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Mengistu DT, Curtis JL, Freeman CM. A model of dysregulated crosstalk between dendritic, natural killer, and regulatory T cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:428-441. [PMID: 38763820 PMCID: PMC11315412 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by infiltration of the airways and lung parenchyma by inflammatory cells. Lung pathology results from the cumulative effect of complex and aberrant interactions between multiple cell types. However, three cell types, natural killer cells (NK), dendritic cells (DCs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs), are understudied and underappreciated. We propose that their mutual interactions significantly contribute to the development of COPD. Here, we highlight recent advances in NK, DC, and Treg biology with relevance to COPD, discuss their pairwise bidirectional interactions, and identify knowledge gaps that must be bridged to develop novel therapies. Understanding their interactions will be crucial for therapeutic use of autologous Treg, an approach proving effective in other diseases with immune components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit T Mengistu
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine M Freeman
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Research Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Brajer-Luftmann B, Trafas T, Stelmach-Mardas M, Bendowska W, Piorunek T, Grabicki M, Kaczmarek M. Natural Killer Cells as a Further Insight into the Course of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Biomedicines 2024; 12:419. [PMID: 38398020 PMCID: PMC10887397 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of natural killer (NK) cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis has been discussed but is not yet clearly understood. This current study aimed to evaluate the associations between immunophenotypes, degrees of maturity, and the expression level of functional receptors of NK cells in the lung environment present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and an attempt was made to determine their relationship in the course and progression of COPD. A total of 15 COPD patients and 14 healthy smokers were included. The clinical parameters of COPD were evaluated. In both groups, NK cells using monoclonal antibodies directly conjugated with fluorochromes in flow cytometry were assessed in the peripheral blood. Additionally, NK cells using the same method were assessed in BALF in the COPD subgroup. The blood's NK cells differed from the estimated group's maturity and receptor expression. Functional receptors CD158b+, CD314+, and CD336+ expressed by NK cells were significantly interlinked with age, RV, TLC, 6MWT, smoking, and the number of exacerbations. These results confirm the essential role of NK cells in COPD pathogenesis. Additionally, the relationship between clinical parameters and NK cell expression may indicate its participation in the disease progression and exacerbation and allow for a better understanding of NK cell biology in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Brajer-Luftmann
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Pulmonary Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84 Street, 60-569 Poznan, Poland; (T.T.); (T.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Tomasz Trafas
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Pulmonary Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84 Street, 60-569 Poznan, Poland; (T.T.); (T.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Stelmach-Mardas
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84 Street, 61-569 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Weronika Bendowska
- Department of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 5 Street, 61-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Piorunek
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Pulmonary Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84 Street, 60-569 Poznan, Poland; (T.T.); (T.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcin Grabicki
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Pulmonary Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 84 Street, 60-569 Poznan, Poland; (T.T.); (T.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Garbary 15 Street, 61-866 Poznan, Poland;
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Garbary 15 Street, 61-866 Poznan, Poland
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Ryu S, Lim M, Kim J, Kim HY. Versatile roles of innate lymphoid cells at the mucosal barrier: from homeostasis to pathological inflammation. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1845-1857. [PMID: 37696896 PMCID: PMC10545731 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are innate lymphocytes that do not express antigen-specific receptors and largely reside and self-renew in mucosal tissues. ILCs can be categorized into three groups (ILC1-3) based on the transcription factors that direct their functions and the cytokines they produce. Their signature transcription factors and cytokines closely mirror those of their Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell counterparts. Accumulating studies show that ILCs are involved in not only the pathogenesis of mucosal tissue diseases, especially respiratory diseases, and colitis, but also the resolution of such diseases. Here, we discuss recent advances regarding our understanding of the biology of ILCs in mucosal tissue health and disease. In addition, we describe the current research on the immune checkpoints by which other cells regulate ILC activities: for example, checkpoint molecules are potential new targets for therapies that aim to control ILCs in mucosal diseases. In addition, we review approved and clinically- trialed drugs and drugs in clinical trials that can target ILCs and therefore have therapeutic potential in ILC-mediated diseases. Finally, since ILCs also play important roles in mucosal tissue homeostasis, we explore the hitherto sparse research on cell therapy with regulatory ILCs. This review highlights various therapeutic approaches that could be used to treat ILC-mediated mucosal diseases and areas of research that could benefit from further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon Ryu
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - MinYeong Lim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea.
