the Asteraceae family distributed over the globe, with varying potentials to treat different ailments. Following the isolation of artemisinin (a potent anti-malarial compound with a sesquiterpene backbone) from Artemisia annua, the phytochemical composition of this species has been of interest over recent decades. Additionally, the number of phytochemical investigations of other species, including those of Artemisia afra in a search for new molecules with pharmacological potentials, has increased in recent years. This has led to the isolation of several compounds from both species, including a majority of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and polyphenols with varying pharmacological activities. This review aims to discuss the most important compounds present in both plant species with anti-malarial properties, anti-inflammatory potentials, and immunomodulating properties, with an emphasis on their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties. Additionally, the toxicity of both plants and their anti-malaria properties, including those of other species in the genus Artemisia, is discussed. As such, data were collected via a thorough literature search in web databases, such as ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, Google scholar, PubMed, Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical databases, up to 2022. A distinction was made between compounds involved in a direct anti-plasmodial activity and those expressing anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities or anti-fever properties. For pharmacokinetics activities, a distinction was made between compounds influencing bioavailability (CYP effect or P-Glycoprotein effect) and those affecting the stability of pharmacodynamic active components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahngong Methodius Shinyuy
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicine (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Department of Analytical, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling (FABI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit of Brussel, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
- Laboratory of Pharmacochemical and Natural Pharmaceutical Substances, Doctoral Training Unit in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 2701, Cameroon
| | - Gisèle E Loe
- Laboratory of Pharmacochemical and Natural Pharmaceutical Substances, Doctoral Training Unit in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 2701, Cameroon
| | - Olivia Jansen
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicine (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lúcia Mamede
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicine (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Allison Ledoux
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicine (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sandra Fankem Noukimi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory (MCBL), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
- Embryology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Suh Nchang Abenwie
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit (EPiD), Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research (IREC), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Stephen Mbigha Ghogomu
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory (MCBL), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Jacob Souopgui
- Embryology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Annie Robert
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit (EPiD), Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research (IREC), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Kristiaan Demeyer
- Laboratory of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Department of Analytical, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling (FABI), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit of Brussel, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium
| | - Michel Frederich
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmacy, Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicine (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Buck CB. The mint versus Covid hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2023; 173:111047. [PMID: 37007799 PMCID: PMC10062428 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2023.111047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent lines of evidence suggest the intriguing hypothesis that consuming common culinary herbs of the mint family might help prevent or treat Covid. Individual citizens could easily explore the hypothesis using ordinary kitchen materials. I offer a philosophical framework to account for the puzzling lack of public health messaging about this interesting idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Buck
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Building 37 Room 4118, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-4263 USA
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Zhang N, Yang H, Han T, Kim HS, Marcelis LFM. Towards greenhouse cultivation of Artemisia annua: The application of LEDs in regulating plant growth and secondary metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1099713. [PMID: 36743532 PMCID: PMC9889874 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1099713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone produced in glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua, and is extensively used in the treatment of malaria. Growth and secondary metabolism of A. annua are strongly regulated by environmental conditions, causing unstable supply and quality of raw materials from field grown plants. This study aimed to bring A. annua into greenhouse cultivation and to increase artemisinin production by manipulating greenhouse light environment using LEDs. A. annua plants were grown in a greenhouse compartment for five weeks in vegetative stage with either supplemental photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (blue, green, red or white) or supplemental radiation outside PAR wavelength (far-red, UV-B or both). The colour of supplemental PAR hardly affected plant morphology and biomass, except that supplemental green decreased plant biomass by 15% (both fresh and dry mass) compared to supplemental white. Supplemental far-red increased final plant height by 23% whereas it decreased leaf area, plant fresh and dry weight by 30%, 17% and 7%, respectively, compared to the treatment without supplemental radiation. Supplemental UV-B decreased plant leaf area and dry weight (both by 7%). Interestingly, supplemental green and UV-B increased leaf glandular trichome density by 11% and 9%, respectively. However, concentrations of artemisinin, arteannuin B, dihydroartemisinic acid and artemisinic acid only exhibited marginal differences between the light treatments. There were no interactive effects of far-red and UV-B on plant biomass, morphology, trichome density and secondary metabolite concentrations. Our results illustrate the potential of applying light treatments in greenhouse production of A. annua to increase trichome density in vegetative stage. However, the trade-off between light effects on plant growth and trichome initiation needs to be considered. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of light spectrum regulation on artemisinin biosynthesis need further clarification to enhance artemisinin yield in greenhouse production of A. annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyi Zhang
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Haohong Yang
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Tianqi Han
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hyoung Seok Kim
- Smart Farm Convergence Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Targeting Artemisinin-Resistant Malaria by Repurposing the Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Drug Alisporivir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0039222. [PMID: 36374050 PMCID: PMC9765015 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00392-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Plasmodium falciparum resistance raises an urgent need to find new antimalarial drugs. Here, we report the rational repurposing of the anti-hepatitis C virus drug, alisporivir, a nonimmunosuppressive analog of cyclosporin A, against artemisinin-resistant strains of P. falciparum. In silico docking studies and molecular dynamic simulation predicted strong interaction of alisporivir with PfCyclophilin 19B, confirmed through biophysical assays with a Kd value of 354.3 nM. Alisporivir showed potent antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant (PfRKL-9 with resistance index [Ri] 2.14 ± 0.23) and artemisinin-resistant (PfKelch13R539T with Ri 1.15 ± 0.04) parasites. The Ri is defined as the ratio between the IC50 values of the resistant line to that of the sensitive line. To further investigate the mechanism involved, we analyzed the expression level of PfCyclophilin 19B in artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum (PfKelch13R539T). Semiquantitative real-time transcript, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses confirmed the overexpression of PfCyclophilin 19B in PfKelch13R539T. A 50% inhibitory concentration in the nanomolar range, together with the targeting of PfCyclophilin 19B, suggests that alisporivir can be used in combination with artemisinin. Since artemisinin resistance slows the clearance of ring-stage parasites, we performed a ring survival assay on artemisinin-resistant strain PfKelch13R539T and found significant decrease in parasite survival with alisporivir. Alisporivir was found to act synergistically with dihydroartemisinin and increase its efficacy. Furthermore, alisporivir exhibited antimalarial activity in vivo. Altogether, with the rational target-based Repurposing of alisporivir against malaria, our results support the hypothesis that targeting resistance mechanisms is a viable approach toward dealing with drug-resistant parasite.
