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Yang M, Ma Y, Si X, Liu X, Geng X, Wen X, Li G, Zhang L, Yang C, Zhang Z. Analysis of the Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1 from Wild Jujube Reveals Genes Involved in the Degradation of Jujuboside A. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1135. [PMID: 37372316 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Jujubosides are the major medicinal ingredients of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (the seed of wild jujube). To date, a complete understanding of jujuboside's metabolic pathways has not been attained. This study has systematically identified 35 β-glucosidase genes belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1) using bioinformatic methods based on the wild jujube genome. The conserved domains and motifs of the 35 putative β-glucosidases, along with the genome locations and exon-intron structures of 35 β-glucosidase genes were revealed. The potential functions of the putative proteins encoded by the 35 β-glucosidase genes are suggested based on their phylogenetic relationships with Arabidopsis homologs. Two wild jujube β-glucosidase genes were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant proteins were able to convert jujuboside A (JuA) into jujuboside B (JuB). Since it has been previously reported that JuA catabolites, including JuB and other rare jujubosides, may play crucial roles in the jujuboside's pharmacological activity, it is suggested that these two proteins can be used to enhance the utilization potential of jujubosides. This study provides new insight into the metabolism of jujubosides in wild jujube. Furthermore, the characterization of β-glucosidase genes is expected to facilitate investigations involving the cultivation and breeding of wild jujube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Yimian Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xupeng Si
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xin Geng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Wen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoqiong Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengmin Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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Xu P, Wu T, Ali A, Wang J, Fang Y, Qiang R, Liu Y, Tian Y, Liu S, Zhang H, Liao Y, Chen X, Shoaib F, Sun C, Xu Z, Xia D, Zhou H, Wu X. Rice β-Glucosidase 4 (Os1βGlu4) Regulates the Hull Pigmentation via Accumulation of Salicylic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810646. [PMID: 36142555 PMCID: PMC9504040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a stress hormone synthesized in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the branching acid pathway. SA has two interconvertible forms in plants: SAG (SA O-β-glucoside) and SA (free form). The molecular mechanism of conversion of SA to SAG had been reported previously. However, which genes regulate SAG to SA remained unknown. Here, we report a cytoplasmic β-glucosidase (β-Glu) which participates in the SA pathway and is involved in the brown hull pigmentation in rice grain. In the current study, an EMS-generated mutant brown hull 1 (bh1) displayed decreased contents of SA in hulls, a lower photosynthesis rate, and high-temperature sensitivity compared to the wild type (WT). A plaque-like phenotype (brown pigmentation) was present on the hulls of bh1, which causes a significant decrease in the seed setting rate. Genetic analysis revealed a mutation in LOC_Os01g67220, which encodes a cytoplasmic Os1βGlu4. The knock-out lines displayed the phenotype of brown pigmentation on hulls and decreased seed setting rate comparable with bh1. Overexpression and complementation lines of Os1βGlu4 restored the phenotype of hulls and normal seed setting rate comparable with WT. Subcellular localization revealed that the protein of Os1βGlu4 was localized in the cytoplasm. In contrast to WT, bh1 could not hydrolyze SAG into SA in vivo. Together, our results revealed the novel role of Os1βGlu4 in the accumulation of flavonoids in hulls by regulating the level of free SA in the cellular pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tingkai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Asif Ali
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jinhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yongqiong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Runrun Qiang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yunfeng Tian
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Su Liu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yongxiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Farwa Shoaib
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Changhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhengjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Duo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xianjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Genetic Resources and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Education, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence:
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Qu Y, Luo Y, Yang X, Zhang Y, Yang E, Xu H, He Y, Chagan I, Yan J. Highly Efficient Biotransformation of Phenolic Glycosides Using a Recombinant β -Glucosidase From White Rot Fungus Trametes trogii. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:762502. [PMID: 35663869 PMCID: PMC9158485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.762502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic glycosides are the important bioactive molecules, and their bioavailability can be influenced by enzyme hydrolysis, such as β-glucosidases (EC3.2.1.21) and other glycosyl hydrolases (GHs). Wood rotting fungi possess a superfamily of GHs, but little attention has been paid to the GHs and their potential applications in biotransformation of phenolic glycosides. In this study, two GH3 gene family members of Trametes trogii S0301, mainly expressed in the carbon sources conversion stage were cloned, and TtBgl3 coded by T_trogii_12914 showed β-glucosidase activity toward 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG). The recombinant TtBgl3 preferred an intermediately neutral optimum pH with >80% of the maximum activity at pH 5.0-7.0 and was stable at a