- CIRNO, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
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Burkes RM, Bailey E, Hwalek T, Osterburg A, Lach L, Panos R, Waggoner SN, Borchers MT. Associations of Smoking, Cytomegalovirus Serostatus, and Natural Killer Cell Phenotypes in Smokers With and At Risk for COPD. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES (MIAMI, FLA.) 2023; 10:286-296. [PMID: 37267601 PMCID: PMC10484488 DOI: 10.15326/jcopdf.2022.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Chronic obstructive disease (COPD) risk factors, smoking, and chronic infection (cytomegalovirus [CMV]) may mold natural killer (NK) cell populations. What is not known is the magnitude of the effect CMV seropositivity imparts on populations of smokers with and at risk for COPD. We investigate the independent influence of CMV seropositivity on NK cell populations and differential effects when stratifying by COPD and degree of smoking history. Methods Descriptive statistics determine the relationship between cytotoxic NK cell populations and demographic and clinical variables. Multivariable linear regression and predictive modeling were performed to determine associations between positive CMV serology and proportions of CD57+ and natural killer group 2C (NKG2C)+ NK cells. We dichotomized our analysis by those with a heavy smoking history and COPD and described the effect size of CMV seropositivity on NK cell populations. Results When controlled for age, race, sex, pack-years smoked, body mass index, and lung function, CMV+ serostatus was independently associated with a higher proportion of CD57+, NKG2C+, and NKG2C+CD57+ NK cells. CMV+ serostatus was the sole predictor of larger NKG2C+ and CD57+NKG2C+ populations. Associations are more pronounced in those with COPD and heavy smokers. Conclusions Among Veterans who are current and former smokers, CMV+ serostatus was independently associated with larger CD57+ and NKG2C+ populations, with a larger effect in heavy smokers and those with COPD, and was the sole predictor for increased expression of NKG2C+ and CD57+NKG2C+ populations. These findings may be broadened to include the assessment of longitudinal NK cell population change, accrued inflammatory potential, and further identification of pro-inflammatory NK cell population clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Burkes
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati VA Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Elijah Bailey
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Timothy Hwalek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Andrew Osterburg
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Laura Lach
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati VA Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Ralph Panos
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati VA Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Stephen N. Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Michael T. Borchers
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati VA Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
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Curtis JL. Understanding COPD Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Definition. Respir Care 2023; 68:859-870. [PMID: 37353333 PMCID: PMC10289621 DOI: 10.4187/respcare.10873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
COPD, one of the leading worldwide health problems, currently lacks truly disease-modifying medical therapies applicable to most patients. Developing such novel therapies has been hampered by the marked heterogeneity of phenotypes between individuals with COPD. Such heterogeneity suggests that, rather than a single cause (particularly just direct inhalation of tobacco products), development and progression of COPD likely involve both complex gene-by-environment interactions to multiple inhalational exposures and a variety of molecular pathways. However, there has been considerable recent progress toward understanding how specific pathological processes can lead to discrete COPD phenotypes, particularly that of small airways disease. Advances in imaging techniques that correlate to specific types of histological damage, and in the immunological mechanisms of lung damage in COPD, hold promise for development of personalized therapies. At the same time, there is growing recognition that the current diagnostic criteria for COPD, based solely on spirometry, exclude large numbers of individuals with very similar disease manifestations. This concise review summarizes current understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of COPD and provides background explaining the increasing calls to expand the diagnostic criteria used to diagnose COPD and some challenges in doing so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Curtis
- Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Cooper GE, Mayall J, Donovan C, Haw TJ, Budden KF, Hansbro NG, Blomme EE, Maes T, Kong CW, Horvat JC, Khakoo SI, Wilkinson TMA, Hansbro PM, Staples KJ. Antiviral Responses of Tissue-resident CD49a + Lung Natural Killer Cells Are Dysregulated in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:553-565. [PMID: 36170617 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202205-0848oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Tissue-resident natural killer (trNK) cells have been identified in numerous organs, but little is known about their functional contribution to respiratory immunity, in particular during chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objectives: To investigate the phenotype and antiviral responses of trNK cells in murine cigarette smoke-induced experimental COPD and in human lung parenchyma from COPD donors. Methods: Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 12 weeks to induce COPD-like lung disease. Lung trNK cell phenotypes and function were analyzed by flow cytometry in both murine and human disease with and without challenge with influenza A virus. Measurements and Main Results: In the mouse lung, CD49a+CD49b+EOMES+ and CD49a+CD49b-EOMESlo NK cell populations had a distinct phenotype compared with CD49a- circulating NK cells. CD49a+ NK cells were more extensively altered earlier in disease onset than circulating NK cells, and increased proportions of CD49a+ NK cells correlated with worsening disease in both murine and human COPD. Furthermore, the presence of lung disease delayed both circulating and trNK cell functional responses to influenza infection. CD49a+ NK cells markedly increased their NKG2D, CD103, and CD69 expression in experimental COPD after influenza infection, and human CD49a+ NK cells were hyperactive to ex vivo influenza infection in COPD donors. Conclusions: Collectively, these results demonstrate that trNK cell function is altered in cigarette smoke-induced disease and suggests that smoke exposure may aberrantly prime trNK cell responsiveness to viral infection. This may contribute to excess inflammation during viral exacerbations of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Cooper
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jemma Mayall
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chantal Donovan
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tatt J Haw
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kurtis F Budden
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evy E Blomme
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tania Maes
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chia Wei Kong
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jay C Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, and
- Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karl J Staples
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, and
- Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Mengistu DT, Freeman CM. Welcome to the Neighborhood: Tissue-Resident Lung Natural Killer Cells in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Viral Infections. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:500-502. [PMID: 36255201 PMCID: PMC10870899 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202210-1867ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dawit T Mengistu
- Department of Internal Medicine Michigan Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christine M Freeman
