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Masani MYA, Norfaezah J, Bahariah B, Fizree MDPMAA, Sulaiman WNSW, Shaharuddin NA, Rasid OA, Parveez GKA. Towards DNA-free CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for sustainable oil palm improvement. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:166. [PMID: 38817736 PMCID: PMC11133284 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04010-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system has been in the spotlight compared to programmable nucleases such as ZFNs and TALENs due to its simplicity, versatility, and high efficiency. CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized plant genetic engineering and is broadly used to edit various plants' genomes, including those transformation-recalcitrant species such as oil palm. This review will comprehensively present the CRISPR-Cas9 system's brief history and underlying mechanisms. We then highlighted the establishment of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in plants with an emphasis on the strategies of highly efficient guide RNA design, the establishment of various CRISPR/Cas9 vector systems, approaches of multiplex editing, methods of transformation for stable and transient techniques, available methods for detecting and analyzing mutations, which have been applied and could be adopted for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in oil palm. In addition, we also provide insight into the strategy of DNA-free genome editing and its potential application in oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mat Yunus Abdul Masani
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Jamaludin Norfaezah
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Bohari Bahariah
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | | | | | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Omar Abdul Rasid
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ghulam Kadir Ahmad Parveez
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
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Seidel T, Artmann PJ, Gkekas I, Illies F, Baack AL, Viefhues M. Microfluidic Single-Cell Study on Arabidopsis thaliana Protoplast Fusion-New Insights on Timescales and Reversibilities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:295. [PMID: 38256848 PMCID: PMC10820889 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Plant cells are omnipotent and breeding of new varieties can be achieved by protoplast fusion. Such fusions can be achieved by treatment with poly(ethylene glycol) or by applying an electric field. Microfluidic devices allow for controlled conditions and targeted manipulation of small batches of cells down to single-cell analysis. To provide controlled conditions for protoplast fusions and achieve high reproducibility, we developed and characterized a microfluidic device to reliably trap some Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts and induced cell fusion by controlled addition of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, with a molecular weight of 6000). Experiments were conducted to determine the survival rate of isolated protoplasts in our microfluidic system. Afterward, PEG-induced fusion was studied. Our results indicate that the following fusion parameters had a significant impact on the fusion efficiency and duration: PEG concentration, osmolality of solution and flow velocity. A PEG concentration below 10% led to only partial fusion. The osmolality of the PEG fusion solution was found to strongly impact the fusion process; complete fusion of two source cells sufficiently took part in slightly hyper-osmotic solutions, whereas iso-osmotic solutions led to only partial fusion at a 20% PEG concentration. We observed accelerated fusion for higher fluid velocities. Until this study, it was common sense that fusion is one-directional, i.e., once two cells are fused into one cell, they stay fused. Here, we present for the first time the reversible fusion of protoplasts. Our microfluidic device paves the way to a deeper understanding of the kinetics and processes of cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Seidel
- Dynamic Cell Imaging, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Philipp Johannes Artmann
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanosciences, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ioannis Gkekas
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanosciences, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Franziska Illies
- Dynamic Cell Imaging, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanosciences, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Baack
- Dynamic Cell Imaging, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Martina Viefhues
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanosciences, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Subburaj S, Agapito-Tenfen SZ. Establishment of targeted mutagenesis in soybean protoplasts using CRISPR/Cas9 RNP delivery via electro-transfection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1255819. [PMID: 37841627 PMCID: PMC10570537 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1255819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important crop with high agronomic value. The improvement of agronomic traits through gene editing techniques has broad application prospects in soybean. The polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated cell transfection has been successfully used to deliver the CRISPR/Cas9-based ribonucleoprotein (RNP) into soybean protoplasts. However, several downstream analyses or further cell regeneration protocols might be hampered by PEG contamination within the samples. Here in this study, we attempted to transfect CRISPR/Cas9 RNPs into trifoliate leaf-derived soybean protoplasts using Neon electroporation to overcome the need for PEG transfection for the first time. We investigated different electroporation parameters including pulsing voltage (V), strength and duration of pulses regarding protoplast morphology, viability, and delivery of CRISPR/Cas9. Electroporation at various pulsing voltages with 3 pulses and 10 ms per pulse was found optimal for protoplast electro-transfection. Following electro-transfection at various pulsing voltages (500 V, 700 V, 1,000 V, and 1,300 V), intact protoplasts were observed at all treatments. However, the relative frequency of cell viability and initial cell divisions decreased with increasing voltages. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) confirmed that the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Cas9 was successfully internalized into the protoplasts. Targeted deep sequencing results revealed that on-target insertion/deletion (InDel) frequencies were increased with increasing voltages in protoplasts electro-transfected with CRISPR/Cas9 RNPs targeting constitutive pathogen response 5 (CPR5). InDel patterns ranged from +1 bp to -6 bp at three different target sites in CPR5 locus with frequencies ranging from 3.8% to 8.1% following electro-transfection at 1,300 V and 2.1% to 3.8% for 700 V and 1,000 V, respectively. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas9 RNP system can be delivered into soybean protoplasts by the Neon electroporation system for efficient and effective gene editing. The electro-transfection system developed in this study would also further facilitate and serve as an alternative delivery method for DNA-free genome editing of soybean and other related species for genetic screens and potential trait improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Zanon Agapito-Tenfen
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Climate & Environment Department, Siva Innovasjonssenter, Tromsø, Norway
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Su W, Xu M, Radani Y, Yang L. Technological Development and Application of Plant Genetic Transformation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10646. [PMID: 37445824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic transformation is an important strategy for enhancing plant biomass or resistance in response to adverse environments and population growth by imparting desirable genetic characteristics. Research on plant genetic transformation technology can promote the functional analysis of plant genes, the utilization of excellent traits, and precise breeding. Various technologies of genetic transformation have been continuously discovered and developed for convenient manipulation and high efficiency, mainly involving the delivery of exogenous genes and regeneration of transformed plants. Here, currently developed genetic transformation technologies were expounded and compared. Agrobacterium-mediated gene delivery methods are commonly used as direct genetic transformation, as well as external force-mediated ways such as particle bombardment, electroporation, silicon carbide whiskers, and pollen tubes as indirect ones. The regeneration of transformed plants usually involves the de novo organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis pathway of the explants. Ectopic expression of morphogenetic transcription factors (Bbm, Wus2, and GRF-GIF) can significantly improve plant regeneration efficiency and enable the transformation of some hard-to-transform plant genotypes. Meanwhile, some limitations in these gene transfer methods were compared including genotype dependence, low transformation efficiency, and plant tissue damage, and recently developed flexible approaches for plant genotype transformation are discussed regarding how gene delivery and regeneration strategies can be optimized to overcome species and genotype dependence. This review summarizes the principles of various techniques for plant genetic transformation and discusses their application scope and limiting factors, which can provide a reference for plant transgenic breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mingyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yasmina Radani
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Liming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Wang Y, Wang L, Liu H, Gou B, Hu W, Qin L, Shen W, Wang A, Cui H, Dai Z. Direct leaf-peeling method for areca protoplasts: a simple and efficient system for protoplast isolation and transformation in areca palm (Areca catechu). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:56. [PMID: 36698067 PMCID: PMC9878809 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Areca palm (Areca catechu) is a woody perennial plant of both economical and medicinal importance grown in tropical and subtropical climates. Yet, the molecular biology study of areca palm is extremely impeded by its unavailability of a transformation method. An efficient protoplast isolation and transformation system could be highly desirable to overcome this barrier. RESULTS Here, we described a simple and efficient method for protoplast isolation and transformation from the perennial plant areca palm. A high yield of protoplasts (2.5 × 107 protoplasts per gram of fresh leaf tissues) was obtained from the fresh light green leaflet from the newly-emerged leaf digested overnight in the enzyme solution [2% (w/v) cellulase R10, 0.5% (w/v) macerozyme R10, 0.7 M mannitol, 10 mM CaCl2, 20 mM KCl, 20 mM MES and 0.1% (w/v) BSA, pH 5.7] by the direct leaf-peeling method. The isolated areca protoplasts maintain viability of 86.6% and have been successfully transformed with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged plasmid (pGreen0029-GFP, 6.0 kb) via the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation. Moreover, the mannitol concentration (optimal: 0.7 M) was determined as a key factor affecting areca protoplast isolation. We also demonstrated that the optimal density of areca protoplast for efficient transformation was at 1.0-1.5 × 106 cells/ml. With the optimization of transformation parameters, we have achieved a relatively high transformation efficiency of nearly 50%. CONCLUSION We have established the first efficient protocol for the high-yield isolation and transformation of areca palm protoplasts. This method shall be applied in various biological studies of areca palm, such as gene function analysis, genome editing, protein trafficking and localization and protein-protein interaction. In addition, the protoplast system offers a great genetic transformation approach for the woody perennial plant-areca palm. Moreover, the established platform may be applied in protoplast isolation and transformation for other important species in the palm family, including oil palm and coconut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodi Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Linxi Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Hongjun Liu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Bei Gou
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Weiyao Hu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Li Qin
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Wentao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, 571101, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Hongguang Cui
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Zhaoji Dai
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.
