1
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van Dijk LLA, Rijsbergen LC, Rubio BT, Schmitz KS, Gommers L, Comvalius AD, Havelaar A, van Amerongen G, Schepp R, Lamers MM, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Haagmans BL, van Binnendijk R, de Swart RL, de Vries RD. Virus neutralization assays for human respiratory syncytial virus using airway organoids. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:267. [PMID: 38884678 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies are considered a correlate of protection against severe human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) disease. Currently, HRSV neutralization assays are performed on immortalized cell lines like Vero or A549 cells. It is known that assays on these cell lines exclusively detect neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) directed to the fusion (F) protein. For the detection of nAbs directed to the glycoprotein (G), ciliated epithelial cells expressing the cellular receptor CX3CR1 are required, but generation of primary cell cultures is expensive and labor-intensive. Here, we developed a high-throughput neutralization assay based on the interaction between clinically relevant HRSV grown on primary cells with ciliated epithelial cells, and validated this assay using a panel of infant sera. To develop the high-throughput neutralization assay, we established a culture of differentiated apical-out airway organoids (Ap-O AO). CX3CR1 expression was confirmed, and both F- and G-specific monoclonal antibodies neutralized HRSV in the Ap-O AO. In a side-by-side neutralization assay on Vero cells and Ap-O AO, neutralizing antibody levels in sera from 125 infants correlated well, although titers on Ap-O AO were consistently lower. We speculate that these lower titers might be an actual reflection of the neutralizing antibody capacity in vivo. The organoid-based neutralization assay described here holds promise for further characterization of correlates of protection against HRSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L A van Dijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laurine C Rijsbergen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Tello Rubio
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katharina S Schmitz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennert Gommers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouskha D Comvalius
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Havelaar
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger Schepp
- Center of Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Corine H GeurtsvanKessel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Center of Infectious Disease Control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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McCauley KB, Kukreja K, Tovar Walker AE, Jaffe AB, Klein AM. A map of signaling responses in the human airway epithelium. Cell Syst 2024; 15:307-321.e10. [PMID: 38508187 PMCID: PMC11031335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated signaling plays a central role in tissue regeneration, and it is dysregulated in disease. Here, we build a signaling-response map for a model regenerative human tissue: the airway epithelium. We analyzed the effect of 17 receptor-mediated signaling pathways on organotypic cultures to determine changes in abundance and phenotype of epithelial cell types. This map recapitulates the gamut of known airway epithelial signaling responses to these pathways. It defines convergent states induced by multiple ligands and diverse, ligand-specific responses in basal cell and secretory cell metaplasia. We show that loss of canonical differentiation induced by multiple pathways is associated with cell-cycle arrest, but that arrest is not sufficient to block differentiation. Using the signaling-response map, we show that a TGFB1-mediated response underlies specific aberrant cells found in multiple lung diseases and identify interferon responses in COVID-19 patient samples. Thus, we offer a framework enabling systematic evaluation of tissue signaling responses. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B McCauley
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Respiratory Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Disease Area X, Biomedical Research, Novartis, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kalki Kukreja
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Aron B Jaffe
- Respiratory Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Allon M Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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Xu X, Qiao D, Brasier AR. Cooperative interaction of interferon regulatory factor -1 and bromodomain-containing protein 4 on RNA polymerase activation for intrinsic innate immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1366235. [PMID: 38601157 PMCID: PMC11004252 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1366235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human orthopneumovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), is the causative agent of severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and exacerbations of chronic lung diseases. In immune competent hosts, RSV productively infects highly differentiated epithelial cells, where it elicits robust anti-viral, cytokine and remodeling programs. By contrast, basal cells are relatively resistant to RSV infection, in part, because of constitutive expression of an intrinsic innate immune response (IIR) consisting of a subgroup of interferon (IFN) responsive genes. The mechanisms controlling the intrinsic IIR are not known. Methods Here, we use human small airway epithelial cell hSAECs as a multipotent airway stem cell model to examine regulatory control of an intrinsic IIR pathway. Results We find hSAECs express patterns of intrinsic IIRs, highly conserved with pluri- and multi-potent stem cells. We demonstrate a core intrinsic IIR network consisting of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Antigen 2 (Bst2), Interferon Induced Transmembrane Protein 1 (IFITM1) and Toll-like receptor (TLR3) expression are directly under IRF1 control. Moreover, expression of this intrinsic core is rate-limited by ambient IRF1• phospho-Ser 2 CTD RNA Polymerase II (pSer2 Pol II) complexes binding to their proximal promoters. In response to RSV infection, the abundance of IRF1 and pSer2 Pol II binding is dramatically increased, with IRF1 complexing to the BRD4 chromatin remodeling complex (CRC). Using chromatin immunoprecipitation in IRF1 KD cells, we find that the binding of BRD4 is IRF1 independent. Using a small molecule inhibitor of the BRD4 acetyl lysine binding bromodomain (BRD4i), we further find that BRD4 bromodomain interactions are required for stable BRD4 promoter binding to the intrinsic IIR core promoters, as well as for RSV-inducible pSer2 Pol II recruitment. Surprisingly, BRD4i does not disrupt IRF1-BRD4 interactions, but disrupts both RSV-induced BRD4 and IRF1 interactions with pSer2 Pol II. Conclusions We conclude that the IRF1 functions in two modes- in absence of infection, ambient IRF1 mediates constitutive expression of the intrinsic IIR, whereas in response to RSV infection, the BRD4 CRC independently activates pSer2 Pol II to mediates robust expression of the intrinsic IIR. These data provide insight into molecular control of anti-viral defenses of airway basal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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4
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Gay ACA, Banchero M, Carpaij O, Kole TM, Apperloo L, van Gosliga D, Fajar PA, Koppelman GH, Bont L, Hendriks RW, van den Berge M, Nawijn MC. Airway epithelial cell response to RSV is mostly impaired in goblet and multiciliated cells in asthma. Thorax 2024:thorax-2023-220230. [PMID: 38373824 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2023-220230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with asthma, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections can cause disease exacerbation by infecting the epithelial layer of the airways, inducing subsequent immune response. The type I interferon antiviral response of epithelial cells upon RSV infection is found to be reduced in asthma in most-but not all-studies. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms causing the differences in the asthmatic bronchial epithelium in response to viral infection are poorly understood. METHODS Here, we investigated the transcriptional response to RSV infection of primary bronchial epithelial cells (pBECs) from patients with asthma (n=8) and healthy donors (n=8). The pBECs obtained from bronchial brushes were differentiated in air-liquid interface conditions and infected with RSV. After 3 days, cells were processed for single-cell RNA sequencing. RESULTS A strong antiviral response to RSV was observed for all cell types, for all samples (p<1e-48). Most (1045) differentially regulated genes following RSV infection were found in cells transitioning to secretory cells. Goblet cells from patients with asthma showed lower expression of genes involved in the interferon response (false discovery rate <0.05), including OASL, ICAM1 and TNFAIP3. In multiciliated cells, an impairment of the signalling pathways involved in the response to RSV in asthma was observed. CONCLUSION Our results highlight that the response to RSV infection of the bronchial epithelium in asthma and healthy airways was largely similar. However, in asthma, the response of goblet and multiciliated cells is impaired, highlighting the need for studying airway epithelial cells at high resolution in the context of asthma exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore C A Gay
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- GRIAC research institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Banchero
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- GRIAC research institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Orestes Carpaij
- GRIAC research institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tessa M Kole
- GRIAC research institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie Apperloo
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- GRIAC research institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Djoke van Gosliga
- GRIAC research institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Putri Ayu Fajar
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- GRIAC research institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- GRIAC research institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- GRIAC research institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn C Nawijn
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- GRIAC research institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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5
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Popescu MC, Haddock NL, Burgener EB, Rojas-Hernandez LS, Kaber G, Hargil A, Bollyky PL, Milla CE. The Inovirus Pf4 Triggers Antiviral Responses and Disrupts the Proliferation of Airway Basal Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:165. [PMID: 38275975 PMCID: PMC10818373 DOI: 10.3390/v16010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inovirus Pf4 is a lysogenic bacteriophage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). People with Cystic Fibrosis (pwCF) experience chronic airway infection with Pa and a significant proportion have high numbers of Pf4 in their airway secretions. Given the known severe damage in the airways of Pa-infected pwCF, we hypothesized a high Pf4 burden can affect airway healing and inflammatory responses. In the airway, basal epithelial cells (BCs) are a multipotent stem cell population critical to epithelium homeostasis and repair. We sought to investigate the transcriptional responses of BCs under conditions that emulate infection with Pa and exposure to high Pf4 burden. METHODS Primary BCs isolated from pwCF and wild-type (WT) donors were cultured in vitro and exposed to Pf4 or bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by transcriptomic and functional assays. RESULTS We found that BCs internalized Pf4 and this elicits a strong antiviral response as well as neutrophil chemokine production. Further, we found that BCs that take up Pf4 demonstrate defective migration and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are highly suggestive of Pf4 playing a role in the pathogenicity of Pa in the airways. These findings provide additional evidence for the ability of inoviruses to interact with mammalian cells and disrupt cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medeea C. Popescu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (P.L.B.)
- Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Naomi L. Haddock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (P.L.B.)
- Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth B. Burgener
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura S. Rojas-Hernandez
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (P.L.B.)
| | - Aviv Hargil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (P.L.B.)
| | - Paul L. Bollyky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (P.L.B.)
| | - Carlos E. Milla
- Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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6
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Tavares LP, Nijmeh J, Levy BD. Respiratory viral infection and resolution of inflammation: Roles for specialized pro-resolving mediators. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1635-1644. [PMID: 37837390 PMCID: PMC10723024 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231199082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections with influenza A virus (IAV) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pose a significant threat to public health due to excess morbidity and mortality. Dysregulated and excessive inflammatory responses are major underlying causes of viral pneumonia severity and morbidity, including aberrant host immune responses and increased risk for secondary bacterial infections. Currently available antiviral therapies have not substantially reduced the risk of severe viral pneumonia for these pathogens. Thus, new therapeutic approaches that can promote resolution of the pathogen-initiated inflammation without impairing host defense would represent a significant advance. Recent research has uncovered the potential for specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) to transduce multipronged actions for the resolution of serious respiratory viral infection without increased risk for subsequent host susceptibility to bacterial infection. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of SPM production and SPM receptor signaling in respiratory virus infections and the intriguing potential of harnessing SPM pathways to control excess morbidity and mortality from IAV and RSV pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Tavares
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julie Nijmeh
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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da Silva RP, Thomé BL, da Souza APD. Exploring the Immune Response against RSV and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1223. [PMID: 37759622 PMCID: PMC10525162 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections are a significant public health concern, particularly in children. RSV is a prominent cause of lower respiratory tract infections among infants, whereas SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic with lower overall severity in children than in adults. In this review, we aimed to compare the innate and adaptive immune responses induced by RSV and SARS-CoV-2 to better understand differences in the pathogenesis of infection. Some studies have demonstrated that children present a more robust immune response against SARS-CoV-2 than adults; however, this response is dissimilar to that of RSV. Each virus has a distinctive mechanism to escape the immune response. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these differences is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving the management of pediatric respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Paula Duarte da Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil; (R.P.d.S.); (B.L.T.)
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8
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Bustos NA, Ribbeck K, Wagner CE. The role of mucosal barriers in disease progression and transmission. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115008. [PMID: 37442240 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Mucus is a biological hydrogel that coats and protects all non-keratinized wet epithelial surfaces. Mucins, the primary structural components of mucus, are critical components of the gel layer that protect against invading pathogens. For communicable diseases, pathogen-mucin interactions contribute to the pathogen's fate and the potential for disease progression in-host, as well as the potential for onward transmission. We begin by reviewing in-host mucus filtering mechanisms, including size filtering and interaction filtering, which regulate the permeability of mucus barriers to all molecules including pathogens. Next, we discuss the role of mucins in communicable diseases at the point of transmission (i.e. how the encapsulation of pathogens in emitted mucosal droplets externally to hosts may modulate pathogen infectivity and viability). Overall, mucosal barriers modulate both host susceptibility as well as the dynamics of population-level disease transmission. The study of mucins and their use in models and experimental systems are therefore crucial for understanding the mechanistic biophysical principles underlying disease transmission and the early stages of host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Bustos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katharina Ribbeck
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline E Wagner
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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9
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Li Z, Tian M, Wang G, Cui X, Ma J, Liu S, Shen B, Liu F, Wu K, Xiao X, Zhu C. Senotherapeutics: An emerging approach to the treatment of viral infectious diseases in the elderly. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1098712. [PMID: 37065192 PMCID: PMC10094634 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1098712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the phenomenon that the elderly have higher morbidity and mortality is of great concern. Existing evidence suggests that senescence and viral infection interact with each other. Viral infection can lead to the aggravation of senescence through multiple pathways, while virus-induced senescence combined with existing senescence in the elderly aggravates the severity of viral infections and promotes excessive age-related inflammation and multiple organ damage or dysfunction, ultimately resulting in higher mortality. The underlying mechanisms may involve mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal activation of the cGAS-STING pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome, the role of pre-activated macrophages and over-recruited immune cells, and accumulation of immune cells with trained immunity. Thus, senescence-targeted drugs were shown to have positive effects on the treatment of viral infectious diseases in the elderly, which has received great attention and extensive research. Therefore, this review focused on the relationship between senescence and viral infection, as well as the significance of senotherapeutics for the treatment of viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingfu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guolei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianghua Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun’e Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingzheng Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chengliang Zhu, ; Xuan Xiao,
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chengliang Zhu, ; Xuan Xiao,
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10
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Virus-like Particle Vaccine Expressing the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pre-Fusion and G Proteins Confers Protection against RSV Challenge Infection. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030782. [PMID: 36986643 PMCID: PMC10051362 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract disease in children and the elderly. However, there are no effective antiviral drugs or licensed vaccines available for RSV infection. Here, RSV virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines expressing Pre-F, G, or Pre-F and G proteins on the surface of influenza virus matrix protein 1 (M1) were produced using the baculovirus expression system, and their protective efficacy was evaluated in mice. The morphology and successful assembly of VLPs were confirmed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Western blot. High levels of serum IgG antibody response were detected in VLP-immunized mice, and significantly higher levels of IgG2a and IgG2b were found in the Pre-F+G VLP immunization group compared to the unimmunized control. Serum-neutralizing activity was higher in the VLP immunization groups compared to the naïve group, with Pre-F+G VLPs demonstrating superior neutralizing activity to the single antigen-expressing VLP groups. Pulmonary IgA and IgG responses were generally comparable across the immunization groups, with VLPs expressing the Pre-F antigen eliciting higher IFN-γ in spleens. The frequencies of eosinophils and IL-4-producing CD4+ T cell populations were substantially lower in the lungs of VLP-immunized mice, with the PreF+G vaccine inducing a significant increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. VLP immunization significantly decreased the viral titer and inflammation in the lungs of mice, with Pre-F+G VLPs conferring the best protection. In conclusion, our present study suggests that the Pre-F+G VLPs could be a potential vaccine candidate against RSV infection.
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11
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Mccauley KB, Kukreja K, Jaffe AB, Klein AM. A map of signaling responses in the human airway epithelium. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.12.21.521460. [PMID: 36597531 PMCID: PMC9810218 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.21.521460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated signaling plays a central role in tissue regeneration, and it is dysregulated in disease. Here, we build a signaling-response map for a model regenerative human tissue: the airway epithelium. We analyzed the effect of 17 receptor-mediated signaling pathways on organotypic cultures to determine changes in abundance and phenotype of all epithelial cell types. This map recapitulates the gamut of known airway epithelial signaling responses to these pathways. It defines convergent states induced by multiple ligands and diverse, ligand-specific responses in basal-cell and secretory-cell metaplasia. We show that loss of canonical differentiation induced by multiple pathways is associated with cell cycle arrest, but that arrest is not sufficient to block differentiation. Using the signaling-response map, we show that a TGFB1-mediated response underlies specific aberrant cells found in multiple lung diseases and identify interferon responses in COVID-19 patient samples. Thus, we offer a framework enabling systematic evaluation of tissue signaling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Mccauley
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Disease Area X, Respiratory Therapeutic Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kalki Kukreja
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aron B Jaffe
- Disease Area X, Respiratory Therapeutic Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Current address: Chroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allon M Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Osan J, Talukdar SN, Feldmann F, DeMontigny BA, Jerome K, Bailey KL, Feldmann H, Mehedi M. Goblet Cell Hyperplasia Increases SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0045922. [PMID: 35862971 PMCID: PMC9430117 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00459-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the underlying conditions in adults of any age that place them at risk for developing severe illnesses associated with COVID-19. To determine whether SARS-CoV-2's cellular tropism plays a critical role in severe pathophysiology in the lung, we investigated its host cell entry receptor distribution in the bronchial airway epithelium of healthy adults and high-risk adults (those with COPD). We found that SARS-CoV-2 preferentially infects goblet cells in the bronchial airway epithelium, as mostly goblet cells harbor the entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and its cofactor transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). We also found that SARS-CoV-2 replication was substantially increased in the COPD bronchial airway epithelium, likely due to COPD-associated goblet cell hyperplasia. Likewise, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) infection increased disease pathophysiology (e.g., syncytium formation) in the COPD bronchial airway epithelium. Our results reveal that goblet cells play a critical role in SARS-CoV-2-induced pathophysiology in the lung. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19's first case was discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and by March 2020 it was declared a pandemic by the WHO. It has been shown that various underlying conditions can increase the chance of having severe COVID-19. COPD, which is the third leading cause of death worldwide, is one of the conditions listed by the CDC which can increase the chance of severe COVID-19. The present study uses a healthy and COPD-derived bronchial airway epithelial model to study the COVID-19 and host factors which could explain the reason for COPD patients developing severe infection due to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Osan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Sattya N. Talukdar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Beth Ann DeMontigny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Kailey Jerome
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Kristina L. Bailey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep and Allergy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Masfique Mehedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
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13
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Barnes MVC, Openshaw PJM, Thwaites RS. Mucosal Immune Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071153. [PMID: 35406717 PMCID: PMC8997753 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite over half a century of research, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis remains a major cause of hospitalisation in infancy, while vaccines and specific therapies still await development. Our understanding of mucosal immune responses to RSV continues to evolve, but recent studies again highlight the role of Type-2 immune responses in RSV disease and hint at the possibility that it dampens Type-1 antiviral immunity. Other immunoregulatory pathways implicated in RSV disease highlight the importance of focussing on localised mucosal responses in the respiratory mucosa, as befits a virus that is essentially confined to the ciliated respiratory epithelium. In this review, we discuss studies of mucosal immune cell infiltration and production of inflammatory mediators in RSV bronchiolitis and relate these studies to observations from peripheral blood. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of studying the nasal mucosa in a disease that is most severe in the lower airway. A fresh focus on studies of RSV pathogenesis in the airway mucosa is set to revolutionise our understanding of this common and important infection.