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Sharma J, Prabha P, Sharma R, Gupta S, Dixit A. Anti-leukemic principle(s) from Momordica charantia seeds induce differentiation of HL-60 cells through ERK/MAPK signalling pathway. Cytotechnology 2022; 74:591-611. [PMID: 36238266 PMCID: PMC9525536 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-022-00547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia is one of the major causes of deaths among elderly with very poor prognosis. Due to the adverse effects of existing chemotherapeutic agents, plant-derived components are being screened for their anti-leukemic potential. Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) possesses a variety of therapeutic activities. We have earlier demonstrated anti-leukemic activity of acetone extract of M. charantia seeds. The present study reports purification of differentiation inducing principle(s) from further fractionated seed extract (hexane fraction of the acetone extract, Mc2-Ac-hex) using HL-60 cells. Out of the 5 peak fractions (P1-P5) obtained from normal phase HPLC of the Mc2-Ac-hex, only peak fraction 3 (P3) induced differentiation of HL-60 cells as evident from an increase in NBT-positive cells and increased expression of cell surface marker CD11b. The P3 differentiated the HL-60 cells to granulocytic lineage, established by increased CD15 (granulocytic cell surface marker) expression in the treated cells. Further, possible molecular mechanism and the signalling pathway involved in the differentiation of HL-60 cells were also investigated. Use of specific signalling pathway inhibitors in the differentiation study, and proteome array analysis of the treated cells collectively revealed the involvement the of ERK/MAPK mediated pathway. Partial characterization of the P3 by GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of dibutyl phthalate, and derivatives of 2,5-dihydrofuran to be the highest among the 5 identified compounds. This study thus demonstrated that purified differentiation-inducing principle(s) from M. charantia seed extract induce HL-60 cells to granulocytic lineage through ERK/MAPK signalling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-022-00547-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetesh Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Punit Prabha
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Shalini Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Aparna Dixit
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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Thongphichai W, Uttarawichien T, Chanvorachote P, Pitiporn S, Charoen-Ame T, Kwankhao P, Towiwat P, Sukrong S. Standardization of the ethanolic extract of Crinum latifolium leaves by two bioactive markers with antiproliferative activity against TGF-β-promoted prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1). BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:139. [PMID: 35585532 PMCID: PMC9118764 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crinum latifolium L. (Amaryllidaceae) has been used in Southeast Asian traditional medicine to alleviate the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The pathological mechanism of BPH is associated with the induction of prostate stromal cell proliferation through transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Standardization as well as investigation of the potential anti-BPH activity of C. latifolium extract could benefit the further development of BPH-related analyses and provide evidence to support the application of this extract for BPH treatment. This study aimed to standardize and investigate the antiproliferative activity of the ethanolic extract of C. latifolium leaves. The major alkaloids isolated from C. latifolium were also explored for their potential use as bioactive markers. METHODS Two major alkaloids were isolated from the ethanolic extract of C. latifolium leaves by chromatographic techniques, identified by NMR and MS, and quantified by a validated UHPLC method. Their antiproliferative activity was studied in human prostate stromal cells (WPMY-1) induced by TGF-β. The synergistic effect of combining the two major isolated alkaloids was analyzed by the zero interaction potency (ZIP) model. RESULTS Two alkaloids, lycorine (1) and 6α-hydroxybuphanidrine (2), were isolated from the ethanolic leaf extract of C. latifolium. A UHPLC method for the quantification of (1) and (2) was developed and validated in terms of linearity, precision, and accuracy. The C. latifolium leaf extract contained 0.279 ± 0.003% (1) and 0.232 ± 0.004% (2). The crude extract was more potent than either (1) and (2) alone against TGF-β-treated WPMY-1 cell proliferation. The drug combination study revealed that the greatest synergistic effect of (1) and (2) was achieved at a 1:1 ratio. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support the anti-BPH activity of C. latifolium in traditional medicine and suggest that these the two isolated alkaloids may promote the efficacy of the C. latifolium extract. Additionally, major alkaloids (1) and (2) can be used as bioactive markers for the standardization of C. latifolium extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisuwat Thongphichai
- Center of Excellence in DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tamonwan Uttarawichien
- Center of Excellence in DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Pitiporn
- Chao Phya Abhaibhubejhr Hospital Foundation, Prachinburi, 25000, Thailand
| | - Todsaphol Charoen-Ame
- Innovation and Product Development Center, SCG Packaging Company Ltd, Ratchaburi, 70110, Thailand
| | - Pakakrong Kwankhao
- Chao Phya Abhaibhubejhr Hospital Foundation, Prachinburi, 25000, Thailand
| | - Pasarapa Towiwat
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Suchada Sukrong
- Center of Excellence in DNA Barcoding of Thai Medicinal Plants, Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Cao Y, Tan X, Zhan G, Li Q, Wang H, Li Z. Novel process for selective separation of trace artemisitene from artemisinin by ammonium functional ionic liquids. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Xin Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Guoxiong Zhan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Qiongguang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Zengxi Li
- College of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
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Gillesa D, Bernarda P, Pierre F, Michel F. Potential of Caffeic Acid Derivatives as Antimalarial Leads. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220202160247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Background
Malaria remained one of the deadliest infectious diseases in 2021. Indeed, this infection, mostly caused by a protozoan called Plasmodium falciparum, is responsible for more than 200 million cases and around 400 000 related deaths annually, mainly in Africa. Despite the availability of efficient drugs, an increase of patients has occurred since 2015, which could be due to the development of resistances from the parasite, but also from its vectors, Anopheles mosquitoes. Consequently, it is necessary to search for new alternative treatments.
Methods:
Methods
Polyphenols, and more precisely small phenolic acids, could represent a good starting point for new antimalarials. Indeed, these molecules, including caffeic acid (1), possess several pharmacological activities and an interesting pharmacokinetic profile. Therefore, we have developed several small derivatives of this scaffold to define the potential pharmacophore responsible for the antiplasmodial properties
Results:
Results
A good to low activity on Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 = 16-241 µM) was observed, especially for the small ester derivatives (2-6). These molecules were good antiplasmodials compared to their mother compound (IC50 = 80 µM) and showed selectivity against human cells. These structures have also highlighted the need for catechol and carboxyl moieties in the anti-Plasmodium effect.
Conclusion:
Conclusion
None of the synthetic caffeate derivatives reported here seemed sufficiently effective to become a potential antimalarial (IC50 < 1 µM). However, the significant increase of their efficacy on the malarial agent and the selectivity to human cells, highlighted their potential as new leads for future developments
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Affiliation(s)
- Degotte Gillesa
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pirotte Bernarda
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Francotte Pierre
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédérich Michel
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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12
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Prodea A, Mioc A, Banciu C, Trandafirescu C, Milan A, Racoviceanu R, Ghiulai R, Mioc M, Soica C. The Role of Cyclodextrins in the Design and Development of Triterpene-Based Therapeutic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020736. [PMID: 35054925 PMCID: PMC8775686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenic compounds stand as a widely investigated class of natural compounds due to their remarkable therapeutic potential. However, their use is currently being hampered by their low solubility and, subsequently, bioavailability. In order to overcome this drawback and increase the therapeutic use of triterpenes, cyclodextrins have been introduced as water solubility enhancers; cyclodextrins are starch derivatives that possess hydrophobic internal cavities that can incorporate lipophilic molecules and exterior surfaces that can be subjected to various derivatizations in order to improve their biological behavior. This review aims to summarize the most recent achievements in terms of triterpene:cyclodextrin inclusion complexes and bioconjugates, emphasizing their practical applications including the development of new isolation and bioproduction protocols, the elucidation of their underlying mechanism of action, the optimization of triterpenes’ therapeutic effects and the development of new topical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Prodea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (A.M.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (M.M.); (C.S.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Mioc
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Christian Banciu
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (C.T.); Tel.: +40-256-494-604 (C.B. & C.T.)
| | - Cristina Trandafirescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (A.M.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (M.M.); (C.S.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (C.T.); Tel.: +40-256-494-604 (C.B. & C.T.)
| | - Andreea Milan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (A.M.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (M.M.); (C.S.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Roxana Racoviceanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (A.M.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (M.M.); (C.S.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Roxana Ghiulai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (A.M.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (M.M.); (C.S.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Marius Mioc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (A.M.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (M.M.); (C.S.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Codruta Soica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (A.M.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (M.M.); (C.S.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq., No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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13
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Ashraf K, Tajeri S, Arnold CS, Amanzougaghene N, Franetich JF, Vantaux A, Soulard V, Bordessoulles M, Cazals G, Bousema T, van Gemert GJ, Le Grand R, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Barale JC, Witkowski B, Snounou G, Duval R, Botté CY, Mazier D. Artemisinin-independent inhibitory activity of Artemisia sp. infusions against different Plasmodium stages including relapse-causing hypnozoites. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 5:5/3/e202101237. [PMID: 34857648 PMCID: PMC8675911 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infusions from two Artemisia species, one containing artemisinin, the other not, equally inhibit pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stages of different Plasmodium species, including two relapsing species. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) are the frontline treatments against malaria worldwide. Recently the use of traditional infusions from Artemisia annua (from which artemisinin is obtained) or Artemisia afra (lacking artemisinin) has been controversially advocated. Such unregulated plant-based remedies are strongly discouraged as they might constitute sub-optimal therapies and promote drug resistance. Here, we conducted the first comparative study of the anti-malarial effects of both plant infusions in vitro against the asexual erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum and the pre-erythrocytic (i.e., liver) stages of various Plasmodium species. Low concentrations of either infusion accounted for significant inhibitory activities across every parasite species and stage studied. We show that these antiplasmodial effects were essentially artemisinin-independent and were additionally monitored by observations of the parasite apicoplast and mitochondrion. In particular, the infusions significantly incapacitated sporozoites, and for Plasmodium vivax and P. cynomolgi, disrupted the hypnozoites. This provides the first indication that compounds other than 8-aminoquinolines could be effective antimalarials against relapsing parasites. These observations advocate for further screening to uncover urgently needed novel antimalarial lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutub Ashraf
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Paris, France.,Unité d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,Institut Pasteur, Pasteur International Network, Malaria Translational Research Pasteur International Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Paris, Paris, France
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Paris, France
| | - Christophe-Sébastien Arnold