- Department of Internal Medicine Michigan Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Research Service VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Yan L, Wu X, Wu P, Su B, Xiong Y, Rao Y, Chen X, Huang W, Cui T. Increased expression of Clec9A on cDC1s associated with cytotoxic CD8 + T cell response in COPD. Clin Immunol 2022; 242:109082. [PMID: 35901921 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although C-type lectin domain family 9A (Clec9A) on conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1s) plays a critical role in cytotoxic CD8+ T cell response in cancers and viral infections, its role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unknown. We measured the expression of Clec9A in sera, BALF, and PBMCs from controls and COPD patients. The percentages of Clec9A+ DCs and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in the BALF were determined by flow cytometry between patients with COPD and non-obstructive chronic bronchitis (NOCB). Compared with healthy individuals, the serum levels of Clec9A were increased at different stages of COPD patients, and the mRNA and protein levels of Clec9A were both increased in COPD patients at GOLD stages III-IV. The percentage of Clec9A+ DCs was also increased in the BALF of COPD patients compared with NOCB patients. Moreover, enhanced Clec9A+ DCs recruitment was positively correlated with cytotoxic CD8+ T cell response in the BALF of COPD patients. This study suggests that Clec9A+ DCs participate in the CD8+ T cell-mediated chronic airway inflammation in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojie Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bintao Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yin Xiong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yahua Rao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Tianpen Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Zhao X, Feng X, Liu P, Ye J, Tao R, Li R, Shen B, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhao D. Abnormal expression of CD96 on natural killer cell in peripheral blood of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2022; 16:546-554. [PMID: 35866671 PMCID: PMC9376136 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are regarded as the host's first line of defense against viral infection. Moreover, the involvement of NK cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been documented. However, the specific mechanism and biological changes of NK cells in COPD development have not been determined. In this study, we extracted NK cells from the peripheral blood of 18 COPD patients who were recovering from an acute exacerbation and 45 healthy donors (HDs), then we labeled NK cells with different antibodies and analyzed with flow cytometry. The data showed that the frequencies of total NK cells in the peripheral blood of COPD patients were lower compared with HDs. Moreover, the inhibitory receptors on NK cells expressed higher levels and the expression of activating receptors were generally low. Importantly, both the expression levels of CD96 in NK cells and the frequencies of CD96+ NK cells were significantly upregulated in COPD patients. These findings suggest that surface receptor CD96 from NK cells may be a risk factor in the evolution of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaowen Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Tao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Renming Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bing Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuefu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Dahai Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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10
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Franklin M, Connolly E, Hussell T. Recruited and Tissue-Resident Natural Killer Cells in the Lung During Infection and Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887503. [PMID: 35844626 PMCID: PMC9284027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the innate immune system, and have a key role in host defense against infection and in tumor surveillance. Tumors and viruses employ remarkably similar strategies to avoid recognition and killing by NK cells and so much can be learnt by comparing NK cells in these disparate diseases. The lung is a unique tissue environment and immune cells in this organ, including NK cells, exist in a hypofunctional state to prevent activation against innocuous stimuli. Upon infection, rapid NK cell infiltration into the lung occurs, the amplitude of which is determined by the extent of inflammation and damage. Activated NK cells kill infected cells and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to recruit cells of the adaptive immune system. More recent evidence has shown that NK cells also play an additional role in resolution of inflammation. In lung cancer however, NK cell recruitment is impaired and those that are present have reduced functionality. The majority of lung NK cells are circulatory, however recently a small population of tissue-resident lung NK cells has been described. The specific role of this subset is yet to be determined, but they show similarity to resident memory T cell subsets. Whether resident or recruited, NK cells are important in the control of pulmonary infections, but equally, can drive excessive inflammation if not regulated. In this review we discuss how NK cells are recruited, controlled and retained in the specific environment of the lung in health and disease. Understanding these mechanisms in the context of infection may provide opportunities to promote NK cell recruitment and function in the lung tumor setting.
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11
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Yang YC, Zhang MY, Liu JY, Jiang YY, Ji XL, Qu YQ. Identification of Ferroptosis-Related Hub Genes and Their Association with Immune Infiltration in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Bioinformatics Analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2022; 17:1219-1236. [PMID: 35637927 PMCID: PMC9148178 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s348569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ferroptosis and immune infiltration are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aim to identify ferroptosis-related hub genes and analyze their association with immune infiltration in COPD through bioinformatics methods. Materials and Methods The mRNA microarray data of GSE38974 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The DEGs were intersected with ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) from FerrDb to obtain differentially expressed FRGs. GO and KEGG enrichment and protein–protein interaction (PPI) analyses of differentially expressed FRGs were conducted in R software and STRING database. The key module and hub genes were screened by Cytoscape software. MiRNAs, transcription factors and signal molecules were predicted in miRNet and NetworkAnalyst. The disease correlation in the Comparative Toxicomics Database (CTD) and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of hub genes were analyzed. Immune infiltration was evaluated by CIBERSORT algorithm. Spearman correlation analyses were conducted between hub genes and differentially infiltrated immune cells. Results Fifteen differentially expressed FRGs were identified, which were enriched in some terms involving airway inflammatory responses and structural remodeling. Five hub genes were selected including HIF1A, IL6, PTGS2, CDKN1A and ATM. Inference scores in CTD indicated their association with COPD. Two miRNAs, five transcription factors and one signal molecule were predicted. The combination of hub genes could be a fine diagnostic indicator of COPD (AUC: 0.981, CI: 0.940-1.000). Immune infiltration evaluation showed that monocytes and M0 macrophages were upregulated in COPD lung tissues, while CD8 T cells, activated NK cells, M2 macrophages, resting dendritic cells and resting mast cells were downregulated. The hub genes were significantly associated with differentially infiltrated immune cells. Conclusion We identified five ferroptosis-related hub genes (HIF1A, IL6, PTGS2, CDKN1A and ATM) in COPD, and found that they may influence the pathogenesis of COPD by regulating ferroptosis and thus affecting infiltrating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Can Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University; Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University; Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Yu Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University; Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Li Ji
- Department of Pulmonary Disease, Jinan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Qing Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; Shandong Key Laboratory of Infectious Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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12
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Kadushkin AG, Tahanovich AD, Movchan LV, Dziadzichkina VV, Levandovskaya OV, Shman TV. Nortriptyline overcomes corticosteroid resistance in NK and NKT-like cells from peripheral blood of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.8.75467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: An antidepressant nortriptyline potentiates glucocorticoid (GC) action with synergistic suppression of inflammatory mediator release, but the precise molecular mechanism is unknown.