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14
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Manti S, Piedimonte G. An overview on the RSV-mediated mechanisms in the onset of non-allergic asthma. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:998296. [PMID: 36204661 PMCID: PMC9530042 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.998296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is recognized as an important risk factor for wheezing and asthma, since it commonly affects babies during lung development. While the role of RSV in the onset of atopic asthma is widely recognized, its impact on the onset of non-atopic asthma, mediated via other and independent causal pathways, has long been also suspected, but the association is less clear. Following RSV infection, the release of local pro-inflammatory molecules, the dysfunction of neural pathways, and the compromised epithelial integrity can become chronic and influence airway development, leading to bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma, regardless of atopic status. After a brief review of the RSV structure and its interaction with the immune system and neuronal pathways, this review summarizes the current evidence about the RSV-mediated pathogenic pathways in predisposing and inducing airway dysfunction and non-allergic asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Manti
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood Gaetano Barresi, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Department of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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15
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Koch CM, Prigge AD, Anekalla KR, Shukla A, Do Umehara HC, Setar L, Chavez J, Abdala-Valencia H, Politanska Y, Markov NS, Hahn GR, Heald-Sargent T, Sanchez-Pinto LN, Muller WJ, Singer BD, Misharin AV, Ridge KM, Coates BM. Age-related Differences in the Nasal Mucosal Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 66:206-222. [PMID: 34731594 PMCID: PMC8845137 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0292oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 180 million people since the onset of the pandemic. Despite similar viral load and infectivity rates between children and adults, children rarely develop severe illness. Differences in the host response to the virus at the primary infection site are among the mechanisms proposed to account for this disparity. Our objective was to investigate the host response to SARS-CoV-2 in the nasal mucosa in children and adults and compare it with the host response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus. We analyzed clinical outcomes and gene expression in the nasal mucosa of 36 children with SARS-CoV-2, 24 children with RSV, 9 children with influenza virus, 16 adults with SARS-CoV-2, and 7 healthy pediatric and 13 healthy adult controls. In both children and adults, infection with SARS-CoV-2 led to an IFN response in the nasal mucosa. The magnitude of the IFN response correlated with the abundance of viral reads, not the severity of illness, and was comparable between children and adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 and children with severe RSV infection. Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 did not correlate with age or presence of viral infection. SARS-CoV-2–infected adults had increased expression of genes involved in neutrophil activation and T-cell receptor signaling pathways compared with SARS-CoV-2–infected children, despite similar severity of illness and viral reads. Age-related differences in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 may place adults at increased risk of developing severe illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa M Koch
- Northwestern University, Medicine , Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Andrew D Prigge
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Kishore R Anekalla
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Avani Shukla
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Leah Setar
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jairo Chavez
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Yuliya Politanska
- Northwestern University, Medicine , Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Nikolay S Markov
- Northwestern University, Medicine , Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Grant R Hahn
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Taylor Heald-Sargent
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - L Nelson Sanchez-Pinto
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States.,Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 12244, Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - William J Muller
- Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 2429, Pediatrics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Benjamin D Singer
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 12244, Medicine and Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Northwestern University, Rheumatology/Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Karen M Ridge
- Northwestern University, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Bria M Coates
- Northwestern University, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States;
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16
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Rijsbergen LC, van Dijk LLA, Engel MFM, de Vries RD, de Swart RL. In Vitro Modelling of Respiratory Virus Infections in Human Airway Epithelial Cells - A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683002. [PMID: 34489934 PMCID: PMC8418200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTI) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. A large number of RTIs is caused by viruses, often resulting in more severe disease in infants, elderly and the immunocompromised. Upon viral infection, most individuals experience common cold-like symptoms associated with an upper RTI. However, in some cases a severe and sometimes life-threatening lower RTI may develop. Reproducible and scalable in vitro culture models that accurately reflect the human respiratory tract are needed to study interactions between respiratory viruses and the host, and to test novel therapeutic interventions. Multiple in vitro respiratory cell culture systems have been described, but the majority of these are based on immortalized cell lines. Although useful for studying certain aspects of viral infections, such monomorphic, unicellular systems fall short in creating an understanding of the processes that occur at an integrated tissue level. Novel in vitro models involving primary human airway epithelial cells and, more recently, human airway organoids, are now in use. In this review, we describe the evolution of in vitro cell culture systems and their characteristics in the context of viral RTIs, starting from advances after immortalized cell cultures to more recently developed organoid systems. Furthermore, we describe how these models are used in studying virus-host interactions, e.g. tropism and receptor studies as well as interactions with the innate immune system. Finally, we provide an outlook for future developments in this field, including co-factors that mimic the microenvironment in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine C Rijsbergen
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura L A van Dijk
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten F M Engel
- Medical Library, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Goldsteen PA, Yoseif C, Dolga AM, Gosens R. Human pluripotent stem cells for the modelling and treatment of respiratory diseases. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/161/210042. [PMID: 34348980 PMCID: PMC9488746 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0042-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, representing a major unmet medical need. New chemical entities rarely make it into the clinic to treat respiratory diseases, which is partially due to a lack of adequate predictive disease models and the limited availability of human lung tissues to model respiratory disease. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) may help fill this gap by serving as a scalable human in vitro model. In addition, human in vitro models of rare genetic mutations can be generated using hPSCs. hPSC-derived epithelial cells and organoids have already shown great potential for the understanding of disease mechanisms, for finding new potential targets by using high-throughput screening platforms, and for personalised treatments. These potentials can also be applied to other hPSC-derived lung cell types in the future. In this review, we will discuss how hPSCs have brought, and may continue to bring, major changes to the field of respiratory diseases by understanding the molecular mechanisms of the pathology and by finding efficient therapeutics. Human pluripotent stem cells may help to develop animal-free, fully human in vitro models to advance our understanding of disease mechanisms, for finding new potential targets by using high-throughput screening platforms, and for personalised treatments.https://bit.ly/3cahaqz
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Affiliation(s)
- Pien A Goldsteen
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands .,GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Yoseif
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Dept of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Rajan A, Weaver AM, Aloisio GM, Jelinski J, Johnson HL, Venable SF, McBride T, Aideyan L, Piedra FA, Ye X, Melicoff-Portillo E, Yerramilli MRK, Zeng XL, Mancini MA, Stossi F, Maresso AW, Kotkar SA, Estes MK, Blutt S, Avadhanula V, Piedra PA. The human nose organoid respiratory virus model: an ex-vivo human challenge model to study RSV and SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and evaluate therapeutics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34341793 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.28.453844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is an unmet need for pre-clinical models to understand the pathogenesis of human respiratory viruses; and predict responsiveness to immunotherapies. Airway organoids can serve as an ex-vivo human airway model to study respiratory viral pathogenesis; however, they rely on invasive techniques to obtain patient samples. Here, we report a non-invasive technique to generate human nose organoids (HNOs) as an alternate to biopsy derived organoids. We made air liquid interface (ALI) cultures from HNOs and assessed infection with two major human respiratory viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Infected HNO-ALI cultures recapitulate aspects of RSV and SARS-CoV-2 infection, including viral shedding, ciliary damage, innate immune responses, and mucus hyper-secretion. Next, we evaluated the feasibility of the HNO-ALI respiratory virus model system to test the efficacy of palivizumab to prevent RSV infection. Palivizumab was administered in the basolateral compartment (circulation) while viral infection occurred in the apical ciliated cells (airways), simulating the events in infants. In our model, palivizumab effectively prevented RSV infection in a concentration dependent manner. Thus, the HNO-ALI model can serve as an alternate to lung organoids to study respiratory viruses and testing therapeutics.