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1209, La Tronche, France
| | - Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Franetich
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Vantaux
- Unité d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,Institut Pasteur, Pasteur International Network, Malaria Translational Research Pasteur International Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Paris, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Soulard
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Paris, France
| | - Mallaury Bordessoulles
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Cazals
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan van Gemert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA-HB), Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT) Department, Institut de Biologie François Jacob (IBFJ), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA-HB), Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT) Department, Institut de Biologie François Jacob (IBFJ), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Barale
- Institut Pasteur, Pasteur International Network, Malaria Translational Research Pasteur International Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Paris, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 3528, Structural Microbiology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Witkowski
- Unité d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,Institut Pasteur, Pasteur International Network, Malaria Translational Research Pasteur International Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Paris, Paris, France
| | - Georges Snounou
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Sud 11-INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA-HB), Infectious Disease Models and Innovative Therapies (IDMIT) Department, Institut de Biologie François Jacob (IBFJ), Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Romain Duval
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 261 MERIT, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille Y Botté
- ApicoLipid Team, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1209, La Tronche, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Sorbonne Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Paris, France
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14
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Appiah EK, Hashem S, Fatsi PSK, Tettey PA, Saito H, Omura M, Kawai K. Antibacterial activity of Mallotus japonicus (L.F.) Müller Argoviensis on growth of Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida, Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio anguillarum. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:298-310. [PMID: 34192394 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study evaluated the antimicrobial activities of the medicinal plant Mallotus japonicus against the fish pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas salmonicida, Edwardisella tarda and Vibrio anguillarum, and also describes the antimicrobial activities of the major and minor active compounds present within the plant extract. The synergistic effects by way of combination of these compounds were also evaluated and described. Chemical constituents of the plant extracts were analysed using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and described. METHODS AND RESULTS The diethyl ether-extract of the plant elicited the strongest antibacterial activity against the challenged bacterial species, followed by ethanol- and methanol-extracts. The major active compound of the extracts, bergenin, demonstrated no antibacterial activity, but other compounds in the extracts did. CONCLUSION Mallotus japonicus could be used as a prophylaxis to treat bacterial disease infections of fishes and its diethyl ether-extract has the potential of an alternative to antibiotic treatment in aquaculture. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Mallotus japonicus diethyl ether-extract has the potential of an alternative to antibiotic treatment in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Koranteng Appiah
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate school of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shaharior Hashem
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Patrick Senam Kofi Fatsi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate school of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Pamela Afi Tettey
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate school of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Saito
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate school of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mizuki Omura
- Alps Pharmacuticals Co. Ltd., Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kawai
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate school of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
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15
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Alhazmi HA, Najmi A, Javed SA, Sultana S, Al Bratty M, Makeen HA, Meraya AM, Ahsan W, Mohan S, Taha MME, Khalid A. Medicinal Plants and Isolated Molecules Demonstrating Immunomodulation Activity as Potential Alternative Therapies for Viral Diseases Including COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637553. [PMID: 34054806 PMCID: PMC8155592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have been extensively studied since ancient times and numerous important chemical constituents with tremendous therapeutic potential are identified. Attacks of microorganisms including viruses and bacteria can be counteracted with an efficient immune system and therefore, stimulation of body's defense mechanism against infections has been proven to be an effective approach. Polysaccharides, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and lactones are the important phytochemicals, reported to be primarily responsible for immunomodulation activity of the plants. These phytochemicals may act as lead molecules for the development of safe and effective immunomodulators as potential remedies for the prevention and cure of viral diseases. Natural products are known to primarily modulate the immune system in nonspecific ways. A number of plant-based principles have been identified and isolated with potential immunomodulation activity which justify their use in traditional folklore medicine and can form the basis of further specified research. The aim of the current review is to describe and highlight the immunomodulation potential of certain plants along with their bioactive chemical constituents. Relevant literatures of recent years were searched from commonly employed scientific databases on the basis of their ethnopharmacological use. Most of the plants displaying considerable immunomodulation activity are summarized along with their possible mechanisms. These discussions shall hopefully elicit the attention of researchers and encourage further studies on these plant-based immunomodulation products as potential therapy for the management of infectious diseases, including viral ones such as COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadique A. Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahnaz Sultana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M. Meraya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal M. E. Taha
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Eke IG, Okpara GC. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-dyslipidemic activities of methanol ripe fruit extract of Duranta erecta L ( Verbenaceae) in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:209-216. [PMID: 34012867 PMCID: PMC8116715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Image 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi Gabriel Eke
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 410001, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Grace Chidimma Okpara
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, 410001, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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17
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Snider D, Weathers PJ. In vitro reduction of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: Artemisia spp. tea infusions vs. artemisinin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113638. [PMID: 33271239 PMCID: PMC7855472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia annua has a long history of use in Southeast Asia where it was used to treat "fever", and A. afra has a similar history in southern Africa. Since their discovery, A. annua use, in particular, has expanded globally with millions of people using the plant in therapeutic tea infusions, mainly to treat malaria. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we used in vitro studies to query if and how A. annua and A. afra tea infusions being used across the globe affect asexual Plasmodium falciparum parasites, and their sexual gametocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS P. falciparumstrain NF54 was grown in vitro, synchronized, and induced to form gametocytes using N-acetylglucosamine. Cultures during asexual, early, and late stage gametocytogenesis were treated with artemisinin, methylene blue, and A. annua and A. afra tea infusions (5 g DW/L) using cultivars that contained 0-283 μM artemisinin. Asexual parasitemia and gametocytemia were analyzed microscopically. Gametocyte morphology also was scored. Markers of early (PfGEXP5) and late stage (Pfs25) gametocyte gene expression also were measured using RT-qPCR. RESULTS Both A. annua and A. afra tea infusions reduced gametocytemia in vitro, and the effect was mainly artemisinin dependent. Expression levels of both marker genes were reduced and also occurred with the effect mainly attributed to artemisinin content of four tested Artemisia cultivars. Tea infusions of both species also inhibited asexual parasitemia and although mainly artemisinin dependent, there was a weak antiparasitic effect from artemisinin-deficient A. afra. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that A. annua and to a lesser extent, A. afra, inhibited parasitemia and gametocytemia in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Snider
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
| | - Pamela J Weathers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
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18
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In vitro analyses of Artemisia extracts on Plasmodium falciparum suggest a complex antimalarial effect. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0240874. [PMID: 33651845 PMCID: PMC7924776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried-leaf Artemisia annua L. (DLA) antimalarial therapy was shown effective in prior animal and human studies, but little is known about its mechanism of action. Here IC50s and ring-stage assays (RSAs) were used to compare extracts of A. annua (DLAe) to artemisinin (ART) and its derivatives in their ability to inhibit and kill Plasmodium falciparum strains 3D7, MRA1252, MRA1240, Cam3.11 and Cam3.11rev in vitro. Strains were sorbitol and Percoll synchronized to enrich for ring-stage parasites that were treated with hot water, methanol and dichloromethane extracts of DLA, artemisinin, CoArtem™, and dihydroartemisinin. Extracts of A. afra SEN were also tested. There was a correlation between ART concentration and inhibition of parasite growth. Although at 6 hr drug incubation, the RSAs for Cam3.11rev showed DLA and ART were less effective than high dose CoArtem™, 8 and 24 hr incubations yielded equivalent antiparasitic results. For Cam3.11, drug incubation time had no effect. DLAe was more effective on resistant MRA-1240 than on the sensitive MRA-1252 strain. Because results were not as robust as observed in animal and human studies, a host interaction was suspected, so sera collected from adult and pediatric Kenyan malaria patients was used in RSA inhibition experiments and compared to sera from adults naïve to the disease. The sera from both age groups of malaria patients inhibited parasite growth ≥ 70% after treatment with DLAe and compared to malaria naïve subjects suggesting some host interaction with DLA. The discrepancy between these data and in-vivo reports suggested that DLA’s effects require an interaction with the host to unlock their potential as an antimalarial therapy. Although we showed there are serum-based host effects that can kill up to 95% of parasites in vitro, it remains unclear how or if they play a role in vivo. These results further our understanding of how DLAe works against the malaria parasite in vitro.
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19
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Castro KP, Ito M. Individual and Combined Inhalational Sedative Effects in Mice of Low Molecular Weight Aromatic Compounds Found in Agarwood Aroma. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051320. [PMID: 33801243 PMCID: PMC7958121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood is known to have a sedative effect and the less studied volatile aromatic constituents it contains may have contribution to the activity. In this study, two Kyara grade (highest-grade agarwood in Japan) samples were extracted using headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Six low molecular weight aromatic compounds (LACs) and one structurally simple compound (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether) present in the aromas were individually evaluated for inhalational sedative activity in mice through open field test. Doses of 0.0001 g/L to 1 g/L were prepared for each compound and administered to mice (n = 6/dose/compound). Results revealed all compounds decreased spontaneous motor activity at almost all doses. Strongest sedative activity of each compound reduced total spontaneous motor activity by more than half against control, demonstrating their contribution to agarwood aroma and potential as independent sedating agents. Mixtures of compounds using their most effective dose were made and evaluated again for inhalational sedative effect. Interestingly, the combination of all compounds showed no significant effect and even caused stimulation in mice movements. This result suggests antagonistic-like interaction between the compounds, which is probably due to structural similarities. Consequently, it implies the other constituents present in agarwood, along with LACs, are also important to the overall sedative activity.
