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Chakraborty N, Gautam A, Muhie S, Miller SA, Meyerhoff J, Sowe B, Jett M, Hammamieh R. Potential roles of polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diets in modulating social stress-like features. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 116:109309. [PMID: 36871836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish oil or its major constituents, namely omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acid (n3-PUFA), are popular supplements to improve neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and overall brain functions. Our objective was to probe the implications of fat enriched diet with variable PUFAs supplements in ameliorating social stress (SS). We fed mice on either of the three diet types, namely the n-3 PUFA-enriched diet (ERD, n3:n6= 7:1), a balanced diet (BLD, n3:n6= 1:1) or a standard lab diet (STD, n3:n6= 1:6). With respect to the gross fat contents, the customized special diets, namely ERD and BLD were extreme diet, not reflecting the typical human dietary composition. Aggressor-exposed SS (Agg-E SS) model triggered behavioral deficiencies that lingered for 6 weeks (6w) post-stress in mice on STD. ERD and BLD elevated bodyweights but potentially helped in building the behavioral resilience to SS. STD adversely affected the gene networks of brain transcriptomics associated with the cell mortality, energy homeostasis and neurodevelopment disorder. Diverging from the ERD's influences on these networks, BLD showed potential long-term benefits in combatting Agg-E SS. The gene networks linked to cell mortality and energy homeostasis, and their subfamilies, such as cerebral disorder and obesity remained at the baseline level of Agg-E SS mice on BLD 6w post-stress. Moreover, neurodevelopment disorder network and its subfamilies like behavioral deficits remained inhibited in the cohort fed on BLD 6w post Agg-E SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chakraborty
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Seid Muhie
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; Geneva Foundation, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Stacy-Ann Miller
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - James Meyerhoff
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; Geneva Foundation, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Bintu Sowe
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA; Geneva Foundation, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Marti Jett
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Chakraborty N, Zamarioli A, Gautam A, Campbell R, Mendenhall SK, Childress PJ, Dimitrov G, Sowe B, Tucker A, Zhao L, Hammamieh R, Kacena MA. Gene-metabolite networks associated with impediment of bone fracture repair in spaceflight. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3507-3520. [PMID: 34194674 PMCID: PMC8220416 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse effects of spaceflight on musculoskeletal health increase the risk of bone injury and impairment of fracture healing. Its yet elusive molecular comprehension warrants immediate attention, since space travel is becoming more frequent. Here we examined the effects of spaceflight on bone fracture healing using a 2 mm femoral segmental bone defect (SBD) model. Forty, 9-week-old, male C57BL/6J mice were randomized into 4 groups: 1) Sham surgery on Ground (G-Sham); 2) Sham surgery housed in Spaceflight (FLT-Sham); 3) SBD surgery on Ground (G-Surgery); and 4) SBD surgery housed in Spaceflight (FLT-Surgery). Surgery procedures occurred 4 days prior to launch; post-launch, the spaceflight mice were house in the rodent habitats on the International Space Station (ISS) for approximately 4 weeks before euthanasia. Mice remaining on the Earth were subjected to identical housing and experimental conditions. The right femur from half of the spaceflight and ground groups was investigated by micro-computed tomography (µCT). In the remaining mice, the callus regions from surgery groups and corresponding femoral segments in sham mice were probed by global transcriptomic and metabolomic assays. µCT confirmed escalated bone loss in FLT-Sham compared to G-Sham mice. Comparing to their respective on-ground counterparts, the morbidity gene-network signal was inhibited in sham spaceflight mice but activated in the spaceflight callus. µCT analyses of spaceflight callus revealed increased trabecular spacing and decreased trabecular connectivity. Activated apoptotic signals in spaceflight callus were synchronized with inhibited cell migration signals that potentially hindered the wound site to recruit growth factors. A major pro-apoptotic and anti-migration gene network, namely the RANK-NFκB axis, emerged as the central node in spaceflight callus. Concluding, spaceflight suppressed a unique biomolecular mechanism in callus tissue to facilitate a failed regeneration, which merits a customized intervention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariane Zamarioli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Anaesthesiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, SP, Brazil
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ross Campbell
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Geneva Foundation, Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Stephen K Mendenhall
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paul J. Childress
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - George Dimitrov
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Geneva Foundation, Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bintu Sowe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- ORISE, Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Aamir Tucker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liming Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology, CMPN, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Melissa A. Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Zhang G, Meng Q, Blencowe M, Agrawal R, Gomez-Pinilla F, Yang X. Multi-Tissue Multi-Omics Nutrigenomics Indicates Context-Specific Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Rat Brain. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000788. [PMID: 33063454 PMCID: PMC8046846 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The influence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on cardiometabolic and cognitive phenotypes, and multi-omic alterations in the brain under two metabolic conditions is explored to understand context-specific nutritional effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats are randomly assigned to a DHA-rich or a control chow diet while drinking water or high fructose solution, followed by profiling of metabolic and cognitive phenotypes and the transcriptome and DNA methylome of the hypothalamus and hippocampus. DHA reduces serum triglyceride and improves insulin resistance and memory exclusively in the fructose-consuming rats. In hippocampus, DHA affects genes related to synapse functions in the chow group but immune functions in the fructose group; in hypothalamus, DHA alters immune pathways in the chow group but metabolic pathways in the fructose group. Network modeling reveals context-specific regulators of DHA effects, including Klf4 and Dusp1 for chow condition and Lum, Fn1, and Col1a1 for fructose condition in hippocampus, as well as Cyr61, JunB, Ier2, and Pitx2 under chow condition and Hcar1, Cdh1, and Osr1 under fructose condition in hypothalamus. CONCLUSION DHA exhibits differential influence on epigenetic loci, genes, pathways, and metabolic and cognitive phenotypes under different dietary contexts, supporting population stratification in DHA studies to achieve precision nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Qingying Meng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Montgomery Blencowe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rahul Agrawal
