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Zhang C, Kúkeľová D, Sigrist H, Hengerer B, Kratzer RF, Mracek P, Omrani A, von Heimendahl M, Pryce CR. Orphan receptor-GPR52 inverse agonist efficacy in ameliorating chronic stress-related deficits in reward motivation and phasic accumbal dopamine activity in mice. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:363. [PMID: 39242529 PMCID: PMC11379876 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03081-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Reward processing dysfunctions e.g., anhedonia, apathy, are common in stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia, and there are currently no established therapies. One potential therapeutic approach is restoration of reward anticipation during appetitive behavior, deficits in which co-occur with attenuated nucleus accumbens (NAc) activity, possibly due to NAc inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine (DA) signaling. Targeting NAc regulation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neuron responsiveness to reward cues could involve either the direct or indirect-via ventral pallidium (VP)-pathways. One candidate is the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR52, expressed by DA receptor 2 NAc neurons that project to VP. In mouse brain-slice preparations, GPR52 inverse agonist (GPR52-IA) attenuated evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents at NAc-VP neurons, which could disinhibit VTA DA neurons. A mouse model in which chronic social stress leads to reduced reward learning and effortful motivation was applied to investigate GPR52-IA behavioral effects. Control and chronically stressed mice underwent a discriminative learning test of tone-appetitive behavior-sucrose reinforcement: stress reduced appetitive responding and discriminative learning, and these anticipatory behaviors were dose-dependently reinstated by GPR52-IA. The same mice then underwent an effortful motivation test of operant behavior-tone-sucrose reinforcement: stress reduced effortful motivation and GPR52-IA dose-dependently restored it. In a new cohort, GRABDA-sensor fibre photometry was used to measure NAc DA activity during the motivation test: in stressed mice, reduced motivation co-occurred with attenuated NAc DA activity specifically to the tone that signaled reinforcement of effortful behavior, and GPR52-IA ameliorated both deficits. These findings: (1) Demonstrate preclinical efficacy of GPR52 inverse agonism for stress-related deficits in reward anticipation during appetitive behavior. (2) Suggest that GPR52-dependent disinhibition of the NAc-VP-VTA-NAc circuit, leading to increased phasic NAc DA signaling of earned incentive stimuli, could account for these clinically relevant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfeng Zhang
- Preclinical Laboratory, Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Clinic and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Kúkeľová
- Preclinical Laboratory, Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Clinic and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Sigrist
- Preclinical Laboratory, Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Clinic and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Hengerer
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ramona F Kratzer
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Philipp Mracek
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Azar Omrani
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Christopher R Pryce
- Preclinical Laboratory, Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Clinic and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Zurich Neuroscience Center, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Hanif SZ, Au CC, Torregroza I, Jannath SY, Fabiha T, Bhinder B, Washburn M, Devost D, Liu S, Bhardwaj P, Evans T, Anand PK, Tarran R, Palikhe S, Elemento O, Dow L, Blenis J, Hébert TE, Brown KA. The Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR52 is a Novel Regulator of Breast Cancer Multicellular Organization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.22.604482. [PMID: 39091857 PMCID: PMC11291042 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.22.604482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of membrane-bound receptors and transmit critical signals from the extracellular to the intracellular spaces. Transcriptomic data of resected breast tumors shows that low mRNA expression of the orphan GPCR GPR52 correlates with reduced overall survival in breast cancer patients, leading to the hypothesis that loss of GPR52 supports breast cancer progression. CRISPR-Cas9 was used to knockout GPR52 in human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231, and in the non-cancerous breast epithelial cell line, MCF10A. Loss of GPR52 was found to be associated with increased cell-cell interaction in 2D cultures, altered 3D spheroid morphology, and increased propensity to organize and invade collectively in Matrigel. Furthermore, GPR52 loss was associated with features of EMT in MDA-MB-468 cells. To determine the in vivo impact of GPR52 loss, MDA-MB-468 cells were injected into zebrafish and loss of GPR52 was associated with a greater total cancer area compared to control cells. RNA-sequencing and proteomic analyses of GPR52-null breast cancer cells reveal an increased cAMP signaling signature. Consistently, we found that treatment of wild-type (WT) cells with forskolin, which stimulates production of cAMP, induces some phenotypic changes associated with GPR52 loss, and inhibition of cAMP production rescued some of the GPR52 KO phenotypes. Overall, our results reveal GPR52 loss as a potential mechanism by which breast cancer progression may occur and support the investigation of GPR52 agonism as a therapeutic option in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Z Hanif
- Weill Cornell Medicine/Rockefeller University/Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Syeda Y Jannath
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tabassum Fabiha
- Columbia University Computational & Systems Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bhavneet Bhinder
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Washburn
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City KS USA
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Dominic Devost
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Shuchen Liu
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priya Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pradeep Kumar Anand
- Division of Genetic, Environmental and Inhalational Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Robert Tarran
- Division of Genetic, Environmental and Inhalational Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sailesh Palikhe
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lukas Dow
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Blenis
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kristy A Brown
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS, USA
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3
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Lu Y, Hatzipantelis CJ, Langmead CJ, Stewart GD. Molecular insights into orphan G protein-coupled receptors relevant to schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2095-2113. [PMID: 37605621 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia remains a sizable socio-economic burden that continues to be treated with therapeutics based on 70-year old science. All currently approved therapeutics primarily target the dopamine D2 receptor to achieve their efficacy. Whilst dopaminergic dysregulation is a key feature in this disorder, the targeting of dopaminergic machinery has yielded limited efficacy and an appreciable side effect burden. Over the recent decades, numerous drugs that engage non-dopaminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have yielded a promise of efficacy without the deleterious side effect profile, yet none have successfully completed clinical studies and progressed to the market. More recently, there has been increased attention around non-dopaminergic GPCR-targeting drugs, which demonstrated efficacy in some schizophrenia symptom domains. This provides renewed hope that effective schizophrenia treatment may lie outside of the dopaminergic space. Despite the potential for muscarinic receptor- (and other well-characterised GPCR families) targeting drugs to treat schizophrenia, they are often plagued with complications such as lack of receptor subtype selectivity and peripheral on-target side effects. Orphan GPCR studies have opened a new avenue of exploration with many demonstrating schizophrenia-relevant mechanisms and a favourable expression profile, thus offering potential for novel drug development. This review discusses centrally expressed orphan GPCRs: GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR52, GPR85, GPR88 and GPR139 and their relationship to schizophrenia. We review their expression, signalling mechanisms and cellular function, in conjunction with small molecule development and structural insights. We seek to provide a snapshot of the growing evidence and development potential of new classes of schizophrenia therapeutics. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Phrenix Therapeutics, Parkville, Australia
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Phrenix Therapeutics, Parkville, Australia
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Murphy RE, Wang P, Ali S, Smith HR, Felsing DE, Chen H, Zhou J, Allen JA. Discovery of 3-((4-Benzylpyridin-2-yl)amino)benzamides as Potent GPR52 G Protein-Biased Agonists. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9709-9730. [PMID: 38788241 PMCID: PMC11441106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Orphan GPR52 is emerging as a promising neurotherapeutic target. Optimization of previously reported lead 4a employing an iterative drug design strategy led to the identification of a series of unique GPR52 agonists, such as 10a (PW0677), 15b (PW0729), and 24f (PW0866), with improved potency and efficacy. Intriguingly, compounds 10a and 24f showed greater bias for G protein/cAMP signaling and induced significantly less in vitro desensitization than parent compound 4a, indicating that reducing GPR52 β-arrestin activity with biased agonism results in sustained GPR52 activation. Further exploration of compounds 15b and 24f indicated improved potency and efficacy, and excellent target selectivity, but limited brain exposure warranting further optimization. These balanced and biased GPR52 agonists provide important pharmacological tools to study GPR52 activation, signaling bias, and therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. Murphy
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States; Present Address: Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shangdong 266003, China
| | - Saghir Ali
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Hudson R. Smith
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Daniel E. Felsing
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States; Present Address: Neurocrine Biosciences, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - John A. Allen