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Bahariah B, Masani MYA, Fizree MPMAA, Rasid OA, Parveez GKA. Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing platform in oil palm targeting mutations in EgFAD2 and EgPAT genes. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:3. [PMID: 36630019 PMCID: PMC9834484 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRISPR/Cas9 is the most powerful and versatile genome-editing tool that permits multiplexed-targeted gene modifications for the genetic enhancement of oil palm. Multiplex genome-editing has recently been developed for modifying multiple loci in a gene or multiple genes in a genome with high precision. This study focuses on the development of high-oleic oil palm, the primary target trait for healthy low-saturated oil. To achieve this, the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) and palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase (PAT) genes, both of which are associated with fatty acid metabolism biosynthesis pathways in oil palm, need to be knocked out. The knockout of FAD2 and PAT leads to an accumulation of oleic acid content in oil palms. RESULTS A total of four single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) were designed in silico based on the genomic sequences of EgFAD2 and EgPAT. Using robust plant CRISPR/Cas9 vector technology, multiple sgRNA expression cassettes were efficiently constructed into a single-binary CRISPR/Cas9 vector to edit the EgFAD2 and EgPAT genes. Each of the constructed transformation vectors was then delivered into oil palm embryogenic calli using the biolistic, Agrobacterium-mediated, and PEG-mediated protoplast transformation methods. Sequence analysis of PCR products from 15 samples confirmed that mutations were introduced at four target sites of the oil palm EgFAD2 and EgPAT genes. Single- and double-knockout mutants of both genes were generated, with large and small deletions within the targeted regions. Mutations found at EgFAD2 and EgPAT target sites indicate that the Cas9/sgRNA genome-editing system effectively knocked out both genes in oil palm. CONCLUSION This technology is the first in oil palm to use CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing to target high-oleic-associated genes. These findings showed that multiplex genome-editing in oil palm could be achieved using multiple sgRNAs. Targeted mutations detected establish that the CRISPR/Cas9 technology offers a great potential for oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohari Bahariah
- grid.410876.c0000 0001 2170 0530Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre (ABBC), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mat Yunus Abdul Masani
- grid.410876.c0000 0001 2170 0530Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre (ABBC), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Md Piji Mohd Al Akmarul Fizree
- grid.410876.c0000 0001 2170 0530Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre (ABBC), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Omar Abd Rasid
- grid.410876.c0000 0001 2170 0530Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre (ABBC), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Ghulam Kadir Ahmad Parveez
- grid.410876.c0000 0001 2170 0530Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre (ABBC), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
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Ithnin M, Othman A, Tahir NIM, Banisetti KB, Abd Halim MA, Rajesh MK. Oil Palm: Genome Designing for Improved Nutritional Quality. COMPENDIUM OF CROP GENOME DESIGNING FOR NUTRACEUTICALS 2023:1-41. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-3627-2_22-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Optimization Protocol of the PEG-Based Method for OSCC-Derived Exosome Isolation and Downstream Applications. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9120435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The exosome precipitation method affects the purity of the exosome and the quality of the downstream application. Polymer-based precipitation is a cost-effective method widely used in different research fields. The percentage of the polymer should be modified in different cell types or liquid biopsy before precipitation. This study aimed to optimize the protocol of the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based approach for extracting oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)-derived exosomes, and its downstream applications. We used 8%, 10%, and 12% PEG to isolate the exosomes from the culture medium and compared the purity with that of the ultracentrifugation method. In addition, we extracted exosomal protein, DNA, and RNA, and tested the cell transfection efficiency for downstream application. The results reveal that 8% PEG and the medium mixture incubated at 4 °C overnight effectively precipitated exosomes of higher purity and more proper size and particle numbers compared with the ultracentrifuge method. PEG-precipitated exosomes cocultured with fibroblasts showed better transfection efficiency compared to exosomes alone. Therefore, 8% PEG is ideal for OSCC-derived exosome isolation and downstream applications. We recommend that the cost-effective PEG precipitation method be used for precipitating exosomes from OSCC cell experiments.
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Khan FS, Goher F, Zhang D, Shi P, Li Z, Htwe YM, Wang Y. Is CRISPR/Cas9 a way forward to fast-track genetic improvement in commercial palms? Prospects and limits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1042828. [PMID: 36578341 PMCID: PMC9791139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Commercially important palms (oil palm, coconut, and date palm) are widely grown perennial trees with tremendous commercial significance due to food, edible oil, and industrial applications. The mounting pressure on the human population further reinforces palms' importance, as they are essential crops to meet vegetable oil needs around the globe. Various conventional breeding methods are used for the genetic improvement of palms. However, adopting new technologies is crucial to accelerate breeding and satisfy the expanding population's demands. CRISPR/Cas9 is an efficient genome editing tool that can incorporate desired traits into the existing DNA of the plant without losing common traits. Recent progress in genome editing in oil palm, coconut and date palm are preliminarily introduced to potential readers. Furthermore, detailed information on available CRISPR-based genome editing and genetic transformation methods are summarized for researchers. We shed light on the possibilities of genome editing in palm crops, especially on the modification of fatty acid biosynthesis in oil palm. Moreover, the limitations in genome editing, including inadequate target gene screening due to genome complexities and low efficiency of genetic transformation, are also highlighted. The prospects of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing in commercial palms to improve sustainable production are also addressed in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Shafique Khan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China
| | - Farhan Goher
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China
| | - Yin Min Htwe
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions/Sanya Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China
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Farooq N, Ather L, Shafiq M, Nawaz-Ul-Rehman MS, Haseeb M, Anjum T, Abbas Q, Hussain M, Ali N, Asad Abbas SAA, Mushtaq S, Haider MS, Sadiq S, Shahid MA. Magnetofection approach for the transformation of okra using green iron nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16568. [PMID: 36195624 PMCID: PMC9532403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change, pesticide resistance, and the need for developing new plant varieties have galvanized biotechnologists to find new solutions in order to produce transgenic plants. Over the last decade scientists are working on green metallic nanoparticles to develop DNA delivery systems for plants. In the current study, green Iron nanoparticles were synthesized using leaf extract of Camellia sinensis (green tea) and Iron Chloride (FeCl3), the characterization and Confirmation was done using UV-VIS Spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and TEM. Using these nanoparticles, a novel method of gene transformation in okra plants was developed, with a combination of different Magnetofection factors. Maximum gene transformation efficiency was observed at the DNA to Iron-nanoparticles ratio of 1:20, by rotation of mixture (Plasmid DNA, Iron-nanoparticles, and seed embryo) at 800 rpm for 5 h. Using this approach, the transformation of the GFP (green fluorescent protein) gene was successfully carried out in Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra plant). The DNA transformation was confirmed by observing the expression of transgene GFP via Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM) and PCR. This method is highly economical, adaptable, genotype independent, eco-friendly, and time-saving as well. We infer that this approach can be a potential solution to combat the yield and immunity challenges of plants against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Farooq
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore Garrison University, P.O BOX. 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Laraib Ather
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore Garrison University, P.O BOX. 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | | | - Muhammad Haseeb
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tehmina Anjum
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore Garrison University, P.O BOX. 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mujahid Hussain
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Numan Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Agha Armaghan Asad Abbas
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Mushtaq
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem Haider
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, P.O BOX. 54590, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saleha Sadiq
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics (IBBB), The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, P.O BOX. 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shahid
- North Florida Research and Education Center, 155 Research Rd., Quincy, FL, 32351, USA.