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Development of a target identification approach using native mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2387. [PMID: 33504855 PMCID: PMC7840913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A key step in the development of new pharmaceutical drugs is the identification of the molecular target and distinguishing this from all other gene products that respond indirectly to the drug. Target identification remains a crucial process and a current bottleneck for advancing hits through the discovery pipeline. Here we report a method, that takes advantage of the specific detection of protein-ligand complexes by native mass spectrometry (MS) to probe the protein partner of a ligand in an untargeted method. The key advantage is that it uses unmodified small molecules for binding and, thereby, it does not require labelled ligands and is not limited by the chemistry required to tag the molecule. We demonstrate the use of native MS to identify known ligand-protein interactions in a protein mixture under various experimental conditions. A protein-ligand complex was successfully detected between parthenolide and thioredoxin (PfTrx) in a five-protein mixture, as well as when parthenolide was mixed in a bacterial cell lysate spiked with PfTrx. We provide preliminary data that native MS could be used to identify binding targets for any small molecule.
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21
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Phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of the genus artemisia. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:439-474. [PMID: 33893998 PMCID: PMC8067791 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia and its allied species have been employed for conventional medicine in the Northern temperate regions of North America, Europe, and Asia for the treatments of digestive problems, morning sickness, irregular menstrual cycle, typhoid, epilepsy, renal problems, bronchitis malaria, etc. The multidisciplinary use of artemisia species has various other health benefits that are related to its traditional and modern pharmaceutical perspectives. The main objective of this review is to evaluate the traditional, modern, biological as well as pharmacological use of the essential oil and herbal extracts of Artemisia nilagirica, Artemisia parviflora, and other allied species of Artemisia. It also discusses the botanical circulation and its phytochemical constituents viz disaccharides, polysaccharides, glycosides, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and carotenoids. The plants have different biological importance like antiparasitic, antimalarial, antihyperlipidemic, antiasthmatic, antiepileptic, antitubercular, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anxiolytic, antiemetic, antidepressant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, insecticidal, antiviral activities, and also against COVID-19. Toxicological studies showed that the plants at a low dose and short duration are non or low-toxic. In contrast, a high dose at 3 g/kg and for a longer duration can cause toxicity like rapid respiration, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, etc. However, further in-depth studies are needed to determine the medicinal uses, clinical efficacy and safety are crucial next steps.
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Zhang X, Meng R, Wang H, Xing J. Differential Effects of Components in Artemisia annua Extract on the Induction of Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Expression Mediated by Nuclear Receptors. PLANTA MEDICA 2020; 86:867-875. [PMID: 32557519 DOI: 10.1055/a-1178-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua tea is a popular dosage form used to treat and prevent malaria in some developing countries. However, repeated drinking leads to an obviously decreased efficacy, which may be related to the induction of metabolizing enzymes by artemisinin. In the present study, the ability of different components in A. annua to activate the pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor was evaluated by the dual luciferase reporter gene system. The changes in mRNA and protein expression of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. Results showed that in the pregnane X receptor-mediated CYP3A4 reporter gene system, chrysosplenetin and arteannuin B exhibited a weak induction effect on pregnane X receptor wt, while arteannuin A had a strong induction effect on pregnane X receptor wt and pregnane X receptor 370 and a weak induction effect on pregnane X receptor 163. In the pregnane X receptor-mediated CYP2B6 reporter gene system, arteannuin A had a moderate induction effect on pregnane X receptor wt and pregnane X receptor 379, and a weak induction effect on pregnane X receptor 403, while arteannuin B had a weak induction effect on pregnane X receptor wt and pregnane X receptor 379. Arteannuin A had a strong induction effect on constitutive androstane receptor 3 in constitutive androstane receptor-mediated CYP3A4/2B6 reporter gene systems, while arteannuin B showed a weak induction effect on constitutive androstane receptor 3 in the constitutive androstane receptor-mediated CYP2B6 reporter gene system. The mRNA and protein expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 were increased when the pregnane X receptor or constitutive androstane receptor was activated. Various components present in A. annua differentially affect the activities of pregnane X receptor isoforms and the constitutive androstane receptor, which indicates the possibility of a drug-drug interaction. This partly explains the decline in efficacy after repeated drinking of A. annua tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, R. P. China
| | - Ran Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, R. P. China
| | - Haina Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, R. P. China
| | - Jie Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, R. P. China
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23
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Septembre-Malaterre A, Lalarizo Rakoto M, Marodon C, Bedoui Y, Nakab J, Simon E, Hoarau L, Savriama S, Strasberg D, Guiraud P, Selambarom J, Gasque P. Artemisia annua, a Traditional Plant Brought to Light. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4986. [PMID: 32679734 PMCID: PMC7404215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional remedies have been used for thousand years for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, particularly in developing countries. Of growing interest, the plant Artemisia annua, known for its malarial properties, has been studied for its numerous biological activities including metabolic, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and immunomodulatory properties. Artemisia annua is very rich in secondary metabolites such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds, of which the biological properties have been extensively studied. The purpose of this review is to gather and describe the data concerning the main chemical components produced by Artemisia annua and to describe the state of the art about the biological activities reported for this plant and its compounds beyond malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Septembre-Malaterre
- Unité de recherche Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologie (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (P.G.); (J.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Mahary Lalarizo Rakoto
- Faculté de Médecine, Université d’Antananarivo, Campus Universitaire Ambohitsaina, BP 375, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar;
| | - Claude Marodon
- APLAMEDOM Réunion, 1, rue Emile Hugot, Batiment B, Parc Technologique de Saint Denis, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (C.M.); (J.N.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Yosra Bedoui
- INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France;
| | - Jessica Nakab
- APLAMEDOM Réunion, 1, rue Emile Hugot, Batiment B, Parc Technologique de Saint Denis, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (C.M.); (J.N.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Elisabeth Simon
- APLAMEDOM Réunion, 1, rue Emile Hugot, Batiment B, Parc Technologique de Saint Denis, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (C.M.); (J.N.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Ludovic Hoarau
- APLAMEDOM Réunion, 1, rue Emile Hugot, Batiment B, Parc Technologique de Saint Denis, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (C.M.); (J.N.); (E.S.); (L.H.)
| | - Stephane Savriama
- EA929 Archéologie Industrielle, Histoire, Patrimoine/Géographie-Développement Environnement de la Caraïbe (AIHP-GEODE), Université des Antilles, Campus Schoelcher, BP7207, 97275 Schoelcher Cedex Martinique, France;
| | - Dominique Strasberg
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Peuplements Végétaux et Bio-agresseurs en Milieu Tropical (PVBMT), Pôle de Protection des Plantes, Université de La Réunion, 7 Chemin de l’IRAT, 97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France;
| | - Pascale Guiraud
- Unité de recherche Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologie (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (P.G.); (J.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Jimmy Selambarom
- Unité de recherche Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologie (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (P.G.); (J.S.); (P.G.)
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Unité de recherche Etudes Pharmaco-Immunologie (EPI), Université de La Réunion, CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France; (P.G.); (J.S.); (P.G.)