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Öz-Arslan D, Yavuz M, Kan B. Exploring orphan GPCRs in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1394516. [PMID: 38895631 PMCID: PMC11183337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1394516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent a significant and growing health burden worldwide. Unfortunately, limited therapeutic options are currently available despite ongoing efforts. Over the past decades, research efforts have increasingly focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these devastating conditions. Orphan receptors, a class of receptors with no known endogenous ligands, emerge as promising druggable targets for diverse diseases. This review aims to direct attention to a subgroup of orphan GPCRs, in particular class A orphans that have roles in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Multiple sclerosis. We highlight the diverse roles orphan receptors play in regulating critical cellular processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal survival and neuro-inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting orphan receptors for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, emphasizing recent advances in drug discovery and preclinical studies. Finally, we outline future directions and challenges in orphan receptor research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Öz-Arslan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Melis Yavuz
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmacology, Acibadem MAA University, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Beki Kan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
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6
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Ali S, Wang P, Murphy RE, Allen JA, Zhou J. Orphan GPR52 as an emerging neurotherapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103922. [PMID: 38387741 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
GPR52 is a highly conserved, brain-enriched, Gs/olf-coupled orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that controls various cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent physiological and pathological processes. Stimulation of GPR52 activity might be beneficial for the treatment of schizophrenia, psychiatric disorders and other human neurological diseases, whereas inhibition of its activity might provide a potential therapeutic approach for Huntington's disease. Excitingly, HTL0048149 (HTL'149), an orally available GPR52 agonist, has been advanced into phase I human clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia. In this concise review, we summarize the current understanding of GPR52 receptor distribution as well as its structure and functions, highlighting the recent advances in drug discovery efforts towards small-molecule GPR52 ligands. The opportunities and challenges presented by targeting GPR52 for novel therapeutics are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Ali
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ryan E Murphy
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - John A Allen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Lee SY, Lee HS, Park MH. Transcriptomic analysis reveals prolonged neurodegeneration in the hippocampus of adult C57BL/6N mouse deafened by noise. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1340854. [PMID: 38410162 PMCID: PMC10894918 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1340854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several studies have reported a significant correlation between noise-induced hearing loss and cognitive decline. However, comprehensive analyses of this relationship are rare. This study aimed to assess the influence of hearing impairment on cognitive functions by analyzing organ samples in the afferent auditory pathway of deafened mice using mRNA sequencing. Methods We prepared 10 female 12-week-old C57BL/6N mice as the experimental and control groups in equal numbers. Mice in the experimental group were deafened with 120 dB sound pressure level (SPL) wideband noise for 2 h. Cochlea, auditory cortex, and hippocampus were obtained from all mice. After constructing cDNA libraries for the extracted RNA from the samples, we performed next-generation sequencing. Subsequently, we analyzed the results using gene ontologies (GOs) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway databases for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of each organ. Results Our results revealed 102, 89, and 176 DEGs for cochlea, auditory cortex, and hippocampus, respectively. We identified 294, 203, and 211 GOs; 10, 7, and 17 KEGG pathways in the cochlea, auditory cortex, and hippocampus, respectively. In the long term (12 weeks) from noise-induced hearing loss, GOs and KEGG pathways related to apoptosis or inflammation persisted more actively in the order of hippocampus, auditory cortex, and cochlea. Discussion This implies that the neurodegenerative effects of noise exposure persist more longer time in the central regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Youp Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sun Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Power ME, Fernandez NR, Oni OP, Kalia A, Rourke JL. The non-nutritive sweetener sucralose increases β-arrestin signaling at the constitutively active orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR52. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:116-127. [PMID: 37748201 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners are popular food additives owing to their low caloric density and powerful sweetness relative to natural sugars. Their lack of metabolism contributes to evidence proclaiming their safety, yet several studies contradict this, demonstrating that sweeteners activate sweet taste G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and elicit deleterious metabolic functions through unknown mechanisms. We hypothesize that activation of GPCRs, particularly orphan receptors due to their abundance in metabolically active tissues, contributes to the biological activity of sweeteners. We quantified the response of 64 orphans to the sweeteners saccharin and sucralose using a high-throughput β-arrestin-2 recruitment assay (PRESTO-Tango). GPR52 was the sole receptor that significantly responded to a mixture of sucralose and saccharin. Subsequent experiments revealed sucralose as the activating sweetener. Activation of GPR52 was concentration-dependent, with an EC50 of 0.23 mmol/L and an Emax of 3.43 ± 0.24 fold change at 4 mmol/L. GPR52 constitutively activates CRE pathways; however, we show that sucralose-induced activation of GPR52 does not further activate this pathway. Identification of this novel sucralose-GPCR interaction supports the notion that sucralose elicits off-target signaling through the activation of GPR52, calling into question sucralose's assumed lack of bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Power
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Olaiya Peter Oni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Aditaya Kalia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Jillian L Rourke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
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Kalinovic R, Pascariu A, Vlad G, Nitusca D, Sălcudean A, Sirbu IO, Marian C, Enatescu VR. Involvement of the Expression of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Schizophrenia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:85. [PMID: 38256919 PMCID: PMC10818502 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The expression of GPCRs has been associated with schizophrenia, and their expression may induce morphological changes in brain regions responsible for schizophrenia and disease-specific behavioral changes. The articles included in this review were selected using keywords and databases of scientific research websites. The expressions of GPRs have different involvements in schizophrenia, some increase the risk while others provide protection, and they may also be potential targets for new treatments. Proper evaluation of these factors is essential to have a better therapeutic response with a lower rate of chronicity and thus improve the long-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluka Kalinovic
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Eduard Pamfil Psychiatric Clinic, Timisoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 300425 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (G.V.); (V.R.E.)
| | - Andrei Pascariu
- Eduard Pamfil Psychiatric Clinic, Timisoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 300425 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (G.V.); (V.R.E.)
| | - Gabriela Vlad
- Eduard Pamfil Psychiatric Clinic, Timisoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 300425 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (G.V.); (V.R.E.)
| | - Diana Nitusca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.N.); (I.O.S.); (C.M.)
- Center for Complex Networks Science, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Pta Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andreea Sălcudean
- Discipline of Sociobiology, Department of Ethics and Social Sciences, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Ioan Ovidiu Sirbu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.N.); (I.O.S.); (C.M.)
- Center for Complex Networks Science, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Pta Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Catalin Marian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.N.); (I.O.S.); (C.M.)
- Center for Complex Networks Science, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Pta Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Radu Enatescu
- Eduard Pamfil Psychiatric Clinic, Timisoara County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 300425 Timisoara, Romania; (A.P.); (G.V.); (V.R.E.)
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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10
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Gupta H, Sahi S. High-throughput virtual screening of potential inhibitors of GPR52 using docking and biased sampling method for Huntington's disease therapy. Mol Divers 2023:10.1007/s11030-023-10763-y. [PMID: 38038795 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10763-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a rare and progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by polyglutamine (poly-Q) mutations of the huntingtin (HTT) gene resulting in chorea, cognitive, and psychiatric dysfunctions. Being a monogenic condition, reducing the levels of the mutated huntingtin protein (mHTT) holds promise as an effective therapeutic approach. GPR52, an orphan G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), enriched in the striatum, is a novel target for slowing down the progression of HD by lowering the mHTT levels. Therefore, the study focuses on identifying potent small-molecule inhibitors for GPR52 using a combination of robust high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS) and pharmacokinetics profiling followed by fast pulling of ligand (FPL) and umbrella sampling (US) simulations. Initially, screening a library of 2,36,545 compounds was done against the binding pocket of GPR52. Based on binding affinity, stereochemical and non-bonded interactions, and pharmacokinetic profiling, 50 compounds were shortlisted. Selected hit compounds 1, 2, and 3 were subjected to FPL simulations with applied external bias potential to investigate their unique dissociation pathways and intermolecular interactions over time. Subsequently, the US simulations were performed on the selected hit compounds to estimate their binding free energy (ΔG). The analysis of the trajectories obtained from simulations revealed that the residues TYR34, TYR185, GLY187, ASP188, ILE189, SER299, PHE300, and THR303 within the active site of GPR52 were significant for efficient ligand binding through the formation of various hydrogen bond interactions and hydrophobic contacts. Out of the three hit compounds, compound 3 had the lowest ΔG of - 20.82 ± 0.44 kcal/mol. The study identified compounds 1, 2, and 3 as potential molecules that can be developed as GPR52 inhibitors holding promise for lowering mHTT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201312, India
| | - Shakti Sahi
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201312, India.