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Ghose AK, Abdullah SNA, Md Hatta MA, Megat Wahab PE. DNA Free CRISPR/DCAS9 Based Transcriptional Activation System for UGT76G1 Gene in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Protoplasts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2393. [PMID: 36145794 PMCID: PMC9501275 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The UDP-glycosyltransferase 76G1 (UGT76G1) is responsible for the conversion of stevioside to rebaudioside A. Four single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) were designed from the UGT76G1 proximal promoter region of stevia by using the online-based tool, benchling. The dCas9 fused with VP64 as a transcriptional activation domain (TAD) was produced and purified for the formation of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) by mixing with the in vitro transcribed sgRNAs. Protoplast yield was the highest from leaf mesophyll of in vitro grown stevia plantlets (3.16 × 106/g of FW) using ES5 (1.25% cellulase R-10 and 0.75% macerozyme R-10). The RNPs were delivered into the isolated protoplasts through the Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transfection method. The highest endogenous activation of the UGT76G1 gene was detected at 27.51-fold after 24 h of transfection with RNP30 consisting of CRISPR/dCas9-TAD with sgRNA30 and a similar activation level was obtained using RNP18, RNP33, and RNP34, produced using sgRNA18, sgRNA33, and sgRNA34, respectively. Activation of UGT76G1 by RNP18 led to a significant increase in the expression of the rate-limiting enzyme UGT85C2 by 2.37-fold and there was an increasing trend in the expression of UGT85C2 using RNP30, RNP33, and RNP34. Successful application of CRISPR/dCas9-TAD RNP in activating specific genes can avoid the negative integration effects of introduced DNA in the host genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asish Kumar Ghose
- Laboratory of Agronomy and Sustainable Crop Protection, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Biotechnology Division, Bangladesh Sugarcrop Research Institute, Ishurdi, Pabna 6620, Bangladesh
| | - Siti Nor Akmar Abdullah
- Laboratory of Agronomy and Sustainable Crop Protection, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Asyraf Md Hatta
- Department of Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Puteri Edaroyati Megat Wahab
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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Zhang Q, Jin YH, Zou JX, Zheng YS, Li DD. Characterization and functional analysis of the MADS-box EgAGL9 transcription factor from the mesocarp of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111317. [PMID: 35696917 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the most important oil crops in the world, and compared to all oil crops, it has the highest productive efficiency. In the present study, a MADS-box transcription factor of the AGAMOUS class, named EgAGL9, was identified by expression profile analysis in the different developmental stages of oil palm mesocarp. Real-time quantitative PCR results confirmed that the expression of EgAGL9 increased rapidly during the last stages of oil palm mesocarp development. Then, three downstream genes, including EgSAD (Stearoyl-ACP desaturase), EgTSA (Tryptophan synthase) and EgSDH (Succinate dehydrogenase), were screened by ChIP-Seq and data analysis. EMSA analysis verified that EgAGL9 interacted with the promoter regions of EgSAD, EgTSA and EgSDH. Moreover, the expression levels of EgSAD, EgTSA and EgSDH were downregulated in EgAGL9-overexpressing protoplasts and calli of oil palm. Compared to WT, the total lipid content and ratio of unsaturated fatty acids in transgenic calli (including oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid) were significantly decreased. Together, these results revealed that these three EgAGL9-regulated genes are involved in regulatory pathways in the oil palm mesocarp. Compared with previous studies, the present study provides a new research strategy for understanding of the molecular regulatory pathways of lipid metabolism in mesocarp of oil palm. The obtained results will bring a new perspective for a comprehensive understanding of the regulation of the metabolic accumulation in the oil palm mesocarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yuan-Hang Jin
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Ji-Xin Zou
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China; Rubber Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), China
| | - Yu-Sheng Zheng
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Dong-Dong Li
- College of Tropical Crops, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, China.
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John Martin JJ, Yarra R, Wei L, Cao H. Oil Palm Breeding in the Modern Era: Challenges and Opportunities. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111395. [PMID: 35684168 PMCID: PMC9183044 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oil palm, a cross-pollinated crop with long generation time, poses a lot of challenges in achieving sustainable oil palm with high yield and quality. The African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is the most productive and versatile oil-yielding crop in the world, producing more than any other oil-yielding crop. Despite recent challenges, such as stress tolerance, superior oil quality, disease tolerance, and the need for new market niches, there is a growing need to explore and develop new varieties with high yield potential and the genetic diversity required to maintain oil palm yield stability. Breeding is an indispensable part of producing high-quality planting materials to increase oil palm yield. Biotechnological technologies have transformed conventional plant breeding approaches by introducing novel genotypes for breeding. Innovative pre-breeding and breeding approaches, such as identifying candidate genes in wild or land races using genomics tools, can pave the way for genetic improvement in oil palm. In this review, we highlighted the modern breeding tools, including genomics, marker-assisted breeding, genetic engineering, and genome editing techniques in oil palm crops, and we explored certain concerns connected to the techniques and their applications in practical breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Jeyakumar John Martin
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Wenchang 571339, China
| | - Rajesh Yarra
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Wenchang 571339, China
| | - Lu Wei
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Wenchang 571339, China
| | - Hongxing Cao
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Wenchang 571339, China
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14
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Pavese V, Moglia A, Abbà S, Milani AM, Torello Marinoni D, Corredoira E, Martínez MT, Botta R. First Report on Genome Editing via Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) in Castanea sativa Mill. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5762. [PMID: 35628572 PMCID: PMC9145500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Castanea sativa is an important tree nut species worldwide, highly appreciated for its multifunctional role, in particular for timber and nut production. Nowadays, new strategies are needed to achieve plant resilience to diseases, climate change, higher yields, and nutritional quality. Among the new plant breeding techniques (NPBTs), the CRISPR/Cas9 system represents a powerful tool to improve plant breeding in a short time and inexpensive way. In addition, the CRISPR/Cas9 construct can be delivered into the cells in the form of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), avoiding the integration of exogenous DNA (GMO-free) through protoplast technology that represents an interesting material for gene editing thanks to the highly permeable membrane to DNA. In the present study, we developed the first protoplast isolation protocol starting from European chestnut somatic embryos. The enzyme solution optimized for cell wall digestion contained 1% cellulase Onozuka R-10 and 0.5% macerozyme R-10. After incubation for 4 h at 25 °C in dark conditions, a yield of 4,500,000 protoplasts/mL was obtained (91% viable). The transfection capacity was evaluated using the GFP marker gene, and the percentage of transfected protoplasts was 51%, 72 h after the transfection event. The direct delivery of the purified RNP was then performed targeting the phytoene desaturase gene. Results revealed the expected target modification by the CRISPR/Cas9 RNP and the efficient protoplast editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Pavese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Silvia Abbà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Anna Maria Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Daniela Torello Marinoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Elena Corredoira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Sede de Santiago, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. Vigo, s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.C.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa Martínez
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Sede de Santiago, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. Vigo, s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.C.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Roberto Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
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15
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Biswas S, Wahl NJ, Thomson MJ, Cason JM, McCutchen BF, Septiningsih EM. Optimization of Protoplast Isolation and Transformation for a Pilot Study of Genome Editing in Peanut by Targeting the Allergen Gene Ara h 2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:837. [PMID: 35055026 PMCID: PMC8775966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a legume consumed worldwide in the form of oil, nuts, peanut butter, and candy. Improving peanut production and nutrition will require new technologies to enable novel trait development. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) is a powerful and versatile genome-editing tool for introducing genetic changes for studying gene expression and improving crops, including peanuts. An efficient in vivo transient CRISPR-Cas9- editing system using protoplasts as a testbed could be a versatile platform to optimize this technology. In this study, multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing was performed in peanut protoplasts to disrupt a major allergen gene with the help of an endogenous tRNA-processing system. In this process, we successfully optimized protoplast isolation and transformation with green fluorescent protein (GFP) plasmid, designed two sgRNAs for an allergen gene, Ara h 2, and tested their efficiency by in vitro digestion with Cas9. Finally, through deep-sequencing analysis, several edits were identified in our target gene after PEG-mediated transformation in protoplasts with a Cas9 and sgRNA-containing vector. These findings demonstrated that a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation system can serve as a rapid and effective tool for transient expression assays and sgRNA validation in peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Biswas
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.B.); (N.J.W.); (M.J.T.)
| | - Nancy J. Wahl
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.B.); (N.J.W.); (M.J.T.)
| | - Michael J. Thomson
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.B.); (N.J.W.); (M.J.T.)
| | - John M. Cason
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Stephenville, Stephenville, TX 76401, USA; (J.M.C.); (B.F.M.)
| | - Bill F. McCutchen
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Stephenville, Stephenville, TX 76401, USA; (J.M.C.); (B.F.M.)
| | - Endang M. Septiningsih
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (S.B.); (N.J.W.); (M.J.T.)