wide range of pH (5.0-10.0). Phenolic glycosides transformation experiments showed that TtBgl3 was a dual-activity enzyme with both activities of aryl-β-D-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase, and could hydrolyze the β-glucoside/glucuronide bond of phenolic glycosides. Under optimized conditions, the recombinant TtBgl3 had much higher transformation efficiency toward the β-glucoside bond of gastrodin, esculin and daidzin than β-glucuronide bond of baicalin, with the transformation rate of 100 and 50%, respectively. Our homology modeling, molecular docking, and mutational analysis demonstrated that His85 and Lys467 in the acceptor-binding pocket of TtBgl3 were the potential active sites. The point mutation of His85 and Lys467 leads to the significantly impaired catalytic activity toward pNPG and also the weak transformation efficiency toward gastrodin. These findings provide insights for the identification of novel GH3 β-glucosidases from T. trogii and other wood-rotting fungi. Furthermore, TtBgl3 might be applied as green and efficient biological catalysts in the deglycosylation of diverse phenolics to produce bioactive glycosides for drug discovery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qu
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xulei Yang
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - En Yang
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Huini Xu
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yingying He
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Irbis Chagan
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - JinPing Yan
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Shim SH, Mahong B, Lee SK, Kongdin M, Lee C, Kim YJ, Qu G, Zhang D, Ketudat Cairns JR, Jeon JS. Rice β-glucosidase Os12BGlu38 is required for synthesis of intine cell wall and pollen fertility. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:784-800. [PMID: 34570888 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family1 β-glucosidases play a variety of roles in plants, but their in planta functions are largely unknown in rice (Oryza sativa). In this study, the biological function of Os12BGlu38, a rice β-glucosidase, expressed in bicellular to mature pollen, was examined. Genotype analysis of progeny of the self-fertilized heterozygous Os12BGlu38 T-DNA mutant, os12bglu38-1, found no homozygotes and a 1:1 ratio of wild type to heterozygotes. Reciprocal cross analysis demonstrated that Os12BGlu38 deficiency cannot be inherited through the male gamete. In cytological analysis, the mature mutant pollen appeared shrunken and empty. Histochemical staining and TEM showed that mutant pollen lacked intine cell wall, which was rescued by introduction of wild-type Os12BGlu38 genomic DNA. Metabolite profiling analysis revealed that cutin monomers and waxes, the components of the pollen exine layer, were increased in anthers carrying pollen of os12bglu38-1 compared with wild type and complemented lines. Os12BGlu38 fused with green fluorescent protein was localized to the plasma membrane in rice and tobacco. Recombinant Os12BGlu38 exhibited β-glucosidase activity on the universal substrate p-nitrophenyl β-d-glucoside and some oligosaccharides and glycosides. These findings provide evidence that function of a plasma membrane-associated β-glucosidase is necessary for proper intine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyeon Shim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Bancha Mahong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Manatchanok Kongdin
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Chanhui Lee
- Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Guorun Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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Horikoshi S, Saburi W, Yu J, Matsuura H, Cairns JRK, Yao M, Mori H. Substrate specificity of glycoside hydrolase family 1 β-glucosidase AtBGlu42 from Arabidopsis thaliana and its molecular mechanism. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 86:231-245. [PMID: 34965581 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plants possess many glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1) β-glucosidases, which physiologically function in cell wall metabolism and activation of bioactive substances, but most remain uncharacterized. One GH1 isoenzyme AtBGlu42 in Arabidopsis thaliana has been identified to hydrolyze scopolin using the gene deficient plants, but no enzymatic properties were obtained. Its sequence similarity to another functionally characterized enzyme Os1BGlu4 in rice suggests that AtBGlu42 also acts on oligosaccharides. Here, we show that the recombinant AtBGlu42 possesses high kcat/Km not only on scopolin, but also on various β-glucosides, cellooligosaccharides, and laminarioligosaccharides. Of the cellooligosaccharides, cellotriose was the most preferred. The crystal structure, determined at 1.7 Å resolution, suggests that Arg342 gives unfavorable binding to cellooligosaccharides at subsite +3. The mutants R342Y and R342A showed the highest preference on cellotetraose or cellopentaose with increased affinities at subsite +3, indicating that the residues at this position have an important role for chain length specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Horikoshi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Saburi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jian Yu
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Min Yao
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruhide Mori