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11
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Wu Z, Han Z, Tao L, Sun X, Su J, Hu J, Li C. Dynamic Insights into the Self-Activation Pathway and Allosteric Regulation of the Orphan G-Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR52. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:5847-5862. [PMID: 37651308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Within over 800 members of G-protein-coupled receptors, there are numerous orphan receptors whose endogenous ligands are largely unknown, providing many opportunities for novel drug discovery. However, the lack of an in-depth understanding of the intrinsic working mechanism for orphan receptors severely limits the related rational drug design. The G-protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) is a unique orphan receptor that constitutively increases cellular 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels without binding any exogenous agonists and has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders. Although recent structural biology studies have provided snapshots of both active and inactive states of GPR52, the mechanism of the conformational transition between these states remains unclear. Here, an acceptable self-activation pathway for GPR52 was proposed through 6 μs Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulations, in which the receptor spontaneously transitions from the active state to that matching the inactive crystal structure. According to the three intermediate states of the receptor obtained by constructing a reweighted potential of mean force, how the allosteric regulation occurs between the extracellular orthosteric binding pocket and the intracellular G-protein-binding site is revealed. Combined with the independent gradient model, several important microswitch residues and the allosteric communication pathway that directly links the two regions are both identified. Transfer entropy calculations not only reveal the complex allosteric signaling within GPR52 but also confirm the unique role of ECL2 in allosteric regulation, which is mutually validated with the results of GaMD simulations. Overall, this work elucidates the allosteric mechanism of GPR52 at the atomic level, providing the most detailed information to date on the self-activation of the orphan receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Wu
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zhongjie Han
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lianci Tao
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jingjie Su
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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12
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Wong TS, Li G, Li S, Gao W, Chen G, Gan S, Zhang M, Li H, Wu S, Du Y. G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 37137892 PMCID: PMC10154768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial disorders with diverse aetiological factors. Identifying treatment targets is challenging because the diseases are resulting from heterogeneous biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opens a new possibility in drug discovery. Harnessing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms and structural information of GPCRs will be advantageous for developing effective drugs. This review provides an overview of the role of GPCRs in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Besides, we highlight the emerging opportunities of novel GPCR targets and address recent progress in GPCR drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Manzhan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Urology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 518116, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Poulter S, Austin N, Armstrong R, Barnes M, Bucknell SJ, Higueruelo A, Banerjee J, Mead A, Mould R, MacSweeney C, O’Brien MA, Stott LA, Watson SP. The Identification of GPR52 Agonist HTL0041178, a Potential Therapy for Schizophrenia and Related Psychiatric Disorders. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:499-505. [PMID: 37077397 PMCID: PMC10107915 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
HTL0041178 (1), a potent GPR52 agonist with a promising pharmacokinetic profile and exhibiting oral activity in preclinical models, has been identified. This molecule was the outcome of a judicious molecular property-based optimization approach, focusing on balancing potency against metabolic stability, solubility, permeability, and P-gp efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Poulter
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Austin
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Armstrong
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Barnes
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Joanne Bucknell
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Higueruelo
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Joydeep Banerjee
- Syngene
International, Biocon Park, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Andy Mead
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Mould
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Cliona MacSweeney
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - M. Alistair O’Brien
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Alice Stott
- Sosei
Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
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14
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Krieg PF, Sonner JK, Kurelic R, Engler JB, Scharenberg MF, Bauer S, Nikolaev VO, Friese MA. GPR52 regulates cAMP in T cells but is dispensable for encephalitogenic responses. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1113348. [PMID: 36761164 PMCID: PMC9902724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1113348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) regulate 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in T cells. cAMP as ubiquitous second messenger is crucial for adequate physiology of T cells by mediating effector T cell (Teff) function as well as regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated immunosuppression. Several GPCRs have been identified to be crucial for Teff and Treg function. However, the role of the orphan, constitutively active Gs-coupled GPCR GPR52 is unknown. Here we show that GPR52 regulates cAMP levels in T cells but does not affect T cell function. We found that stimulation of transfected HEK cells or primary T cells with a GPR52 agonist results in a rise of intracellular cAMP. However, neither Gpr52 deficiency nor pharmacological modulation of GPR52 by antagonists or agonists affected T cell activation, differentiation, and proliferation or Treg-mediated immunosuppression. Moreover, Gpr52 deletion did not modify the clinical disease course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our results demonstrate that a modulation of cAMP levels in T cells does not inevitably result in altered T cell function. While we could not identify an obvious role of GPR52 in in vitro T cell assays and in vivo CNS autoimmunity, it might regulate T cell function in a different context or affect the function of other GPR52-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula F. Krieg
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana K. Sonner
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roberta Kurelic
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Broder Engler
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlena F. Scharenberg
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Bauer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viacheslav O. Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A. Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Manuel A. Friese,
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15
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Ahamad S, Bhat SA. The Emerging Landscape of Small-Molecule Therapeutics for the Treatment of Huntington's Disease. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15993-16032. [PMID: 36490325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene (HTT). The new insights into HD's cellular and molecular pathways have led to the identification of numerous potent small-molecule therapeutics for HD therapy. The field of HD-targeting small-molecule therapeutics is accelerating, and the approval of these therapeutics to combat HD may be expected in the near future. For instance, preclinical candidates such as naphthyridine-azaquinolone, AN1, AN2, CHDI-00484077, PRE084, EVP4593, and LOC14 have shown promise for further optimization to enter into HD clinical trials. This perspective aims to summarize the advent of small-molecule therapeutics at various stages of clinical development for HD therapy, emphasizing their structure and design, therapeutic effects, and specific mechanisms of action. Further, we have highlighted the key drivers involved in HD pathogenesis to provide insights into the basic principle for designing promising anti-HD therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh202002, India
| | - Shahnawaz A Bhat
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh202002, India
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16
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Florio E, Serra M, Lewis RG, Kramár E, Freidberg M, Wood M, Morelli M, Borrelli E. D2R signaling in striatal spiny neurons modulates L-DOPA induced dyskinesia. iScience 2022; 25:105263. [PMID: 36274959 PMCID: PMC9579025 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons leads to Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by reduced levels of striatal dopamine (DA) and impaired voluntary movements. DA replacement is achieved by levodopa treatment which in long-term causes involuntary movements or dyskinesia. Dyskinesia is linked to the pulsatile activation of D1 receptors of the striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) forming the direct output pathway (dMSNs). The contribution of DA stimulation of D2R in MSNs of the indirect pathway (iMSNs) is less clear. Using the 6-hydroxydopamine model of PD, here we show that loss of DA-mediated inhibition of these neurons intensifies levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) leading to reprogramming of striatal gene expression. We propose that the motor impairments characteristic of PD and of its therapy are critically dependent on D2R-mediated iMSNs activity. D2R signaling not only filters inputs to the striatum but also indirectly regulates dMSNs mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Florio
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, INSERM U1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, 308 Sprague Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marcello Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Robert G. Lewis
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, INSERM U1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, 308 Sprague Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Enikö Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 200 Qureshey Research Lab., Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael Freidberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marcello Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 200 Qureshey Research Lab., Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Emiliana Borrelli
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, INSERM U1233, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, 308 Sprague Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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17
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Insights into the Promising Prospect of G Protein and GPCR-Mediated Signaling in Neuropathophysiology and Its Therapeutic Regulation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8425640. [PMID: 36187336 PMCID: PMC9519337 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8425640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are intricately involved in the conversion of extracellular feedback to intracellular responses. These specialized receptors possess a crucial role in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Most nonsensory GPCRs are active in almost 90% of complex brain functions. At the time of receptor phosphorylation, a GPCR pathway is essentially activated through a G protein signaling mechanism via a G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK). Dopamine, an important neurotransmitter, is primarily involved in the pathophysiology of several CNS disorders; for instance, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and ADHD. Since dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamate are potent neuropharmacological targets, dopamine itself has potential therapeutic effects in several CNS disorders. GPCRs essentially regulate brain functions by modulating downstream signaling pathways. GPR6, GPR52, and GPR8 are termed orphan GPCRs because they colocalize with dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in neurons of the basal ganglia, either alone or with both receptors. Among the orphan GPCRs, the GPR52 is recognized for being an effective psychiatric receptor. Various antipsychotics like aripiprazole and quetiapine mainly target GPCRs to exert their actions. One of the most important parts of signal transduction is the regulation of G protein signaling (RGS). These substances inhibit the activation of the G protein that initiates GPCR signaling. Developing a combination of RGS inhibitors with GPCR agonists may prove to have promising therapeutic potential. Indeed, several recent studies have suggested that GPCRs represent potentially valuable therapeutic targets for various psychiatric disorders. Molecular biology and genetically modified animal model studies recommend that these enriched GPCRs may also act as potential therapeutic psychoreceptors. Neurotransmitter and neuropeptide GPCR malfunction in the frontal cortex and limbic-related regions, including the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and brainstem, is likely responsible for the complex clinical picture that includes cognitive, perceptual, emotional, and motor symptoms. G protein and GPCR-mediated signaling play a critical role in developing new treatment options for mental health issues, and this study is aimed at offering a thorough picture of that involvement. For patients who are resistant to current therapies, the development of new drugs that target GPCR signaling cascades remains an interesting possibility. These discoveries might serve as a fresh foundation for the creation of creative methods for pharmacologically useful modulation of GPCR function.