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19
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Wronski S, Beinke S, Obernolte H, Belyaev NN, Saunders KA, Lennon MG, Schaudien D, Braubach P, Jonigk D, Warnecke G, Zardo P, Fieguth HG, Wilkens L, Braun A, Hessel EM, Sewald K. Rhinovirus-induced Human Lung Tissue Responses Mimic COPD and Asthma Gene Signatures. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:544-554. [PMID: 34181859 PMCID: PMC8641849 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0337oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV) is a major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma exacerbations. The exploration of RV pathogenesis has been hampered by a lack of disease-relevant model systems. We performed a detailed characterization of host responses to RV infection in human lung tissue ex vivo and investigated whether these responses are disease relevant for patients with COPD and asthma. In addition, impact of the viral replication inhibitor rupintrivir was evaluated. Human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) were infected with RV1B with or without rupintrivir. At Days 1 and 3 after infection, RV tissue localization, tissue viability, and viral load were determined. To characterize host responses to infection, mediator and whole genome analyses were performed. RV successfully replicated in PCLS airway epithelial cells and induced both antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines such as IFNα2a, CXCL10, CXCL11, IFN-γ, TNFα, and CCL5. Genomic analyses revealed that RV not only induced antiviral immune responses but also triggered changes in epithelial cell–associated pathways. Strikingly, the RV response in PCLS was reflective of gene expression changes described in patients with COPD and asthma. Although RV-induced host immune responses were abrogated by rupintrivir, RV-triggered epithelial processes were largely refractory to antiviral treatment. Detailed analysis of RV-infected human PCLS and comparison with gene signatures of patients with COPD and asthma revealed that the human RV PCLS model represents disease-relevant biological mechanisms that can be partially inhibited by a well-known antiviral compound and provide an outstanding opportunity to evaluate novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Wronski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer international Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany;
| | - Soren Beinke
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Helena Obernolte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer international Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Nikolai N Belyaev
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ken A Saunders
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Mark G Lennon
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer international Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Dsease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Braubach
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Department of Pathology, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Department of Pathology, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Gregor Warnecke
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick Zardo
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer international Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Edith M Hessel
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer international Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
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20
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Jakiela B, Rebane A, Soja J, Bazan-Socha S, Laanesoo A, Plutecka H, Surmiak M, Sanak M, Sladek K, Bochenek G. Remodeling of bronchial epithelium caused by asthmatic inflammation affects its response to rhinovirus infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12821. [PMID: 34140575 PMCID: PMC8211645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are frequent cause of asthma exacerbations, however the influence of airway inflammation on the severity of viral infection is poorly understood. Here, we investigated how cytokine-induced remodeling of airway epithelium modulates antiviral response. We analyzed gene expression response in in vitro differentiated bronchial epithelium exposed to cytokines and next infected with HRV16. IL-13-induced mucous cell metaplasia (MCM) was associated with impaired ciliogenesis and induction of antiviral genes, resulting in lower susceptibility to HRV. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition caused by TGF-β was associated with increased virus replication and boosted innate response. Moreover, HRV infection per se caused transient upregulation of MCM markers and growth factors, followed by low-level virus replication and shedding. Our data suggest that the outcome of HRV infection depends on the type of lower airway inflammation and the extent of epithelial damage. Type-2 inflammation (eosinophilic asthma) may induce antiviral state of epithelium and decrease virus sensitivity, while growth factor exposure during epithelial repair may facilitate virus replication and inflammatory response. Additionally, responses to HRV were similar in cells obtained from asthma patients and control subjects, which implicates that antiviral mechanisms are not intrinsically impaired in asthma, but may develop in the presence of uncontrolled airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Jakiela
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ana Rebane
- grid.10939.320000 0001 0943 7661Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jerzy Soja
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Stanislawa Bazan-Socha
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anet Laanesoo
- grid.10939.320000 0001 0943 7661Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hanna Plutecka
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Sanak
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sladek
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bochenek
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Skawinska 8, 31-066 Kraków, Poland
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21
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Xu-Chen X, Weinstock J, Rastogi D, Koumbourlis A, Nino G. The airway epithelium during infancy and childhood: A complex multicellular immune barrier. Basic review for clinicians. Paediatr Respir Rev 2021; 38:9-15. [PMID: 34030977 PMCID: PMC8859843 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The airway epithelium is a complex multicellular layer that extends from the nasopharynx to the small airways. It functions as an immune respiratory barrier during early life that develops, matures, and regenerates to adapt to the changes in the environment. While airway epithelial abnormalities have been identified in several clinical disorders, there is increasing interest in understanding its basic regulation and structure in humans. Indeed, recent advances in technology (e.g. single-cell analysis and new human airway epithelial cell models) have allowed us to identify additional cellular subtypes and functions that overall have greatly improved our understanding of the airway epithelium during health and disease. In this review we summarize key features of the airway epithelium including: 1) multilayer structure and cell heterogeneity; 2) adaptability to different environmental and developmental stimuli; 3) innate recognition; and 4) orchestration of immune responses. We discuss these features with a translational and clinical prospective focusing on the development of human respiratory immunity, particularly during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gustavo Nino
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA.
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22
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Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Subgroup A and B Infections in Nasal, Bronchial, Small-Airway, and Organoid-Derived Respiratory Cultures. mSphere 2021; 6:6/3/e00237-21. [PMID: 33980679 PMCID: PMC8125053 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00237-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young infants and causes almost 200,000 deaths per year. Currently, there is no vaccine or treatment available, only a prophylactic monoclonal antibody (palivizumab). Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in infants. Two subgroups of HRSV (A and B) routinely cocirculate. Most research has been performed with HRSV-A strains because these are easier to culture than HRSV-B strains. In this study, we aimed to compare the replicative fitness and HRSV-induced innate cytokine responses of HRSV-A and HRSV-B strains in disease-relevant cell culture models. We used two recombinant (r) clinical isolate-based HRSV strains (A11 and B05) and one recombinant laboratory-adapted HRSV strain (A2) to infect commercially available nasal, bronchial, and small-airway cultures. Epithelial cells from all anatomical locations were susceptible to HRSV infection despite the induction of a dominant type III interferon response. Subgroup A viruses disseminated and replicated faster than the subgroup B virus. Additionally, we studied HRSV infection and innate responses in airway organoids (AOs) cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI). Results were similar to the commercially obtained bronchial cells. In summary, we show that HRSV replicates well in cells from both the upper and the lower airways, with a slight replicative advantage for subgroup A viruses. Lastly, we showed that AOs cultured at ALI are a valuable model for studying HRSV ex vivo and that they can be used in the future to study factors that influence HRSV disease severity. IMPORTANCE Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young infants and causes almost 200,000 deaths per year. Currently, there is no vaccine or treatment available, only a prophylactic monoclonal antibody (palivizumab). An important question in HRSV pathogenesis research is why only a fraction (1 to 3%) of infants develop severe disease. Model systems comprising disease-relevant HRSV isolates and accurate and reproducible cell culture models are indispensable to study infection, replication, and innate immune responses. Here, we used differentiated AOs cultured at ALI to model the human airways. Subgroup A viruses replicated better than subgroup B viruses, which we speculate fits with epidemiological findings that subgroup A viruses cause more severe disease in infants. By using AOs cultured at ALI, we present a highly relevant, robust, and reproducible model that allows for future studies into what drives severe HRSV disease.
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The Human Nose Organoid Respiratory Virus Model: an Ex Vivo Human Challenge Model To Study Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pathogenesis and Evaluate Therapeutics. mBio 2021; 13:e0351121. [PMID: 35164569 PMCID: PMC8844923 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03511-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet need for preclinical models to understand the pathogenesis of human respiratory viruses and predict responsiveness to immunotherapies. Airway organoids can serve as an ex vivo human airway model to study respiratory viral pathogenesis; however, they rely on invasive techniques to obtain patient samples. Here, we report a noninvasive technique to generate human nose organoids (HNOs) as an alternative to biopsy-derived organoids. We made air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures from HNOs and assessed infection with two major human respiratory viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Infected HNO-ALI cultures recapitulate aspects of RSV and SARS-CoV-2 infection, including viral shedding, ciliary damage, innate immune responses, and mucus hypersecretion. Next, we evaluated the feasibility of the HNO-ALI respiratory virus model system to test the efficacy of palivizumab to prevent RSV infection. Palivizumab was administered in the basolateral compartment (circulation), while viral infection occurred in the apical ciliated cells (airways), simulating the events in infants. In our model, palivizumab effectively prevented RSV infection in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, the HNO-ALI model can serve as an alternative to lung organoids to study respiratory viruses and test therapeutics. IMPORTANCE Preclinical models that recapitulate aspects of human airway disease are essential for the advancement of novel therapeutics and vaccines. Here, we report a versatile airway organoid model, the human nose organoid (HNO), that recapitulates the complex interactions between the host and virus. HNOs are obtained using noninvasive procedures and show divergent responses to SARS-CoV-2 and RSV infection. SARS-CoV-2 induces severe damage to cilia and the epithelium, no interferon-λ response, and minimal mucus secretion. In striking contrast, RSV induces hypersecretion of mucus and a profound interferon-λ response with ciliary damage. We also demonstrated the usefulness of our ex vivo HNO model of RSV infection to test the efficacy of palivizumab, an FDA-approved monoclonal antibody to prevent severe RSV disease in high-risk infants. Our study reports a breakthrough in both the development of a novel nose organoid model and in our understanding of the host cellular response to RSV and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Koch CM, Prigge AD, Anekalla KR, Shukla A, Do-Umehara HC, Setar L, Chavez J, Abdala-Valencia H, Politanska Y, Markov NS, Hahn GR, Heald-Sargent T, Sanchez-Pinto LN, Muller WJ, Misharin AV, Ridge KM, Coates BM. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the nasal mucosa in children and adults. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 33532801 PMCID: PMC7852252 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.26.21250269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rationale: Despite similar viral load and infectivity rates between children and adults infected with SARS-CoV-2, children rarely develop severe illness. Differences in the host response to the virus at the primary infection site are among the proposed mechanisms. Objectives: To investigate the host response to SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza virus (IV) in the nasal mucosa in children and adults. Methods: Clinical outcomes and gene expression in the nasal mucosa were analyzed in 36 children hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 24 children with RSV infection, 9 children with IV infection, 16 adults with mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 7 healthy pediatric and 13 healthy adult controls. Results: In both children and adults, infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to an interferon response in the nasal mucosa. The magnitude of the interferon response correlated with the abundance of viral reads and was comparable between symptomatic children and adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 and symptomatic children infected with RSV and IV. Cell type deconvolution identified an increased abundance of immune cells in the samples from children and adults with a viral infection. Expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 - key entry factors for SARS-CoV-2 - did not correlate with age or presence or absence of viral infection. Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that differences in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 determine disease severity, independent of viral load and interferon response at the primary infection primary site.
