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Zhang Y, Kang JD, Zhao D, Ghosh SS, Wang Y, Tai Y, Gonzalez-Maeso J, Sikaroodi M, Gillevet PM, Lippman HR, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Bajaj JS. Hepatic Branch Vagotomy Modulates the Gut-Liver-Brain Axis in Murine Cirrhosis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:702646. [PMID: 34248683 PMCID: PMC8268007 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.702646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE) are linked with an altered gut-liver-brain axis, however, the relative contribution of hepatic vagal innervation is unclear. We aimed to determine the impact of hepatic vagotomy on the gut microbiome, brain, and liver in murine cirrhosis. METHODS 10-15-week-old male C57BL/6 mice with and without hepatic vagotomy underwent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) gavage for 8 weeks. Frontal cortex [inflammation, glial/microglial activation, BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor)], liver [histology including inflammation and steatosis, fatty acid synthesis (sterol-responsive binding protein-1) SREBP-1, insulin-induced gene-2 (Insig2) and BDNF], and colonic mucosal microbiota (16srRNA microbial sequencing) were evaluated on sacrifice. Conventional mice with and without cirrhosis were compared to vagotomized counterparts. RESULTS Conventional control vs. cirrhosis: Cirrhosis resulted in dysbiosis, hepatic/neuro-inflammation with glial/microglial activation, and low brain BDNF vs. controls. Conventional control vs. vagotomy controls: Vagotomized control mice had a lower colonic dysbiosis than conventional mice but the rest of the hepatic/brain parameters were similar. Conventional cirrhosis vs. vagotomized cirrhosis: After vagotomy + cirrhosis, we found lower dysbiosis but continuing neuroinflammation in the absence of glial/microglial activation vs. conventional cirrhosis. Vagotomy + Cirrhosis groups showed higher hepatic steatosis due to higher SREBP1 and low Insig2 protein and altered activation of key genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammation. BDNF levels in the brain were higher but low in the liver in vagotomy + cirrhosis, likely a protective mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic vagal innervation affects the gut microbial composition, hepatic inflammation and steatosis, and cortical inflammation and BDNF expression and could be a critical modulator of the gut-liver-brain axis with consequences for HE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jason D. Kang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Derrick Zhao
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Siddartha S. Ghosh
- Division of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Yunling Tai
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Masoumeh Sikaroodi
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Patrick M. Gillevet
- Microbiome Analysis Center, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - H. Robert Lippman
- Department of Pathology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jasmohan S. Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Retraction: Hepatic Branch Vagus Nerve Plays a Critical Role in the Recovery of Post-Ischemic Glucose Intolerance and Mediates a Neuroprotective Effect by Hypothalamic Orexin-A. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236818. [PMID: 32697787 PMCID: PMC7375523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Conde-Sieira M, Capelli V, Álvarez-Otero R, Díaz-Rúa A, Velasco C, Comesaña S, López M, Soengas JL. Hypothalamic AMPKα2 regulates liver energy metabolism in rainbow trout through vagal innervation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 318:R122-R134. [PMID: 31692367 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00264.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic AMPK plays a major role in the regulation of whole body metabolism and energy balance. Present evidence has demonstrated that this canonical mechanism is evolutionarily conserved. Thus, recent data demonstrated that inhibition of AMPKα2 in fish hypothalamus led to decreased food intake and liver capacity to use and synthesize glucose, lipids, and amino acids. We hypothesize that a signal of abundance of nutrients from the hypothalamus controls hepatic metabolism. The vagus nerve is the most important link between the brain and the liver. We therefore examined in the present study whether surgical transection of the vagus nerve in rainbow trout is sufficient to alter the effect in liver of central inhibition of AMPKα2. Thus, we vagotomized (VGX) or not (Sham) rainbow trout and then intracerebroventricularly administered adenoviral vectors tagged with green fluorescent protein alone or linked to a dominant negative isoform of AMPKα2. The inhibition of AMPKα2 led to reduced food intake in parallel with changes in the mRNA abundance of hypothalamic neuropeptides [neuropeptide Y (npy), agouti-related protein 1 (agrp1), and cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript (cartpt)] involved in food intake regulation. Central inhibition of AMPKα2 resulted in the liver having decreased capacity to use and synthesize glucose, lipids, and amino acids. Notably, these effects mostly disappeared in VGX fish. These results support the idea that autonomic nervous system actions mediate the actions of hypothalamic AMPKα2 on liver metabolism. Importantly, this evidence indicates that the well-established role of hypothalamic AMPK in energy balance is a canonical evolutionarily preserved mechanism that is also present in the fish lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Conde-Sieira