- Laboratoire d’immunologie clinique et expérimentale de la zone de l’océan indien (LICE-OI) CHU La Réunion site Félix Guyon, Allée des Topazes, CS11021, 97400 Saint Denis de La Réunion, France
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Gruessner BM, Cornet-Vernet L, Desrosiers MR, Lutgen P, Towler MJ, Weathers PJ. It is not just artemisinin: Artemisia sp. for treating diseases including malaria and schistosomiasis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2019; 18:1509-1527. [PMID: 33911989 PMCID: PMC8078015 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-019-09645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia sp., especially A. annua and A. afra, have been used for centuries to treat many ailments. While artemisinin is the main therapeutically active component, emerging evidence demonstrates that the other phytochemicals in this genus are also therapeutically active. Those compounds include flavonoids, other terpenes, coumarins, and phenolic acids. Artemisia sp. phytochemicals also improve bioavailability of artemisinin and synergistically improve artemisinin therapeutic efficacy, especially when delivered as dried leaf Artemisia as a tea infusion or as powdered dry leaves in a capsule or compressed into a tablet. Here results from in vitro, and in vivo animal and human studies are summarized and critically discussed for mainly malaria, but also other diseases susceptible to artemisinin and Artemisia sp. including schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Gruessner
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | | | - M R Desrosiers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - P Lutgen
- IFVB-BELHERB, Niederanven, Luxembourg
| | - M J Towler
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - P J Weathers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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25
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Cornet-Vernet L, Munyangi J, Chen L, Towler M, Weathers P. Response to Argemi et al. 2019. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 62:152943. [PMID: 31158695 PMCID: PMC7008389 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Cornet-Vernet
- Association More for Less-Maison de l'Artemisia, 20 Rue Pierre Demours, 75017 Paris, France.
| | - Jerome Munyangi
- Faculté de Médecine Université de University, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Mathematics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
| | - Melissa Towler
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
| | - Pamela Weathers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
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26
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Caesar LK, Cech NB. Synergy and antagonism in natural product extracts: when 1 + 1 does not equal 2. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:869-888. [PMID: 31187844 PMCID: PMC6820002 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2019 According to a 2012 survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 18% of the U.S. population uses natural products (including plant-based or botanical preparations) for treatment or prevention of disease. The use of plant-based medicines is even more prevalent in developing countries, where for many they constitute the primary health care modality. Proponents of the medicinal use of natural product mixtures often claim that they are more effective than purified compounds due to beneficial "synergistic" interactions. A less-discussed phenomenon, antagonism, in which effects of active constituents are masked by other compounds in a complex mixture, also occurs in natural product mixtures. Synergy and antagonism are notoriously difficult to study in a rigorous fashion, particularly given that natural products chemistry research methodology is typically devoted to reducing complexity and identifying single active constituents for drug development. This report represents a critical review with commentary about the current state of the scientific literature as it relates to studying combination effects (including both synergy and antagonism) in natural product extracts. We provide particular emphasis on analytical and Big Data approaches for identifying synergistic or antagonistic combinations and elucidating the mechanisms that underlie their interactions. Specific case studies of botanicals in which synergistic interactions have been documented are also discussed. The topic of synergy is important given that consumer use of botanical natural products and associated safety concerns continue to garner attention by the public and the media. Guidance by the natural products community is needed to provide strategies for effective evaluation of safety and toxicity of botanical mixtures and to drive discovery in botanical natural product research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Caesar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA.
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Cornet-Vernet L, Munyangi J, Chen L, Towler M, Weathers P. WITHDRAWN: RESPONSE to Gillibert et al. 2019. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019:152980. [PMID: 31708323 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lu Chen
- Department of Mathematics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
| | - Melissa Towler
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
| | - Pamela Weathers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
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Munyangi J, Cornet-Vernet L, Idumbo M, Lu C, Lutgen P, Perronne C, Ngombe N, Bianga J, Mupenda B, Lalukala P, Mergeai G, Mumba D, Towler M, Weathers P. Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra tea infusions vs. artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) in treating Plasmodium falciparum malaria in a large scale, double blind, randomized clinical trial. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 57:49-56. [PMID: 30668322 PMCID: PMC6990969 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Prior small-scale clinical trials showed that Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra infusions, decoctions, capsules, or tablets were low cost, easy to use, and efficient in curing malaria infections. In a larger-scale trial in Kalima district, Democratic Republic of Congo, we aimed to show A. annua and/or A. afra infusions were superior or at least equivalent to artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) against malaria. METHODS A double blind, randomized clinical trial with 957 malaria-infected patients had two treatment arms: 472 patients for ASAQ and 471 for Artemisia (248 A. annua, 223 A. afra) remained at end of the trial. ASAQ-treated patients were treated per manufacturer posology, and Artemisia-treated patients received 1 l/d of dry leaf/twig infusions for 7 d; both arms had 28 d follow-up. Parasitemia and gametocytes were measured microscopically with results statistically compared among arms for age and gender. RESULTS Artemisinin content of A. afra was negligible, but therapeutic responses of patients were similar to A. annua-treated patients; trophozoites cleared after 24 h, but took up to 14 d to clear in ASAQ-treated patients. D28 cure rates defined as absence of parasitemia were for pediatrics 82, 91, and 50% for A. afra, A. annua and ASAQ; while for adults cure rates were 91, 100, and 30%, respectively. Fever clearance took 48 h for ASAQ, but 24 h for Artemisia. From D14-28 no Artemisia-treated patients had microscopically detectable gametocytes, while 10 ASAQ-treated patients remained gametocyte carriers at D28. More females than males were gametocyte carriers in the ASAQ arm but were unaffected in the Artemisia arms. Hemoglobin remained constant at 11 g/dl for A. afra after D1, while for A. annua and ASAQ it decreased to 9-9.5 g/dl. Only 5.0% of Artemisia-treated patients reported adverse effects, vs. 42.8% for ASAQ. CONCLUSION A. annua and A. afra infusions are polytherapies with better outcomes than ASAQ against malaria. In contrast to ASAQ, both Artemisias appeared to break the cycle of malaria by eliminating gametocytes. This study merits further investigation for possible inclusion of Artemisia tea infusions as an alternative for fighting and eradicating malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Munyangi
- Faculté de Médecine Université de Kolwezi-Lualaba, Congo DRC
| | - Lucile Cornet-Vernet
- Vice Présidente de La Maison de l'Artemisia(association Loi 1901), 20 rue Pierre Demours, 75017Paris, France.
| | | | - Chen Lu
- Department of Mathematics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
| | | | | | - Nadège Ngombe
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Kinshasa, Congo DRC
| | - Jacques Bianga
- Programme National Lutte Contre le Paludisme, Maniema, Congo DRC
| | - Bavon Mupenda
- Ecole de Santé Publique Université de Kinshasa, Congo DRC
| | - Paul Lalukala
- Ministère Provincial de Santé Publique Maniema, Congo DRC
| | | | | | - Melissa Towler
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
| | - Pamela Weathers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA
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Czechowski T, Rinaldi MA, Famodimu MT, Van Veelen M, Larson TR, Winzer T, Rathbone DA, Harvey D, Horrocks P, Graham IA. Flavonoid Versus Artemisinin Anti-malarial Activity in Artemisia annua Whole-Leaf Extracts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:984. [PMID: 31417596 PMCID: PMC6683762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone produced by Artemisia annua glandular secretory trichomes, is the active ingredient in the most effective treatment for uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Other metabolites in A. annua or related species, particularly flavonoids, have been proposed to either act as antimalarials on their own or act synergistically with artemisinin to enhance antimalarial activity. We identified a mutation that disrupts the CHALCONE ISOMERASE 1 (CHI1) enzyme that is responsible for the second committed step of flavonoid biosynthesis. Detailed metabolite profiling revealed that chi1-1 lacks all major flavonoids but produces wild-type artemisinin levels, making this mutant a useful tool to test the antiplasmodial effects of flavonoids. We used whole-leaf extracts from chi1-1 and mutant lines impaired in artemisinin production in bioactivity in vitro assays against intraerythrocytic P. falciparum Dd2. We found that chi1-1 extracts did not differ from wild-type extracts in antiplasmodial efficacy nor initial rate of cytocidal action. Furthermore, extracts from the A. annua cyp71av1-1 mutant and RNAi lines impaired in amorpha-4,11-diene synthase gene expression, which are both severely compromised in artemisinin biosynthesis but unaffected in flavonoid metabolism, showed very low or no antiplasmodial activity. These results demonstrate that in vitro bioactivity against P. falciparum of flavonoids is negligible when compared to that of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Czechowski
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro A. Rinaldi
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Tony R. Larson
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Thilo Winzer
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A. Rathbone
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Biorenewables Development Centre, Dunnington, United Kingdom
| | - David Harvey
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Horrocks
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A. Graham
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ian A. Graham,
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Hydroethanolic Extracts of Erigeron floribundus and Azadirachta indica Reduced Plasmodium berghei Parasitemia in Balb/c Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5156710. [PMID: 30420894 PMCID: PMC6215572 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5156710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most important infectious diseases in Africa especially in Cameroon. The nonaccessibility to current treatments for poor people and the appearance of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites stimulate the search for alternative treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimalarial activity and the safety of hydroethanolic extracts from Erigeron floribundus and Azadirachta indica. The crude hydroethanolic extracts of E. floribundus (HEEF) and A. indica (HEAI) were prepared via maceration of the whole plant powder of E. floribundus and the leaves of A. indica in 70% ethanol. The antimalarial activity was determined according to Peter's 4-day suppressive test using the murine model Plasmodium berghei/Balb C mice, while the acute and subacute toxicity tests were assessed according to the OECD 425 and 407 guidelines, respectively. The results indicate a reduction of parasitemia ranging from 49.75 ± 3.64 to 69.28 ± 1.36% for HEAI and from 30.46 ± 4.30 to 62.36 ± 2.32% for HEEI. Overall, HEEF and HEAI at doses of 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg b.w. and 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg b.w., respectively, showed a significant (p≤0.001) parasitemia reduction on P. berghei infecting BALB/c mice. HEEF and HEAI caused a significant (p<0.001) attenuation of body temperature drop in mice compared to negative control, except for the 150 mg/kg b.w. dose in the female group. Moreover, there was no mice mortality observed with these extracts even at 5000 mg/kg, while the aspartate amino transferase (ASAT) level of mice treated with 300 mg/kg b.w. of HEAI extract increased when compared with the control. The results of this study support the traditional use of these plants species extracts against malaria infection in rural zones of Northern Cameroon, therefore confirming their potential as sources for the development of efficient phytomedicines for malaria-poverty disease alleviation.