Materials and methods: Peripheral blood cells from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n = 21) were incubated with nortriptyline (1 µM or 10 µM), budesonide (10 nM), or their combinations, followed by stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. Cytokine production, glucocorticoid receptor β (GRβ), histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and histone H4 acetylation of K8 (HAT) expression, p65 NF-kB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) phosphorylation in NK (CD3-CD56+) and NKT-like (CD3+CD56+) cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.
Results: We observed that nortriptyline (10 µM) significantly attenuated the effects of PMA/ionomycin on the synthesis of interferon γ (IFNγ), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and IL-8, expression of GRβ and HAT, as well as p65 NF-kB and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in NK and NKT-like cells, whereas nortriptyline (1 µM) only inhibited IL-4 production by NK and NKT-like cells.
Discussion: The combination of nortriptyline (10 µM) and budesonide decreased IFNγ, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-4, IL-8, and GRβ expression, as well as phosphorylated p38 MAPK and p65 NF-κB levels by NK and NKT-like cells above that of budesonide alone. Furthermore, the same association of drugs enhanced HDAC2 expression in NK and NKT-like cells.
Conclusion: Collectively, our results show that nortriptyline might enhance GC function through modulation of HAT, HDAC2, GRβ, phospho-p38 MAPK expression. These data provide a strong rationale for combining nortriptyline with budesonide to treat COPD.
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13
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DI Stefano A, Gnemmi I, Dossena F, Ricciardolo FL, Maniscalco M, Lo Bello F, Balbi B. Pathogenesis of COPD at the cellular and molecular level. Minerva Med 2022; 113:405-423. [PMID: 35138077 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.22.07927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory responses in the lung of patients with stable mild-to severe forms of COPD play a central role in the definition, comprehension and monitoring of the disease state. A better understanding of the COPD pathogenesis can't avoid a detailed knowledge of these inflammatory changes altering the functional health of the lung during the disease progression. We here summarize and discuss the role and principal functions of the inflammatory cells populating the large, small airways and lung parenchyma of patients with COPD of increasing severity in comparison with healthy control subjects: T and B lymphocytes, NK and Innate Lymphoid cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. The differential inflammatory distribution in large and small airways of patients is also discussed. Furthermore, relevant cellular mechanisms controlling the homeostasis and the "normal" balance of these inflammatory cells and of structural cells in the lung, such as autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis are as well presented and discussed in the context of the COPD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino DI Stefano
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, SpA, Società Benefit, IRCCS, Veruno, Novara, Italy -
| | - Isabella Gnemmi
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, SpA, Società Benefit, IRCCS, Veruno, Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Dossena
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, SpA, Società Benefit, IRCCS, Veruno, Novara, Italy
| | - Fabio L Ricciardolo
- Rare Lung Disease Unit and Severe Asthma Centre, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital Orbassano, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Maniscalco
- Divisione di Pneumologia, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, SpA, Società Benefit, IRCCS, Telese, Benevento, Italy
| | - Federica Lo Bello
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Bruno Balbi
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, SpA, Società Benefit, IRCCS, Veruno, Novara, Italy
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14
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Novel Immunomodulatory Therapies for Respiratory Pathologies. COMPREHENSIVE PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8238403 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Kadushkin AG, Tahanovich AD, Movchan LV, Kolesnikova TS, Khadasouskaya EV, Shman TV. The Effect of Glucocorticoids in Combination with Azithromycin or Theophylline on Cytokine Production by NK and NKT-Like Blood Cells of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES B: BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750821040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Pallazola AM, Rao JX, Mengistu DT, Morcos MS, Toma MS, Stolberg VR, Tretyakova A, McCloskey L, Curtis JL, Freeman CM. Human lung cDC1 drive increased perforin-mediated NK cytotoxicity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L1183-L1193. [PMID: 34704847 PMCID: PMC8715029 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00322.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung natural killer cells (NKs) lyse autologous lung epithelial cells in vitro, but underlying mechanisms and their relationship to epithelial cell apoptosis in vivo are undefined. Although this cytolytic capacity of lung NKs depends on priming by dendritic cells (DC), whether priming correlates with DC maturation or is limited to a specific DC subset are also unknown. We recruited ever-smokers (≥10 pack-years) (n=96) undergoing clinically-indicated lung resections. We analyzed lung NKs for cytotoxic molecule transcripts and for cytotoxicity, which we correlated with in situ detection of activated Caspase-3/7+ airway epithelial cells. To investigate DC priming, we measured lung DC expression of CCR2, CCR7, and CX3CR1, and co-cultured peripheral blood NKs with autologous lung DC, either matured using LPS (non-obstructed smokers) or separated into conventional DC type-1 (cDC1) versus cDC type-2 (cDC2) (COPD). Lung NKs in COPD expressed more perforin (p<0.02) and granzyme B (p<0.03) transcripts; inhibiting perforin blocked in vitro killing by lung NKs. Cytotoxicity in vitro correlated significantly (Sr=0.68, p=0.0043) with numbers of apoptotic epithelial cells per airway. In non-obstructed smokers, LPS-induced maturation enhanced DC-mediated priming of blood NKs, reflected by greater epithelial cell death. Although CCR7 expression was greater in COPD in both cDC1 (p<0.03) and cDC2 (p=0.009), only lung cDC1 primed NK killing. Thus, rather than being intrinsic to those with COPD, NK priming is a capacity of human lung DC that is inducible by recognition of bacterial (and possibly other) danger signals and restricted to the cDC1 subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Pallazola