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18
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Intrinsically disordered proteins and proteins with intrinsically disordered regions in neurodegenerative diseases. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:679-707. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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19
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Mantas I, Saarinen M, Xu ZQD, Svenningsson P. Update on GPCR-based targets for the development of novel antidepressants. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:534-558. [PMID: 33589739 PMCID: PMC8960420 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Traditional antidepressants largely interfere with monoaminergic transport or degradation systems, taking several weeks to have their therapeutic actions. Moreover, a large proportion of depressed patients are resistant to these therapies. Several atypical antidepressants have been developed which interact with G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) instead, as direct targeting of receptors may achieve more efficacious and faster antidepressant actions. The focus of this review is to provide an update on how distinct GPCRs mediate antidepressant actions and discuss recent insights into how GPCRs regulate the pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). We also discuss the therapeutic potential of novel GPCR targets, which are appealing due to their ligand selectivity, expression pattern, or pharmacological profiles. Finally, we highlight recent advances in understanding GPCR pharmacology and structure, and how they may provide new avenues for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mantas
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Saarinen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Komatsu H. Innovative Therapeutic Approaches for Huntington's Disease: From Nucleic Acids to GPCR-Targeting Small Molecules. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:785703. [PMID: 34899193 PMCID: PMC8662694 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.785703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder due to an extraordinarily expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene that confers a gain-of-toxic function in the mutant protein. There is currently no effective cure that attenuates progression and severity of the disease. Since HD is an inherited monogenic disorder, lowering the mutant huntingtin (mHTT) represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Huntingtin lowering strategies mostly focus on nucleic acid approaches, such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). While these approaches seem to be effective, the drug delivery to the brain poses a great challenge and requires direct injection into the central nervous system (CNS) that results in substantial burden for patients. This review discusses the topics on Huntingtin lowering strategies with clinical trials in patients already underway and introduce an innovative approach that has the potential to deter the disease progression through the inhibition of GPR52, a striatal-enriched class A orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that represents a promising therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders. Chemically simple, potent, and selective GPR52 antagonists have been discovered through high-throughput screening and subsequent structure-activity relationship studies. These small molecule antagonists not only diminish both soluble and aggregated mHTT in the striatum, but also ameliorate HD-like defects in HD mice. This therapeutic approach offers great promise as a novel strategy for HD therapy, while nucleic acid delivery still faces considerable challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Komatsu
- Business Strategy, Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.,Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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21
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Stott LA, Brighton CA, Brown J, Mould R, Bennett KA, Newman R, Currinn H, Autore F, Higueruelo AP, Tehan BG, MacSweeney C, O'Brien MA, Watson SP. Characterisation of inverse agonism of the orphan-G protein-coupled receptor GPR52 by cannabinoid ligands Cannabidiol and O-1918. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07201. [PMID: 34189291 PMCID: PMC8219759 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of cannabinoid ligands Cannabidiol and O-1918 as inverse agonists of the orphan receptor GPR52 is reported. Detailed characterisation of GPR52 pharmacology and modelling of the proposed receptor interaction is described. The identification of a novel and further CNS pharmacology for the polypharmacological agent and marketed drug Cannabidiol is noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Stott
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl A Brighton
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Brown
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Mould
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Kirstie A Bennett
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Newman
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Currinn
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Autore
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia P Higueruelo
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin G Tehan
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Cliona MacSweeney
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A O'Brien
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Steve P Watson
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
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22
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Wada M, Yukawa K, Ogasawara H, Suzawa K, Maekawa T, Yamamoto Y, Ohta T, Lee E, Miki T. GPR52 accelerates fatty acid biosynthesis in a ligand-dependent manner in hepatocytes and in response to excessive fat intake in mice. iScience 2021; 24:102260. [PMID: 33796846 PMCID: PMC7995607 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gpr52 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor of unknown physiological function. We found that Gpr52-deficient (Gpr52−/−) mice exhibit leanness associated with reduced liver weight, decreased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Treatment of the hepatoma cell line HepG2 cells with c11, the synthetic GPR52 agonist, increased fatty acid biosynthesis, and GPR52 knockdown (KD) abolished the lipogenic action of c11. In addition, c11 induced the expressions of lipogenic enzymes (SCD1 and ELOVL6), whereas these inductions were attenuated by GPR52-KD. In contrast, cholesterol biosynthesis was not increased by c11, but its basal level was significantly suppressed by GPR52-KD. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced increase in hepatic expression of Pparg2 and its targets (Scd1 and Elovl6) was absent in Gpr52−/− mice with alleviated hepatosteatosis. Our present study showed that hepatic GPR52 promotes the biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol in a ligand-dependent and a constitutive manner, respectively, and Gpr52 participates in HFD-induced fatty acid synthesis in liver. Hepatosteatosis is inherently an adaptive response to overnutrition to store energy On the other hand, it can be a pathological condition causing insulin resistance High-fat diet increases PPARγ2 expression and lipogenesis in liver via GPR52 Gpr52 ablation protects mice from developing hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Wada
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kayo Yukawa
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogasawara
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maekawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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23
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Komatsu H. Discovery of the First Druggable GPR52 Antagonist to Treat Huntington's Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:938-940. [PMID: 33443413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
GPR52 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) highly expressed in the brain, especially in the striatum, and represents an emerging therapeutic target for Huntington's disease (HD), an incurable monogenic neurodegenerative disorder caused by the mutation of the huntingtin (mHTT) gene. This Viewpoint discusses the discovery, published in this journal, that a highly potent and specific GPR52 antagonist was identified through high-throughput screening and structure-activity relationship study, which diminishes not only mHTT protein levels, but also ameliorates HD-like phenotypes in the animal disease models. This strategy offers intriguing promise as a surprising approach for HD therapy, where nucleic acid medicine approaches such as small interference RNAs have been the main focus and encounter obstacles such as delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Komatsu
- Medical Affairs, Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., Osaka 530-0005, Japan.,Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya City 464-8602, Japan
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24
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Ma M, Guo S, Lin X, Li S, Wu Y, Zeng Y, Hu Y, Zhao S, Xu F, Xie X, Shui W. Targeted Proteomics Combined with Affinity Mass Spectrometry Analysis Reveals Antagonist E7 Acts As an Intracellular Covalent Ligand of Orphan Receptor GPR52. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:3275-3284. [PMID: 33258587 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The GPR52, a class A orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is regarded as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of Huntington's disease and multiple psychiatric disorders. Although the recently solved structure of GPR52 has revealed a binding mechanism likely shared by all reported agonists, the small molecule antagonist E7 cannot fit into this agonist-binding pocket, and its interaction mode with the receptor remains unknown. Here, we employed targeted proteomics and affinity mass spectrometry approaches to uncover a unique binding mode of E7 which acts as a covalent and allosteric ligand of GPR52. Among three Cys residues identified in this study to form covalent conjugates with E7, the intracellular C1564.40 makes the most significant contribution to the antagonism activity of E7. Discovery of this novel intracellular site for covalent attachment of an antagonist would facilitate the design of GPR52-selective negative allosteric modulators which could serve as potential therapeutics for treating Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Ma
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Shimeng Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Xi Lin
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Wu
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Youhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Xu
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- CAS Laboratory of Receptor Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Shui
- iHuman Institute, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
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25
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Hatzipantelis C, Langiu M, Vandekolk TH, Pierce TL, Nithianantharajah J, Stewart GD, Langmead CJ. Translation-Focused Approaches to GPCR Drug Discovery for Cognitive Impairments Associated with Schizophrenia. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1042-1062. [PMID: 33344888 PMCID: PMC7737210 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There are no effective therapeutics for cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS), which includes deficits in executive functions (working memory and cognitive flexibility) and episodic memory. Compounds that have entered clinical trials are inadequate in terms of efficacy and/or tolerability, highlighting a clear translational bottleneck and a need for a cohesive preclinical drug development strategy. In this review we propose hippocampal-prefrontal-cortical (HPC-PFC) circuitry underlying CIAS-relevant cognitive processes across mammalian species as a target source to guide the translation-focused discovery and development of novel, procognitive agents. We highlight several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) enriched within HPC-PFC circuitry as therapeutic targets of interest, including noncanonical approaches (biased agonism and allosteric modulation) to conventional clinical targets, such as dopamine and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, along with prospective novel targets, including the orphan receptors GPR52 and GPR139. We also describe the translational limitations of popular preclinical cognition tests and suggest touchscreen-based assays that probe cognitive functions reliant on HPC-PFC circuitry and reflect tests used in the clinic, as tests of greater translational relevance. Combining pharmacological and behavioral testing strategies based in HPC-PFC circuit function creates a cohesive, translation-focused approach to preclinical drug development that may improve the translational bottleneck currently hindering the development of treatments for CIAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra
J. Hatzipantelis
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Monica Langiu
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Teresa H. Vandekolk
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tracie L. Pierce
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- Florey
Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gregory D. Stewart
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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26