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31
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Li J, Zhang C, Gong M, Wang M. Combination of artemisinin-based natural compounds from Artemisia annua
L. for the treatment of malaria: Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies. Phytother Res 2018; 32:1415-1420. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100069 PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100069 PR China
| | - Muxin Gong
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100069 PR China
| | - Manyuan Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Capital Medical University; Beijing 100069 PR China
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Vu H, Pedro L, Mak T, McCormick B, Rowley J, Liu M, Di Capua A, Williams-Noonan B, Pham NB, Pouwer R, Nguyen B, Andrews KT, Skinner-Adams T, Kim J, Hol WGJ, Hui R, Crowther GJ, Van Voorhis WC, Quinn RJ. Fragment-Based Screening of a Natural Product Library against 62 Potential Malaria Drug Targets Employing Native Mass Spectrometry. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:431-444. [PMID: 29436819 PMCID: PMC5902791 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Natural
products are well known for their biological relevance, high degree
of three-dimensionality, and access to areas of largely unexplored
chemical space. To shape our understanding of the interaction between
natural products and protein targets in the postgenomic era, we have
used native mass spectrometry to investigate 62 potential protein
targets for malaria using a natural-product-based fragment library.
We reveal here 96 low-molecular-weight natural products identified
as binding partners of 32 of the putative malarial targets. Seventy-nine
(79) fragments have direct growth inhibition on Plasmodium
falciparum at concentrations that are promising for the development
of fragment hits against these protein targets. This adds a fragment
library to the published HTS active libraries in the public domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoan Vu
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Liliana Pedro
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Tin Mak
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Brendan McCormick
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Jessica Rowley
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Angela Di Capua
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Billy Williams-Noonan
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Ngoc B. Pham
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Rebecca Pouwer
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Bao Nguyen
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Katherine T. Andrews
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Tina Skinner-Adams
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | | | | | - Raymond Hui
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South Tower, seventh floor 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | | | - Ronald J. Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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Lee SK, Kim H, Park J, Kim HJ, Kim KR, Son SH, Park KK, Chung WY. Artemisia annua extract prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss by blocking receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand-induced differentiation of osteoclasts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17332. [PMID: 29230013 PMCID: PMC5725529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The activities of osteoclasts and osteoblasts are balanced to maintain normal bone density. Many pathological conditions cause osteoclastic bone resorption in excess of osteoblastic bone formation, resulting in osteoporosis. We found that oral administration of Artemisia annua ethanol extract (AaE) or major components, artemisinin and arteannuin B, to ovariectomized (OVX) mice prevented bone loss, as verified by examining three-dimensional images and bone morphometric parameters derived from microcomputed tomography analysis, as well as serum levels of bone turnover markers and proinflammatory cytokines. The administered doses were not toxic to the liver or kidney and showed promising effects that were comparable to those of 17β-estradiol treatment. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, AaE and active components, artemisinin, artemisinic acid, and arteannuin B, potently inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and the formation of osteoclast-mediated resorption pits. Furthermore, AaE, artemisinin, and arteannuin B remarkably reduced the expression of the c-Fos and NFATc1 transcription factors, which play critical roles in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Taken together, the in vivo anti-osteoporotic activity of AaE may be derived from the anti-osteoclastic and anti-bone resorptive activities of its active components. AaE has beneficial applications for the prevention and inhibition of osteoporosis and osteoclast-mediated bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyungkeun Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Junhee Park
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Kim
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Ki Rim Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Son
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Gangdong College, Icheon, 27600, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Kyun Park
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Won-Yoon Chung
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea. .,Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea. .,Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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Daddy NB, Kalisya LM, Bagire PG, Watt RL, Towler MJ, Weathers PJ. Artemisia annua dried leaf tablets treated malaria resistant to ACT and i.v. artesunate: Case reports. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 32:37-40. [PMID: 28732806 PMCID: PMC5547396 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dried leaf Artemisia annua (DLA) has shown efficacy against Plasmodium sp. in rodent studies and in small clinical trials. Rodent malaria also showed resiliency against the evolution of artemisinin drug resistance. PURPOSE This is a case report of a last resort treatment of patients with severe malaria who were responding neither to artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) nor i.v. artesunate. STUDY DESIGN Of many patients treated with ACTs and i.v. artesunate during the 6 mon study period, 18 did not respond and were subsequently treated with DLA Artemisia annua. METHODS Patients were given a dose of 0.5g DLA per os, twice daily for 5d. Total adult delivered dose of artemisinin was 55mg. Dose was reduced for body weight under 30kg. Clinical symptoms, e.g. fever, coma etc., and parasite levels in thick blood smears were tracked. Patients were declared cured and released from hospital when parasites were microscopically undetectable and clinical symptoms fully subsided. RESULTS All patients were previously treated with Coartem® provided through Santé Rurale (SANRU) and following the regimen prescribed by WHO. Of 18 ACT-resistant severe malaria cases compassionately treated with DLA, all fully recovered. Of the 18, this report details two pediatric cases. CONCLUSIONS Successful treatment of all 18 ACT-resistant cases suggests that DLA should be rapidly incorporated into the antimalarial regimen for Africa and possibly wherever else ACT resistance has emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert L Watt
- Plesion International Inc., Coatesville, PA, 19320 USA.