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Valentina Capelli
- Departamento de Fisiología, Grupo NeurObesity, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosa Álvarez-Otero
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Adrián Díaz-Rúa
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Cristina Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sara Comesaña
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Grupo NeurObesity, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Hashimoto N, Wakagi M, Ippoushi K, Takano-Ishikawa Y. Involvement of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve in the regulation of plasma adipokine levels in rats fed a high-fructose diet. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 71:90-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rani M, Kumar R, Krishan P. Role of orexins in the central and peripheral regulation of glucose homeostasis: Evidences & mechanisms. Neuropeptides 2018; 68:1-6. [PMID: 29472002 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Orexins (A & B), neuropeptides of hypothalamic origin, act through G-protein coupled receptors, orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) and orexin 2 receptor (OX2R). The wide projection of orexin neurons in the hypothalamic region allows them to interact with the other neurons and regulate food intake, emotional status, sleep wake cycle and energy metabolism. The autonomic nervous system plays an important regulatory role in the energy metabolism as well as glucose homeostasis. Orexin neurons are also under the control of GABAergic neurons. Emerging preclinical as well as clinical research has reported the role of orexins in the glucose homeostasis since orexins are involved in hypothalamic metabolism circuitry and also rely on sensing peripheral metabolic signals such as gut, adipose derived and pancreatic peptides. Apart from the hypothalamic origin, integration and control in various physiological functions, peripheral origin in wide organs, raises the possibility of use of orexins as a therapeutic biomarker in the management of metabolic disorders. The present review focuses the central as well as peripheral roles of orexins in the glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Raghuvansh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Pawan Krishan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala, 147002, India.
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Zarifkar M, Noshad S, Shahriari M, Afarideh M, Khajeh E, Karimi Z, Ghajar A, Esteghamati A. Inverse Association of Peripheral Orexin-A with Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Rev Diabet Stud 2017; 14:301-310. [PMID: 29145540 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2017.14.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the association between serum orexin concentrations and insulin resistance/sensitivity in a sample of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to study the effects of anti-hyperglycemic treatment on orexin concentrations over three months. METHODS This study was designed as a randomized, open-label, clinical trial. Before allocation, sixty medication-naïve, newly-diagnosed, type 2 diabetes patients underwent a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Afterwards, using a randomized trial design (IRCT201102275917N1) patients were allocated to either the metformin (1000 mg daily) or pioglitazone (30 mg daily) arm, and were reexamined after three months. Serum insulin, plasma glucose, and orexin concentrations were measured at baseline, during OGTT, and after three months. RESULTS Orexin concentrations significantly decreased after OGTT (0 vs. 120 min: 0.63 ± 0.07 vs. 0.31 ± 0.03 ng/ml, p < 0.001). Insulin resistance determined by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was significantly and negatively correlated with orexin (r = -0.301, p = 0.024). Furthermore, orexin concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with the insulin sensitivity index derived from OGTT (r = 0.326, p = 0.014). Three-month treatment with metformin and pioglitazone significantly improved insulin sensitivity and increased orexin concentrations by 26% (p = 0.025) and 14% (p = 0.076), respectively. Between-group analysis showed that changes in orexin concentrations with metformin and pioglitazone were not significantly different (p = 0.742). CONCLUSIONS There was a negative association between peripheral orexin concentrations and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patients. Three-month anti-hyperglycemic treatment with proportionate doses of metformin or pioglitazone increased orexin concentrations via amelioration of insulin resistance and improvement of glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Zarifkar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Noshad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Shahriari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Afarideh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elias Khajeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Karimi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghajar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Harada S, Nozaki Y, Matsuura W, Yamazaki Y, Tokuyama S. RETRACTED: Cerebral ischemia-induced elevation of hepatic inflammatory factors accompanied by glucose intolerance suppresses hypothalamic orexin-A-mediated vagus nerve activation. Brain Res 2017; 1661:100-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Hiramoto T, Yoshihara K, Asano Y, Sudo N. Protective Role of the Hepatic Vagus Nerve against Liver Metastasis in Mice. Neuroimmunomodulation 2017; 24:341-347. [PMID: 29621768 DOI: 10.1159/000487483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Although accumulating evidence has shown that the autonomic nervous system is involved in liver pathology, its role in regulating cancer development remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to elucidate its detailed mechanisms. METHODS A mouse model of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer was used. To elucidate the potential mechanisms involved, we examined the effect of selective hepatic vagotomy on the survival rate and liver-to-body weight. We further evaluated the possible involvement of the hepatic sympathetic nerve fibers in this model. RESULTS The mortality rate and the liver-to-body weight ratio after cancer inoculation were significantly higher in the vagotomized mice than in the sham-operated mice. The vagotomized mice exhibited a transient decrease in hepatic norepinephrine levels following cancer inoculation. Interestingly, the vagotomy-induced exacerbation of liver metastasis was attenuated by supplementary norepinephrine or phenylephrine, a selective α1-adrenoceptor agonist, but not by clonidine, a selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results suggest that the hepatic vagus nerve may play a protective role against liver metastasis. Hepatic sympathetic nerves may also be involved as a protective efferent loop, possibly acting through the α1-adrenoceptor.
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Miyagi K, Harada S, Tokuyama S. Pancreatic Changes in Nerve Growth Factor/TrkA Associated with Insulin Secretion in Cerebral Ischemia. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:1747-51. [PMID: 26521825 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of blood glucose levels as a therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia plays an important role in suppressing neuronal damage. In particular, suppression of post-ischemic glucose intolerance improves cerebral ischemia. We have reported that cerebral ischemia induces glucose intolerance and an increase in plasma insulin levels. However, the mechanism of insulin secretion after cerebral ischemia is unclear. Nerve growth factor (NGF), a member of the neurotrophin family, has high affinity for tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA). NGF/TrkA signaling is associated with neuronal survival, differentiation, and function. Recently, NGF/TrkA signaling has been reported to be associated with insulin synthesis and secretion. In the present study, we evaluated the insulin content and expression of NGF/TrkA by immunofluorescence and Western blotting after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) as a cerebral ischemia model. At 6, 12, and 24 h after MCAO, insulin contents were increased in MCAO mice. The expression of NGF was increased at 6, 12, and 24 h, whereas the expression of TrkA tended to decrease in pancreas after MCAO. These results suggest that NGF/TrkA signaling is an important factor in cerebral ischemia-induced insulin synthesis and secretion in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyagi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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Harada S, Tokuyama S. [Involvement of communication system between brain and peripheral tissues on the development of post-ischemic glucose intolerance induced by cerebral neuronal damage]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 148:34-38. [PMID: 27430677 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.148.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Harada S, Matsuura W, Takano M, Tokuyama S. Withdrawal: Proteomic Profiling in the Spinal Cord and Sciatic Nerve in a Global Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Mechanical Allodynia Mouse Model. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:230-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Wataru Matsuura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Masaoki Takano
- Department of Life Sciences Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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Harada S. Role of Orexin-A-mediated Communication System between Brain and Peripheral Tissues on the Development of Post-ischemic Glucose Intolerance-induced Neuronal Damage. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 134:1055-60. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Harada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutucal Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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