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Wang P, Felsing DE, Chen H, Stutz SJ, Murphy RE, Cunningham KA, Allen JA, Zhou J. Discovery of Potent and Brain-Penetrant GPR52 Agonist that Suppresses Psychostimulant Behavior. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13951-13972. [PMID: 33198466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) is an orphan receptor that is selectively expressed in the striatum and regulates various brain functions through activation of cAMP-dependent pathways. GPR52 has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders including schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Here, a series of novel GPR52 agonists were designed, synthesized, and evaluated based on compound 4. Several potent and efficacious GPR52 agonists (12c, 23a, 23d, 23e, 23f, and 23h) were identified with nanomolar range potency based on a systematic structure-activity relationship exploration. Further studies of 12c indicate enhanced efficacy, excellent target selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties including good brain permeability. In vivo proof-of-concept investigations revealed that 12c displayed antipsychotic-like activity by significantly inhibiting amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotor behavior in mice. Collectively, our findings have resulted in an efficacious, brain-penetrant GPR52 agonist as a valuable pharmacological tool for investigating the physiological and therapeutic potential of GPR52 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Daniel E Felsing
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Sonja J Stutz
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Ryan E Murphy
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - John A Allen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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27
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Wang C, Zhang YF, Guo S, Zhao Q, Zeng Y, Xie Z, Xie X, Lu B, Hu Y. GPR52 Antagonist Reduces Huntingtin Levels and Ameliorates Huntington's Disease-Related Phenotypes. J Med Chem 2020; 64:941-957. [PMID: 33185430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
GPR52 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been recently implicated as a potential drug target of Huntington's disease (HD), an incurable monogenic neurodegenerative disorder. In this research, we found that striatal knockdown of GPR52 reduces mHTT levels in adult HdhQ140 mice, validating GPR52 as an HD target. In addition, we discovered a highly potent and specific GPR52 antagonist Comp-43 with an IC50 value of 0.63 μM by a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. Further studies showed that Comp-43 reduces mHTT levels by targeting GPR52 and promotes survival of mouse primary striatal neurons. Moreover, in vivo study showed that Comp-43 not only reduces mHTT levels but also rescues HD-related phenotypes in HdhQ140 mice. Taken together, our study confirms that inhibition of GPR52 is a promising strategy for HD therapy, and the GPR52 antagonist Comp-43 might serve as a lead compound for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Wang
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu-Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shimeng Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yanping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhicheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Boxun Lu
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Youhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
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28
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Khlghatyan J, Quintana C, Parent M, Beaulieu JM. High Sensitivity Mapping of Cortical Dopamine D2 Receptor Expressing Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3813-3827. [PMID: 30295716 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical D2 dopamine receptor (Drd2) have mostly been examined in the context of cognitive function regulation and neurotransmission modulation of medial prefrontal cortex by principal neurons and parvalbumin positive, fast-spiking, interneurons in schizophrenia. Early studies suggested the presence of D2 receptors in several cortical areas, albeit with major technical limitations. We used combinations of transgenic reporter systems, recombinase activated viral vectors, quantitative translatome analysis, and high sensitivity in situ hybridization to identify D2 receptor expressing cells and establish a map of their respective projections. Our results identified previously uncharacterized clusters of D2 expressing neurons in limbic and sensory regions of the adult mouse brain cortex. Characterization of these clusters by translatome analysis and cell type specific labeling revealed highly heterogeneous expression of D2 receptors in principal neurons and various populations of interneurons across cortical areas. Transcript enrichment analysis also demonstrated variable levels of D2 receptor expression and several orphan G-protein-coupled receptors coexpression in different neuronal clusters, thus suggesting strategies for genetic and therapeutic targeting of D2 expressing neurons in specific cortical areas. These results pave the way for a thorough re-examination of cortical D2 receptor functions, which could provide information about neuronal circuits involved in psychotic and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jivan Khlghatyan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec-City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Clémentine Quintana
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec-City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Martin Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec-City, Quebec, Canada
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29
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Spark DL, Mao M, Ma S, Sarwar M, Nowell CJ, Shackleford DM, Sexton PM, Nithianantharajah J, Stewart GD, Langmead CJ. In the Loop: Extrastriatal Regulation of Spiny Projection Neurons by GPR52. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2066-2076. [PMID: 32519838 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR52 is a Gαs-coupled orphan receptor identified as a putative target for the treatment of schizophrenia. The unique expression and signaling profile of GPR52 in key areas of dopamine and glutamate dysregulation suggests its activation may resolve both cortical and striatal dysfunction in the disorder. GPR52 mRNA is enriched in the striatum, almost exclusively on dopamine D2-expressing medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and to a lesser extent in the cortex, predominantly on D1-expressing pyramidal neurons. Synthetic, small molecule GPR52 agonists are effective in preclinical models of psychosis; however, the relative contribution of cortical and striatal GPR52 is unknown. Here we show that the GPR52 agonist, 3-BTBZ, inhibits phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotor activity to a greater degree than amphetamine-induced motor effects, suggesting a mechanism beyond functional antagonism of striatal dopamine D2 receptor signaling. Using DARPP-32 phosphorylation and electrophysiological recordings in either striatopallidal or striatonigral MSNs, we were surprised to find no significant effect of 3-BTBZ in striatopallidal MSNs, but GPR52-mediated effects in striatonigral MSNs, where its mRNA is absent. 3-BTBZ increases phosphorylation of T75 on DARPP-32 in striatonigral MSNs, an effect that was dependent on cortical inputs. A similar role for GPR52 in regulating extrastriatal glutamatergic drive onto striatonigral MSNs was also evident in recordings of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and was shown to be dependent on the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtype 1. Our results demonstrate that GPR52-mediated regulation of striatal function depends heavily on extrastriatal inputs, which may further support its utility as a novel target for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sherie Ma
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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30
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Hatzipantelis CJ, Lu Y, Spark DL, Langmead CJ, Stewart GD. β-Arrestin-2-Dependent Mechanism of GPR52 Signaling in Frontal Cortical Neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2077-2084. [PMID: 32519845 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan Gαs-coupled receptor GPR52 is expressed exclusively in the brain, predominantly in circuitry relating to symptoms of neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia. While GPR52 agonists have displayed antipsychotic and procognitive efficacy in murine models, there remains limited evidence delineating the molecular mechanisms of these effects. Indeed, previous studies have solely reported canonical cAMP signaling and CREB phosphorylation downstream of GPR52 activation. In the present study, we demonstrated that the synthetic GPR52 agonist, 3-BTBZ, equipotently induces cAMP accumulation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and β-arrestin-1 and -2 recruitment in transfected HEK293T cells. In cultured frontal cortical neurons, however, 3-BTBZ-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was significantly more potent than cAMP signaling, with a more prolonged signaling profile than that in HEK293T cells. Furthermore, knock down of β-arrestin-2 in frontal cortical neurons abolished 3-BTBZ-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but not cAMP accumulation. These results suggest a β-arrestin-2-dependent mechanism for GPR52-mediated ERK1/2 signaling, which may link to cognitive function in vivo. Finally, these findings highlight the context-dependence of GPCR signaling in recombinant cells and neurons, offering new insights into translationally relevant GPR52 signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J. Hatzipantelis
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yao Lu
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Daisy L. Spark
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gregory D. Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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31
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Watkins LR, Orlandi C. Orphan G Protein Coupled Receptors in Affective Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E694. [PMID: 32599826 PMCID: PMC7349732 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the main mediators of signal transduction in the central nervous system. Therefore, it is not surprising that many GPCRs have long been investigated for their role in the development of anxiety and mood disorders, as well as in the mechanism of action of antidepressant therapies. Importantly, the endogenous ligands for a large group of GPCRs have not yet been identified and are therefore known as orphan GPCRs (oGPCRs). Nonetheless, growing evidence from animal studies, together with genome wide association studies (GWAS) and post-mortem transcriptomic analysis in patients, pointed at many oGPCRs as potential pharmacological targets. Among these discoveries, we summarize in this review how emotional behaviors are modulated by the following oGPCRs: ADGRB2 (BAI2), ADGRG1 (GPR56), GPR3, GPR26, GPR37, GPR50, GPR52, GPR61, GPR62, GPR88, GPR135, GPR158, and GPRC5B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
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32
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Azam S, Haque ME, Jakaria M, Jo SH, Kim IS, Choi DK. G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in CNS: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Intervention in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Associated Cognitive Deficits. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020506. [PMID: 32102186 PMCID: PMC7072884 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a large group of neurological disorders with diverse etiological and pathological phenomena. However, current therapeutics rely mostly on symptomatic relief while failing to target the underlying disease pathobiology. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most frequently targeted receptors for developing novel therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Many currently available antipsychotic therapeutics also act as either antagonists or agonists of different GPCRs. Therefore, GPCR-based drug development is spreading widely to regulate neurodegeneration and associated cognitive deficits through the modulation of canonical and noncanonical signals. Here, GPCRs’ role in the pathophysiology of different neurodegenerative disease progressions and cognitive deficits has been highlighted, and an emphasis has been placed on the current pharmacological developments with GPCRs to provide an insight into a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shofiul Azam
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (S.A.); (M.E.H.); (M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
| | - Md. Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (S.A.); (M.E.H.); (M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
| | - Md. Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (S.A.); (M.E.H.); (M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Song-Hee Jo
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (S.A.); (M.E.H.); (M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, and Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.-S.K.); (D.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-010-3876-4773 (I.-S.K.); +82-43-840-3610 (D.-K.C.); Fax: +82-43-840-3872 (D.-K.C.)
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science & Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea; (S.A.); (M.E.H.); (M.J.); (S.-H.J.)