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Yan C, Yang N, Wang X, Wang Y. VqBGH40a isolated from Chinese wild Vitis quinquangularis degrades trans-piceid and enhances trans-resveratrol. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 310:110989. [PMID: 34315603 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-stilbene) is a phytoalexin that can prevent plants from pathogen attacks. Piceid is the glycosylation product of resveratrol and the main storage form of stilbenes in grapevines. Here, we reported the function of a β-glycoside hydrolase gene, VqBGH40a, from the Chinese wild grapevine Vitis quinquangularis accession Danfeng-2 in the regulation of plant resistance to powdery mildew (Uncinula necator). VqBGH40a belonging to β-glycoside hydrolase family 1 encoded 506 amino acids and was located on the cytomembrane. Its optimal induction condition was 28 or 30℃, for 4 h, with 0.1 mM IPTG in a prokaryotic expression system. Enzyme activity detection showed that purified VqBGH40a could hydrolyze trans-piceid to form trans-resveratrol in vitro. VqBGH40a was transiently overexpressed in Danfeng-2 leaves and then artificially inoculated with powdery mildew showed that VqBGH40a protein could hydrolyze trans-piceid in vivo. Additionally, a comparative family analysis between VqBGH40a and 38 VviBGHs was performed. Overall, these results demonstrate that VqBGH40a can hydrolyze trans-piceid, enhance trans-resveratrol content, and participate in the defense mechanism of grapevine against powdery mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Na Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xinqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yuejin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Kongdin M, Mahong B, Lee SK, Shim SH, Jeon JS, Ketudat Cairns JR. Action of Multiple Rice β-Glucosidases on Abscisic Acid Glucose Ester. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7593. [PMID: 34299210 PMCID: PMC8303963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of phytohormones with glucose is a means of modulating their activities, which can be rapidly reversed by the action of β-glucosidases. Evaluation of previously characterized recombinant rice β-glucosidases found that nearly all could hydrolyze abscisic acid glucose ester (ABA-GE). Os4BGlu12 and Os4BGlu13, which are known to act on other phytohormones, had the highest activity. We expressed Os4BGlu12, Os4BGlu13 and other members of a highly similar rice chromosome 4 gene cluster (Os4BGlu9, Os4BGlu10 and Os4BGlu11) in transgenic Arabidopsis. Extracts of transgenic lines expressing each of the five genes had higher β-glucosidase activities on ABA-GE and gibberellin A4 glucose ester (GA4-GE). The β-glucosidase expression lines exhibited longer root and shoot lengths than control plants in response to salt and drought stress. Fusions of each of these proteins with green fluorescent protein localized near the plasma membrane and in the apoplast in tobacco leaf epithelial cells. The action of these extracellular β-glucosidases on multiple phytohormones suggests they may modulate the interactions between these phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manatchanok Kongdin
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Bancha Mahong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (B.M.); (S.-K.L.); (S.-H.S.)
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (B.M.); (S.-K.L.); (S.-H.S.)
| | - Su-Hyeon Shim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (B.M.); (S.-K.L.); (S.-H.S.)
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (B.M.); (S.-K.L.); (S.-H.S.)
| | - James R. Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
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Melo FV, Oliveira MM, Saibo NJM, Lourenço TF. Modulation of Abiotic Stress Responses in Rice by E3-Ubiquitin Ligases: A Promising Way to Develop Stress-Tolerant Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:640193. [PMID: 33833769 PMCID: PMC8021960 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants are unable to physically escape environmental constraints and have, therefore, evolved a range of molecular and physiological mechanisms to maximize survival in an ever-changing environment. Among these, the post-translational modification of ubiquitination has emerged as an important mechanism to understand and improve the stress response. The ubiquitination of a given protein can change its abundance (through degradation), alter its localization, or even modulate its activity. Hence, ubiquitination increases the plasticity of the plant proteome in response to different environmental cues and can contribute to improve stress tolerance. Although ubiquitination is mediated by different enzymes, in this review, we focus on the importance of E3-ubiquitin ligases, which interact with the target proteins and are, therefore, highly associated with the mechanism specificity. We discuss their involvement in abiotic stress response and place them as putative candidates for ubiquitination-based development of stress-tolerant crops. This review covers recent developments in this field using rice as a reference for crops, highlighting the questions still unanswered.
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Islam S, Zhang J, Zhao Y, She M, Ma W. Genetic regulation of the traits contributing to wheat nitrogen use efficiency. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110759. [PMID: 33487345 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High nitrogen application aimed at increasing crop yield is offset by higher production costs and negative environmental consequences. For wheat, only one third of the applied nitrogen is utilized, which indicates there is scope for increasing Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE). However, achieving greater NUE is challenged by the complexity of the trait, which comprises processes associated with nitrogen uptake, transport, reduction, assimilation, translocation and remobilization. Thus, knowledge of the genetic regulation of these processes is critical in increasing NUE. Although primary nitrogen uptake and metabolism-related genes have been well studied, the relative influence of each towards NUE is not fully understood. Recent attention has focused on engineering transcription factors and identification of miRNAs acting on expression of specific genes related to NUE. Knowledge obtained from model species needs to be translated into wheat using recently-released whole genome sequences, and by exploring genetic variations of NUE-related traits in wild relatives and ancient germplasm. Recent findings indicate the genetic basis of NUE is complex. Pyramiding various genes will be the most effective approach to achieve a satisfactory level of NUE in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahidul Islam
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Jingjuan Zhang
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Maoyun She
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Wujun Ma
- State Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia.