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25
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Khan MA, Khan ZA, Charles M, Pratap P, Naeem A, Siddiqui Z, Naqvi N, Srivastava S. Cytokine Storm and Mucus Hypersecretion in COVID-19: Review of Mechanisms. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:175-189. [PMID: 33519225 PMCID: PMC7838037 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s271292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus is an integral part of the respiratory physiology. It protects the respiratory tract by acting as a physical barrier against inhaled particles and microbes. Excessive inflammation in conditions such as COVID-19 can result in over-production of mucus which obstructs the airway. Build-up of mucus can also contribute to recurrent airway infection, causing further obstruction. This article summarizes the current understanding and knowledge of respiratory mucus production and proposes the role of cytokine storm in inducing sudden mucus hypersecretion in COVID-19. Based on these cascades, the active constituents that inhibit or activate several potential targets are outlined for further research. These may be explored for the discovery and design of drugs to combat cytokine storm and its ensuing complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Ali Khan
- Reseach & Development Department, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zaw Ali Khan
- Reseach & Development Department, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mark Charles
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpendra Pratap
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abdul Naeem
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zainab Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nigar Naqvi
- Department of Nutrition, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Srivastava
- Department of Nutrition, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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26
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RSV and HMPV Infections in 3D Tissue Cultures: Mechanisms Involved in Virus-Host and Virus-Virus Interactions. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010139. [PMID: 33478119 PMCID: PMC7835908 DOI: 10.3390/v13010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections constitute a global public health concern. Among prevalent respiratory viruses, two pneumoviruses can be life-threatening in high-risk populations. In young children, they constitute the first cause of hospitalization due to severe lower respiratory tract diseases. A better understanding of their pathogenesis is still needed as there are no approved efficient anti-viral nor vaccine against pneumoviruses. We studied Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) and human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) in single and dual infections in three-dimensional cultures, a highly relevant model to study viral respiratory infections of the airway epithelium. Our investigation showed that HMPV is less pathogenic than RSV in this model. Compared to RSV, HMPV replicated less efficiently, induced a lower immune response, did not block cilia beating, and was more sensitive to IFNs. In dual infections, RSV-infected epithelia were less permissive to HMPV. By neutralizing IFNs in co-infection assays, we partially prevented HMPV inhibition by RSV and significantly increased the number of co-infected cells in the tissue. This suggests that interference in dual infection would be at least partly mediated by the host immune response. In summary, this work provides new insight regarding virus-host and virus-virus interactions of pneumoviruses in the airway epithelium. This could be helpful for the proper handling of at-risk patients.
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27
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Schank M, Zhao J, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. The Impact of HIV- and ART-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cellular Senescence and Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010174. [PMID: 33467074 PMCID: PMC7830696 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, 38 million individuals were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 25.4 million of which were using antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the end of 2019. Despite ART-mediated suppression of viral replication, ART is not a cure and is associated with viral persistence, residual inflammation, and metabolic disturbances. Indeed, due to the presence of viral reservoirs, lifelong ART therapy is required to control viremia and prevent disease progression into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Successful ART treatment allows people living with HIV (PLHIV) to achieve a similar life expectancy to uninfected individuals. However, recent studies have illustrated the presence of increased comorbidities, such as accelerated, premature immune aging, in ART-controlled PLHIV compared to uninfected individuals. Studies suggest that both HIV-infection and ART-treatment lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in cellular exhaustion, senescence, and apoptosis. Since mitochondria are essential cellular organelles for energy homeostasis and cellular metabolism, their compromise leads to decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ATP synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and beta-oxidation, abnormal cell homeostasis, increased oxidative stress, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations and cellular apoptosis. The progressive mitochondrial damage induced by HIV-infection and ART-treatment likely contributes to accelerated aging, senescence, and cellular dysfunction in PLHIV. This review discusses the connections between mitochondrial compromise and cellular dysfunction associated with HIV- and ART-induced toxicities, providing new insights into how HIV and current ART directly impact mitochondrial functions and contribute to cellular senescence and aging in PLHIV. Identifying this nexus and potential mechanisms may be beneficial in developing improved therapeutics for treating PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +423-439-8063; Fax: +423-439-7010
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28
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Kelley WJ, Zemans RL, Goldstein DR. Cellular senescence: friend or foe to respiratory viral infections? Eur Respir J 2020; 56:2002708. [PMID: 33033152 PMCID: PMC7758538 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02708-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence permanently arrests the replication of various cell types and contributes to age-associated diseases. In particular, cellular senescence may enhance chronic lung diseases including COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. However, the role cellular senescence plays in the pathophysiology of acute inflammatory diseases, especially viral infections, is less well understood. There is evidence that cellular senescence prevents viral replication by increasing antiviral cytokines, but other evidence shows that senescence may enhance viral replication by downregulating antiviral signalling. Furthermore, cellular senescence leads to the secretion of inflammatory mediators, which may either promote host defence or exacerbate immune pathology during viral infections. In this Perspective article, we summarise how senescence contributes to physiology and disease, the role of senescence in chronic lung diseases, and how senescence impacts acute respiratory viral infections. Finally, we develop a potential framework for how senescence may contribute, both positively and negatively, to the pathophysiology of viral respiratory infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome due to the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kelley
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Rachel L Zemans
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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29
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Osan JK, Talukdar SN, Feldmann F, DeMontigny BA, Jerome K, Bailey KL, Feldmann H, Mehedi M. Goblet Cell Hyperplasia Increases SARS-CoV-2 Infection in COPD. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.11.11.379099. [PMID: 33200131 PMCID: PMC7668735 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.11.379099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has become a major problem across the globe, with approximately 50 million cases and more than 1 million deaths and currently no approved treatment or vaccine. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the underlying conditions in adults of any age that place them at risk for developing severe illness associated with COVID-19. We established an airway epithelium model to study SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthy and COPD lung cells. We found that both the entry receptor ACE2 and the co-factor transmembrane protease TMPRSS2 are expressed at higher levels on nonciliated goblet cell, a novel target for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 infected goblet cells and induced syncytium formation and cell sloughing. We also found that SARS-CoV-2 replication was increased in the COPD airway epithelium likely due to COPD associated goblet cell hyperplasia. Our results reveal goblet cells play a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet K. Osan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Contributed equally to this study
| | - Sattya N. Talukdar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Contributed equally to this study
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Divison of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Beth Ann DeMontigny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Kailey Jerome
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Kristina L. Bailey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep and Allergy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Divison of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Masfique Mehedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
- Lead contact
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30
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Li Y, Tang P, Cai S, Peng J, Hua G. Organoid based personalized medicine: from bench to bedside. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 9:21. [PMID: 33135109 PMCID: PMC7603915 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional cultured organoids have become a powerful in vitro research tool that preserves genetic, phenotypic and behavioral trait of in vivo organs, which can be established from both pluripotent stem cells and adult stem cells. Organoids derived from adult stem cells can be established directly from diseased epithelium and matched normal tissues, and organoids can also be genetically manipulated by CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Applications of organoids in basic research involve the modeling of human development and diseases, including genetic, infectious and malignant diseases. Importantly, accumulating evidence suggests that biobanks of patient-derived organoids for many cancers and cystic fibrosis have great value for drug development and personalized medicine. In addition, organoids hold promise for regenerative medicine. In the present review, we discuss the applications of organoids in the basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Peiyuan Tang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sanjun Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Junjie Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guoqiang Hua
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Cancer institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 230032, China.