- Department of Integrated Bioscience & Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, and Research Institute of Inflammatory Disease (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.-S.K.); (D.-K.C.); Tel.: +82-010-3876-4773 (I.-S.K.); +82-43-840-3610 (D.-K.C.); Fax: +82-43-840-3872 (D.-K.C.)
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33
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Structural basis of ligand recognition and self-activation of orphan GPR52. Nature 2020; 579:152-157. [PMID: 32076264 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
GPR52 is a class-A orphan G-protein-coupled receptor that is highly expressed in the brain and represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of Huntington's disease and several psychiatric disorders1,2. Pathological malfunction of GPR52 signalling occurs primarily through the heterotrimeric Gs protein2, but it is unclear how GPR52 and Gs couple for signal transduction and whether a native ligand or other activating input is required. Here we present the high-resolution structures of human GPR52 in three states: a ligand-free state, a Gs-coupled self-activation state and a potential allosteric ligand-bound state. Together, our structures reveal that extracellular loop 2 occupies the orthosteric binding pocket and operates as a built-in agonist, conferring an intrinsically high level of basal activity to GPR523. A fully active state is achieved when Gs is coupled to GPR52 in the absence of an external agonist. The receptor also features a side pocket for ligand binding. These insights into the structure and function of GPR52 could improve our understanding of other self-activated GPCRs, enable the identification of endogenous and tool ligands, and guide drug discovery efforts that target GPR52.
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Song H, Li H, Guo S, Pan Y, Fu Y, Zhou Z, Li Z, Wen X, Sun X, He B, Gu H, Zhao Q, Wang C, An P, Luo S, Hu Y, Xie X, Lu B. Targeting Gpr52 lowers mutant HTT levels and rescues Huntington's disease-associated phenotypes. Brain 2019; 141:1782-1798. [PMID: 29608652 PMCID: PMC5972579 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
See Huang and Gitler (doi:10.1093/brain/awy112) for a scientific commentary on this article. Lowering the levels of disease-causing proteins is an attractive treatment strategy for neurodegenerative disorders, among which Huntington’s disease is an appealing disease for testing this strategy because of its monogenetic nature. Huntington’s disease is mainly caused by cytotoxicity of the mutant HTT protein with an expanded polyglutamine repeat tract. Lowering the soluble mutant HTT may reduce its downstream toxicity and provide potential treatment for Huntington’s disease. This is hard to achieve by small-molecule compound drugs because of a lack of effective targets. Here we demonstrate Gpr52, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, as a potential Huntington’s disease drug target. Knocking-out Gpr52 significantly reduces mutant HTT levels in the striatum and rescues Huntington’s disease-associated behavioural phenotypes in a knock-in Huntington’s disease mouse model expressing endogenous mutant Htt. Importantly, a novel Gpr52 antagonist E7 reduces mutant HTT levels and rescues Huntington’s disease-associated phenotypes in cellular and mouse models. Our study provides an entry point for Huntington’s disease drug discovery by targeting Gpr52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haikun Song
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hexuan Li
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimeng Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuyin Pan
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhua Fu
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijian Zhou
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Wen
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingqing He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Wang
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping An
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouqing Luo
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Research Way, Plymouth, UK
| | - Youhong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Boxun Lu
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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35
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Komatsu H, Fukuchi M, Habata Y. Potential Utility of Biased GPCR Signaling for Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3207. [PMID: 31261897 PMCID: PMC6651563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous advances have been made recently in the identification of genes and signaling pathways associated with the risks for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, there has been a marked reduction in the pipeline for the development of new psychiatric drugs worldwide, mainly due to the complex causes that underlie these disorders. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most common targets of antipsychotics such as quetiapine and aripiprazole, and play pivotal roles in controlling brain function by regulating multiple downstream signaling pathways. Progress in our understanding of GPCR signaling has opened new possibilities for selective drug development. A key finding has been provided by the concept of biased ligands, which modulate some, but not all, of a given receptor's downstream signaling pathways. Application of this concept raises the possibility that the biased ligands can provide therapeutically desirable outcomes with fewer side effects. Instead, this application will require a detailed understanding of the mode of action of antipsychotics that drive distinct pharmacologies. We review our current understanding of the mechanistic bases for multiple signaling modes by antipsychotics and the potential of the biased modulators to treat mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Komatsu
- Medical Affairs, Kyowa Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd. (A Lupin Group Company), Osaka 530-0005, Japan.
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya City 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Fukuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Gunma 370-0033, Japan
| | - Yugo Habata
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Yamanashi Gakuin Junior College, Kofu 400-8575, Japan
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36
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Constantinof A, Moisiadis VG, Kostaki A, Szyf M, Matthews SG. Antenatal Glucocorticoid Exposure Results in Sex-Specific and Transgenerational Changes in Prefrontal Cortex Gene Transcription that Relate to Behavioural Outcomes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:764. [PMID: 30679753 PMCID: PMC6346022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids (sGC) are administered to women at risk for pre-term delivery to reduce respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is important in regulating stress responses and related behaviours and expresses high levels of glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Further, antenatal exposure to sGC results in a hyperactive phenotype in first generation (F1) juvenile male and female offspring, as well as F2 and F3 juvenile females from the paternal lineage. We hypothesized that multiple courses of antenatal sGC modify gene expression in the PFC, that these effects are sex-specific and maintained across multiple generations, and that the gene sets affected relate to modified locomotor activity. We performed RNA sequencing on PFC of F1 juvenile males and females, as well as F2 and F3 juvenile females from the paternal lineage and used regression modelling to relate gene expression and behavior. Antenatal sGC resulted in sex-specific and generation-specific changes in gene expression. Further, the expression of 4 genes (C9orf116, Calb1, Glra3, and Gpr52) explained 20–29% of the observed variability in locomotor activity. Antenatal exposure to sGC profoundly influences the developing PFC; effects are evident across multiple generations and may drive altered behavioural phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Constantinof
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Vasilis G Moisiadis
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Alisa Kostaki
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Departments of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Sackler Program for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Stephen G Matthews
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada. .,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada. .,Departments of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada. .,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, M5G1X5, Canada.
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37
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Expression map of 78 brain-expressed mouse orphan GPCRs provides a translational resource for neuropsychiatric research. Commun Biol 2018; 1:102. [PMID: 30271982 PMCID: PMC6123746 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Orphan G-protein-coupled receptors (oGPCRs) possess untapped potential for drug discovery. In the brain, oGPCRs are generally expressed at low abundance and their function is understudied. Expression profiling is an essential step to position oGPCRs in brain function and disease, however public databases provide only partial information. Here, we fine-map expression of 78 brain-oGPCRs in the mouse, using customized probes in both standard and supersensitive in situ hybridization. Images are available at http://ogpcr-neuromap.douglas.qc.ca. This searchable database contains over 8000 coronal brain sections across 1350 slides, providing the first public mapping resource dedicated to oGPCRs. Analysis with public mouse (60 oGPCRs) and human (56 oGPCRs) genome-wide datasets identifies 25 oGPCRs with potential to address emotional and/or cognitive dimensions of psychiatric conditions. We probe their expression in postmortem human brains using nanoString, and included data in the resource. Correlating human with mouse datasets reveals excellent suitability of mouse models for oGPCRs in neuropsychiatric research. Aliza Ehrlich et al. report the fine-mapping of orphan GPCR (oGPCR) transcripts in the mouse brain using in situ hybridization and provide a public resource for data mining. The authors also mapped 25 selected oGPCRs in human brains, identifying oGPCRs with high correlation between species and potential roles in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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38
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Nakahata T, Tokumaru K, Ito Y, Ishii N, Setoh M, Shimizu Y, Harasawa T, Aoyama K, Hamada T, Kori M, Aso K. Design and synthesis of 1-(1-benzothiophen-7-yl)-1H-pyrazole, a novel series of G protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1598-1608. [PMID: 29478803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) is classified as an orphan Gs-coupled G-protein-coupled receptor. GPR52 cancels dopamine D2 receptor signaling and activates dopamine D1/N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors via intracellular cAMP accumulation. Therefore, GPR52 agonists are expected to alleviate symptoms of psychotic disorders. A novel series of 1-(benzothiophen-7-yl)-1H-pyrazole as GPR52 agonists was designed and synthesized based on compound 1b. Compound 1b has been reported by our group as the first orally active GPR52 agonist, but high lipophilicity and poor aqueous solubility still remained as issues for candidate selection. To resolve these issues, replacement of the benzene ring at the 7-positon of compound 1b with heterocylic rings, such as pyrazole and pyridine, was greatly expected to reduce lipophilicity to levels for which calculated logD values were lower than that of compound 1b. While evaluating the pyrazole derivatives, introduction of a methyl substituent at the 3-position of the pyrazole ring led to increased GPR52 agonistic activity. Moreover, additional methyl substituent at the 5-position of the pyrazole and further introduction of hydroxy group to lower logD led to significant improvement of solubility while maintaining the activity. As a result, we identified 3-methyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1H-pyrazole derivative 17 (GPR52 EC50 = 21 nM, Emax = 103%, logD = 2.21, Solubility at pH 6.8 = 21 μg/mL) with potent GPR52 agonistic activity and good solubility compared to compound 1b. Furthermore, this compound 17 dose-dependently suppressed methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakahata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Tokumaru
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Ito
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishii