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10
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Mellidou I, Ainalidou A, Papadopoulou A, Leontidou K, Genitsaris S, Karagiannis E, Van de Poel B, Karamanoli K. Comparative Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Reveal an Intricate Priming Mechanism Involved in PGPR-Mediated Salt Tolerance in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:713984. [PMID: 34484277 PMCID: PMC8416046 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.713984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant-associated beneficial strains inhabiting plants grown under harsh ecosystems can help them cope with abiotic stress factors by positively influencing plant physiology, development, and environmental adaptation. Previously, we isolated a potential plant growth promoting strain (AXSa06) identified as Pseudomonas oryzihabitans, possessing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity, producing indole-3-acetic acid and siderophores, as well as solubilizing inorganic phosphorus. In this study, we aimed to further evaluate the effects of AXSa06 seed inoculation on the growth of tomato seedlings under excess salt (200 mM NaCl) by deciphering their transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles. Differences in transcript levels and metabolites following AXSa06 inoculation seem likely to have contributed to the observed difference in salt adaptation of inoculated plants. In particular, inoculations exerted a positive effect on plant growth and photosynthetic parameters, imposing plants to a primed state, at which they were able to respond more robustly to salt stress probably by efficiently activating antioxidant metabolism, by dampening stress signals, by detoxifying Na+, as well as by effectively assimilating carbon and nitrogen. The primed state of AXSa06-inoculated plants is supported by the increased leaf lipid peroxidation, ascorbate content, as well as the enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes, prior to stress treatment. The identified signatory molecules of AXSa06-mediated salt tolerance included the amino acids aspartate, threonine, serine, and glutamate, as well as key genes related to ethylene or abscisic acid homeostasis and perception, and ion antiporters. Our findings represent a promising sustainable solution to improve agricultural production under the forthcoming climate change conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifigeneia Mellidou
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER (ex NAGREF), Thermi, Greece
- *Correspondence: Ifigeneia Mellidou
| | - Aggeliki Ainalidou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kleopatra Leontidou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Savvas Genitsaris
- Section of Ecology and Taxonomy, School of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Karagiannis
- Laboratory of Pomology, Department of Horticulture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katerina Karamanoli
- Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Katerina Karamanoli
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11
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Bisht N, Mishra SK, Chauhan PS. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens inoculation alters physiology of rice (Oryza sativa L. var. IR-36) through modulating carbohydrate metabolism to mitigate stress induced by nutrient starvation. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 143:937-951. [PMID: 31739073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To avoid disproportionate usage of chemicals in agriculture, an alternative eco-friendly strategy is required to improve soil fertility, and enhance crop productivity. Therefore, the present study demonstrates the role of plant beneficial rhizobacteria viz., Paenibacillus lentimorbus B-30488 (B-30488), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SN13 (SN13), and their consortium in rice (Oryza sativa L. var. IR-36) facing nutrient deprivation. Parameters such as proline, total soluble sugar, relative water content, electrolytic leakage and malondialdehyde content were modulated in control rice seedlings as compared to treated under nutrient starved conditions. Bacterial inoculation not only significantly improved the agronomic parameters but also concentrations, uptake and partitioning of macro-micro nutrients. To disclose PGPR induced mechanisms to low nutrient stress tolerance, GC-MS analysis was performed. Overall 43 differential metabolites were characterized. Proline, glutamine, linolenic acid, malic acid, ribitol, propanoic acid and serine were accumulated in seedlings exposed to nutrient starvation. In PGPR inoculated rice glucose, fructose, mannose, glucitol, oleic acid, gulonic acid, raffinose, inositol were accumulated that induce metabolic and physiological parameters to reduce the impact of stress. Based on results SN13 was selected for gene expression analysis of metabolism-related genes that further affirmed the ability of PGPR to modulate carbohydrate metabolism in rice seedlings under suboptimum nutrient level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Bisht
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shashank Kumar Mishra
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Puneet Singh Chauhan
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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12
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Sekhon RS, Saski C, Kumar R, Flinn BS, Luo F, Beissinger TM, Ackerman AJ, Breitzman MW, Bridges WC, de Leon N, Kaeppler SM. Integrated Genome-Scale Analysis Identifies Novel Genes and Networks Underlying Senescence in Maize. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:1968-1989. [PMID: 31239390 PMCID: PMC6751112 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Premature senescence in annual crops reduces yield, while delayed senescence, termed stay-green, imposes positive and negative impacts on yield and nutrition quality. Despite its importance, scant information is available on the genetic architecture of senescence in maize (Zea mays) and other cereals. We combined a systematic characterization of natural diversity for senescence in maize and coexpression networks derived from transcriptome analysis of normally senescing and stay-green lines. Sixty-four candidate genes were identified by genome-wide association study (GWAS), and 14 of these genes are supported by additional evidence for involvement in senescence-related processes including proteolysis, sugar transport and signaling, and sink activity. Eight of the GWAS candidates, independently supported by a coexpression network underlying stay-green, include a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, a NAC transcription factor, and two xylan biosynthetic enzymes. Source-sink communication and the activity of cell walls as a secondary sink emerge as key determinants of stay-green. Mutant analysis supports the role of a candidate encoding Cys protease in stay-green in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and analysis of natural alleles suggests a similar role in maize. This study provides a foundation for enhanced understanding and manipulation of senescence for increasing carbon yield, nutritional quality, and stress tolerance of maize and other cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajandeep S Sekhon