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Brain Injury Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Yde Ohki CM, Grossmann L, Alber E, Dwivedi T, Berger G, Werling AM, Walitza S, Grünblatt E. The stress-Wnt-signaling axis: a hypothesis for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and therapy approaches. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:315. [PMID: 32948744 PMCID: PMC7501308 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents. Although ADHD has been studied for nearly a century, the cause and pathophysiology of ADHD is yet largely unknown. However, findings from previous studies have resulted in the formation of a new hypothesis: Apart from the well-known multifactorial etiology of ADHD, recent evidence suggests that the interaction between genetic and environmental factors and especially Wnt- and mTOR-signaling pathways might have an important role in the pathophysiology of ADHD. The Wnt-signaling pathway is known to orchestrate cellular proliferation, polarity, and differentiation, and the mTOR pathway is involved in several significant processes of neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity. As a result, dysregulations of these pathways in a time-dependent manner could lead to neurodevelopmental delays, resulting in ADHD phenotype. This review presents further evidence supporting our hypothesis by combining results from studies on ADHD and Wnt- or mTOR-signaling and the influence of genetics, methylphenidate treatment, Omega-3 supplementation, and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Marie Yde Ohki
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leoni Grossmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emma Alber
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tanushree Dwivedi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Berger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Maria Werling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Zhu X, Liu X, Liu Y, Chang W, Song Y, Zhu S. Uncovering the Potential Differentially Expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in Ischemic Stroke Based on Integrated Analysis in the Gene Expression Omnibus Database. Eur Neurol 2020; 83:404-414. [PMID: 32906114 DOI: 10.1159/000507364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemic stroke is the third leading cause of death. There is no known treatment or cure for the disease. Moreover, the pathological mechanism of ischemic stroke remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify potential microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs, contributing to understanding the pathology of ischemic stroke. METHODS First, the data of miRNA and mRNA were downloaded for differential expression analysis. Then, the regulatory network between miRNA and mRNAs was constructed. Third, top 100 differentially expressed mRNAs were used to construct a protein-protein interaction network followed by the function annotation of mRNAs. In addition, in vitro experiment was used to validate the expression of mRNAs. Last, receiver operating characteristic diagnostic analysis of differentially methylated genes was performed. RESULTS Totally, up to 26 differentially expressed miRNAs and 1,345 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified. Several regulatory interaction pairs between miRNA and mRNAs were identified, such as hsa-miR-206-HMGCR/PICALM, hsa-miR-4491-TMEM97, hsa-miR-3622b-5p/hsa-miR-548k-KLF12, and hsa-miR-302a-3p/hsa-miR-3145-3p-CTSS. MAPK signaling pathway (involved DUSP1) and the Notch signaling pathway (involved NUMB and CREBBP) were identified. The expression validation of KLF12, ARG1, ITGAM, SIRT4, SERPINH1, and DUSP1 was consistent with the bioinformatics analysis. Interestingly, hsa-miR-206, hsa-miR-4491, hsa-miR-3622b-5p, hsa-miR-548k, hsa-miR-302a-3p, hsa-miR-3145-3p, KLF12, and ID3 had the potential diagnostic value of ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS The identified differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs may be associated with the development of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng Second Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Linqing City, China,
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng Second Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Linqing City, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng Second Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Linqing City, China
| | - Wansheng Chang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng Second Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Linqing City, China
| | - Yanfeng Song
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng Second Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Linqing City, China
| | - Shulai Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng Second Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Linqing City, China
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Hsu MC, Huang YS, Ouyang WC. Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia: possible mechanisms. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:159. [PMID: 32620164 PMCID: PMC7333328 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a serious long-term psychotic disorder marked by positive and negative symptoms, severe behavioral problems and cognitive function deficits. The cause of this disorder is not completely clear, but is suggested to be multifactorial, involving both inherited and environmental factors. Since human brain regulates all behaviour, studies have focused on identifying changes in neurobiology and biochemistry of brain in schizophrenia. Brain is the most lipid rich organ (approximately 50% of brain dry weight). Total brain lipids is constituted of more than 60% of phospholipids, in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the most abundant (more than 40%) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in brain membrane phospholipids. Results from numerous studies have shown significant decreases of PUFAs, in particular, DHA in peripheral blood (plasma and erythrocyte membranes) as well as brain of schizophrenia patients at different developmental phases of the disorder. PUFA deficiency has been associated to psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. These findings have led to a number of clinical trials examining whether dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could improve the course of illness in patients with schizophrenia. Results are inconsistent. Some report beneficial whereas others show not effective. The