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Setoh
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimizu
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiya Harasawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Aoyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Teruki Hamada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masakuni Kori
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 17-85, Jusohonmachi-2-chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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39
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Morales P, Isawi I, Reggio PH. Towards a better understanding of the cannabinoid-related orphan receptors GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:74-93. [PMID: 29390908 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1428616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 are three orphan receptors that belong to the Class A family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These GPCRs share over 60% of sequence similarity among them. Because of their close phylogenetic relationship, GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 share a high percentage of homology with other lipid receptors such as the lysophospholipid and the cannabinoid receptors. On the basis of sequence similarities at key structural motifs, these orphan receptors have been related to the cannabinoid family. However, further experimental data are required to confirm this association. GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 are predominantly expressed in mammalian brain. Their high constitutive activation of adenylyl cyclase triggers increases in cAMP levels similar in amplitude to fully activated GPCRs. This feature defines their physiological role under certain pathological conditions. In this review, we aim to summarize the knowledge attained so far on the understanding of these receptors. Expression patterns, pharmacology, physiopathological relevance, and molecules targeting GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 will be analyzed herein. Interestingly, certain cannabinoid ligands have been reported to modulate these orphan receptors. The current debate about sphingolipids as putative endogenous ligands will also be addressed. A special focus will be on their potential role in the brain, particularly under neurological conditions such as Parkinson or Alzheimer's disease. Reported physiological roles outside the central nervous system will also be covered. This critical overview may contribute to a further comprehension of the physiopathological role of these orphan GPCRs, hopefully attracting more research towards a future therapeutic exploitation of these promising targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
| | - Israa Isawi
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
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40
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Robins MT, Chiang T, Mores KL, Alongkronrusmee D, van Rijn RM. Critical Role for G i/o-Protein Activity in the Dorsal Striatum in the Reduction of Voluntary Alcohol Intake in C57Bl/6 Mice. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:112. [PMID: 29686629 PMCID: PMC5900748 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from non-dependent alcohol use to alcohol dependence involves increased activity of the dorsal striatum. Interestingly, the dorsal striatum expresses a large number of inhibitory G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which when activated may inhibit alcohol-induced increased activity and can decrease alcohol consumption. Here, we explore the hypothesis that dorsal striatal Gi/o-protein activation is sufficient to reduce voluntary alcohol intake. Using a voluntary, limited-access, two-bottle choice, drink-in-the-dark model of alcohol (10%) consumption, we validated the importance of Gi/o signaling in this region by locally expressing neuron-specific, adeno-associated-virus encoded Gi/o-coupled muscarinic M4 designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) in the dorsal striatum and observed a decrease in alcohol intake upon DREADD activation. We validated our findings by activating Gi/o-coupled delta-opioid receptors (DORs), which are natively expressed in the dorsal striatum, using either a G-protein biased agonist or a β-arrestin-biased agonist. Local infusion of TAN-67, an in vitro-determined Gi/o-protein biased DOR agonist, decreased voluntary alcohol intake in wild-type and β-arrestin-2 knockout (KO) mice. SNC80, a β-arrestin-2 biased DOR agonist, increased alcohol intake in wild-type mice; however, SNC80 decreased alcohol intake in β-arrestin-2 KO mice, thus resulting in a behavioral outcome generally observed for Gi/o-biased agonists and suggesting that β-arrestin recruitment is required for SNC80-increased alcohol intake. Overall, these results suggest that activation Gi/o-coupled GPCRs expressed in the dorsal striatum, such as the DOR, by G-protein biased agonists may be a potential strategy to decrease voluntary alcohol consumption and β-arrestin recruitment is to be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meridith T Robins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue University Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Terrance Chiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue University Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kendall L Mores
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Doungkamol Alongkronrusmee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue University Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue University Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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41
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Alavi MS, Shamsizadeh A, Azhdari-Zarmehri H, Roohbakhsh A. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors: The role in CNS disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:222-232. [PMID: 29268243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are various types of receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have the highest expression with a wide range of physiological functions. A newer sub group of these receptors namely orphan GPCRs have been discovered. GPR3, GPR6, GPR17, GPR26, GPR37, GPR39, GPR40, GPR50, GPR52, GPR54, GPR55, GPR85, GPR88, GPR103, and GPR139 are the selected orphan GPCRs for this article. Their roles in the central nervous system have not been understood well so far. However, recent studies show that they may have very important functions in the CNS. Hence, in the present study, we reviewed most recent findings regarding the physiological roles of the selected orphan GPCRs in the CNS. After a brief presentation of each receptor, considering the results from genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the receptors, their roles in the pathophysiology of different diseases and disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and substance abuse will be discussed. At present, our knowledge regarding the role of GPCRs in the brain is very limited. However, previous limited studies show that orphan GPCRs have an important place in psychopharmacology and these receptors are potential new targets for the treatment of major CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Azhdari-Zarmehri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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42
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Nishiyama K, Suzuki H, Harasawa T, Suzuki N, Kurimoto E, Kawai T, Maruyama M, Komatsu H, Sakuma K, Shimizu Y, Shimojo M. FTBMT, a Novel and Selective GPR52 Agonist, Demonstrates Antipsychotic-Like and Procognitive Effects in Rodents, Revealing a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Schizophrenia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:253-264. [PMID: 28851764 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.242925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR52 is a Gs-coupled G protein-coupled receptor that is predominantly expressed in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAc) and was recently proposed as a potential therapeutic target for schizophrenia. In the current study, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo pharmacologic activities of a novel GPR52 agonist, 4-(3-(3-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-methylbenzamide (FTBMT). FTBMT functioned as a selective GPR52 agonist in vitro and in vivo, as demonstrated by the activation of Camp signaling in striatal neurons. FTBMT inhibited MK-801-induced hyperactivity, an animal model for acute psychosis, without causing catalepsy in mice. The c-fos expression also revealed that FTBMT preferentially induced neuronal activation in the shell of the Nac compared with the striatum, thereby supporting its antipsychotic-like activity with less catalepsy. Furthermore, FTBMT improved recognition memory in a novel object-recognition test and attenuated MK-801-induced working memory deficits in a radial arm maze test in rats. These recognitive effects were supported by the results of FTBMT-induced c-fos expression in the brain regions related to cognition, including the medial prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus. Taken together, these findings suggest that FTBMT shows antipsychotic and recognitive properties without causing catalepsy in rodents. Given its unique pharmacologic profile, which differs from that of current antipsychotics, FTBMT may provide a new therapeutic option for the treatment of positive and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nishiyama
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Suzuki
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Harasawa
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Noriko Suzuki
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Emi Kurimoto
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Maruyama
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Komatsu
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kensuke Sakuma
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimizu
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masato Shimojo
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Research (K.N., H.S., T.H., N.S., E.K., T.K., M.M., H.K., Y.S., M.S.) and Regenerative Medicine Unit (K.S.), Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
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Nishiyama K, Suzuki H, Maruyama M, Yoshihara T, Ohta H. Genetic deletion of GPR52 enhances the locomotor-stimulating effect of an adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist in mice: A potential role of GPR52 in the function of striatopallidal neurons. Brain Res 2017; 1670:24-31. [PMID: 28583861 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 52 (GPR52) is largely co-expressed with dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, and this expression pattern is similar to that of adenosine A2A receptor (ADORA2A). GPR52 has been proposed as a therapeutic target for positive symptoms of schizophrenia, based on observations from pharmacological and transgenic mouse studies. However, the physiological role of GPR52 in dopaminergic functions in the basal ganglia remains unclear. Here, we used GPR52 knockout (KO) mice to examine the role of GPR52 in dopamine receptor-mediated and ADORA2A-mediated locomotor activity and dopamine receptor signaling. High expression of GPR52 protein in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and lateral globus pallidus of wild type (WT) littermates was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. GPR52 KO and WT mice exhibited almost identical locomotor responses to the dopamine releaser methamphetamine and the N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist MK-801. In contrast, the locomotor response to the ADORA2A antagonist istradefylline was significantly augmented in GPR52 KO mice compared to WT mice. Gene expression analysis revealed that striatal expression of DRD2, but not of dopamine D1 receptor and ADORA2A, was significantly decreased in GPR52 KO mice. Moreover, a significant reduction in the mRNA expression of enkephalin, a marker of the activity of striatopallidal neurons, was observed in the striatum of GPR52 KO mice, suggesting that GPR52 deletion could enhance DRD2 signaling. Taken together, these results imply the physiological relevance of GPR52 in modulating the function of striatopallidal neurons, possibly by interaction of GPR52 with ADORA2A and DRD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nishiyama
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Suzuki
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Maruyama
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshihara
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- CNS Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan.