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16
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Maekawa H, Otsubo M, Sato MP, Takahashi T, Mizoguchi K, Koyamatsu D, Inaba T, Ito-Inaba Y. Establishing an efficient protoplast transient expression system for investigation of floral thermogenesis in aroids. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:263-275. [PMID: 34704119 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Floral thermogenesis is an important reproductive strategy for attracting pollinators. We developed essential biological tools for studying floral thermogenesis using two species of thermogenic aroids, Symplocarpus renifolius and Alocasia odora. Aroids contain many species with intense heat-producing abilities in their inflorescences. Several genes have been proposed to be involved in thermogenesis of these species, but biological tools for gene functional analyses are lacking. In this study, we aimed to develop a protoplast-based transient expression (PTE) system for the study of thermogenic aroids. Initially, we focused on skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius) because of its ability to produce intense as well as durable heat. In this plant, leaf protoplasts were isolated from potted and shoot tip-cultured plants with high efficiency (ca. 1.0 × 105/g fresh weight), and more than half of these protoplasts were successfully transfected. Using this PTE system, we determined the protein localization of three mitochondrial energy-dissipating proteins, SrAOX, SrUCPA, and SrNDA1, fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). These three GFP-fused proteins were localized in MitoTracker-stained mitochondria in leaf protoplasts, although the green fluorescent particles in protoplasts expressing SrUCPA-GFP were significantly enlarged. Finally, to assess whether the PTE system established in the leaves of S. renifolius is applicable for floral tissues of thermogenic aroids, inflorescences of S. renifolius and another thermogenic aroid (Alocasia odora) were used. Although protoplasts were successfully isolated from several tissues of the inflorescences, PTE systems worked well only for the protoplasts isolated from the female parts (slightly thermogenic or nonthermogenic) of A. odora inflorescences. Our developed system has a potential to be widely used in inflorescences as well as leaves in thermogenic aroids and therefore may be a useful biological tool for investigating floral thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Maekawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Miyabi Otsubo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko P Sato
- Department of Frontier Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan
| | - Tomoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Koichiro Mizoguchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Daiki Koyamatsu
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takehito Inaba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yasuko Ito-Inaba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
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17
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Masani MYA, Parveez GKA, Noll G, Fizree MDPMAA, Sambanthamurthi R, Pruefer D. Protoplast Isolation and Transformation in Oil Palm. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2464:187-202. [PMID: 35258834 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2164-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The protocol outlined in this chapter describes a detailed procedure for protoplast isolation and transformation using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transfection and DNA microinjection, highlighting also the critical steps associated with the method. Briefly, we will describe the efficient isolation of protoplasts from 3-month-old suspension calli collected at 14 days after cultured. Digestion of the calli with an optimal composition of enzyme solution yielded over 2 × 106 protoplasts/mL with the viability of more than 80%. The concentrations of DNA, PEG, and magnesium chloride and application of heat shock treatment are the crucial determinants for efficient PEG-mediated transfection. Using the optimal PEG transfection conditions, a transfection efficiency of more than 20% could be obtained. At the same time, protoplasts embedded in alginate layer cultured for 3 days and injected with 100 ng/μL of total DNA solution are the optimal factors for microinjection. We successfully regenerated the injected protoplasts to calli expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) signals when cultured in optimal medium and cultivation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mat Yunus Abdul Masani
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - Gundula Noll
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Dirk Pruefer
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Münster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Ökologie, Münster, Germany
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18
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Soriano L, Omar AA, Martinelli AP. Citrus Protoplast Isolation and Plant Regeneration Through Somatic Embryogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2527:111-126. [PMID: 35951187 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2485-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Protoplasts are an attractive explant source for biotechnological tools widely used on citrus genetic improvement, such as somatic hybridization and direct genetic transformation. These delicate and responsive materials are subjected to cell proliferation induction and differentiation of somatic embryos which further regenerate into entire plants. The isolation of viable protoplasts followed by regeneration of plants through somatic embryogenesis is an important methodology for breeding applications. The methods presented here can also be used as a reference for protoplast work in other species, followed by protocol optimization for different species/genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad A Omar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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Yin Y, Wang C, Xiao D, Liang Y, Wang Y. Advances and Perspectives of Transgenic Technology and Biotechnological Application in Forest Trees. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:786328. [PMID: 34917116 PMCID: PMC8669725 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.786328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic technology is increasingly used in forest-tree breeding to overcome the disadvantages of traditional breeding methods, such as a long breeding cycle, complex cultivation environment, and complicated procedures. By introducing exogenous DNA, genes tightly related or contributed to ideal traits-including insect, disease, and herbicide resistance-were transferred into diverse forest trees, and genetically modified (GM) trees including poplars were cultivated. It is beneficial to develop new varieties of GM trees of high quality and promote the genetic improvement of forests. However, the low transformation efficiency has hampered the cultivation of GM trees and the identification of the molecular genetic mechanism in forest trees compared to annual herbaceous plants such as Oryza sativa. In this study, we reviewed advances in transgenic technology of forest trees, including the principles, advantages and disadvantages of diverse genetic transformation methods, and their application for trait improvement. The review provides insight into the establishment and improvement of genetic transformation systems for forest tree species. Challenges and perspectives pertaining to the genetic transformation of forest trees are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Xiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanting Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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20
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Yeap WC, Norkhairunnisa Che Mohd Khan, Norfadzilah Jamalludin, Muad MR, Appleton DR, Harikrishna Kulaveerasingam. An Efficient Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 Mutagenesis System for Oil Palm ( Elaeis guineensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:773656. [PMID: 34880893 PMCID: PMC8647858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.773656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has emerged as a powerful tool for the precise editing of plant genomes for crop improvement. Rapid in vitro methods for the determination of guide RNA (gRNA) cleavage efficiency and an efficient DNA delivery system is essential for gene editing. However, we lack an efficient gene-editing system for palm species. In this study, we described the development of a transient oil palm protoplast assay to rapidly evaluate the cleavage efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis and the generation of stable transformed oil palms using biolistic particle bombardment in immature embryos. Using the phytoene desaturase (EgPDS) gene, we found cleavage frequency of up to 25.49% in electro-transfected protoplast, which enables the production of transgenic oil palm shoots exhibiting chimeric albino phenotypes as a result of DNA insertions, deletions (InDels), and nucleotide substitutions, with a mutation efficiency of 62.5-83.33%. We further validated the mutagenesis efficiency and specificity of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in oil palm by targeting the brassinosteroid-insensitive 1 (EgBRI1) gene, which resulted in nucleotide substitutions in EgBRI1 with premature necrosis phenotype in oil palm transgenic shoots and stunted phenotype resulting from DNA InDels. Taken together, our results showed that effective and efficient editing of genes using the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be achieved in oil palm by optimizing the selection of efficient gRNA and DNA delivery methods. This newly designed strategy will enable new routes for the genetic improvement in oil palm and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chin Yeap
- Sime Darby Plantation Technology Centre Sdn. Bhd., Serdang, Malaysia
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21
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Kumar AU, Ling APK. Gene introduction approaches in chloroplast transformation and its applications. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:148. [PMID: 34613540 PMCID: PMC8494830 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroplast is a type of plastid that is believed to be originated from ancestral cyanobacteria. Chloroplast besides being a major component for photosynthesis, also takes part in another major plant metabolism, making it one of the major components of plants. MAIN BODY Chloroplast transformation is an alternative and better genetic engineering approach compared to the nuclear transformation that has been widely applied in plant genetic engineering. Chloroplast transformation has exhibited various positive effects as compared to nuclear transformation. This is a more preferred technique by researchers. To carry out chloroplast transformation, the vector design must be performed, and a selectable marker needs to be incorporated before the chloroplast could uptake the construct. The common way of introducing a gene into the host, which is the chloroplast, involves the biolistic, PEG-mediated, carbon nanotubes carriers, UV-laser microbeam, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation approaches. Apart from discussing the processes involved in introducing the gene into the chloroplast, this review also focuses on the various applications brought about by chloroplast transformation, particularly in the field of agriculture and environmental science. CONCLUSION Chloroplast transformation has shown a lot of advantages and proven to be a better alternative compared to nuclear genome transformation. Further studies must be conducted to uncover new knowledge regarding chloroplast transformation as well as to discover its additional applications in the fields of biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asqwin Uthaya Kumar
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anna Pick Kiong Ling
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126 Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Wang Y, Zou J, Zhao J, Zheng Y, Li D. EgmiR5179 Regulates Lipid Metabolism by Targeting EgMADS16 in the Mesocarp of Oil Palm ( Elaeis guineensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:722596. [PMID: 34381490 PMCID: PMC8350733 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.722596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
EgMADS16, one of the MADS-box transcription factors in oil palm, has a high expression level in the late fruit development of the oil palm fruit mesocarp. At the same time, it is also predicted to be the target gene of EgmiR5179, which has been identified in previous research. In this paper, we focused on the function and regulatory mechanism of the EgMADS16 gene in oil palm lipid metabolism. The results indicated that the transcription level of EgMADS16 was highest in the fourth stage, and a dual-luciferase reporter assay proved that the EgMADS16 expression level was downregulated by EgmiR5179. In both the OXEgMADS16 Arabidopsis seeds and oil palm embryonic calli, the total lipid contents were significantly decreased, but the contents of C18:0 and C18:3 in OXEgMADS16 lines were significantly increased. As expected, EgmiR5179 weakened the inhibitory effect of EgMADS16 on the oil contents in transgenic Arabidopsis plants that coexpressed EgmiR5179 and EgMADS16 (OXEgmiR5179-EgMADS16). Moreover, yeast two-hybrid and BiFC analyses suggested that there was an interaction between the EgMADS16 protein and EgGLO1 protein, which had been proven to be capable of regulating fatty acid synthesis in our previous research work. In summary, a model of the molecular mechanism by which miRNA5179 targets EgMADS16 to regulate oil biosynthesis was hypothesized, and the research results provide new insight into lipid accumulation and molecular regulation in oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jixin Zou
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Rubber Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yusheng Zheng
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Dongdong Li
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Bahariah B, Masani MYA, Rasid OA, Parveez GKA. Multiplex CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing of the FAD2 gene in rice: a model genome editing system for oil palm. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:86. [PMID: 34115267 PMCID: PMC8196110 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Genome editing employing the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been widely used and has become a promising tool for plant gene functional studies and crop improvement. However, most of the applied CRISPR/Cas9 systems targeting one locus using a sgRNA resulted in low genome editing efficiency. Results Here, we demonstrate the modification of the FAD2 gene in rice using a multiplex sgRNA-CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. To test the system’s efficiency for targeting multiple loci in rice, we designed two sgRNAs based on FAD2 gene sequence of the Oryza sativa Japonica rice. We then inserted the validated sgRNAs into a CRISPR/Cas9 basic vector to construct pYLCRISPRCas9PUbi-H:OsFAD2. The vector was then transformed into protoplast cells isolated from rice leaf tissue via PEG-mediated transfection, and rice calli using biolistic transformation. Direct DNA sequencing of PCR products revealed mutations consisting of deletions of the DNA region between the two target sgRNAs. Conclusion The results suggested that the application of the multiplex sgRNA-CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system may be useful for crop improvement in monocot species that are recalcitrant to genetic modification, such as oil palm. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-021-00185-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohari Bahariah
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre (ABBC) Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mat Yunus Abdul Masani
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre (ABBC) Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Omar Abd Rasid
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre (ABBC) Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ghulam Kadir Ahmad Parveez
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre (ABBC) Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Kaladharan K, Kumar A, Gupta P, Illath K, Santra TS, Tseng FG. Microfluidic Based Physical Approaches towards Single-Cell Intracellular Delivery and Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:631. [PMID: 34071732 PMCID: PMC8228766 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to deliver foreign molecules into a single living cell with high transfection efficiency and high cell viability is of great interest in cell biology for applications in therapeutic development, diagnostics, and drug delivery towards personalized medicine. Various physical delivery methods have long demonstrated the ability to deliver cargo molecules directly to the cytoplasm or nucleus and the mechanisms underlying most of the approaches have been extensively investigated. However, most of these techniques are bulk approaches that are cell-specific and have low throughput delivery. In comparison to bulk measurements, single-cell measurement technologies can provide a better understanding of the interactions among molecules, organelles, cells, and the microenvironment, which can aid in the development of therapeutics and diagnostic tools. To elucidate distinct responses during cell genetic modification, methods to achieve transfection at the single-cell level are of great interest. In recent years, single-cell technologies have become increasingly robust and accessible, although limitations exist. This review article aims to cover various microfluidic-based physical methods for single-cell intracellular delivery such as electroporation, mechanoporation, microinjection, sonoporation, optoporation, magnetoporation, and thermoporation and their analysis. The mechanisms of various physical methods, their applications, limitations, and prospects are also elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kaladharan
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan; (K.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan; (K.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Pallavi Gupta
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (P.G.); (K.I.)