discrepancy can be attributed to the heterogeneity of patient population. METHODS In this review, results from recent experimental and clinical studies, which focus on illustrating the role of PUFAs in the development of schizophrenia were examined. The rationale why omega-3 supplementation was beneficial on symptoms (presented by subscales of the positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS), and cognitive functions in certain patients but not others was reviewed. The potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects were discussed. RESULTS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduced the conversion rate to psychosis and improved both positive and negative symptoms and global functions in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could also improve negative symptoms and global functions in the first-episode patients with schizophrenia, but improve mainly total or general PANSS subscales in chronic patients. Patients with low PUFA (particularly DHA) baseline in blood were more responsive to the omega-3 fatty acid intervention. CONCLUSION Omega-3 supplementation is more effective in reducing psychotic symptom severity in young adults or adolescents in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia who have low omega-3 baseline. Omega-3 supplementation was more effective in patients with low PUFA baseline. It suggests that patients with predefined lipid levels might benefit from lipid treatments, but more controlled clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sheng Huang
- College of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Ouyang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No.539, Yuzhong Rd., Rende Dist., Tainan City, 71742 Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, No.452, Huanqiu Rd. Luzhu Dist, Kaohsiung, 82144 Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
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7
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Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging Potential Contributes to Hypertrophic Scar Formation. J Surg Res 2019; 244:312-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Mellon SH, Bersani FS, Lindqvist D, Hammamieh R, Donohue D, Dean K, Jett M, Yehuda R, Flory J, Reus VI, Bierer LM, Makotkine I, Abu Amara D, Henn Haase C, Coy M, Doyle FJ, Marmar C, Wolkowitz OM. Metabolomic analysis of male combat veterans with post traumatic stress disorder. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213839. [PMID: 30883584 PMCID: PMC6422302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with impaired major domains of psychology and behavior. Individuals with PTSD also have increased co-morbidity with several serious medical conditions, including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, raising the possibility that systemic pathology associated with PTSD might be identified by metabolomic analysis of blood. We sought to identify metabolites that are altered in male combat veterans with PTSD. In this case-control study, we compared metabolomic profiles from age-matched male combat trauma-exposed veterans from the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts with PTSD (n = 52) and without PTSD (n = 51) (‘Discovery group’). An additional group of 31 PTSD-positive and 31 PTSD-negative male combat-exposed veterans was used for validation of these findings (‘Test group’). Plasma metabolite profiles were measured in all subjects using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We identified key differences between PTSD subjects and controls in pathways related to glycolysis and fatty acid uptake and metabolism in the initial ‘Discovery group’, consistent with mitochondrial alterations or dysfunction, which were also confirmed in the ‘Test group’. Other pathways related to urea cycle and amino acid metabolism were different between PTSD subjects and controls in the ‘Discovery’ but not in the smaller ‘Test’ group. These metabolic differences were not explained by comorbid major depression, body mass index, blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, smoking, or use of analgesics, antidepressants, statins, or anti-inflammatories. These data show replicable, wide-ranging changes in the metabolic profile of combat-exposed males with PTSD, with a suggestion of mitochondrial alterations or dysfunction, that may contribute to the behavioral and somatic phenotypes associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synthia H. Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - F. Saverio Bersani
- Department of Psychiatry and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- Department of Psychiatry and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Duncan Donohue
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Dean
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Marti Jett
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Janine Flory
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Victor I. Reus
- Department of Psychiatry and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Linda M. Bierer
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Iouri Makotkine
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Duna Abu Amara
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical School, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Clare Henn Haase
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical School, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Michelle Coy
- Department of Psychiatry and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Doyle
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Charles Marmar
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical School, New York, NY, United States of America
- Stephen and Alexandra Cohen Veteran Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Owen M. Wolkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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Mehus AA, Dickey AM, Smith TPL, Yeater KM, Picklo MJ. Next-Generation Sequencing Identifies Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Responsive Genes in the Juvenile Rat Cerebellum. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020407. [PMID: 30769946 PMCID: PMC6412889 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influence postnatal brain growth and development. However, little data exist regarding the impacts of dietary n-3 PUFA in juvenile animals post weaning, which is a time of rapid growth. We tested the hypothesis that depleting dietary n-3 PUFA would result in modifications to the cerebellar transcriptome of juvenile rats. To test this hypothesis, three week old male rats (an age that roughly corresponds to an 11 month old child in brain development) were fed diets containing either soybean oil (SO) providing 1.1% energy from α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3; ALA-sufficient) or corn oil (CO) providing 0.13% energy from ALA (ALA-deficient) for four weeks. Fatty acids (FAs) in the cerebellum were analyzed and revealed a 4-fold increase in n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5n-6), increases in arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6) and docosatetraenoic acid (DTA; 22:4n-6), but no decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), in animals fed CO versus SO. Transcript abundance was then characterized to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two diets. Upper quartile (UQ) scaling and transcripts per million (TPM) data normalization identified 100 and 107 DEGs, respectively. Comparison of DEGs from the two normalization methods identified 70 genes that overlapped, with 90% having abundance differences less than 2-fold. Nr4a3, a transcriptional activator that plays roles in neuroprotection and learning, was elevated over 2-fold from the CO diet. These data indicate that expression of Nr4a3 in the juvenile rat cerebellum is responsive to dietary n-3 PUFA, but additional studies are needed clarify the neurodevelopmental relationships between n-3 PUFA and Nr4a3 and the resulting impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Mehus