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31
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Du X, Yang Y, Xiao G, Yang M, Yuan L, Qin L, He R, Wang L, Wu M, Wu S, Feng J, Xiang Y, Qu X, Liu H, Qin X, Liu C. Respiratory syncytial virus infection-induced mucus secretion by down-regulation of miR-34b/c-5p expression in airway epithelial cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:12694-12705. [PMID: 32939938 PMCID: PMC7687004 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe RSV infection is the main cause of hospitalization to children under the age of five. The regulation of miRNAs on the severity of RSV infection is unclear. The aim of the study was to identify the critical differential expression miRNAs (DE miRNAs) that can regulate the pathological response in RSV‐infected airway epithelial cells. In this study, miRNA and mRNA chips of RSV‐infected airway epithelia from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were screened and analysed, separately. DE miRNAs‐targeted genes were performed for further pathway and process enrichment analysis. DE miRNA‐targeted gene functional network was constructed on the basis of miRNA‐mRNA interaction. The screened critical miRNA was also investigated by bioinformatics analysis. Then, RSV‐infected human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) were constructed to verify the expression of the DE miRNAs. Finally, specific synthetic DE miRNAs mimics were used to confirm the effect of DE miRNAs on the RSV‐infected HBECs. 45 DE miRNAs were identified from GEO62306 dataset. Our results showed that hsa‐mir‐34b‐5p and hsa‐mir‐34c‐5p decreased significantly in HBECs after RSV infection. Consistent with the biometric analysis, hsa‐mir‐34b/c‐5p is involved in the regulation of mucin expression gene MUC5AC. In RSV‐infected HBECs, the inducement of MUC5AC production by decreased hsa‐mir‐34b/c‐5p was partly mediated through activation of c‐Jun. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of mucus obstruction after RSV infection and represent valuable targets for RSV infection and airway obstruction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizi Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gelei Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,School of Basic Medical Sciences & Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruoxi He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Leyuan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengping Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - ShuangYan Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juntao Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Basic and Clinical Research Laboratory of Major Respiratory Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangping Qu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huijun Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoqun Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Center of China-Africa Infectious Diseases, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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32
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Ahmed-Hassan H, Sisson B, Shukla RK, Wijewantha Y, Funderburg NT, Li Z, Hayes D, Demberg T, Liyanage NPM. Innate Immune Responses to Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses and Other Significant Respiratory Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1979. [PMID: 32973803 PMCID: PMC7468245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The new pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China and spread around the world in <3 months, infecting millions of people, and causing countries to shut down public life and businesses. Nearly all nations were unprepared for this pandemic with healthcare systems stretched to their limits due to the lack of an effective vaccine and treatment. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is respiratory disease that can result in a cytokine storm with stark differences in morbidity and mortality between younger and older patient populations. Details regarding mechanisms of viral entry via the respiratory system and immune system correlates of protection or pathogenesis have not been fully elucidated. Here, we provide an overview of the innate immune responses in the lung to the coronaviruses MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. This review provides insight into key innate immune mechanisms that will aid in the development of therapeutics and preventive vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Brianna Sisson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rajni Kant Shukla
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yasasvi Wijewantha
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nicholas T Funderburg
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zihai Li
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Don Hayes
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | | | - Namal P M Liyanage
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Abo KM, Ma L, Matte T, Huang J, Alysandratos KD, Werder RB, Mithal A, Beermann ML, Lindstrom-Vautrin J, Mostoslavsky G, Ikonomou L, Kotton DN, Hawkins F, Wilson A, Villacorta-Martin C. Human iPSC-derived alveolar and airway epithelial cells can be cultured at air-liquid interface and express SARS-CoV-2 host factors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.06.03.132639. [PMID: 32577635 PMCID: PMC7302183 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.03.132639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Development of an anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic is hindered by the lack of physiologically relevant model systems that can recapitulate host-viral interactions in human cell types, specifically the epithelium of the lung. Here, we compare induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived alveolar and airway epithelial cells to primary lung epithelial cell controls, focusing on expression levels of genes relevant for COVID-19 disease modeling. iPSC-derived alveolar epithelial type II-like cells (iAT2s) and iPSC-derived airway epithelial lineages express key transcripts associated with lung identity in the majority of cells produced in culture. They express ACE2 and TMPRSS2, transcripts encoding essential host factors required for SARS-CoV-2 infection, in a minor subset of each cell sub-lineage, similar to frequencies observed in primary cells. In order to prepare human culture systems that are amenable to modeling viral infection of both the proximal and distal lung epithelium, we adapt iPSC-derived alveolar and airway epithelial cells to two-dimensional air-liquid interface cultures. These engineered human lung cell systems represent sharable, physiologically relevant platforms for SARS-CoV-2 infection modeling and may therefore expedite the development of an effective pharmacologic intervention for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M. Abo
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Liang Ma
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Taylor Matte
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jessie Huang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Konstantinos D. Alysandratos
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Rhiannon B. Werder
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Aditya Mithal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology and Department of Medicine at Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Mary Lou Beermann
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | - Gustavo Mostoslavsky
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology and Department of Medicine at Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Laertis Ikonomou
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Darrell N. Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Finn Hawkins
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Andrew Wilson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Lo Bello F, Ieni A, Hansbro PM, Ruggeri P, Di Stefano A, Nucera F, Coppolino I, Monaco F, Tuccari G, Adcock IM, Caramori G. Role of the mucins in pathogenesis of COPD: implications for therapy. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:465-483. [PMID: 32133884 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1739525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Evidence accumulated in the last decade has started to reveal the enormous complexity in the expression, interactions and functions of the large number of different mucins present in the different compartments of the human lower airways. This occurs both in normal subjects and in COPD patients in different clinical phases and stages of severity.Areas covered: We review the known physiological mechanisms that regulate mucin production in human lower airways of normal subjects, the changes in mucin synthesis/secretion in COPD patients and the clinical efficacy of drugs that modulate mucin synthesis/secretion.Expert opinion: It is evident that the old simplistic concept that mucus hypersecretion in COPD patients is associated with negative clinical outcomes is not valid and that the therapeutic potential of 'mucolytic drugs' is under-appreciated due to the complexity of the associated molecular network(s). Likewise, our current knowledge of the effects of the drugs already available on the market that target mucin synthesis/secretion/structure in the lower airways is extremely limited and often indirect and more well-controlled clinical trials are needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lo Bello
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Paolo Ruggeri
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Francesco Nucera
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Coppolino
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Monaco
- Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale di Chirurgia Toracica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), AOU Policlinico "G.martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
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Abstract
Much of our knowledge regarding the interactions between epithelial tissues and the immune system has been gathered from animal models and co-cultures with cell lines. However, unique features of human cells cannot be modelled in mice, and cell lines are often transformed or genetically immortalized. Organoid technology has emerged as a powerful tool to maintain epithelial cells in a near-native state. In this Review, we discuss how organoids are being used in immunological research to understand the role of epithelial cell-immune cell interactions in tissue development and homeostasis, as well as in diseases such as cancer.