| | - Kavitha Illath
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (P.G.); (K.I.)
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; (P.G.); (K.I.)
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan; (K.K.); (A.K.)
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Lim FH, Rasid OA, Idris AS, As'wad AWM, Vadamalai G, Parveez GKA, Wong MY. Enhanced polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation system for the phytopathogenic fungus, Ganoderma boninense. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 66:677-688. [PMID: 34041694 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The basidiomycete fungus, Ganoderma boninense, has been identified as the main causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot (BSR) disease which has caused significant economic losses to the industry especially in Malaysia and Indonesia. Various efforts have been initiated to understand the disease and this plant pathogen especially at the molecular level. This is the first study of its kind on the development of a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation system for G. boninense. Based on the minimal inhibitory concentration study, 60 µg/mL and above of hygromycin were effective to completely inhibit G. boninense growth. Approximately 5.145 × 107 cells/mL of protoplasts with the viability of 97.24% was successfully obtained from G. boninense mycelium tissue. The PEG-mediated G. boninense protoplast transformation using 1 µg of transformation vector, 25% of PEG solution, 10 min of pre-transformation incubation, and 30 min of post-transformation incubation has improved the transformation rate as compared with the previous reported protocols for other basidiomycete fungi. Optimization of four transformation parameters has improved the transformation efficiency of G. boninense from an average of 2 to 67 putative transformants. The presence of hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) genes in the putative transformants was detected by PCR and verified by gene sequence analysis. Southern hybridization result further confirmed the integration of hpt gene in G. boninense transformants, and the green fluorescent signal was detected in the G. boninense transformants under the microscopic analysis. The establishment of this transformation system will accelerate the gene function studies of G. boninense especially those genes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of this fungus in oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fook-Hwa Lim
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Omar Abd Rasid
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Seman Idris
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Wahab Mohd As'wad
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ganesan Vadamalai
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Mui-Yun Wong
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ren R, Gao J, Yin D, Li K, Lu C, Ahmad S, Wei Y, Jin J, Zhu G, Yang F. Highly Efficient Leaf Base Protoplast Isolation and Transient Expression Systems for Orchids and Other Important Monocot Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:626015. [PMID: 33659015 PMCID: PMC7917215 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.626015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Versatile protoplast platforms greatly facilitate the development of modern botany. However, efficient protoplast-based systems are still challenging for numerous horticultural plants and crops. Orchids are globally cultivated ornamental and medicinal monocot plants, but few efficient protoplast isolation and transient expression systems have been developed. In this study, we established a highly efficient orchid protoplast isolation protocol by selecting suitable source materials and optimizing the enzymatic conditions, which required optimal D-mannitol concentrations (0.4-0.6 M) combined with optimal 1.2% cellulose and 0.6% macerozyme, 5 μM of 2-mercaptoethanol and 6 h digestion. Tissue- and organ-specific protoplasts were successfully isolated from young leaves [∼3.22 × 106/g fresh weight (FW)], flower pedicels (∼5.26 × 106/g FW), and young root tips (∼7.66 × 105/g FW) of Cymbidium orchids. This protocol recommends the leaf base tissues (the tender part of young leaves attached to the stem) as better source materials. High yielding viable protoplasts were isolated from the leaf base of Cymbidium (∼2.50 × 107/g FW), Phalaenopsis (1.83 × 107/g FW), Paphiopedilum (1.10 × 107/g FW), Dendrobium (8.21 × 106/g FW), Arundina (3.78 × 106/g FW) orchids, and other economically important monocot crops including maize (Zea mays) (3.25 × 107/g FW) and rice (Oryza sativa) (4.31 × 107/g FW), which showed marked advantages over previous mesophyll protoplast isolation protocols. Leaf base protoplasts of Cymbidium orchids were used for polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transfection, and a transfection efficiency of more than 80% was achieved. This leaf base protoplast system was applied successfully to analyze the CsDELLA-mediated gibberellin signaling in Cymbidium orchids. We investigated the subcellular localization of the CsDELLA-green fluorescent protein fusion and analyzed the role of CsDELLA in the regulation of gibberellin to flowering-related genes via efficient transient overexpression and gene silencing of CsDELLA in Cymbidium protoplasts. This protoplast isolation and transient expression system is the most efficient based on the documented results to date. It can be widely used for cellular and molecular studies in orchids and other economically important monocot crops, especially for those lacking an efficient genetic transformation system in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ren
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Yin
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Li
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuqiao Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sagheer Ahmad
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonglu Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianpeng Jin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Genfa Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengxi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Development of a rapid and efficient protoplast isolation and transfection method for chickpea ( Cicer arietinum). MethodsX 2020; 7:101025. [PMID: 32874941 PMCID: PMC7452273 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the second most important grain legume worldwide. Recent advances in the sequencing of the chickpea genome has provided a new and valuable resource to aid efforts in gene discovery and crop trait improvement. Technical difficulties in stable chickpea transgenics and the lack of a transient expression system for rapid analysis of gene expression and function; however, has limited the usefulness of this genomic resource. As a step toward alleviating this limitation, we report here the development of a simple and efficient transient gene expression protocol. Using leaves from chickpea seedlings, we have established a procedure that enables the generation of large quantities of vital chickpea protoplasts within only a few hours. In addition, we have optimized a PEG-calcium-mediated transfection method to efficiently deliver exogenous DNA into the chickpea protoplast. The current study is the first to present a detailed step-by-step procedures for protoplast isolation, evaluation, transfection, and application in chickpea. In addition, we optimize the transfection efficiency which has not been previously reported. Our protoplast transfection approach provides a platform that will allow rapid high-throughput screening and systematic characterization of gene expression and function. Knowledge gained through such studies will benefit current efforts to improve chickpea production and quality.•Modified enzymatic digestion solution for higher yield and viability.•Optimize transfection of chickpea protoplasts.
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Abstract
Polyethylene glycol transfection of plant protoplasts represents an efficient method to incorporate foreign DNA and study transient gene expression. Here, we describe an optimized protocol to deliver small noncoding RNAs into Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts. An example of application is provided by demonstrating the incorporation of a 20 nt long small noncoding RNA deriving from the 5' extremity of an A. thaliana cytosolic alanine tRNA into freshly isolated protoplasts.