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
| | - Aaron M Dickey
- USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
| | - Timothy P L Smith
- USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
| | | | - Matthew J Picklo
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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Towards precision medicine for pain: diagnostic biomarkers and repurposed drugs. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:501-522. [PMID: 30755720 PMCID: PMC6477790 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We endeavored to identify objective blood biomarkers for pain, a subjective sensation with a biological basis, using a stepwise discovery, prioritization, validation, and testing in independent cohorts design. We studied psychiatric patients, a high risk group for co-morbid pain disorders and increased perception of pain. For discovery, we used a powerful within-subject longitudinal design. We were successful in identifying blood gene expression biomarkers that were predictive of pain state, and of future emergency department (ED) visits for pain, more so when personalized by gender and diagnosis. MFAP3, which had no prior evidence in the literature for involvement in pain, had the most robust empirical evidence from our discovery and validation steps, and was a strong predictor for pain in the independent cohorts, particularly in females and males with PTSD. Other biomarkers with best overall convergent functional evidence for involvement in pain were GNG7, CNTN1, LY9, CCDC144B, and GBP1. Some of the individual biomarkers identified are targets of existing drugs. Moreover, the biomarker gene expression signatures were used for bioinformatic drug repurposing analyses, yielding leads for possible new drug candidates such as SC-560 (an NSAID), and amoxapine (an antidepressant), as well as natural compounds such as pyridoxine (vitamin B6), cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12), and apigenin (a plant flavonoid). Our work may help mitigate the diagnostic and treatment dilemmas that have contributed to the current opioid epidemic.
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11
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Pawełczyk T, Grancow-Grabka M, Trafalska E, Szemraj J, Żurner N, Pawełczyk A. An increase in plasma brain derived neurotrophic factor levels is related to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid efficacy in first episode schizophrenia: secondary outcome analysis of the OFFER randomized clinical trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2811-2822. [PMID: 31098654 PMCID: PMC6695351 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) influence multiple biochemical mechanisms postulated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia that may influence BDNF synthesis. OBJECTIVES A randomized placebo-controlled study was designed to compare the efficacy of a 26-week intervention composed of either 2.2 g/day of n-3 PUFA or olive oil placebo, with regard to symptom severity in first-episode schizophrenia patients. The secondary outcome measure of the study was to describe the association between n-3 PUFA clinical effect and changes in peripheral BDNF levels. METHODS Seventy-one patients aged 16-35 were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to the following study arms: 36 to the EPA + DHA group and 35 to the placebo group. Plasma BDNF levels were assessed three times, at baseline and at weeks 8 and 26 of the intervention. BDNF levels were determined in plasma samples using Quantikine Human BDNF ELISA kit. Plasma BDNF level changes were further correlated with changes in the severity of symptoms in different clinical domains. RESULTS A significantly greater increase in plasma BDNF levels was observed in the intervention compared to the placebo group (Cohen's d = 1.54). Changes of BDNF levels inversely correlated with change in depressive symptoms assessed using the Calgary Depression Rating Scale in Schizophrenia (Pearson's r = - 0.195; p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of a six-month intervention with n-3 PUFA observed in first-episode schizophrenia may be related to an increase in BDNF levels, which may be triggered by the activation of intracellular signaling pathways including transcription factors such as cAMP-reactive element binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marta Grancow-Grabka
- 0000 0001 2165 3025grid.8267.bChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Trafalska
- 0000 0001 2165 3025grid.8267.bDepartment of Nutrition Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Jaracza 63, 90-251 Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- 0000 0001 2165 3025grid.8267.bDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Natalia Żurner
- 0000 0001 2165 3025grid.8267.bChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pawełczyk
- 0000 0001 2165 3025grid.8267.bDepartment of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
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12
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Papadopoulou Z, Vlaikou AM, Theodoridou D, Markopoulos GS, Tsoni K, Agakidou E, Drosou-Agakidou V, Turck CW, Filiou MD, Syrrou M. Stressful Newborn Memories: Pre-Conceptual, In Utero, and Postnatal Events. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:220. [PMID: 31057437 PMCID: PMC6482218 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life stressful experiences are critical for plasticity and development, shaping adult neuroendocrine response and future health. Stress response is mediated by the autonomous nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis while various environmental stimuli are encoded via epigenetic marks. The stress response system maintains homeostasis by regulating adaptation to the environmental changes. Pre-conceptual and in utero stressors form the fetal epigenetic profile together with the individual genetic profile, providing the background for individual stress response, vulnerability, or resilience. Postnatal and adult stressful experiences may act as the definitive switch. This review addresses the issue of how preconceptual in utero and postnatal events, together with individual differences, shape future stress responses. Putative markers of early-life adverse effects such as prematurity and low birth weight are emphasized, and the epigenetic, mitochondrial, and genomic architecture regulation of such events are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Angeliki-Maria Vlaikou
- Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Daniela Theodoridou
- Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios S Markopoulos
- Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantina Tsoni
- 1st Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical Faculty, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Agakidou
- 1st Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical Faculty, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Drosou-Agakidou
- 1st Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical Faculty, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Michaela D Filiou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Syrrou
- Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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13
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Carney BC, Chen JH, Luker JN, Alkhalil A, Jo DY, Travis TE, Moffatt LT, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal DS, Shupp JW. Pigmentation Diathesis of Hypertrophic Scar: An Examination of Known Signaling Pathways to Elucidate the Molecular Pathophysiology of Injury-Related Dyschromia. J Burn Care Res 2018; 40:58-71. [DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iry045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie C Carney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jason H Chen
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
- The Burn Center, Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, District of Columbia
| | - Jenna N Luker
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Abdulnaser Alkhalil
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Daniel Y Jo
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Taryn E Travis
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
- The Burn Center, Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, District of Columbia
| | - Lauren T Moffatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Dean S Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jeffrey W Shupp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
- Firefighters’ Burn and Surgical Research Laboratory, MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
- The Burn Center, Department of Surgery, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, District of Columbia
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
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14
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Shin S, Ajuwon KM. Effects of Diets Differing in Composition of 18-C Fatty Acids on Adipose Tissue Thermogenic Gene Expression in Mice Fed High-Fat Diets. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020256. [PMID: 29473916 PMCID: PMC5852832 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids play important roles in the regulation of fat accumulation or metabolic phenotype of adipocytes, either as brown or beige fat. However, a systematic comparison of effects of diets with different composition of 18-C fatty acids on browning/beiging phenotype has not been done. In this study, we compared the effects of different dietary fats, rich in specific 18-carbon fatty acids, on thermogenesis and lipid metabolism. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet containing 5.6% kcal fat from lard and 4.4% kcal fat from soybean oil (CON) or high-fat diets (HFD) containing 25% kcal from lard and 20% kcal fat from shea butter (stearic acid-rich fat; SHB), olive oil (oleic acid-rich oil; OO), safflower oil (linoleic acid-rich oil; SFO), or soybean oil (mixed oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids; SBO) ad libitum for 12 weeks, with or without a terminal 4-h norepinephrine (NE) treatment. When compared to SHB, feeding OO, SFO, and SBO resulted in lower body weight gain. The OO fed group had the highest thermogenesis level, which resulted in lower body fat accumulation and improved glucose and lipid metabolism. Feeding SFO downregulated expression of lipid oxidation-related genes and upregulated expression of lipogenic genes, perhaps due to its high n-6:n-3 ratio. In general, HFD-feeding downregulated Ucp1 expression in both subcutaneous and epididymal white adipose tissue, and suppressed NE-induced Pgc1a expression in brown adipose tissue. These results suggest that the position of double bonds in dietary fatty acids, as well as the quantity of dietary fat, may have a significant effect on the regulation of oxidative and thermogenic conditions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhye Shin
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Kolapo M Ajuwon
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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15
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Fernandes MF, Tache MC, Klingel SL, Leri F, Mutch DM. Safflower (n-6) and flaxseed (n-3) high-fat diets differentially regulate hypothalamic fatty acid profiles, gene expression, and insulin signalling. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 128:67-73. [PMID: 29413363 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have important signalling roles in the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that regulates whole-body energy homeostasis. While evidence suggests that high PUFA intake can impact hypothalamic activity, the underlying molecular mechanisms regulated by essential dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFA (i.e., linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, respectively) remain poorly described in this brain region. To differentiate the roles of essential dietary PUFA on hypothalamic function, we fed male rats high-fat diets (35% kcal/d) containing either safflower (linoleic acid) or flaxseed (α-linolenic acid) oil for 2 months. Control rats were fed a low-fat (16% kcal/d) diet containing soybean oil. Hypothalamic fatty acids and gene expression were investigated by gas chromatography and microarray, respectively. Safflower-fed rats had higher total n-6 PUFA content due to increases in linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and osbond acid compared to the other diet groups, while flaxseed-fed rats had higher total n-3 content due to increases in α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Safflower-fed rats showed augmented expression of genes related to hypothalamic insulin signalling compared to controls. This was mirrored by significant increases in phosphorylated AKTthr308 and AKTser473 levels; indicative of increased PI(3)K/AKT pathway activity. These changes were not observed in the hypothalamus of flaxseed-fed rats. Our findings provide new molecular insights into how essential fatty acids influence the hypothalamus and, potentially, whole-body energy homeostasis. This work also provides new knowledge to better understand the impact of essential fatty acids on metabolic and behavioral phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Fernandes
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1; Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Maria Cristina Tache
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Shannon L Klingel
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1.