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Tokumaru K, Ito Y, Nomura I, Nakahata T, Shimizu Y, Kurimoto E, Aoyama K, Aso K. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of 4-azolyl-benzamide derivatives as novel GPR52 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3098-3115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Khan MZ, He L. Neuro-psychopharmacological perspective of Orphan receptors of Rhodopsin (class A) family of G protein-coupled receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1181-1207. [PMID: 28289782 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system (CNS), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most fruitful targets for neuropsychopharmacological drug development. Rhodopsin (class A) is the most studied class of GPCR and includes orphan receptors for which the endogenous ligand is not known or is unclear. Characterization of orphan GPCRs has proven to be challenging, and the production pace of GPCR-based drugs has been incredibly slow. OBJECTIVE Determination of the functions of these receptors may provide unexpected insight into physiological and neuropathological processes. Advances in various methods and techniques to investigate orphan receptors including in situ hybridization and knockdown/knockout (KD/KO) showed extensive expression of these receptors in the mammalian brain and unmasked their physiological and neuropathological roles. Due to these rapid progress and development, orphan GPCRs are rising as a new and promising class of drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION This review presents a neuropsychopharmacological perspective of 26 orphan receptors of rhodopsin (class A) family, namely GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR17, GPR26, GPR35, GPR39, GPR48, GPR49, GPR50, GPR52, GPR55, GPR61, GPR62, GPR63, GPR68, GPR75, GPR78, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR88, GPR153, GPR162, GPR171, and TAAR6. We discussed the expression of these receptors in mammalian brain and their physiological roles. Furthermore, we have briefly highlighted their roles in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, neuroinflammation, inflammatory pain, bipolar and schizophrenic disorders, epilepsy, anxiety, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China.
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210009, China
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Sato S, Huang XP, Kroeze WK, Roth BL. Discovery and Characterization of Novel GPR39 Agonists Allosterically Modulated by Zinc. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:726-737. [PMID: 27754899 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.106112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we identified two previously described kinase inhibitors-3-(4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)-2-methyl-N-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-8-(morpholinomethyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-6-amine (LY2784544) and 1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxylic acid, 2-methyl-1-[[2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methyl]-6-(4-morpholinyl)- (GSK2636771)-as novel GPR39 agonists by unbiased small-molecule-based screening using a β-arrestin recruitment screening approach (PRESTO-Tango). We characterized the signaling of LY2784544 and GSK2636771 and compared their signaling patterns with a previously described "GPR39-selective" agonist N-[3-chloro-4-[[[2-(methylamino)-6-(2-pyridinyl)-4- pyrimidinyl]amino]methyl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide (GPR39-C3) at both canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways. Unexpectedly, all three compounds displayed probe-dependent and pathway-dependent allosteric modulation by concentrations of zinc reported to be physiologic. LY2784544 and GS2636771 at GPR39 in the presence of zinc were generally as potent or more potent than their reported activities against kinases in whole-cell assays. These findings reveal an unexpected role of zinc as an allosteric potentiator of small-molecule-induced activation of GPR39 and expand the list of potential kinase off-targets to include understudied G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Sato
- Department of Pharmacology (S.S., X.-P.H., W.K.K., B.L.R.) and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (X.-P.H., B.L.R.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology (S.S., X.-P.H., W.K.K., B.L.R.) and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (X.-P.H., B.L.R.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wesley K Kroeze
- Department of Pharmacology (S.S., X.-P.H., W.K.K., B.L.R.) and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (X.-P.H., B.L.R.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology (S.S., X.-P.H., W.K.K., B.L.R.) and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (X.-P.H., B.L.R.), School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Krutzke SK, Engels H, Hofmann A, Schumann MM, Cremer K, Zink AM, Hilger A, Ludwig M, Gembruch U, Reutter H, Merz WM. Array-based molecular karyotyping in fetal brain malformations: Identification of novel candidate genes and chromosomal regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 106:16-26. [PMID: 26680650 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the majority of congenital brain malformations, the underlying cause remains unknown. Recent studies have implicated rare copy number variations (CNVs) in their etiology. METHODS Here, we used array-based molecular karyotyping to search for causative CNVs in 33 fetuses of terminated pregnancies with prenatally detected brain malformations and additional extracerebral anomalies. RESULTS In 11 fetuses, we identified 15 CNVs (0.08 Mb to 29.59 Mb), comprising four duplications and eleven deletions. All larger CNVs (> 5 Mb) had also been detected by prenatal conventional karyotyping. None of these CNVs was present in our 1307 healthy in-house controls (frequency < 0.0008). Among these CNVs, we prioritized six chromosomal regions (1q25.1, 5q35.1, 6q25.3-qter, 11p14.3, 15q11.2-q13.1, 18q21.1) due to their previous association with human brain malformations or owing to the presence of a single gene expressed in human brain. Prioritized genes within these regions were UBTD2, SKA1, SVIP, and, most convincingly, GPR52. However, re-sequencing of GPR52 in 100 samples from fetuses with brain malformations or patients with intellectual disability and brain malformations revealed no disease-causing mutation. CONCLUSION Our study suggests chromosomal regions 1q25.1, 5q35.1, 6q25.3-qter, 11p14.3, 15q11.2-q13.1, and 18q21.1 to be involved in human brain development. Within three of these regions, we suggest UBTD2, GPR52, and SKA1 as possible candidate genes. Because the overall detection rate of array-based molecular karyotyping was slightly higher (23%) than that of conventional prenatal karyotyping (20%), we suggest it's use for prenatal diagnostic testing in fetuses with nonisolated brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartmut Engels
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Hofmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Kirsten Cremer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Alina Hilger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gembruch
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heiko Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Waltraut M Merz
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Liu X, Cao S, Zhang X. Modulation of Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis by Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7885-7895. [PMID: 26306709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There exists a bidirectional communication system between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota can play a critical role in this communication; thus, the concept of a gut microbiota and brain axis is emerging. Here, we review recent findings in the relationship between intestinal microbes and brain function, such as anxiety, depression, stress, autism, learning, and memory. We highlight the advances in modulating brain development and behavior by probiotics, prebiotics, and diet through the gut microbiota-brain axis. A variety of mechanisms including immune, neural, and metabolic pathways may be involved in modulation of the gut microbiota-brain axis. We also discuss some future challenges. A deeper understanding of the relationship between the gut bacteria and their hosts is implicated in developing microbial-based therapeutic strategies for brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangqing Cao
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, China
- Library, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, China
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Novel Therapeutic GPCRs for Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14109-21. [PMID: 26101869 PMCID: PMC4490542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160614109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most common targets of the neuropharmacological drugs in the central nervous system (CNS). GPCRs are activated by manifold neurotransmitters, and their activation in turn evokes slow synaptic transmission. They are deeply involved in multiple neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. In the brain, the striatum is strongly innervated by the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and plays a central role in manifestation of psychiatric disorders. Recently, anatomical and comprehensive transcriptome analysis of the non-odorant GPCR superfamily revealed that the orphan GPCRs GPR88, GPR6, and GPR52, as well as dopamine D1 and D2 receptors and the adenosine A2a receptor, are the most highly enriched in the rodent striatum. Genetically engineered animal models and molecular biological studies have suggested that these striatally enriched GPCRs have a potential to be therapeutic psychiatric receptors. This review summarizes the current understanding of the therapeutic GPCR candidates for psychiatric disorders.
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50
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Yao Y, Cui X, Al-Ramahi I, Sun X, Li B, Hou J, Difiglia M, Palacino J, Wu ZY, Ma L, Botas J, Lu B. A striatal-enriched intronic GPCR modulates huntingtin levels and toxicity. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25738228 PMCID: PMC4372774 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) represents an important model for neurodegenerative disorders and proteinopathies. It is mainly caused by cytotoxicity of the mutant huntingtin protein (Htt) with an expanded polyQ stretch. While Htt is ubiquitously expressed, HD is characterized by selective neurodegeneration of the striatum. Here we report a striatal-enriched orphan G protein-coupled receptor(GPCR) Gpr52 as a stabilizer of Htt in vitro and in vivo. Gpr52 modulates Htt via cAMP-dependent but PKA independent mechanisms. Gpr52 is located within an intron of Rabgap1l, which exhibits epistatic effects on Gpr52-mediated modulation of Htt levels by inhibiting its substrate Rab39B, which co-localizes with Htt and translocates Htt to the endoplasmic reticulum. Finally, reducing Gpr52 suppresses HD phenotypes in both patient iPS-derived neurons and in vivo Drosophila HD models. Thus, our discovery reveals modulation of Htt levels by a striatal-enriched GPCR via its GPCR function, providing insights into the selective neurodegeneration and potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ismael Al-Ramahi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiapeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marian Difiglia
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - James Palacino
- Developmental Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixiang Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Botas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Boxun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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