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29
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Manan S. Current status of crops genetic transformation. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.20.02606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Ren R, Gao J, Lu C, Wei Y, Jin J, Wong SM, Zhu G, Yang F. Highly Efficient Protoplast Isolation and Transient Expression System for Functional Characterization of Flowering Related Genes in Cymbidium Orchids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072264. [PMID: 32218171 PMCID: PMC7177621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protoplast systems have been proven powerful tools in modern plant biology. However, successful preparation of abundant viable protoplasts remains a challenge for Cymbidium orchids. Herein, we established an efficient protoplast isolation protocol from orchid petals through optimization of enzymatic conditions. It requires optimal D-mannitol concentration (0.5 M), enzyme concentration (1.2 % (w/v) cellulose and 0.6 % (w/v) macerozyme) and digestion time (6 h). With this protocol, the highest yield (3.50 × 107/g fresh weight of orchid tissue) and viability (94.21%) of protoplasts were obtained from flower petals of Cymbidium. In addition, we achieved high transfection efficiency (80%) through the optimization of factors affecting polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transfection including incubation time, final PEG4000 concentration and plasmid DNA amount. This highly efficient protoplast-based transient expression system (PTES) was further used for protein subcellular localization, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay and gene regulation studies of flowering related genes in Cymbidium orchids. Taken together, our protoplast isolation and transfection protocol is highly efficient, stable and time-saving. It can be used for gene function and molecular analyses in orchids and other economically important monocot crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ren
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (R.R.); (J.G.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (J.J.)
| | - Jie Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (R.R.); (J.G.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (J.J.)
| | - Chuqiao Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (R.R.); (J.G.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (J.J.)
| | - Yonglu Wei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (R.R.); (J.G.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (J.J.)
| | - Jianpeng Jin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (R.R.); (J.G.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (J.J.)
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore;
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215000, China
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Genfa Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (R.R.); (J.G.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fengxi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (R.R.); (J.G.); (C.L.); (Y.W.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (F.Y.)
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Pouvreau B, Blundell C, Vohra H, Zwart AB, Arndell T, Singh S, Vanhercke T. A Versatile High Throughput Screening Platform for Plant Metabolic Engineering Highlights the Major Role of ABI3 in Lipid Metabolism Regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:288. [PMID: 32256511 PMCID: PMC7090168 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Traditional functional genetic studies in crops are time consuming, complicated and cannot be readily scaled up. The reason is that mutant or transformed crops need to be generated to study the effect of gene modifications on specific traits of interest. However, many crop species have a complex genome and a long generation time. As a result, it usually takes several months to over a year to obtain desired mutants or transgenic plants, which represents a significant bottleneck in the development of new crop varieties. To overcome this major issue, we are currently establishing a versatile plant genetic screening platform, amenable to high throughput screening in almost any crop species, with a unique workflow. This platform combines protoplast transformation and fluorescence activated cell sorting. Here we show that tobacco protoplasts can accumulate high levels of lipid if transiently transformed with genes involved in lipid biosynthesis and can be sorted based on lipid content. Hence, protoplasts can be used as a predictive tool for plant lipid engineering. Using this newly established strategy, we demonstrate the major role of ABI3 in plant lipid accumulation. We anticipate that this workflow can be applied to numerous highly valuable metabolic traits other than storage lipid accumulation. This new strategy represents a significant step toward screening complex genetic libraries, in a single experiment and in a matter of days, as opposed to years by conventional means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pouvreau
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Pouvreau,
| | - Cheryl Blundell
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Harpreet Vohra
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University College of Health and Medicine, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Taj Arndell
- Agriculture and Food, CSIRO, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Yarra R, Jin L, Zhao Z, Cao H. Progress in Tissue Culture and Genetic Transformation of Oil Palm: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5353. [PMID: 31661801 PMCID: PMC6862151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) is a prominent vegetable-oil-yielding crop. Cultivating high-yielding oil palm with improved traits is a pre-requisite to meet the increasing demands of palm oil consumption. However, tissue culture and biotechnological approaches can resolve these concerns. Over the past three decades, significant research has been carried out to develop tissue culture and genetic transformation protocols for oil palm. Somatic embryogenesis is an efficient platform for the micropropagation of oil palm on a large scale. In addition, various genetic transformation techniques, including microprojectile bombardment, Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated, Polyethylene glycol mediated mediated, and DNA microinjection, have been developed by optimizing various parameters for the efficient genetic transformation of oil palm. This review mainly emphasizes the methods established for in vitro propagation and genetic transformation of oil palm. Finally, we propose the application of the genome editing tool CRISPR/Cas9 to improve the various traits in this oil yielding crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Yarra
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China.
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Longfei Jin
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China.
| | - Zhihao Zhao
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China.
| | - Hongxing Cao
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang 571339, China.
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Yeap WC, Namasivayam P, Ooi TEK, Appleton DR, Kulaveerasingam H, Ho CL. EgRBP42 from oil palm enhances adaptation to stress in Arabidopsis through regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport of stress-responsive mRNAs. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1657-1673. [PMID: 30549047 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress reduces plant growth and crop productivity. However, the mechanism underlying posttranscriptional regulations of stress response remains elusive. Herein, we report the posttranscriptional mechanism of nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport of stress-responsive transcripts mediated by EgRBP42, a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-like RNA-binding protein from oil palm, which could be necessary for rapid protein translation to confer abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing EgRBP42 showed early flowering through alteration of gene expression of flowering regulators and exhibited tolerance towards heat, cold, drought, flood, and salinity stresses with enhanced poststress recovery response by increasing the expression of its target stress-responsive genes. EgRBP42 harbours nucleocytoplasmic shuttling activity mediated by the nuclear localization signal and the M9-like domain of EgRBP42 and interacts directly with regulators in the nucleus, membrane, and the cytoplasm. EgRBP42 regulates the nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport of target stress-responsive transcripts through direct binding to their AG-rich motifs. Additionally, EgRBP42 transcript and protein induction by environmental stimuli are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Taken together, the posttranscriptional regulation of RNA transport mediated by EgRBP42 may change the stress-responsive protein profiles under abiotic stress conditions leading to a better adaptation of plants to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chin Yeap
- Sime Darby Plantation Berhad, Research and Development, Biotechnology and Breeding, Sime Darby Technology Centre Sdn. Bhd., Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Parameswari Namasivayam
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Tony Eng Keong Ooi
- Sime Darby Plantation Berhad, Research and Development, Biotechnology and Breeding, Sime Darby Technology Centre Sdn. Bhd., Serdang, Malaysia
| | - David Ross Appleton
- Sime Darby Plantation Berhad, Research and Development, Biotechnology and Breeding, Sime Darby Technology Centre Sdn. Bhd., Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Harikrishna Kulaveerasingam
- Sime Darby Plantation Berhad, Research and Development, Sime Darby Research Sdn Bhd, R&D Centre-Upstream, Kuala Langat, Malaysia
| | - Chai-Ling Ho
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Masani MYA, Izawati AMD, Rasid OA, Parveez GKA. Biotechnology of oil palm: Current status of oil palm genetic transformation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lin HY, Chen JC, Fang SC. A Protoplast Transient Expression System to Enable Molecular, Cellular, and Functional Studies in Phalaenopsis orchids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:843. [PMID: 29988409 PMCID: PMC6024019 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The enigmatic nature of the specialized developmental programs of orchids has fascinated plant biologists for centuries. The recent releases of orchid genomes indicate that orchids possess new gene families and family expansions and contractions to regulate a diverse suite of developmental processes. However, the extremely long orchid life cycle and lack of molecular toolkit have hampered the advancement of orchid biology research. To overcome the technical difficulties and establish a platform for rapid gene regulation studies, in this study, we developed an efficient protoplast isolation and transient expression system for Phalaenopsis aphrodite. This protocol was successfully applied to protein subcellular localization and protein-protein interaction studies. Moreover, it was confirmed to be useful in delineating the PaE2F/PaDP-dependent cell cycle pathway and studying auxin response. In summary, the established orchid protoplast transient expression system provides a means to functionally characterize orchid genes at the molecular level allowing assessment of transcriptome responses to transgene expression and widening the scope of molecular studies in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yin Lin
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhun-Chen Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Metje-Sprink J, Menz J, Modrzejewski D, Sprink T. DNA-Free Genome Editing: Past, Present and Future. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1957. [PMID: 30693009 PMCID: PMC6339908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genome Editing using engineered endonuclease (GEEN) systems rapidly took over the field of plant science and plant breeding. So far, Genome Editing techniques have been applied in more than fifty different plants; including model species like Arabidopsis; main crops like rice, maize or wheat as well as economically less important crops like strawberry, peanut and cucumber. These techniques have been used for basic research as proof-of-concept or to investigate gene functions in most of its applications. However, several market-oriented traits have been addressed including enhanced agronomic characteristics, improved food and feed quality, increased tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress and herbicide tolerance. These technologies are evolving at a tearing pace and especially the field of CRISPR based Genome Editing is advancing incredibly fast. CRISPR-Systems derived from a multitude of bacterial species are being used for targeted Gene Editing and many modifications have already been applied to the existing CRISPR-Systems such as (i) alter their protospacer adjacent motif (ii) increase their specificity (iii) alter their ability to cut DNA and (iv) fuse them with additional proteins. Besides, the classical transformation system using Agrobacteria tumefaciens or Rhizobium rhizogenes, other transformation technologies have become available and additional methods are on its way to the plant sector. Some of them are utilizing solely proteins or protein-RNA complexes for transformation, making it possible to alter the genome without the use of recombinant DNA. Due to this, it is impossible that foreign DNA is being incorporated into the host genome. In this review we will present the recent developments and techniques in the field of DNA-free Genome Editing, its advantages and pitfalls and give a perspective on technologies which might be available in the future for targeted Genome Editing in plants. Furthermore, we will discuss these techniques in the light of existing- and potential future regulations.