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16
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Healy-Stoffel M, Levant B. N-3 (Omega-3) Fatty Acids: Effects on Brain Dopamine Systems and Potential Role in the Etiology and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2018; 17:216-232. [PMID: 29651972 PMCID: PMC6563911 DOI: 10.2174/1871527317666180412153612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE A number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and, to some extent, depression, involve dysregulation of the brain dopamine systems. The etiology of these diseases is multifactorial, involving genetic and environmental factors. Evidence suggests that inadequate levels of n-3 (omega- 3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the brain may represent a risk factor for these disorders. These fatty acids, which are derived from the diet, are a major component of neuronal membranes and are of particular importance in brain development and function. Low levels of n-3 PUFAs in the brain affect the brain dopamine systems and, when combined with appropriate genetic and other factors, increase the risk of developing these disorders and/or the severity of the disease. This article reviews the neurobiology of n-3 PUFAs and their effects on dopaminergic function. CONCLUSION Clinical studies supporting their role in the etiologies of diseases involving the brain dopamine systems and the potential of n-3 PUFAs in the treatment of these disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beth Levant
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics and the Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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17
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Pawełczyk T, Trafalska E, Pawełczyk A, Kotlicka-Antczak M. Differences in omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption in people at ultra-high risk of psychosis, first-episode schizophrenia, and in healthy controls. Early Interv Psychiatry 2017; 11:498-508. [PMID: 26279283 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM Supplementation with omega-3 PUFA showed efficacy in reducing the risk of transition into psychosis in UHR individuals. It is uncertain whether dietary patterns can be partly responsible for n-3 deficiencies observed in susceptible participants before the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The study was designed to assess differences in omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA consumption in healthy controls (HC), UHR participants and FES patients as well as to verify the hypothesis that dietary changes in PUFA consumption are present before active psychosis develops, that is, in UHR individuals. METHODS Dietary habits during the previous year were assessed in 34 patients at UHR of psychosis, 33 patients diagnosed with FES and 33 HC participants using a validated Food-Frequency Questionnaire and the Polish Food Composition Tables. RESULTS Significant differences in omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA intake were observed between study groups. UHR and FES groups reported significantly higher consumption of omega-6 PUFA in comparison with HC. FES patients also reported a higher consumption of alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3) in comparison with HC. No significant differences were seen in consumption of long-chain marine PUFA. CONCLUSIONS Differences in omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA consumption exist before development of psychotic symptoms, fulfilling the criteria of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Trafalska
- Nutrition Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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18
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Pawełczyk T, Grancow-Grabka M, Trafalska E, Szemraj J, Pawełczyk A. Oxidative stress reduction related to the efficacy of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in first episode schizophrenia: Secondary outcome analysis of the OFFER randomized trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 121:7-13. [PMID: 28651701 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intervention studies of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) as add-on therapy in patients with schizophrenia have not examined changes in oxidative stress. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of a 26-week intervention composed of 2.2g/day of n-3 PUFA was found to reduce symptom severity in first-episode schizophrenia patients. The present study is an extension of our previous report, whose secondary aim was to assess the association between the clinical effect of n-3 PUFA and changes in oxidative stress indices. Seventy-one patients aged 16-35 were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to the study arms. Total plasma antioxidant capacity and 8-epi-isoprostane F2α content were assessed at baseline and at weeks 8 and 26 of the study as secondary outcome measures. Significant changes in oxidative stress indices favouring the intervention group were observed: decreases in 8-isoprostane F2α (p<0.001) and increases in total plasma antioxidant capacity (p<0.001). Significant correlations between changes in clinical scores relevant to symptom severity and changes in oxidative indices were observed. The results of the present study hence suggest that the efficacy of a six-month intervention with n-3 PUFA observed in first-episode schizophrenia may be related to improvement in oxidative stress indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - M Grancow-Grabka
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland.
| | - E Trafalska
- Department of Nutrition Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Jaracza 63, 90-251 Lodz, Poland.
| | - J Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
| | - A Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
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Chakraborty N, Muhie S, Kumar R, Gautam A, Srinivasan S, Sowe B, Dimitrov G, Miller SA, Jett M, Hammamieh R. Contributions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on cerebral neurobiology: an integrated omics approach with epigenomic focus. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 42:84-94. [PMID: 28152499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The epigenetic landscape is vulnerable to diets. Here, we investigated the influence of different polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) dietary supplements on rodents' nervous system development and functions and potential consequences to neurodegenerative disorders. Our previous nutrigenomics study showed significant impact of high n-3 PUFA-enriched diet (ERD) on synaptogenesis and various neuromodulators. The present study introduced a second equicaloric diet with n-6 PUFA balanced by n-3 PUFA (BLD). The typical lab diet with high n-6 PUFA was the baseline. Transcriptomic and epigenetic investigations, namely microRNA (miRNA) and DNA methylation assays, were carried out on the hemibrains of the C57BL/6j mice fed on any of these three diets from their neonatal age to midlife. Integrating the multiomics data, we focused on the genes encoding both hypermethylated CpG islands and suppressed transcripts. In addition, miRNA:mRNA pairs were screened to identify those overexpressed miRNAs that reduced transcriptional expressions. The majority of miRNAs overexpressed by BLD are associated with Alzheimer's and schizophrenia. BLD implicated long-term potentiation, memory, cognition and learning, primarily via hypermethylation of those genes that enrich the calcium-releasing neurotransmitters. ERD caused hypermethylation of those genes that enrich cytoskeletal development networks and promote the formation of neuronal precursors. We drew the present observations in light of our limited knowledge regarding the epigenetic influences on biofunctions. A more comprehensive study is essential to understand the broad influences of dietary supplements and to suggest optimal dietary solutions for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chakraborty
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA 98402
| | - Seid Muhie
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA 98402
| | - Raina Kumar
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010
| | - Seshamalini Srinivasan
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA 98402
| | - Bintu Sowe
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA 98402
| | - George Dimitrov
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; Advanced Biomedical Computing Center, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702
| | - Stacy-Ann Miller
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010; The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA, USA 98402
| | - Marti Jett
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Frederick, MD, USA 21702-5010.