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 314 Biosystems Research Complex, 105 Collings Street, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Christopher Saski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, 306B Biosystems Research Complex, 105 Collings Street, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 314 Biosystems Research Complex, 105 Collings Street, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Barry S Flinn
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, 306B Biosystems Research Complex, 105 Collings Street, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Computing, Clemson University, 210 McAdams Hall, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Timothy M Beissinger
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, University of Göttingen, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arlyn J Ackerman
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, 314 Biosystems Research Complex, 105 Collings Street, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Matthew W Breitzman
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - William C Bridges
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, O-117 Martin Hall, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Natalia de Leon
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Shawn M Kaeppler
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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13
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Boonkaew B, Udompaisarn S, Arthan D, Somana J. Expression and characterization of a recombinant stevioside hydrolyzing β-glycosidase from Enterococcus casseliflavus. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 163:105449. [PMID: 31295559 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The demand for steviol glycosides, non-caloric sweet components of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (stevia) leaves, has increased considerably as a benefit to enhance human health. However, the supply has remained challenging due to limited production, with the lack of a specific steviol glycoside hydrolyzing enzyme. In this study, a novel β-glucosidase (EcBgl) from Enterococcus casseliflavus was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. An EcBgl consists of 721 amino acids corresponding to a molecular mass of 79.37 kDa. The EcBgl was purified to homogeneity, followed by enzyme characterization. The enzyme showed optimum pH and temperature at 6.0 and 37 °C, and exhibited the kinetic constants kcat/Km for pNPG and kcat/Km for stevioside of 8583 mM-1s-1 and 95.41 mM-1s-1, respectively. When compared to the stevioside hydrolyzing β-glycosidases previously reported, EcBgl was found to be the most efficient enzyme. EcBgl also rendered hydrolysis of the stevioside to produce rubusoside, a rare steviol glycoside with a pharmaceutical solubilizing property, by cleaving at the glucose moiety. In addition, the enzyme demonstrated substantial resistance against amygdalin, so it served as a potential enzyme in agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bootsakorn Boonkaew
- Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Wanglang Road, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Somsiri Udompaisarn
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Paholyothin Road, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Dumrongkiet Arthan
- Department of Tropical Nutrition & Food Science, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Rachawithi Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jamorn Somana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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14
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Hannemann L, Lucaciu CR, Sharma S, Rattei T, Mayer KFX, Gierl A, Frey M. A promiscuous beta-glucosidase is involved in benzoxazinoid deglycosylation in Lamium galeobdolon. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 156:224-233. [PMID: 30336442 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the plant kingdom beta-glucosidases (BGLUs) of the glycosidase hydrolase family 1 have essential function in primary metabolism and are particularly employed in secondary metabolism. They are essential for activation in two-component defence systems based on stabilisation of reactive compounds by glycosylation. Based on de novo assembly we isolated and functionally characterised BGLUs expressed in leaves of Lamium galeobdolon (LgGLUs). LgGLU1 could be assigned to hydrolysis of the benzoxazinoid GDIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside). Within the Lamiaceae L. galeobdolon is distinguished by the presence GDIBOA in addition to the more common iridoid harpagide. Although LgGLU1 proved to be promiscuous with respect to accepted substrates, harpagide hydrolysis was not detected. Benzoxazinoids are characteristic defence compounds of the Poales but are also found in some unrelated dicots. The benzoxazinoid specific BGLUs have recently been identified for the grasses maize, wheat, rye and the Ranunculaceae Consolida orientalis. All enzymes share a general substrate ambiguity but differ in detailed substrate pattern. The isolation of the second dicot GDIBOA glucosidase LgGLU1 allowed it to analyse the phylogenetic relation of the distinct BGLUs also within dicots. The data revealed long periods of independent sequence evolution before speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hannemann
- Chair of Plant Breeding, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, D-85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Calin Rares Lucaciu
- Division of Computational Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14 A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sapna Sharma
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Rattei
- Division of Computational Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14 A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Klaus F X Mayer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Germany.
| | - Alfons Gierl
- Chair of Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 8, D-85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Monika Frey
- Chair of Plant Breeding, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 2, D-85354, Freising, Germany.