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Jeon S, Lim JM, Lee HG, Shin SE, Kang NK, Park YI, Oh HM, Jeong WJ, Jeong BR, Chang YK. Current status and perspectives of genome editing technology for microalgae. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:267. [PMID: 29163669 PMCID: PMC5686953 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing techniques are critical for manipulating genes not only to investigate their functions in biology but also to improve traits for genetic engineering in biotechnology. Genome editing has been greatly facilitated by engineered nucleases, dubbed molecular scissors, including zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), TAL effector endonuclease (TALEN) and clustered regularly interspaced palindromic sequences (CRISPR)/Cas9. In particular, CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized genome editing fields with its simplicity, efficiency and accuracy compared to previous nucleases. CRISPR/Cas9-induced genome editing is being used in numerous organisms including microalgae. Microalgae have been subjected to extensive genetic and biological engineering due to their great potential as sustainable biofuel and chemical feedstocks. However, progress in microalgal engineering is slow mainly due to a lack of a proper transformation toolbox, and the same problem also applies to genome editing techniques. Given these problems, there are a few reports on successful genome editing in microalgae. It is, thus, time to consider the problems and solutions of genome editing in microalgae as well as further applications of this exciting technology for other scientific and engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjib Jeon
- Advanced Biomass Research and Development Center (ABC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Lim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Gwan Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Shin
- LG Chem, 188 Munji-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34122 Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kang
- Advanced Biomass Research and Development Center (ABC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Il Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Mock Oh
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joong Jeong
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-ryool Jeong
- Advanced Biomass Research and Development Center (ABC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Advanced Biomass Research and Development Center (ABC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
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Shen Y, Meng D, McGrouther K, Zhang J, Cheng L. Efficient isolation of Magnolia protoplasts and the application to subcellular localization of MdeHSF1. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:44. [PMID: 28546825 PMCID: PMC5442663 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnolia is a woody ornamental plant, which is widely used in urban landscaping. However, its lengthy juvenile period and recalcitrance to regeneration impedes functional characterization of its genes. RESULTS We developed an efficient protoplast isolation and transient expression system for Magnolia denudata × Magnolia acuminata 'Yellow River'. The highest yield of protoplasts was obtained from young leaves digested in 3% Cellulase R10, 0.8% Macerozyme R10, 0.04% pectinase and 0.4 M mannitol enzymolysis solution for 6 h. For transfection of protoplasts, 20% PEG4000 for 5 min was optimal. To verify the protoplast system and begin to understand heat tolerance in Magnolia, a heat shock transcription factor MdeHSF1 was cloned from 'Yellow River', which belongs to the HSF subfamily A and has significant homology with AtHSFA1A. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that MdeHSF1 was expressed in the cell nucleus. Furthermore, qPCR analysis of the MdeHSF1 transcript level in response to high temperature stress suggested that MdeHSF1 might be involved in regulating heat stress tolerance in 'Yellow River'. CONCLUSION The described protocol provides a simple and straightforward method for isolating protoplast and exploring gene subcellular localization of MdeHSF1 in Magnolia. This expands the new research of protoplast isolation and transfection in Magnolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Shen
- School of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an, 311300 Zhejiang China
- Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Dong Meng
- Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | | | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an, 311300 Zhejiang China
| | - Lailiang Cheng
- Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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Pigna G, Dhillon T, Dlugosz EM, Yuan JS, Gorman C, Morandini P, Lenaghan SC, Stewart CN. Methods for suspension culture, protoplast extraction, and transformation of high-biomass yielding perennial grass Arundo donax. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1657-1666. [PMID: 27762502 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Arundo donax L. is a promising biofuel feedstock in the Mediterranean region. Despite considerable interest in its genetic improvement, Arundo tissue culture and transformation remains arduous. The authors developed methodologies for cell- and tissue culture and genetic engineering in Arundo. A media screen was conducted, and a suspension culture was established using callus induced from stem axillary bud explants. DBAP medium, containing 9 µM 2,4-D and 4.4 µM BAP, was found to be the most effective medium among those tested for inducing cell suspension cultures, which resulted in a five-fold increase in tissue mass over 14 days. In contrast, CIM medium containing 13 µM 2,4-D, resulted in just a 1.4-fold increase in mass over the same period. Optimized suspension cultures were superior to previously-described solidified medium-based callus culture methods for tissue mass increase. Suspension cultures proved to be very effective for subsequent protoplast isolation. Protoplast electroporation resulted in a 3.3 ± 1.5% transformation efficiency. A dual fluorescent reporter gene vector enabled the direct comparison of the CAMV 35S promoter with the switchgrass ubi2 promoter in single cells of Arundo. The switchgrass ubi2 promoter resulted in noticeably higher reporter gene expression compared with that conferred by the 35S promoter in Arundo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pigna
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Taniya Dhillon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Dlugosz
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Connor Gorman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Piero Morandini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.,National Research Council, Institute of Biophysics, Milano, Italy
| | - Scott C Lenaghan
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Dlugosz EM, Lenaghan SC, Stewart CN. A Robotic Platform for High-throughput Protoplast Isolation and Transformation. J Vis Exp 2016:54300. [PMID: 27768035 PMCID: PMC5092064 DOI: 10.3791/54300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been a resurgence in the use of plant protoplasts that range from model species to crop species, for analysis of signal transduction pathways, transcriptional regulatory networks, gene expression, genome-editing, and gene-silencing. Furthermore, significant progress has been made in the regeneration of plants from protoplasts, which has generated even more interest in the use of these systems for plant genomics. In this work, a protocol has been developed for automation of protoplast isolation and transformation from a 'Bright Yellow' 2 (BY-2) tobacco suspension culture using a robotic platform. The transformation procedures were validated using an orange fluorescent protein (OFP) reporter gene (pporRFP) under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S). OFP expression in protoplasts was confirmed by epifluorescence microscopy. Analyses also included protoplast production efficiency methods using propidium iodide. Finally, low-cost food-grade enzymes were used for the protoplast isolation procedure, circumventing the need for lab-grade enzymes that are cost-prohibitive in high-throughput automated protoplast isolation and analysis. Based on the protocol developed in this work, the complete procedure from protoplast isolation to transformation can be conducted in under 4 hr, without any input from the operator. While the protocol developed in this work was validated with the BY-2 cell culture, the procedures and methods should be translatable to any plant suspension culture/protoplast system, which should enable acceleration of crop genomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott C Lenaghan
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville;
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
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Wang D, Yu Y, Liu Z, Li S, Wang Z, Xiang F. Membrane-bound NAC transcription factors in maize and their contribution to the oxidative stress response. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 250:30-39. [PMID: 27457981 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
NAC membrane-bound transcription factors (NTM1-like, NTL proteins) participate in the regulation of plant development and the abiotic stress response. While their function has been thoroughly explored in Arabidopsis thaliana, this is not the case in maize. Seven ZmNTL genes were identified by an in silico scan of relevant genome sequence. All seven included a NAC domain at their N terminus, and an α-helical membrane-bound structure domain in their C terminal region. Based on their gene structure and content of conserved motifs, the seven sequences were distributed into four clades. Six of the seven ZmNTLs were associated with the plasma membrane, and the remaining one with the endoplasmic reticulum. ZmNTL2-7 were more strongly transcribed in the stem than in either the leaf or root, while ZmNTL1 transcript abundance was highest in the leaf. When the plants were exposed to either abscisic acid or hydrogen peroxide treatment, all seven genes were up-regulated in the root and stem and down-regulated in the leaf. The heterologous expression of ZmNTL1-ΔTM, 2-ΔTM and 5-ΔTM in A. thaliana reduced the level of sensitivity of the plant to hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China; The State Key Lab of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Taian 271018, Shandong, China; Department of Resources and Environment, Heze University, Daxue Road 2269, Heze 274000, Shandong, China
| | - Yanchong Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Shuo Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zeli Wang
- The State Key Lab of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Street 61, Taian 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Fengning Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
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Kanchiswamy CN. DNA-free genome editing methods for targeted crop improvement. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1469-74. [PMID: 27100964 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of the next-generation clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) genome editing tools, ribonucleoprotein (RNA)-guided endonuclease (RGEN) RNPs, is paving the way for developing DNA-free genetically edited crop plants. In this review, I discuss the various methods of RGEN RNPs tool delivery into plant cells and their limitations to adopt this technology to numerous crop plants. Furthermore, focus is given on the importance of developing DNA-free genome edited crop plants, including perennial crop plants. The possible regulation on the DNA-free, next-generation genome-edited crop plants is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidananda Nagamangala Kanchiswamy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