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jessica X Rao
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dawit T Mengistu
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maria S Morcos
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mariam S Toma
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Valerie R Stolberg
- Research Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alexandra Tretyakova
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lisa McCloskey
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christine M Freeman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School and Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Research Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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17
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Hsu AT, Gottschalk TA, Tsantikos E, Hibbs ML. The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733324. [PMID: 34630416 PMCID: PMC8492945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is a vital mucosal organ that is constantly exposed to the external environment, and as such, its defenses are continuously under threat. The pulmonary immune system has evolved to sense and respond to these danger signals while remaining silent to innocuous aeroantigens. The origin of the defense system is the respiratory epithelium, which responds rapidly to insults by the production of an array of mediators that initiate protection by directly killing microbes, activating tissue-resident immune cells and recruiting leukocytes from the blood. At the steady-state, the lung comprises a large collection of leukocytes, amongst which are specialized cells of lymphoid origin known as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILCs are divided into three major helper-like subsets, ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3, which are considered the innate counterparts of type 1, 2 and 17 T helper cells, respectively, in addition to natural killer cells and lymphoid tissue inducer cells. Although ILCs represent a small fraction of the pulmonary immune system, they play an important role in early responses to pathogens and facilitate the acquisition of adaptive immunity. However, it is now also emerging that these cells are active participants in the development of chronic lung diseases. In this mini-review, we provide an update on our current understanding of the role of ILCs and their regulation in the lung. We summarise how these cells and their mediators initiate, sustain and potentially control pulmonary inflammation, and their contribution to the respiratory diseases chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Hsu
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy A Gottschalk
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Mkorombindo T, Tran-Nguyen TK, Yuan K, Zhang Y, Xue J, Criner GJ, Kim YI, Pilewski JM, Gaggar A, Cho MH, Sciurba FC, Duncan SR. HLA-C and KIR permutations influence chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e150187. [PMID: 34464355 PMCID: PMC8525585 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A role for hereditary influences in the susceptibility for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is widely recognized. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are implicated in COPD pathogenesis, and functions of these leukocytes are modulated by interactions between their killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) and human leukocyte antigen–Class I (HLA–Class I) molecules on target cells. We hypothesized HLA–Class I and KIR inheritance affect risks for COPD. HLA–Class I alleles and KIR genotypes were defined by candidate gene analyses in multiple cohorts of patients with COPD (total n = 392) and control smokers with normal spirometry (total n = 342). Compared with controls, patients with COPD had overrepresentations of HLA-C*07 and activating KIR2DS1, with underrepresentations of HLA-C*12. Particular HLA-KIR permutations were synergistic; e.g., the presence of HLA-C*07 + KIR2DS1 + HLA-C12null versus HLAC*07null + KIR2DS1null + HLA-C12 was associated with COPD, especially among HLA-C1 allotype homozygotes. Cytotoxicity of COPD lymphocytes was more enhanced by KIR stimulation than those of controls and was correlated with lung function. These data show HLA-C and KIR polymorphisms strongly influence COPD susceptibility and highlight the importance of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in COPD pathogenesis. Findings here also indicate that HLA-KIR typing could stratify at-risk patients and raise possibilities that HLA-KIR axis modulation may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takudzwa Mkorombindo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Thi K Tran-Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kaiyu Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jianmin Xue
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gerard J Criner
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Joseph M Pilewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael H Cho
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank C Sciurba
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven R Duncan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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19
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Kadushkin AG, Tahanovich AD, Movchan LV, Kolesnikova TS, Khadasouskaya AV, Shman TV. [The effect of glucocorticoids in combination with azithromycin or theophylline on cytokine production by NK and NKT-like blood cells of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2021; 67:352-359. [PMID: 34414894 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20216704352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by reduced sensitivity of cells to the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids (GCs). Azithromycin and a low dose theophylline have a significant impact on molecular mechanisms leading to corticosteroid resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of azithromycin and theophylline to enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of GCs on the production of cytokines by NK and NKT-like blood cells of COPD patients. Whole blood cells from COPD patients (n=21) were incubated in the presence of budesonide (10 nM), azithromycin (10 μg/mL), theophylline (1 μM), or their combinations and stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (50 ng/mL). Intracellular production of proinflammatory cytokines in NK (CD3-CD56+) and NKT-like (CD3+CD56+) blood cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Budesonide reduced synthesis of interleukin 4 (IL-4), CXCL8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) by NK and NKT-like cells, as well as production of interferon γ (IFNγ) by NK cells. Azithromycin suppressed production of IL-4 and CXCL8 by NK and NKT-like cells, and theophylline inhibited IL-4 synthesis by these lymphocytes. The combination of azithromycin and budesonide had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on the production of IL-4 and CXCL8 by NK and NKT-like cells than the effect of these drugs alone. The combination of theophylline and budesonide suppressed synthesis of IL-4 and CXCL8 by NK and NKT-like cells, as well as the production of TNFα and IFNγ by NK cells stronger than budesonide alone. The obtained results demonstrate the benefits for the combined use of GCs with theophylline at a low dose or azithromycin to suppress the inflammatory process in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L V Movchan