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15
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Baiya S, Mahong B, Lee SK, Jeon JS, Ketudat Cairns JR. Demonstration of monolignol β-glucosidase activity of rice Os4BGlu14, Os4BGlu16 and Os4BGlu18 in Arabidopsis thaliana bglu45 mutant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:223-230. [PMID: 29614441 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase family 1 members Os4BGlu14, Os4BGlu16, and Os4BGlu18 were proposed to be rice monolignol β-glucosidases. In vitro studies demonstrated that the Os4BGlu16 and Os4BGlu18 hydrolyze the monolignol glucosides coniferin and syringin with high efficiency compared to other substrates. The replacement of the conserved catalytic acid/base glutamate residue by a nonionizable glutamine residue in Os4BGlu14 suggested that it may be inactive as a β-glucosidase. Here, we investigated the activities of Os4BGlu14, Os4BGlu16, and Os4BGlu18 in planta by recombinant expression of their genes in the Arabidopsis bglu45-2 (monolignol β-glucosidase) mutant and analysis of monolignol glucosides by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MSMS). The bglu45-2 line exhibits elevated monolignol glucoside levels, but lower amounts of coniferin, syringin, and p-coumaryl alcohol glucoside were seen in Arabidopsis bglu45-2 rescued lines complemented by the Os4BGlu14, Os4BGlu16, and Os4BGlu18 genes. These data suggest that the bglu45-2 mutant has a broader effect on monolignols than previously reported and that the Os4BGlu14, Os4BGlu16 and Os4BGlu18 proteins act as monolignol β-glucosidases to complement the defect. An OsBGlu16-GFP fusion protein localized to the cell wall. This apoplastic localization and the effect of these enzymes on monolignol glucoside levels suggest monolignol glucosides from the vacuole may meet the monolignol β-glucosidases, despite their different localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Baiya
- Faculty of Science at Sriracha, Kasetsart University, Sriracha Campus, Chonburi, 20230, Thailand; Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Bancha Mahong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea.
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand; School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
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16
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Pan L, Yang Z, Wang J, Wang P, Ma X, Zhou M, Li J, Gang N, Feng G, Zhao J, Zhang X. Comparative proteomic analyses reveal the proteome response to short-term drought in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184289. [PMID: 28910323 PMCID: PMC5598972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is a major abiotic stress that impairs growth and productivity of Italian ryegrass. Comparative analysis of drought responsive proteins will provide insight into molecular mechanism in Lolium multiflorum drought tolerance. Using the iTRAQ-based approach, proteomic changes in tolerant and susceptible lines were examined in response to drought condition. A total of 950 differentially accumulated proteins was found to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and signal transduction pathway, such as β-D-xylosidase, β-D-glucan glucohydrolase, glycerate dehydrogenase, Cobalamin-independent methionine synthase, glutamine synthetase 1a, Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, diacylglycerol, and inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate, which might contributed to enhance drought tolerance or adaption in Lolium multiflorum. Interestingly, the two specific metabolic pathways, arachidonic acid and inositol phosphate metabolism including differentially accumulated proteins, were observed only in the tolerant lines. Cysteine protease cathepsin B, Cysteine proteinase, lipid transfer protein and Aquaporin were observed as drought-regulated proteins participating in hydrolysis and transmembrane transport. The activities of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, peroxiredoxin, dehydroascorbate reductase, peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase and monodehydroascorbate reductase associated with alleviating the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in stress inducing environments. Our results showed that drought-responsive proteins were closely related to metabolic processes including signal transduction, antioxidant defenses, hydrolysis, and transmembrane transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Pan
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongfu Yang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Pengxi Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nie Gang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangyan Feng
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junming Zhao
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Zhou Y, Zeng L, Gui J, Liao Y, Li J, Tang J, Meng Q, Dong F, Yang Z. Functional characterizations of β-glucosidases involved in aroma compound formation in tea ( Camellia sinensis ). Food Res Int 2017; 96:206-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Zhou S, Jiang W, Long F, Cheng S, Yang W, Zhao Y, Zhou DX. Rice Homeodomain Protein WOX11 Recruits a Histone Acetyltransferase Complex to Establish Programs of Cell Proliferation of Crown Root Meristem. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1088-1104. [PMID: 28487409 PMCID: PMC5466029 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Shoot-borne crown roots are the major root system in cereals. Previous work has shown that the Wuschel-related homeobox gene WOX11 is necessary and sufficient to promote rice (Oryza sativa) crown root emergence and elongation. Here, we show that WOX11 recruits the ADA2-GCN5 histone acetyltransferase module to activate downstream target genes in crown root meristem. Rice ADA2 and GCN5 genes are highly expressed in root meristem and are shown to be essential for cell division and growth. WOX11 and ADA2-GCN5 commonly target and regulate a set of root-specific genes involved in energy metabolism, cell wall biosynthesis, and hormone response, some of which are known to be important for root development. The results indicate that the recruitment of ADA2-GCN5 by WOX11 establishes gene expression programs of crown root meristem cell division and suggest that permissive chromatin modification involving histone acetylation is a strategy for WOX11 to stimulate root meristem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoli Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Long
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Saifeng Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Dao-Xiu Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
- Institute Plant Science Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-sud 11, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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19