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Nanjareddy K, Arthikala MK, Blanco L, Arellano ES, Lara M. Protoplast isolation, transient transformation of leaf mesophyll protoplasts and improved Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disc infiltration of Phaseolus vulgaris: tools for rapid gene expression analysis. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:53. [PMID: 27342637 PMCID: PMC4919892 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phaseolus vulgaris is one of the most extensively studied model legumes in the world. The P. vulgaris genome sequence is available; therefore, the need for an efficient and rapid transformation system is more imperative than ever. The functional characterization of P. vulgaris genes is impeded chiefly due to the non-amenable nature of Phaseolus sp. to stable genetic transformation. Transient transformation systems are convenient and versatile alternatives for rapid gene functional characterization studies. Hence, the present work focuses on standardizing methodologies for protoplast isolation from multiple tissues and transient transformation protocols for rapid gene expression analysis in the recalcitrant grain legume P. vulgaris. RESULTS Herein, we provide methodologies for the high-throughput isolation of leaf mesophyll-, flower petal-, hypocotyl-, root- and nodule-derived protoplasts from P. vulgaris. The highly efficient polyethylene glycol-mannitol magnesium (PEG-MMG)-mediated transformation of leaf mesophyll protoplasts was optimized using a GUS reporter gene. We used the P. vulgaris SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (PvSnRK1) gene as proof of concept to demonstrate rapid gene functional analysis. An RT-qPCR analysis of protoplasts that had been transformed with PvSnRK1-RNAi and PvSnRK1-OE vectors showed the significant downregulation and ectopic constitutive expression (overexpression), respectively, of the PvSnRK1 transcript. We also demonstrated an improved transient transformation approach, sonication-assisted Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (SAAT), for the leaf disc infiltration of P. vulgaris. Interestingly, this method resulted in a 90 % transformation efficiency and transformed 60-85 % of the cells in a given area of the leaf surface. The constitutive expression of YFP further confirmed the amenability of the system to gene functional characterization studies. CONCLUSIONS We present simple and efficient methodologies for protoplast isolation from multiple P. vulgaris tissues. We also provide a high-efficiency and amenable method for leaf mesophyll transformation for rapid gene functional characterization studies. Furthermore, a modified SAAT leaf disc infiltration approach aids in validating genes and their functions. Together, these methods help to rapidly unravel novel gene functions and are promising tools for P. vulgaris research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Nanjareddy
- />Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León, C.P.37684 Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- />Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León, C.P.37684 Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Lourdes Blanco
- />Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León, C.P.37684 Guanajuato Mexico
- />Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Ciudad de México C.P. 62210 Mexico
| | - Elizabeth S. Arellano
- />Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Santa Maria, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100 Mexico
| | - Miguel Lara
- />Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), León, C.P.37684 Guanajuato Mexico
- />Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacan, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510 Mexico
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Burris KP, Dlugosz EM, Collins AG, Stewart CN, Lenaghan SC. Development of a rapid, low-cost protoplast transfection system for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:693-704. [PMID: 26685665 PMCID: PMC4757626 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A switchgrass protoplast system was developed, achieving a cost reduction of ~1000-fold, a threefold increase in transformation efficiency, and a fourfold reduction in required DNA quantity compared to previous methods. In recent years, there has been a resurgence in the use of protoplast systems for rapid screening of gene silencing and genome-editing targets for siRNA, miRNA, and CRISPR technologies. In the case of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), to achieve economic feasibility for biofuel production, it is necessary to develop plants with decreased cell wall recalcitrance to reduce processing costs. To achieve this goal, transgenic plants have been generated with altered cell wall chemistry; however, with limited success owing to the complexity of cell walls. Because of the considerable cost, time, and effort required to screen transgenic plants, a protoplast system that can provide data at an early stage has potential to eliminate low performing candidate genes/targets prior to the creation of transgenic plants. Despite the advantages of protoplast systems, protoplast isolation in switchgrass has proven costly, requiring expensive lab-grade enzymes and high DNA quantities. In this paper, we describe a low-cost protoplast isolation system using a mesophyll culture approach and a cell suspension culture. Results from this work show a cost reduction of ~1000-fold compared to previous methods of protoplast isolation in switchgrass, with a cost of $0.003 (USD) per reaction for mesophyll protoplasts and $0.018 for axenic cell culture-derived protoplasts. Further, the efficiency of protoplast transformation was optimized threefold over previous methods, despite a fourfold reduction in DNA quantity. The methods developed in this work remove the cost barrier previously limiting high-throughput screening of genome-editing and gene silencing targets in switchgrass, paving the way for more efficient development of transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie P Burris
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Dlugosz
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - A Grace Collins
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Scott C Lenaghan
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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Schapire AL, Lois LM. A Simplified and Rapid Method for the Isolation and Transfection of Arabidopsis Leaf Mesophyll Protoplasts for Large-Scale Applications. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1363:79-88. [PMID: 26577783 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3115-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis leaf mesophyll protoplasts constitute an important and versatile tool for conducting cell-based experiments to analyze the functions of distinct signaling pathways and cellular machineries using proteomic, biochemical, cellular, genetic, and genomic approaches. Thus, the methods for protoplast isolation and transfection have been gradually improved to achieve efficient expression of genes of interest. Although many well-established protocols have been extensively tested, their successful application is sometimes limited to researchers with a high degree of skill and experience in protoplasts handling. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation and transfection of Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts, in which many of the time-consuming and critical steps present in the current protocols have been simplified. The method described is fast, simple, and leads to high yields of competent protoplasts allowing large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo L Schapire
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - L Maria Lois
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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Parveez GKA, Rasid OA, Masani MYA, Sambanthamurthi R. Biotechnology of oil palm: strategies towards manipulation of lipid content and composition. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:533-43. [PMID: 25480400 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm is a major economic crop for Malaysia. The major challenges faced by the industry are labor shortage, availability of arable land and unstable commodity price. This has caused the industry to diversify its applications into higher value products besides increasing its yield. While conventional breeding has its limitations, biotechnology was identified as one of the tools for overcoming the above challenges. Research on biotechnology of oil palm began more than two decades ago leveraging a multidisciplinary approach involving biochemical studies, gene and promoter isolation, transformation vector construction and finally genetic transformation to produce the targeted products. The main target of oil palm biotechnology research is to increase oleic acid in the mesocarp. Other targets are stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, ricinoleic acid, lycopene (carotenoid) and biodegradable plastics. Significant achievements were reported for the biochemical studies, isolation of useful oil palm genes and characterization of important promoters. A large number of transformation constructs for various targeted products were successfully produced using the isolated oil palm genes and promoters. Finally transformation of these constructs into oil palm embryogenic calli was carried out while the regeneration of transgenic oil palm harboring the useful genes is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Kadir Ahmad Parveez
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, P.O. Box 10620, 50720, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
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Barcelos E, Rios SDA, Cunha RNV, Lopes R, Motoike SY, Babiychuk E, Skirycz A, Kushnir S. Oil palm natural diversity and the potential for yield improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:190. [PMID: 25870604 PMCID: PMC4375979 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
African oil palm has the highest productivity amongst cultivated oleaginous crops. Species can constitute a single crop capable to fulfill the growing global demand for vegetable oils, which is estimated to reach 240 million tons by 2050. Two types of vegetable oil are extracted from the palm fruit on commercial scale. The crude palm oil and kernel palm oil have different fatty acid profiles, which increases versatility of the crop in industrial applications. Plantations of the current varieties have economic life-span around 25-30 years and produce fruits around the year. Thus, predictable annual palm oil supply enables marketing plans and adjustments in line with the economic forecasts. Oil palm cultivation is one of the most profitable land uses in the humid tropics. Oil palm fruits are the richest plant source of pro-vitamin A and vitamin E. Hence, crop both alleviates poverty, and could provide a simple practical solution to eliminate global pro-vitamin A deficiency. Oil palm is a perennial, evergreen tree adapted to cultivation in biodiversity rich equatorial land areas. The growing demand for the palm oil threatens the future of the rain forests and has a large negative impact on biodiversity. Plant science faces three major challenges to make oil palm the key element of building the future sustainable world. The global average yield of 3.5 tons of oil per hectare (t) should be raised to the full yield potential estimated at 11-18t. The tree architecture must be changed to lower labor intensity and improve mechanization of the harvest. Oil composition should be tailored to the evolving needs of the food, oleochemical and fuel industries. The release of the oil palm reference genome sequence in 2013 was the key step toward this goal. The molecular bases of agronomically important traits can be and are beginning to be understood at the single base pair resolution, enabling gene-centered breeding and engineering of this remarkable crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Barcelos
- Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Manaus, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Edson Barcelos, Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Rodovia AM 010, Km 29, Manaus, Amazonas 69011-970, Brazil
| | - Sara de Almeida Rios
- Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Raimundo N. V. Cunha
- Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lopes
- Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Y. Motoike
- Department of Phytotechnology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Elena Babiychuk
- Department of Sustainable Development, Vale Institute of Technology, Belém, Brazil
| | - Aleksandra Skirycz
- Department of Sustainable Development, Vale Institute of Technology, Belém, Brazil
| | - Sergei Kushnir
- Department of Sustainable Development, Vale Institute of Technology, Belém, Brazil
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