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20
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Svahn SL, Väremo L, Gabrielsson BG, Peris E, Nookaew I, Grahnemo L, Sandberg AS, Wernstedt Asterholm I, Jansson JO, Nielsen J, Johansson ME. Six Tissue Transcriptomics Reveals Specific Immune Suppression in Spleen by Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155099. [PMID: 27166587 PMCID: PMC4864434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are suggested to modulate immune function, but the effects of dietary fatty acids composition on gene expression patterns in immune organs have not been fully characterized. In the current study we investigated how dietary fatty acids composition affects the total transcriptome profile, and especially, immune related genes in two immune organs, spleen (SPL) and bone marrow cells (BMC). Four tissues with metabolic function, skeletal muscle (SKM), white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and liver (LIV), were investigated as a comparison. Following 8 weeks on low fat diet (LFD), high fat diet (HFD) rich in saturated fatty acids (HFD-S), or HFD rich in PUFA (HFD-P), tissue transcriptomics were analyzed by microarray and metabolic health assessed by fasting blood glucose level, HOMA-IR index, oral glucose tolerance test as well as quantification of crown-like structures in WAT. HFD-P corrected the metabolic phenotype induced by HFD-S. Interestingly, SKM and BMC were relatively inert to the diets, whereas the two adipose tissues (WAT and BAT) were mainly affected by HFD per se (both HFD-S and HFD-P). In particular, WAT gene expression was driven closer to that of the immune organs SPL and BMC by HFDs. The LIV exhibited different responses to both of the HFDs. Surprisingly, the spleen showed a major response to HFD-P (82 genes differed from LFD, mostly immune genes), while it was not affected at all by HFD-S (0 genes differed from LFD). In conclusion, the quantity and composition of dietary fatty acids affected the transcriptome in distinct manners in different organs. Remarkably, dietary PUFA, but not saturated fat, prompted a specific regulation of immune related genes in the spleen, opening the possibility that PUFA can regulate immune function by influencing gene expression in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Svahn
- Dept. of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leif Väremo
- Dept. of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Britt G Gabrielsson
- Dept. of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eduard Peris
- Dept. of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Dept. of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Comparative Genomics Group, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Louise Grahnemo
- Dept. of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandberg
- Dept. of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - John-Olov Jansson
- Dept. of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Dept. of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria E Johansson
- Dept. of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Temporal Progression of Pneumonic Plague in Blood of Nonhuman Primate: A Transcriptomic Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151788. [PMID: 27003632 PMCID: PMC4803270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early identification of impending illness during widespread exposure to a pathogenic agent offers a potential means to initiate treatment during a timeframe when it would be most likely to be effective and has the potential to identify novel therapeutic strategies. The latter could be critical, especially as antibiotic resistance is becoming widespread. In order to examine pre-symptomatic illness, African green monkeys were challenged intranasally with aerosolized Yersinia pestis strain CO92 and blood samples were collected in short intervals from 45 m till 42 h post-exposure. Presenting one of the first genomic investigations of a NHP model challenged by pneumonic plague, whole genome analysis was annotated in silico and validated by qPCR assay. Transcriptomic profiles of blood showed early perturbation with the number of differentially expressed genes increasing until 24 h. By then, Y. pestis had paralyzed the host defense, as suggested by the functional analyses. Early activation of the apoptotic networks possibly facilitated the pathogen to overwhelm the defense mechanisms, despite the activation of the pro-inflammatory mechanism, toll-like receptors and microtubules at the port-of-entry. The overexpressed transcripts encoding an early pro-inflammatory response particularly manifested in active lymphocytes and ubiquitin networks were a potential deviation from the rodent models, which needs further verification. In summary, the present study recognized a pattern of Y. pestis pathogenesis potentially more applicable to the human system. Independent validation using the complementary omics approach with comprehensive evaluation of the organs, such as lungs which showed early bacterial infection, is essential.