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Baba SA, Vishwakarma RA, Ashraf N. Functional Characterization of CsBGlu12, a β-Glucosidase from Crocus sativus, Provides Insights into Its Role in Abiotic Stress through Accumulation of Antioxidant Flavonols. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4700-4713. [PMID: 28154174 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation and deglycosylation are impressive mechanisms that allow plants to regulate the biological activity of an array of secondary metabolites. Although glycosylation improves solubility and renders the metabolites suitable for transport and sequestration, deglycosylation activates them to carry out biological functions. Herein, we report the functional characterization of CsBGlu12, a β-glucosidase from Crocus sativus. CsBGlu12 has a characteristic glucoside hydrolase 1 family (α/β)8 triose-phosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel structure with a highly conserved active site. In vitro enzyme activity revealed that CsBGlu12 catalyzes the hydrolysis of flavonol β-glucosides and cello-oligosaccharides. Site-directed mutagenesis of any of the two conserved catalytic glutamic acid residues (Glu200 and Glu414) of the active site completely abolishes the β-glucosidase activity. Transcript analysis revealed that Csbglu12 is highly induced in response to UV-B, dehydration, NaCl, methyl jasmonate, and abscisic acid treatments indicating its possible role in plant stress response. Transient overexpression of CsBGlu12 leads to the accumulation of antioxidant flavonols in Nicotiana benthamiana and confers tolerance to abiotic stresses. Antioxidant assays indicated that accumulation of flavonols alleviated the accretion of reactive oxygen species during abiotic stress conditions. β-Glucosidases are known to play a role in abiotic stresses, particularly dehydration through abscisic acid; however, their role through accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging flavonols has not been established. Furthermore, only one β-glucosidase 12 homolog has been characterized so far. Therefore, this work presents an important report on characterization of CsBGlu12 and its role in abiotic stress through ROS scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoib Ahmad Baba
- From the Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190005 and.,the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research and
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi-180001, India
| | - Nasheeman Ashraf
- From the Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190005 and .,the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research and
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20
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Cao YY, Yang JF, Liu TY, Su ZF, Zhu FY, Chen MX, Fan T, Ye NH, Feng Z, Wang LJ, Hao GF, Zhang J, Liu YG. A Phylogenetically Informed Comparison of GH1 Hydrolases between Arabidopsis and Rice Response to Stressors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:350. [PMID: 28392792 PMCID: PMC5364172 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases Family 1 (GH1) comprises enzymes that can hydrolyze β-O-glycosidic bond from a carbohydrate moiety. The plant GH1 hydrolases participate in a number of developmental processes and stress responses, including cell wall modification, plant hormone activation or deactivation and herbivore resistance. A large number of members has been observed in this family, suggesting their potential redundant functions in various biological processes. In this study, we have used 304 sequences of plant GH1 hydrolases to study the evolution of this gene family in plant lineage. Gene duplication was found to be a common phenomenon in this gene family. Although many members of GH1 hydrolases showed a high degree of similarity in Arabidopsis and rice, they showed substantial tissue specificity and differential responses to various stress treatments. This differential regulation implies each enzyme may play a distinct role in plants. Furthermore, some of salt-responsive Arabidopsis GH1 hydrolases were selected to test their genetic involvement in salt responses. The knockout mutants of AtBGLU1 and AtBGLU19 were observed to be less-sensitive during NaCl treatment in comparison to the wild type seedlings, indicating their participation in salt stress response. In summary, Arabidopsis and rice GH1 glycoside hydrolases showed distinct features in their evolutionary path, transcriptional regulation and genetic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
- Ministry of Agricultural Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Maize in Plain Area of Southern Region, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Jing-Fang Yang
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Tie-Yuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
| | - Zhen-Feng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Fu-Yuan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
| | - Tao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
| | - Neng-Hui Ye
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Feng
- Jiangsu Entry-exit Inspection And Quarantine BureauNanjing, China
| | - Ling-Juan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Jianhua Zhang
| | - Ying-Gao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian, China
- Ying-Gao Liu
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Le Roy J, Huss B, Creach A, Hawkins S, Neutelings G. Glycosylation Is a Major Regulator of Phenylpropanoid Availability and Biological Activity in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:735. [PMID: 27303427 PMCID: PMC4880792 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway in plants is responsible for the biosynthesis of a huge amount of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine. Both flavonoids and lignins are synthesized at the end of this very diverse metabolic pathway, as well as many intermediate molecules whose precise biological functions remain largely unknown. The diversity of these molecules can be further increased under the action of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) leading to the production of glycosylated hydroxycinnamates and related aldehydes, alcohols and esters. Glycosylation can change phenylpropanoid solubility, stability and toxic potential, as well as influencing compartmentalization and biological activity. (De)-glycosylation therefore represents an extremely important regulation point in phenylpropanoid homeostasis. In this article we review recent knowledge on the enzymes involved in regulating phenylpropanoid glycosylation status and availability in different subcellular compartments. We also examine the potential link between monolignol glycosylation and lignification by exploring co-expression of lignin biosynthesis genes and phenolic (de)glycosylation genes. Of the different biological roles linked with their particular chemical properties, phenylpropanoids are often correlated with the plant's stress management strategies that are also regulated by glycosylation. UGTs can for instance influence the resistance of plants during infection by microorganisms and be involved in the mechanisms related to environmental changes. The impact of flavonoid glycosylation on the color of flowers, leaves, seeds and fruits will also be discussed. Altogether this paper underlies the fact that glycosylation and deglycosylation are powerful mechanisms allowing plants to regulate phenylpropanoid localisation, availability and biological activity.