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Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Salazar-Ardiles C, Maya JE, Kalergis AM, Lay MK. Host Components Contributing to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2152. [PMID: 31572372 PMCID: PMC6753334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent viral etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infection. Although RSV affects people of all ages, the disease is more severe in infants and causes significant morbidity and hospitalization in young children and in the elderly. Host factors, including an immature immune system in infants, low lymphocyte levels in patients under 5 years old, and low levels of RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies in the blood of adults over 65 years of age, can explain the high susceptibility to RSV infection in these populations. Other host factors that correlate with severe RSV disease include high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), which are produced in the respiratory tract of RSV-infected individuals, accompanied by a strong neutrophil response. In addition, data from studies of RSV infections in humans and in animal models revealed that this virus suppresses adaptive immune responses that could eliminate it from the respiratory tract. Here, we examine host factors that contribute to RSV pathogenesis based on an exhaustive review of in vitro infection in humans and in animal models to provide insights into the design of vaccines and therapeutic tools that could prevent diseases caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan J. Carvajal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea M. Avellaneda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E. Maya
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K. Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Paolicelli G, Luca AD, Jose SS, Antonini M, Teloni I, Fric J, Zelante T. Using Lung Organoids to Investigate Epithelial Barrier Complexity and IL-17 Signaling During Respiratory Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:323. [PMID: 30873173 PMCID: PMC6403157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonella De Luca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Shyam S Jose
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martina Antonini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Irene Teloni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jan Fric
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
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Sachs N, Papaspyropoulos A, Zomer-van Ommen DD, Heo I, Böttinger L, Klay D, Weeber F, Huelsz-Prince G, Iakobachvili N, Amatngalim GD, de Ligt J, van Hoeck A, Proost N, Viveen MC, Lyubimova A, Teeven L, Derakhshan S, Korving J, Begthel H, Dekkers JF, Kumawat K, Ramos E, van Oosterhout MF, Offerhaus GJ, Wiener DJ, Olimpio EP, Dijkstra KK, Smit EF, van der Linden M, Jaksani S, van de Ven M, Jonkers J, Rios AC, Voest EE, van Moorsel CH, van der Ent CK, Cuppen E, van Oudenaarden A, Coenjaerts FE, Meyaard L, Bont LJ, Peters PJ, Tans SJ, van Zon JS, Boj SF, Vries RG, Beekman JM, Clevers H. Long-term expanding human airway organoids for disease modeling. EMBO J 2019; 38:embj.2018100300. [PMID: 30643021 PMCID: PMC6376275 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are self-organizing 3D structures grown from stem cells that recapitulate essential aspects of organ structure and function. Here, we describe a method to establish long-term-expanding human airway organoids from broncho-alveolar resections or lavage material. The pseudostratified airway organoids consist of basal cells, functional multi-ciliated cells, mucus-producing secretory cells, and CC10-secreting club cells. Airway organoids derived from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients allow assessment of CFTR function in an organoid swelling assay. Organoids established from lung cancer resections and metastasis biopsies retain tumor histopathology as well as cancer gene mutations and are amenable to drug screening. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection recapitulates central disease features, dramatically increases organoid cell motility via the non-structural viral NS2 protein, and preferentially recruits neutrophils upon co-culturing. We conclude that human airway organoids represent versatile models for the in vitro study of hereditary, malignant, and infectious pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Sachs
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Inha Heo
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Böttinger
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dymph Klay
- St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur Weeber
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Natalie Proost
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Preclinical Intervention Unit, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anna Lyubimova
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Teeven
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sepideh Derakhshan
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Korving
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Begthel
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna F Dekkers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kuldeep Kumawat
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emilio Ramos
- Hubrecht Organoid Technology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dominique J Wiener
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Egbert F Smit
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marieke van de Ven
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Preclinical Intervention Unit, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging (MCCA) Preclinical Intervention Unit, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne C Rios
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emile E Voest
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Linde Meyaard
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis J Bont
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Sylvia F Boj
- Hubrecht Organoid Technology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeffrey M Beekman
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands .,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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40
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Temporal differentiation of bovine airway epithelial cells grown at an air-liquid interface. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14893. [PMID: 30291311 PMCID: PMC6173764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33180-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop improved, physiologically-relevant in vitro models of airway epithelia with which to better understand the pathological processes associated with infection, allergies and toxicological insults of the respiratory tract of both humans and domesticated animals. In the present study, we have characterised the proliferation and differentiation of primary bovine bronchial epithelial cells (BBECs) grown at an air-liquid interface (ALI) at three-day intervals over a period of 42 days from the introduction of the ALI. The differentiated BBEC model was highly representative of the ex vivo epithelium from which the epithelial cells were derived; a columnar, pseudostratified epithelium that was highly reflective of native airway epithelium was formed which comprised ciliated, goblet and basal cells. The hallmark defences of the respiratory tract, namely barrier function and mucociliary clearance, were present, thus demonstrating that the model is an excellent mimic of bovine respiratory epithelium. The epithelium was fully differentiated by day 21 post-ALI and, crucially, remained healthy and stable for a further 21 days. Thus, the differentiated BBEC model has a three-week window which will allow wide-ranging and long-term experiments to be performed in the fields of infection, toxicology or general airway physiology.
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41
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Karelehto E, Cristella C, Yu X, Sridhar A, Hulsdouw R, de Haan K, van Eijk H, Koekkoek S, Pajkrt D, de Jong MD, Wolthers KC. Polarized Entry of Human Parechoviruses in the Airway Epithelium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:294. [PMID: 30211126 PMCID: PMC6119779 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (HPeVs), a poorly studied genus within the Picornaviridae family, are classified into 19 genotypes of which HPeV1 and HPeV3 are the most often detected. HPeV1 VP1 C terminus contains an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif and has been shown to depend on the host cell surface αV integrins (αV ITGs) and heparan sulfate (HS) for entry. HPeV3 lacks this motif and the receptors remain unknown. HPeVs can be detected in patient nasopharyngeal and stool samples, and infection is presumed to occur after respiratory or gastro-intestinal transmission. HPeV pathogenesis is poorly understood as there are no animal models and previous studies have been conducted in immortalized monolayer cell cultures which do not adequately represent the characteristics of human tissues. To bridge this gap, we determined the polarity of infection, replication kinetics, and cell tropism of HPeV1 and HPeV3 in the well-differentiated human airway epithelial (HAE) model. We found the HAE cultures to be permissive for HPeVs. Both HPeV genotypes infected the HAE preferentially from the basolateral surface while the progeny virus was shed toward the apical side. Confocal microscopy revealed the target cell type to be the p63+ basal cells for both viruses, αV ITG and HS blocking had no effect on the replication of either virus, and transcriptional profiling suggested that HPeV3 infection induced stronger immune activation than HPeV1. Genotype-specific host responses may contribute to the differences in pathogenesis and clinical outcomes associated with HPeV1 and HPeV3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveliina Karelehto
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cosimo Cristella
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Xiao Yu
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rens Hulsdouw
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karen de Haan
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hetty van Eijk
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sylvie Koekkoek
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Emma's Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Ascough S, Paterson S, Chiu C. Induction and Subversion of Human Protective Immunity: Contrasting Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:323. [PMID: 29552008 PMCID: PMC5840263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza are among the most important causes of severe respiratory disease worldwide. Despite the clinical need, barriers to developing reliably effective vaccines against these viruses have remained firmly in place for decades. Overcoming these hurdles requires better understanding of human immunity and the strategies by which these pathogens evade it. Although superficially similar, the virology and host response to RSV and influenza are strikingly distinct. Influenza induces robust strain-specific immunity following natural infection, although protection by current vaccines is short-lived. In contrast, even strain-specific protection is incomplete after RSV and there are currently no licensed RSV vaccines. Although animal models have been critical for developing a fundamental understanding of antiviral immunity, extrapolating to human disease has been problematic. It is only with recent translational advances (such as controlled human infection models and high-dimensional technologies) that the mechanisms responsible for differences in protection against RSV compared to influenza have begun to be elucidated in the human context. Influenza infection elicits high-affinity IgA in the respiratory tract and virus-specific IgG, which correlates with protection. Long-lived influenza-specific T cells have also been shown to ameliorate disease. This robust immunity promotes rapid emergence of antigenic variants leading to immune escape. RSV differs markedly, as reinfection with similar strains occurs despite natural infection inducing high levels of antibody against conserved antigens. The immunomodulatory mechanisms of RSV are thus highly effective in inhibiting long-term protection, with disturbance of type I interferon signaling, antigen presentation and chemokine-induced inflammation possibly all contributing. These lead to widespread effects on adaptive immunity with impaired B cell memory and reduced T cell generation and functionality. Here, we discuss the differences in clinical outcome and immune response following influenza and RSV. Specifically, we focus on differences in their recognition by innate immunity; the strategies used by each virus to evade these early immune responses; and effects across the innate-adaptive interface that may prevent long-lived memory generation. Thus, by comparing these globally important pathogens, we highlight mechanisms by which optimal antiviral immunity may be better induced and discuss the potential for these insights to inform novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ascough
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanna Paterson
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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43
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Lê VB, Riteau B, Alessi MC, Couture C, Jandrot-Perrus M, Rhéaume C, Hamelin MÈ, Boivin G. Protease-activated receptor 1 inhibition protects mice against thrombin-dependent respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus infections. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:388-403. [PMID: 29105740 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of viral diseases. However, its role remains controversial. The goal of our study was to investigate the contribution of PAR1 to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pharmacological approaches were used to investigate the role of PAR1 during RSV and hMPV infection, in vitro using epithelial A549 cells and in vivo using a mouse model of virus infection. KEY RESULTS In vitro, the PAR1 antagonist RWJ-56110 reduced the replication of RSV and hMPV in A549 cells. In agreement with these results, RWJ-56110-treated mice were protected against RSV and hMPV infections, as indicated by less weight loss and mortality. This protective effect in mice correlated with decreased lung viral replication and inflammation. In contrast, hMPV-infected mice treated with the PAR1 agonist TFLLR-NH2 showed increased mortality, as compared to infected mice, which were left untreated. Thrombin generation was shown to occur downstream of PAR1 activation in infected mice via tissue factor exposure as part of the inflammatory response, and thrombin inhibition by argatroban reduced the pathogenicity of the infection with no additive effect to that induced by PAR1 inhibition. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These data show that PAR1 plays a detrimental role during RSV and hMPV infections in mice via, at least, a thrombin-dependent mechanism. Thus, the use of PAR1 antagonists and thrombin inhibitors may have potential as a novel approach for the treatment of RSV and hMPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Ba Lê