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | | | - T V Shman
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, Minsk, Belarus
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20
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Baker JR, Donnelly LE. Leukocyte Function in COPD: Clinical Relevance and Potential for Drug Therapy. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:2227-2242. [PMID: 34354348 PMCID: PMC8331105 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s266394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung condition affecting 10% of the global population over 45 years. Currently, there are no disease-modifying treatments, with current therapies treating only the symptoms of the disease. COPD is an inflammatory disease, with a high infiltration of leukocytes being found within the lung of COPD patients. These leukocytes, if not kept in check, damage the lung, leading to the pathophysiology associated with the disease. In this review, we focus on the main leukocytes found within the COPD lung, describing how the release of chemokines from the damaged epithelial lining recruits these cells into the lung. Once present, these cells become active and may be driven towards a more pro-inflammatory phenotype. These cells release their own subtypes of inflammatory mediators, growth factors and proteases which can all lead to airway remodeling, mucus hypersecretion and emphysema. Finally, we describe some of the current therapies and potential new targets that could be utilized to target aberrant leukocyte function in the COPD lung. Here, we focus on old therapies such as statins and corticosteroids, but also look at the emerging field of biologics describing those which have been tested in COPD already and potential new monoclonal antibodies which are under review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Baker
- Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Louise E Donnelly
- Airway Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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21
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Hamilton G, Plangger A. The Impact of NK Cell-Based Therapeutics for the Treatment of Lung Cancer for Biologics: Targets and Therapy. Biologics 2021; 15:265-277. [PMID: 34262255 PMCID: PMC8273903 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s290305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer has a dismal prognosis and novel targeted therapies leave still room for major improvements and better outcomes. Immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoint (IC) proteins, either as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy, is active but responders constitute only approximately 10-15% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Other effector immune cells such as CAR-T cells or NK cells may help to overcome the limitations of the IC inhibitor therapies for lung cancer. NK cells can kill tumor cells without previous priming and are present in the circulatory system and lymphoid organs. Tissue-residing NK cells differ from peripheral effector cells and, in case of the lung, comprise CD56bright CD16-negative populations showing high cytokine release but low cytotoxicity in contrast to the circulating CD56dim CD16-positive NK cells exhibiting high cytotoxic efficacy. This local attenuation of NK cell killing potency seems due to a specific stage of NK differentiation, immunosuppressive factors as well as presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (TREGs). Improved NK cell-based immunotherapies involve IL-2-stimulated effector cells, NK cells expanded with the help of cytokines, permanent NK cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NK cells and NK cells armed with chimeric antigen receptors. Compared to CAR T cell therapy, NK cells administration is devoid of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and cytokine-release syndrome. Although NK cells are clearly active against lung cancer cells, the low-cytotoxicity differentiation state in lung tumors, the presence of immunosuppressive leucocyte populations, limited infiltration and adverse conditions of the microenvironment need to be overcome. This goal may be achieved in the future using large numbers of activated and armed NK cells as provided by novel methods in NK cell isolation, expansion and stimulation of cytotoxic activity, including combinations with monoclonal antibodies in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). This review discusses the basic characteristics of NK cells and the potential of NK cell preparations in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelina Plangger
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Rao Y, Le Y, Xiong J, Pei Y, Sun Y. NK Cells in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666045. [PMID: 34017339 PMCID: PMC8130558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent chronic airway disease with varied frequencies of acute exacerbations, which are the main cause of morbidity and mortality of the disease. It is, therefore, urgent to develop novel therapies for COPD and its exacerbations, which rely heavily on understanding of the pathogenesis and investigation for potential targets. Current evidence indicates that natural killer (NK) cells play important roles in the pathological processes of COPD. Although novel data are revealing the significance of NK cells in maintaining immune system homeostasis and their involvement in pathogenesis of COPD, the specific mechanisms are largely unknown. Specific and in-depth studies elucidating the underlying mechanisms are therefore needed. In this review, we provided a brief overview of the biology of NK cells, from its development to receptors and functions, and outlined their subsets in peripheral blood and lungs. Then we reviewed published findings highlighting the important roles played by NK cells in COPD and its exacerbations, with a view of providing the current state of knowledge in this area to facilitate related in-depth research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Rao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqing Le