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Ketudat Cairns JR, Mahong B, Baiya S, Jeon JS. β-Glucosidases: Multitasking, moonlighting or simply misunderstood? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:246-59. [PMID: 26706075 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases have a wide range of functions in plants, including roles in recycling of cell-wall oligosaccharides, defense, phytohormone signaling, secondary metabolism, and scent release, among others. It is not always clear which one is responsible for a specific function, as plants contain a large set of β-glucosidases. However, progress has been made in recent years in elucidating these functions. To help understand what is known and what remains ambiguous, we review the general approaches to investigating plant β-glucosidase functions. We consider information that has been gained regarding glycoside hydrolase family 1 enzyme functions utilizing these approaches in the past decade. In several cases, one enzyme has been assigned different biological functions by different research groups. We suggest that, at least in some cases, the ambiguity of an enzyme's function may come from having multiple functions that may help coordinate the response to injury or other stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Ketudat Cairns
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Bancha Mahong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
| | - Supaporn Baiya
- School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung-Hee University, Yongin 17104, South Korea
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Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a GH3 β-Glucosidase from Thermophilic Fungi Myceliophthora thermophila in Pichia pastoris. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:511-27. [PMID: 26234435 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel β-glucosidase of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 3 from Myceliophthora thermophila (mtbgl3b) was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris. The full-length gene consists of 2613 bp nucleotides encoding a protein of 870 amino acids. MtBgl3b showed maximum activity at pH 5.0 and remained more than 70 % relative activity at 3.5-6.0. The enzyme displayed the highest activity at 60 °C and kept about 90 % relative activity for 50-65 °C; besides, the enzyme showed psychrophilic trait and remains 51 % relative activity at 40 °C. MtBgl3b exhibited good stability over a wide pH range of 3.0-10.0 and was thermostable at 60 and 65 °C. The enzyme displayed highest activity towards p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), followed by p-nitrophenyl-D-cellobioside (pNPC), cellotetraose, cellotriose, cellobiose, and gentiobiose. When using 10 % cellobiose (w/v) as the substrate, the enzyme showed transglycosylation activity to produce the cellotriose. The kinetic parametric of K m and V max were 2.78 mM and 927.9 μM mg(-1) min(-1), respectively. Finally, the reaction mode of the enzyme and the substrates were analyzed by molecular docking approach.
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Hua Y, Ekkhara W, Sansenya S, Srisomsap C, Roytrakul S, Saburi W, Takeda R, Matsuura H, Mori H, Ketudat Cairns JR. Identification of rice Os4BGlu13 as a β-glucosidase which hydrolyzes gibberellin A4 1-O-β-d-glucosyl ester, in addition to tuberonic acid glucoside and salicylic acid derivative glucosides. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 583:36-46. [PMID: 26241499 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gibberellin 1-O-β-d-glucose ester hydrolysis activity has been detected in rice seedling extracts, but no enzyme responsible for this activity has ever been purified and identified. Therefore, gibberellin A4 glucosyl ester (GA4-GE) β-d-glucosidase activity was purified from ten-day rice seedling stems and leaves. The family 1 glycoside hydrolase Os4BGlu13 was identified in the final purification fraction. The Os4BGlu13 cDNA was amplified from rice seedlings and expressed as an N-terminal thioredoxin-tagged fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant Os4BGlu13 protein (rOs4BGlu13) had an optimum pH of 4.5, for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside (pNPGlc), which was the best substrate identified, with a kcat/Km of 637 mM(-1) s(-1). rOs4BGlu13 hydrolyzed helicin best among natural glycosides tested (kcat/Km of 74.4 mM(-1) s(-1)). Os4BGlu13 was previously designated tuberonic acid glucoside (TAG) β-glucosidase (TAGG), and here the kcat/Km of rOsBGlu13 for TAG was 6.68 mM(-1) s(-1), while that for GA4-GE was 3.63 mM(-1) s(-1) and for salicylic acid glucoside (SAG) is 0.88 mM(-1) s(-1). rOs4BGlu13 also hydrolyzed oligosaccharides, with preference for short β-(1 → 3)-linked over β-(1 → 4)-linked glucooligosaccharides. The enzymatic data suggests that Os4BGlu13 may contribute to TAG, SAG, oligosaccharide and GA4-GE hydrolysis in the rice plant, although helicin or a similar compound may be its primary target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Hua
- The Center for Scientific and Technological Equipment, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Watsamon Ekkhara
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Sompong Sansenya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thanyaburi, Pathun Thani 12110, Thailand
| | | | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wataru Saburi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takeda
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Haruhide Mori
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - James R Ketudat Cairns
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; School of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
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