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Cai TY, Zhang YR, Ji JB, Xing J. Investigation of the component in Artemisia annua L. leading to enhanced antiplasmodial potency of artemisinin via regulation of its metabolism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 207:86-91. [PMID: 28642094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The chemical matrix of the herb Artemisia annua L. (A. annua), from which artemisinin (QHS) is isolated, can enhance both the bioavailability and efficacy of QHS. However, the exact mechanism of this synergism remains unknown. The biotransformation of QHS and potential "enzyme inhibitors" in plant matrix could be of great importance in understanding the improved efficacy of QHS in A. annua, which has been limited to the synergism with flavonoid components. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the component in A. annua extracts (MAE) leading to enhanced antiplasmodial potency of QHS via regulation of its metabolism. The efficacy of QHS in combination with the synergistic component was also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The total MAE extract and its three MAE fractions (MAE-I eluted using 3% methanol, MAE-II eluted using 50% methanol and MAE-III eluted using 85% methanol) were obtained from dry plant materials and prepared after lyophilization. The pharmacokinetic profiles of QHS and its major phase I metabolite monohydroxylated artemisinin (QHS-M) were investigated in healthy rats after a single oral administration of QHS in each MAE extract. Major components isolated from the target MAE fraction were evaluated for their enzyme inhibition. The antimalarial activity of QHS in combination with the potential synergistic component against Plasmodium falciparum was studied in vivo (murine Plasmodium yoelii). The recrudescence and survival time of infected mice were also recorded after drug treatment. RESULTS Compared to pure QHS, a 2-fold increase in QHS exposure (AUC and Cmax) was found in healthy rats after a single oral dose of QHS in the total MAE extract or its fraction MAE-III. In addition, metabolic biotransformation of QHS to the metabolite QHS-M (mediated by CYP3A) was inhibited by MAE or MAE-III. Among nine major components isolated from MAE-III (five sesquiterpenenes, three flavonoids and one phenolic acid), only arteannuin B (AB) showed an inhibition of CYP3A4 (IC50 1.2μM). The synergism between QHS and AB was supported using in vivo antiplasmodial assay and a pharmacokinetic study in mice. Unfortunately, the synergism cannot reduce the rate of recrudescence. CONCLUSIONS AB was one of main contributors in A. annua leading to enhanced antiplasmodial potency of QHS via regulation of its metabolism. The final recrudescence indicated the careful use of A. annua for malaria treatment unless additional contributing components or antiplasmodial mechanism were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yun-Rui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jian-Bo Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Desrosiers MR, Weathers PJ. Effect of leaf digestion and artemisinin solubility for use in oral consumption of dried Artemisia annua leaves to treat malaria. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 190:313-8. [PMID: 27340104 PMCID: PMC5010509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia annua L. produces the antimalarial sesquiterpene lactone, artemisinin (AN), and was traditionally used by the Chinese to treat fever, which was often caused by malaria. AIM OF THE STUDY To measure effects of plant-based and dietary components on release of artemisinin and flavonoids from A. annua dried leaves (DLA) after simulated digestion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Simulated digestion was performed on DLA in four types of capsules, or in conjunction with protein, and protein-based foods: dry milk, casein, bovine serum albumin, peanuts, peanut butter, Plumpy'nut(®), and A. annua essential oils. Artemisinin and total flavonoids were measured in the liquid phase of the intestinal stage of digestion. RESULTS After simulated digestion, peanuts and Plumpy'nut(®) lowered AN and flavonoids, respectively, recovered from the liquid digestate fraction. None of the compositions of the tested capsules altered AN or flavonoid release. Surprisingly, bovine serum albumin (BSA) increased both AN and flavonoids recovered from liquid simulated digestate fractions while casein had no effect. AN delivered as DLA was about 4 times more soluble in digestates than AN delivered as pure drug. Addition of a volume of essential oil equivalent to that found in a high essential oil producing A. annua cultivar also significantly increased AN solubility in simulated digestates. CONCLUSION These results indicate encapsulating DLA may provide a way to mask the taste of A. annua without altering bioavailability. Similarly, many peanut-based products can be used to mask the flavor with appropriate dosing. Finally, the essential oil fraction of A. annua contributes to the increased AN solubility in DLA after simulated digestion. Our results suggest that use of DLA in the treatment of malaria and other artemisinin-susceptible diseases should be further tested in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Desrosiers
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Pamela J Weathers
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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Zhang C, Gong MX, Qiu F, Li J, Wang MY. Effects of arteannuin B, arteannuic acid and scopoletin on pharmacokinetics of artemisinin in mice. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:677-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Derda M, Hadaś E, Cholewiński M, Skrzypczak Ł, Grzondziel A, Wojtkowiak-Giera A. Artemisia annua L. as a plant with potential use in the treatment of acanthamoebiasis. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:1635-9. [PMID: 26782959 PMCID: PMC4799240 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of acanthamoebiasis is a great problem. Most cerebral invasions end with death, and the treatment of ocular invasions is usually long-lasting and not very effective. Numerous plant extracts and substances isolated from plants, which are effective against trophozoites or cysts, have been studied in the treatment of acanthamoebiasis. However, no agents that are simultaneously effective against both developing forms of amoebae have been discovered yet. It seems that such a plant which fulfils both tasks is Artemisia annua L. Our studies showed that water, alcohol and chloroform extracts from the herb A. annua L. can be applied in general and local treatment or in combined therapy with antibiotics in the treatment of acanthamoebiasis. Extracts from this plant show not only in vitro but also in vivo effects. Studies carried out on experimental animals infected with amoebae show that the application of these extracts significantly prolongs the survival of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Derda
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Edward Hadaś
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Cholewiński
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Skrzypczak
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Grzondziel
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wojtkowiak-Giera
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701, Poznan, Poland
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Thipubon P, Tipsuwan W, Uthaipibull C, Santitherakul S, Srichairatanakool S. Anti-malarial effect of 1-(N-acetyl-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one and green tea extract on erythrocyte-stage Plasmodium berghei in mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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40
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Thipubon P, Uthaipibull C, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Tipsuwan W, Srichairatanakool S. Inhibitory effect of novel iron chelator, 1-(N-acetyl-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one (CM1) and green tea extract on growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2015; 14:382. [PMID: 26424148 PMCID: PMC4590262 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is an essential micronutrient required by all living organisms including malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) for many biochemical reactions, especially growth and multiplication processes. Therefore, malaria parasite needs to take up the iron from outside or/and inside the parasitized red blood cells (PRBC). Iron chelators are widely used for the treatment of thalassaemia-related iron overload and also inhibit parasite growth at levels that are non-toxic to mammalian cells. METHODS Inhibitory effect of 1-(N-acetyl-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one (CM1) and green tea extract (GTE) on the growth of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum was compared with standard chelators including desferrioxamine (DFO), deferiprone (DFP) and deferasirox (DFX). A flow cytometric technique was used to enumerate PRBC stained with SYBR Green I fluorescent dye. The labile iron pool (LIP) was assayed using the calcein-acetoxymethyl fluorescent method. RESULTS The IC50 values of DFO, GTE, CM1, DFX and DFP against P. falciparum were 14.09, 21.11, 35.14, 44.71 and 58.25 µM, respectively. Importantly, CM1 was more effective in reducing LIP levels in the P. falciparum culture than DFP (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CM1 and GTE exhibit anti-malarial activity. They could interfere with uptake of exogenous iron or deplete the intracellular labile iron pool in malaria parasites, leading to inhibition of their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phitsinee Thipubon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawaroros Street, Tambol Sriphum, Amphur Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Chairat Uthaipibull
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12102, Thailand.
| | - Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, 12102, Thailand.
| | - Wachiraporn Tipsuwan
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Science, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand.
| | - Somdet Srichairatanakool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawaroros Street, Tambol Sriphum, Amphur Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Towler MJ, Weathers PJ. Variations in key artemisinic and other metabolites throughout plant development in Artemisia annua L. for potential therapeutic use. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2015; 67:185-191. [PMID: 25729214 PMCID: PMC4341905 DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dried leaves of Artemisia annua show promise as an inexpensive and sustainable antimalarial therapeutic, especially for use in developing countries. Along with the potent terpene, artemisinin, many other small molecules produced by the plant seem to aid in the therapeutic response. However, little is known about the ontogenic and phenological production of artemisinin in the plant, and its plethora of other important secondary metabolites. From a consistently high artemisinin-producing A. annua clone (SAM) we extracted and analyzed by GC/MS 22 different metabolites including terpenes, flavonoids, a coumarin, and two phenolic acids as they varied during leaf development and growth of the plant from the vegetative stage through the reproductive, full flower stage. As leaves developed, the maximum amount of most metabolites was in the shoot apical meristem. Artemisinin, on the other hand, maximized once leaves matured. Leaf and apical tissues (e.g. buds, flowers) varied in their metabolite content with growth stage with maximum artemisinin and other important secondary metabolites determined to be at floral bud emergence. These results indicated that plants at the floral bud stage have the highest level of artemisinin and other therapeutic compounds for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela J. Weathers
- Corresponding author: BB Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester, MA 01609, , Phone: 508-831-5196, FAX: 508-831-5936
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Th1-biased immunomodulation and therapeutic potential of Artemisia annua in murine visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e3321. [PMID: 25568967 PMCID: PMC4287499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the absence of vaccines and limitations of currently available chemotherapy, development of safe and efficacious drugs is urgently needed for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) that is fatal, if left untreated. Earlier we reported in vitro apoptotic antileishmanial activity of n-hexane fractions of Artemisia annua leaves (AAL) and seeds (AAS) against Leishmania donovani. In the present study, we investigated the immunostimulatory and therapeutic efficacy of AAL and AAS. Methodology/Principal Findings Ten-weeks post infection, BALB/c mice were orally administered AAL and AAS for ten consecutive days. Significant reduction in hepatic (86.67% and 89.12%) and splenic (95.45% and 95.84%) parasite burden with decrease in spleen weight was observed. AAL and AAS treated mice induced the strongest DTH response, as well as three-fold decrease in IgG1 and two-fold increase in IgG2a levels, as compared to infected controls. Cytometric bead array further affirmed the elicitation of Th1 immune response as indicated by increased levels of IFN-γ, and low levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in serum as well as in culture supernatant of lymphocytes from treated mice. Lymphoproliferative response, IFN-γ producing CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and nitrite levels were significantly enhanced upon antigen recall in vitro. The co-expression of CD80 and CD86 on macrophages was significantly augmented. CD8+ T cells exhibited CD62Llow and CD44hi phenotype, signifying induction of immunological memory in AAL and AAS treated groups. Serum enzyme markers were in the normal range indicating inertness against nephro- and hepato-toxicity. Conclusions/Significance Our results establish the two-prong antileishmanial efficacy of AAL and AAS for cure against L. donovani that is dependent on both the direct leishmanicidal action as well as switching-on of Th1-biased protective cell-mediated immunity with generation of memory. AAL and AAS could represent adjunct therapies for the treatment of leishmaniasis, either alone or in combination with other antileishmanial agents. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal, vector-borne tropical disease that affects the poorest sections of the society. The currently available drugs are toxic, expensive and have severe side effects. The problem is further compounded by emergence of VL-HIV co-infection and occurence of PKDL after apparent cure. Thus, alternate therapeutic interventions are needed in the absence of vaccines and mounting drug resistance. VL is also characterized by severe depression of cell-mediated immunity that complicates the efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs. Restoration of the dampened immune system coupled with antileishmanial effect would be a rational approach in the quest for antileishmanial drugs. Plant derived secondary metabolites have been recommended for the containment of antiparasitic disease including leishmaniasis that synergistically aid in lifting the immune suppression. We previously reported in vitro antileishmanial activity of n-hexane fractions of Artemisia annua leaves (AAL) and seeds (AAS) that was mediated by apoptosis. In this study, we found significant reduction in liver and spleen parasite burden of Leishmania donovani infected BALB/c mice upon oral administration of AAL and AAS with concomitant immunostimulation and induction of immunological memory. The immunotherapeutic potentiation by AAL and AAS with no adverse toxic effects validates their use for treatment of this debilitating disease.