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A randomized controlled study of the efficacy of six-month supplementation with concentrated fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in first episode schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 73:34-44. [PMID: 26679763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Short-term clinical trials of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) as add-on therapy in patients with schizophrenia revealed mixed results. The majority of these studies used an 8- to 12-week intervention based on ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid. A randomized placebo-controlled trial was designed to compare the efficacy of 26-week intervention, composed of either 2.2 g/day of n-3 PUFA, or olive oil placebo, with regard to symptom severity in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Seventy-one patients (aged 16-35) were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to the study arms. The primary outcome measure of the clinical evaluation was schizophrenia symptom severity change measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Mixed models repeated measures analysis revealed significant differences between the study arms regarding total PANSS score change favouring n-3 PUFA (p = 0.016; effect size (ES) = 0.29). A fifty-percent improvement in symptom severity was achieved significantly more frequently in the n-3 PUFA group than in the placebo group (69.4 vs 40.0%; p = 0.017). N-3 PUFA intervention was also associated with an improvement in general psychopathology, measured by means of PANSS (p = 0.009; ES = 0.32), depressive symptoms (p = 0.006; ES = 0.34), the level of functioning (p = 0.01; ES = 0.31) and clinical global impression (p = 0.046; ES = 0.29). The findings suggest that 6-month intervention with n-3 PUFA may be a valuable add-on therapy able to decrease the intensity of symptoms and improve the level of functioning in first-episode schizophrenia patients.
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23
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Chakraborty N, Meyerhoff J, Gautam A, Muhie S, Jibitu M, De Lima TCM, Hammamieh R, Jett M. Gene and stress history interplay in emergence of PTSD-like features. Behav Brain Res 2015; 292:266-77. [PMID: 26025510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systematically distinguishing genetic liability from other contributing factors is critical for designing a preventive strategy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). To address this issue, we investigated a murine model exposing C57BL/6j, DBA/2j and BALB/cj mice to repeated stress via exposure to conspecific aggressors (Agg-E). Naïve mice from each strain were subjected to the proximity of aggressor (Agg) mice for 6h using a 'cage-within-a-cage' paradigm, which was repeated for 5 or 10 days with intermittent and unpredictable direct contact with Agg mice. During the Agg-E stress, DBA/2j developed a different strategy to evade Agg mice, which potentially contributed to its phenotypic resilience to Agg-E stress. Although Agg mice inflicted C57BL/6j and BALB/cj with equivalent numbers of strikes, BALB/cj displayed a distinct behavioral phenotype with delayed exhibition of a number of PTSD-like features. By contrast, C57BL/6j mice displayed unique vulnerability to Agg-E stress induced myocardopathy, possibly attributable to their particular susceptibility to hypoxia. A group of genes (Bdnf, Ngf, Zwint, Cckbr, Slc6a4, Fkbp5) linked to PTSD and synaptic plasticity were significantly altered in C57BL/6j and BALB/cj Agg-E mice. Contributions of Agg-E stress history and genotypic heterogeneity emerged as the key mediators of PTSD-like features. Linking genetic components to specific phenotypic and pathological features could have potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chakraborty
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5010, USA
| | - James Meyerhoff
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5010, USA
| | - Aarti Gautam
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5010, USA
| | - Seid Muhie
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5010, USA
| | - Meskerem Jibitu
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5010, USA
| | - Thereza C M De Lima
- Federal University of Santa Catarina - Department of Pharmacology, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5010, USA.
| | - Marti Jett
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5010, USA
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24
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Lucke-Wold BP, Turner RC, Logsdon AF, Simpkins JW, Alkon DL, Smith KE, Chen YW, Tan Z, Huber JD, Rosen CL. Common mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke: the role of protein kinase C in the progression of age-related neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 43:711-24. [PMID: 25114088 PMCID: PMC4446718 DOI: 10.3233/jad-141422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD), despite being distinct disease entities, share numerous pathophysiological mechanisms such as those mediated by inflammation, immune exhaustion, and neurovascular unit compromise. An important shared mechanistic link is acute and chronic changes in protein kinase C (PKC) activity. PKC isoforms have widespread functions important for memory, blood-brain barrier maintenance, and injury repair that change as the body ages. Disease states accelerate PKC functional modifications. Mutated forms of PKC can contribute to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. In some cases the PKC isoforms are still functional but are not successfully translocated to appropriate locations within the cell. The deficits in proper PKC translocation worsen stroke outcome and amyloid-β toxicity. Cross talk between the innate immune system and PKC pathways contribute to the vascular status within the aging brain. Unfortunately, comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension disrupt normal communication between the two systems. The focus of this review is to highlight what is known about PKC function, how isoforms of PKC change with age, and what additional alterations are consequences of stroke and AD. The goal is to highlight future therapeutic targets that can be applied to both the treatment and prevention of neurologic disease. Although the pathology of ischemic stroke and AD are different, the similarity in PKC responses warrants further investigation, especially as PKC-dependent events may serve as an important connection linking age-related brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P. Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan C. Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - James W. Simpkins
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Daniel L. Alkon
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kelly E. Smith
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Zhenjun Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jason D. Huber
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Charles L. Rosen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Correspondence to: Charles L. Rosen, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Suite 4300, Health Sciences Center, PO Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506-9183, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 5041; Fax: +1 304 293 4819;
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