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Béatrice Riteau
- UMR INSERM U1062/INRA 1260/AMU, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Christian Couture
- Department of Anatomy-Pathology, Laval University Institute of Cardiology and Pneumology, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Chantal Rhéaume
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Hamelin
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Kaneko Y, Kohno T, Kakuki T, Takano KI, Ogasawara N, Miyata R, Kikuchi S, Konno T, Ohkuni T, Yajima R, Kakiuchi A, Yokota SI, Himi T, Kojima T. The role of transcriptional factor p63 in regulation of epithelial barrier and ciliogenesis of human nasal epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10935. [PMID: 28883651 PMCID: PMC5589951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of nasal epithelial tight junctions (TJs) and ciliary dysfunction are found in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and nasal polyps (NPs), along with an increase of p63-positive basal cells and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. To investigate these mechanisms, primary cultures of HNECs transfected with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT-HNECs) were transfected with siRNAs of TAp63 and ΔNp63, treated with the NF-kB inhibitor curucumin and inhibitors of HDACs, and infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In TERT-HNECs, knockdown of p63 by siRNAs of TAp63 and ΔNp63, induced claudin-1 and -4 with Sp1 activity and enhanced barrier and fence functions. The knockdown of p63 enhanced the number of microvilli with the presence of cilia-like structures. Treatment with curcumin and inhibitors of HDACs, or infection with RSV prevented expression of p63 with an increase of claudin-4 and the number of microvilli. The knockdown or downregulation of p63 inhibited phospho-p38MAPK, and the p38MAPK inhibitor downregulated p63 and upregulated the barrier function. Thus, epithelial barrier and ciliogenesis of nasal epithelium are regulated in a p63-negative manner in normal and upper airway diseases. Understanding of the regulation of p63/p38 MAPK/NF-κB may be important in the therapy for airway allergy and its drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakuto Kaneko
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.,Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takuya Kakuki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Takano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Noriko Ogasawara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Ryo Miyata
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Shin Kikuchi
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohkuni
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Ryoto Yajima
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.,Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Akito Kakiuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.,Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yokota
- Department of Microbiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Himi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
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45
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Kojima T, Kohno T, Kubo T, Kaneko Y, Kakuki T, Kakiuchi A, Kurose M, Takano KI, Ogasawara N, Obata K, Nomura K, Miyata R, Konno T, Ichimiya S, Himi T. Regulation of claudin-4 via p63 in human epithelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1405:25-31. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kojima
- Department of Cell Science; Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohno
- Department of Cell Science; Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Terufumi Kubo
- Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Yakuto Kaneko
- Department of Cell Science; Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Takuya Kakuki
- Department of Cell Science; Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Akito Kakiuchi
- Department of Cell Science; Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Makoto Kurose
- Department of Otolaryngology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Takano
- Department of Otolaryngology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Noriko Ogasawara
- Department of Otolaryngology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kazufumi Obata
- Department of Otolaryngology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nomura
- Department of Otolaryngology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Ryo Miyata
- Department of Otolaryngology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Takumi Konno
- Department of Cell Science; Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Shingo Ichimiya
- Department of Human Immunology; Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
| | - Tetsuo Himi
- Department of Otolaryngology; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo Japan
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46
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Essaidi-Laziosi M, Brito F, Benaoudia S, Royston L, Cagno V, Fernandes-Rocha M, Piuz I, Zdobnov E, Huang S, Constant S, Boldi MO, Kaiser L, Tapparel C. Propagation of respiratory viruses in human airway epithelia reveals persistent virus-specific signatures. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:2074-2084. [PMID: 28797733 PMCID: PMC7112338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The leading cause of acute illnesses, respiratory viruses, typically cause self-limited diseases, although severe complications can occur in fragile patients. Rhinoviruses (RVs), respiratory enteroviruses (EVs), influenza virus, respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs), and coronaviruses are highly prevalent respiratory pathogens, but because of the lack of reliable animal models, their differential pathogenesis remains poorly characterized. Objective We sought to compare infections by respiratory viruses isolated from clinical specimens using reconstituted human airway epithelia. Methods Tissues were infected with RV-A55, RV-A49, RV-B48, RV-C8, and RV-C15; respiratory EV-D68; influenza virus H3N2; RSV-B; and human coronavirus (HCoV)–OC43. Replication kinetics, cell tropism, effect on tissue integrity, and cytokine secretion were compared. Viral adaptation and tissue response were assessed through RNA sequencing. Results RVs, RSV-B, and HCoV-OC43 infected ciliated cells and caused no major cell death, whereas H3N2 and EV-D68 induced ciliated cell loss and tissue integrity disruption. H3N2 was also detected in rare goblet and basal cells. All viruses, except RV-B48 and HCoV-OC43, altered cilia beating and mucociliary clearance. H3N2 was the strongest cytokine inducer, and HCoV-OC43 was the weakest. Persistent infection was observed in all cases. RNA sequencing highlighted perturbation of tissue metabolism and induction of a transient but important immune response at 4 days after infection. No majority mutations emerged in the viral population. Conclusion Our results highlight the differential in vitro pathogenesis of respiratory viruses during the acute infection phase and their ability to persist under immune tolerance. These data help to appreciate the range of disease severity observed in vivo and the occurrence of chronic respiratory tract infections in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Essaidi-Laziosi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francisco Brito
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Léna Royston
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Fernandes-Rocha
- Division of Medical Specialties and Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Piuz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Evgeny Zdobnov
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marc-Olivier Boldi
- Research Center for Statistics, Faculty GSEM, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Medical Specialties and Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Medical Specialties and Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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47
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O'Boyle N, Sutherland E, Berry CC, Davies RL. Temporal dynamics of ovine airway epithelial cell differentiation at an air-liquid interface. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181583. [PMID: 28746416 PMCID: PMC5529025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory tract and lungs are subject to diverse pathologies with wide-ranging implications for both human and animal welfare. The development and detailed characterization of cell culture models for studying such forms of disease is of critical importance. In recent years the use of air-liquid interface (ALI)-cultured airway epithelial cells has increased markedly, as this method of culture results in the formation of a highly representative, organotypic in vitro model system. In this study we have expanded on previous knowledge of differentiated ovine tracheal epithelial cells by analysing the progression of differentiation over an extensive time course at an ALI. We observed a pseudo-stratified epithelium with ciliation and a concurrent increase in cell layer thickness from 9 days post-ALI with ciliation approaching a maximum level at day 24. A similar pattern was observed with respect to mucus production with intensely stained PAS-positive cells appearing at day 12. Ultrastructural analysis by SEM confirmed the presence of both ciliated cells and mucus globules on the epithelial surface within this time-frame. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) peaked at 1049 Ω × cm2 as the cell layer became confluent, followed by a subsequent reduction as differentiation proceeded and stabilization at ~200 Ω × cm2. Importantly, little deterioration or de-differentiation was observed over the 45 day time-course indicating that the model is suitable for long-term experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky O'Boyle
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Erin Sutherland
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine C Berry
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert L Davies
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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48
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Zhao Y, Jamaluddin M, Zhang Y, Sun H, Ivanciuc T, Garofalo RP, Brasier AR. Systematic Analysis of Cell-Type Differences in the Epithelial Secretome Reveals Insights into the Pathogenesis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3345-3364. [PMID: 28258195 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are due, in part, to secreted signals from lower airway cells that modify the immune response and trigger airway remodeling. To understand this process, we applied an unbiased quantitative proteomics analysis of the RSV-induced epithelial secretory response in cells representative of the trachea versus small airway bronchiolar cells. A workflow was established using telomerase-immortalized human epithelial cells that revealed highly reproducible cell type-specific differences in secreted proteins and nanoparticles (exosomes). Approximately one third of secretome proteins are exosomal; the remainder are from lysosomal and vacuolar compartments. We applied this workflow to three independently derived primary human cultures from trachea versus bronchioles. A total of 577 differentially expressed proteins from control supernatants and 966 differentially expressed proteins from RSV-infected cell supernatants were identified at a 1% false discovery rate. Fifteen proteins unique to RSV-infected primary human cultures from trachea were regulated by epithelial-specific ets homologous factor. A total of 106 proteins unique to RSV-infected human small airway epithelial cells was regulated by the transcription factor NF-κB. In this latter group, we validated the differential expression of CCL20/macrophage-inducible protein 3α, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and CCL3-like 1 because of their roles in Th2 polarization. CCL20/macrophage-inducible protein 3α was the most active mucin-inducing factor in the RSV-infected human small airway epithelial cell secretome and was differentially expressed in smaller airways in a mouse model of RSV infection. These studies provide insights into the complexity of innate responses and regional differences in the epithelial secretome participating in RSV lower respiratory tract infection-induced airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhao
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
| | - Mohammad Jamaluddin
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Teodora Ivanciuc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Roberto P Garofalo
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555; and
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49
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Zanin M, Baviskar P, Webster R, Webby R. The Interaction between Respiratory Pathogens and Mucus. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:159-68. [PMID: 26867175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between respiratory pathogens and their hosts is complex and incompletely understood. This is particularly true when pathogens encounter the mucus layer covering the respiratory tract. The mucus layer provides an essential first host barrier to inhaled pathogens that can prevent pathogen invasion and subsequent infection. Respiratory mucus has numerous functions and interactions, both with the host and with pathogens. This review summarizes the current understanding of respiratory mucus and its interactions with the respiratory pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses, with particular focus on influenza virus transmissibility and host-range specificity. Based on current findings we propose that respiratory mucus represents an understudied host-restriction factor for influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zanin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Pradyumna Baviskar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Renat Shaykhiev
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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