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Dried whole-plant Artemisia annua slows evolution of malaria drug resistance and overcomes resistance to artemisinin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:821-6. [PMID: 25561559 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413127112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical monotherapies against human malaria have proven effective, although ephemeral, owing to the inevitable evolution of resistant parasites. Resistance to two or more drugs delivered in combination will evolve more slowly; hence combination therapies have become the preferred norm in the fight against malaria. At the forefront of these efforts has been the promotion of Artemisinin Combination Therapy, but despite these efforts, resistance to artemisinin has begun to emerge. In 2012, we demonstrated the efficacy of the whole plant (WP)--not a tea, not an infusion--as a malaria therapy and found it to be more effective than a comparable dose of pure artemisinin in a rodent malaria model. Here we show that WP overcomes existing resistance to pure artemisinin in the rodent malaria Plasmodium yoelii. Moreover, in a long-term artificial selection for resistance in Plasmodium chabaudi, we tested resilience of WP against drug resistance in comparison with pure artemisinin (AN). Stable resistance to WP was achieved three times more slowly than stable resistance to AN. WP treatment proved even more resilient than the double dose of AN. The resilience of WP may be attributable to the evolutionary refinement of the plant's secondary metabolic products into a redundant, multicomponent defense system. Efficacy and resilience of WP treatment against rodent malaria provides compelling reasons to further explore the role of nonpharmaceutical forms of AN to treat human malaria.
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Weathers PJ, Towler M, Hassanali A, Lutgen P, Engeu PO. Dried-leaf Artemisia annua: A practical malaria therapeutic for developing countries? World J Pharmacol 2014; 3:39-55. [PMID: 25678989 PMCID: PMC4323188 DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v3.i4.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin from the plant Artemisia annua (A. annua) L., and used as artemisinin combination therapy (ACT), is the current best therapeutic for treating malaria, a disease that hits children and adults especially in developing countries. Traditionally, A. annua was used by the Chinese as a tea to treat “fever”. More recently, investigators have shown that tea infusions and oral consumption of the dried leaves of the plant have prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. The presence of a complex matrix of chemicals within the leaves seems to enhance both the bioavailability and efficacy of artemisinin. Although about 1000-fold less potent than artemisinin in their antiplasmodial activity, these plant chemicals are mainly small molecules that include other artemisinic compounds, terpenes (mainly mono and sesqui), flavonoids, and polyphenolic acids. In addition, polysaccharide constituents of A. annua may enhance bioavailability of artemisinin. Rodent pharmacokinetics showed longer T½ and Tmax and greater Cmax and AUC in Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mice treated with A. annua dried leaves than in healthy mice. Pharmacokinetics of deoxyartemisinin, a liver metabolite of artemisinin, was more inhibited in infected than in healthy mice. In healthy mice, artemisinin serum levels were > 40-fold greater in dried leaf fed mice than those fed with pure artemisinin. Human trial data showed that when delivered as dried leaves, 40-fold less artemisinin was required to obtain a therapeutic response compared to pure artemisinin. ACTs are still unaffordable for many malaria patients, and cost estimates for A. annua dried leaf tablet production are orders of magnitude less than for ACT, despite improvements in the production capacity. Considering that for > 2000 years this plant was used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of fever with no apparent appearance of artemisinin drug resistance, the evidence argues for inclusion of affordable A. annua dried leaf tablets into the arsenal of drugs to combat malaria and other artemisinin-susceptible diseases.
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Sherlach KS, Roepe PD. Determination of the cytostatic and cytocidal activities of antimalarial compounds and their combination interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6:237-248. [PMID: 25445179 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch140125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Determining the antiplasmodial activity of candidate antimalarial drugs in vitro identifies new therapies for drug-resistant malaria. Importantly though, activity can be either growth-inhibitory (cytostatic) or parasite-kill (cytocidal), or both. The simple methods described here can allow for distinction between these activities, as well as definition of drug interactions between two or more compounds. The latter is important in the definition of novel drug combination therapy for malaria. These methods involve live malarial parasite red blood cell culture, routine pharmacology, high-throughput detection of parasite DNA with fluorescent reporters, and routine mathematical analysis of dose-response curves. The techniques and approaches are accessible to most laboratories and require minimal special equipment beyond a fluorescent plate reader and tissue culture facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy S Sherlach
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C
| | - Paul D Roepe
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C
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Weathers PJ, Towler MJ. Changes in key constituents of clonally propagated Artemisia annua L. during preparation of compressed leaf tablets for possible therapeutic use. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2014; 62:173-178. [PMID: 25228784 PMCID: PMC4163138 DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua L., long used as a tea infusion in traditional Chinese medicine, produces artemisinin. Although artemisinin is currently used as artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) against malaria, oral consumption of dried leaves from the plant showed efficacy and will be less costly than ACT. Many compounds in the plant have some antimalarial activity. Unknown, however, is how these plant components change as leaves are processed into tablets for oral consumption. Here we compared extracts from fresh and dried leaf biomass with compressed leaf tablets of A. annua. Using GC-MS, nineteen endogenous compounds, including artemisinin and several of its pathway metabolites, nine flavonoids, three monoterpenes, a coumarin, and two phenolic acids, were identified and quantified from solvent extracts to determine how levels of these compounds changed during processing. Results showed that compared to dried leaves, artemisinin, arteannuin B, artemisinic acid, chlorogenic acid, scopoletin, chrysoplenetin, and quercetin increased or remained stable with powdering and compression into tablets. Dihydroartemisinic acid, monoterpenes, and chrysoplenol-D decreased with tablet formation. Five target compounds were not detectable in any of the extracts of this cultivar. In contrast to the individually measured aglycone flavonoids, using the AlCl3 method, total flavonoids increased nearly fivefold during the tablet formation. To our knowledge this is the first study documenting changes that occurred in processing dried leaves of A. annua into tablets. These results will improve our understanding of the potential use of not only this medicinal herb, but also others to afford better quality control of intact plant material for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Weathers
- Corresponding author: BB Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd, Worcester, MA 01609, , Phone: 508-831-5196, FAX: 508-831-5936
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Suberu JO, Romero-Canelón I, Sullivan N, Lapkin AA, Barker GC. Comparative cytotoxicity of artemisinin and cisplatin and their interactions with chlorogenic acids in MCF7 breast cancer cells. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2791-7. [PMID: 25209896 PMCID: PMC4506560 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In parts of Africa and Asia, self-medication with a hot water infusion of Artemisia annua (Artemisia tea) is a common practice for a number of ailments including malaria and cancer. In our earlier work, such an extract showed better potency than artemisinin alone against both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant parasites. In this study, in vitro tests of the infusion in MCF7 cells showed high IC50 values (>200 μm). The combination of artemisinin and 3-caffeoylquinic acid (3CA), two major components in the extract, was strongly antagonistic and gave a near total loss of cytotoxicity for artemisinin. We observed that the interaction of 3CAs with another cytotoxic compound, cisplatin, showed potentiation of activity by 2.5-fold. The chelation of cellular iron by 3CA is hypothesized as a possible explanation for the loss of artemisinin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Suberu
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of CambridgeCB2 3RA (UK)
| | | | - Neil Sullivan
- SensaPharm Ltd., 123i Bioscience CentreSunderland, SR5 2TA (UK)
| | - Alexei A Lapkin
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of CambridgeCB2 3RA (UK)
| | - Guy C Barker
- School of Life Sciences, University of WarwickCV4 7AL (UK) E-mail:
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