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqiang Pei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongchang Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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23
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Lemaire F, Audonnet S, Perotin JM, Gaudry P, Dury S, Ancel J, Lebargy F, Antonicelli F, Deslée G, Le Naour R. The elastin peptide VGVAPG increases CD4 + T-cell IL-4 production in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2021; 22:14. [PMID: 33435988 PMCID: PMC7805078 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung-infiltrating inflammatory cells secrete proteases and participate in elastin breakdown and genesis of elastin-derived peptides (EP). In the present study, we hypothesized that the pattern of T lymphocytes cytokine expression may be modulated by EP in COPD patients. Methods CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, sorted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected from COPD patients (n = 29) and controls (n = 13) were cultured with or without EP. Cytokine expression in T-cell phenotypes was analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry, whereas desmosine concentration, a specific marker of elastin degradation, was measured in sera. Results Compared with control, the percentage of IL-4 (Th2) producing CD4+ T-cells was decreased in COPD patients (35.3 ± 3.4% and 26.3 ± 2.4%, respectively, p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were found with IFN-γ (Th1) and IL-17A (Th17). Among COPD patients, two subpopulations were observed based on the percentage of IL-4 (Th2) producing CD4+ T-cells, of which only one expressed high IL-4 levels in association with high levels of desmosine and strong smoking exposure (n = 7). Upon stimulation with VGVAPG, a bioactive EP motif, the percentage of CD4+ T cells expressing IL-4 significantly increased in COPD patients (p < 0.05), but not in controls. The VGVAPG-induced increase in IL-4 was inhibited in the presence of analogous peptide antagonizing VGVAPG/elastin receptor (S-gal) interactions. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that the VGVAPG elastin peptide modulates CD4+ T-cells IL-4 production in COPD. Monitoring IL-4 in circulating CD4+ T-cells may help to better characterize COPD phenotypes and could open a new pharmacologic opportunity through CD4+ T-cells stimulation via the VGVAPG/S-gal receptor in order to favor an anti-inflammatory response in those COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Lemaire
- Laboratory of Immunology, EA7509 IRMAIC, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
| | | | - Jeanne-Marie Perotin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France.,INSERM U1250, URCA, Reims, France
| | - Pierre Gaudry
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Sandra Dury
- Laboratory of Immunology, EA7509 IRMAIC, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Julien Ancel
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - François Lebargy
- Laboratory of Immunology, EA7509 IRMAIC, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Frank Antonicelli
- Laboratory of Immunology, EA7509 IRMAIC, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
| | - Gaëtan Deslée
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital of Reims, Reims, France.,INSERM U1250, URCA, Reims, France
| | - Richard Le Naour
- Laboratory of Immunology, EA7509 IRMAIC, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France. .,Flow Cytometry Platform URCACyt, URCA, Reims, France.
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24
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Theresine M, Patil ND, Zimmer J. Airway Natural Killer Cells and Bacteria in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585048. [PMID: 33101315 PMCID: PMC7546320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity and mostly studied for their important roles in viral infections and malignant tumors. They can kill diseased cells and produce cytokines and chemokines, thereby shaping the adaptive immune response. Nowadays, NK cells are considered as a strong weapon for cancer immunotherapy and can for example be transduced to express tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptors or harnessed with therapeutic antibodies such as the so-called NK engagers. Whereas a large body of literature exists about the antiviral and antitumoral properties of NK cells, their potential role in bacterial infections is not that well delineated. Furthermore, NK cells are much more heterogeneous than previously thought and have tissue-characteristic features and phenotypes. This review gives an overview of airway NK cells and their position within the immunological army dressed against bacterial infections in the upper and predominantly the lower respiratory tracts. Whereas it appears that in several infections, NK cells play a non-redundant and protective role, they can likewise act as rather detrimental. The use of mouse models and the difficulty of access to human airway tissues for ethical reasons might partly explain the divergent results. However, new methods are appearing that are likely to reduce the heterogeneity between studies and to give a more coherent picture in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Theresine
- CG I Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Neha D Patil
- CG I Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jacques Zimmer
- CG I Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Fu HY, Bao WM, Yang CX, Lai WJ, Xu JM, Yu HY, Yang YN, Tan X, Gupta AK, Tang YM. Kupffer Cells Regulate Natural Killer Cells Via the NK group 2, Member D (NKG2D)/Retinoic Acid Early Inducible-1 (RAE-1) Interaction and Cytokines in a Primary Biliary Cholangitis Mouse Model. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923726. [PMID: 32599603 PMCID: PMC7346879 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kupffer cells and natural killer (NK) cells has been identified as contributing factors in the pathogenesis of hepatitis, but the detailed mechanism of these cell types in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is poorly understood. Material/Methods In this study, polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I: C), 2-octynoic acid-bovine serum albumin (2OA-BSA) and Freund’s adjuvant (FA) were injected to establish a murine PBC model, from which NK cells and Kupffer cells were extracted and isolated. The cells were then co-cultivated in a designed culture system, and then NK group 2, member D (NKG2D), retinoic acid early inducible-1 (RAE-1), F4/80, and cytokine expression levels were detected. Results The results showed close crosstalk between Kupffer cells and NK cells. PBC mice showed increased surface RAE-1 protein expression and Kupffer cell cytokine secretion, which subsequently activated NK cell-mediated target cell killing via NKG2D/RAE-1 recognition, and increased inflammation. NK cell-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and Kupffer cell-derived tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were found to synergistically regulate inflammation. Moreover, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-10 improved the crosstalk between NK cells and Kupffer cells. Conclusions Our findings in mice are the first to suggest the involvement of the NKG2D/RAE-1 interaction and cytokines in the synergistic effects of NK and Kupffer cells in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Wei-Min Bao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Cai-Xia Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Wei-Ju Lai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Jia-Min Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Hai-Yan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Yi-Na Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Xu Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Ajay Kumar Gupta
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Ying-Mei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
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26
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Pascual-Guardia S, Ataya M, Ramírez-Martínez I, Yélamos J, Chalela R, Bellido S, López-Botet M, Gea J. Adaptive NKG2C+ natural killer cells are related to exacerbations and nutritional abnormalities in COPD patients. Respir Res 2020; 21:63. [PMID: 32131843 PMCID: PMC7057582 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-1323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic and often progressive disorder with a heterogeneous presentation and frequent systemic manifestations. Several aspects like persistence in smoking habit, continuous exacerbations, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and inflammatory-immune response, are involved in the pathophysiology and progression of the disease. However, the role of natural killer (NK) cells remains controversial. Otherwise, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has been reported to induce an adaptive differentiation and expansion of an NK cell subset which carries the CD94/NKG2C receptor, which may contribute to an upset immune defense. For these reasons, our objective is to assess the distribution of NK cells and their subset in COPD patients and some of its phenotypes. Methods Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 66 COPD patients. HCMV serology and the proportions of total NK cells and the NKG2C+ and NKG2A+ subsets were evaluated by flow cytometry. The NKG2C genotype was also assessed. Results Eighty-eight per cent of COPD patients were HCMV(+), and the proportions of total NK cells were higher in patients with severe-very severe airway obstruction than in those with only mild-moderate involvement. There were no differences in the proportions of NKG2C+ cells between controls and COPD, either among COPD patients classified by severity of the disease. However, the percentage of NKG2C+ cells were higher in COPD patients with frequent exacerbations than in occasional exacerbators, and higher in cases with reduced lean mass (Fat free mass index) than in those with normal nutritional status. Conclusion These results suggest a relationship between levels of NKG2C+ cells in COPD patients and clinical variables closely linked to a poor/worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Pascual-Guardia
- Respiratory Department, Hospital del Mar, Pg. Marítim 27, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. .,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain. .,Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Michelle Ataya
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Ramírez-Martínez
- Immunology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychiatry department, Hospital Torrecardenas, Almería, Spain
| | - José Yélamos
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Chalela
- Respiratory Department, Hospital del Mar, Pg. Marítim 27, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salomé Bellido
- Respiratory Department, Hospital del Mar, Pg. Marítim 27, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gea
- Respiratory Department, Hospital del Mar, Pg. Marítim 27, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERES, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.,Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Respiratory Network, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Ardain A, Marakalala MJ, Leslie A. Tissue-resident innate immunity in the lung. Immunology 2019; 159:245-256. [PMID: 31670391 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is a unique organ that must protect against inhaled pathogens and toxins, without mounting a disproportionate response against harmless particulate matter and without compromising its vital function. Tissue-resident immune cells within the lung provide local immunity and protection from infection but are also responsible for causing disease when dysregulated. There is a growing appreciation of the importance of tissue-resident memory T cells to lung immunity, but non-recirculating, tissue-resident, innate immune cells also exist. These cells provide the first line of defence against pulmonary infection and are essential for co-ordinating the subsequent adaptive response. In this review, we discuss the main lung-resident innate immune subsets and their functions in common pulmonary diseases, such as influenza, bacterial pneumonia, asthma and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Ardain
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mohlopheni J Marakalala
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.,Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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28
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Martinez FJ, Han MK, Allinson JP, Barr RG, Boucher RC, Calverley PMA, Celli BR, Christenson SA, Crystal RG, Fagerås M, Freeman CM, Groenke L, Hoffman EA, Kesimer M, Kostikas K, Paine R, Rafii S, Rennard SI, Segal LN, Shaykhiev R, Stevenson C, Tal-Singer R, Vestbo J, Woodruff PG, Curtis JL, Wedzicha JA. At the Root: Defining and Halting Progression of Early Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 197:1540-1551. [PMID: 29406779 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201710-2028pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Martinez
- 1 Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,2 University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - MeiLan K Han
- 2 University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christine M Freeman
- 2 University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,10 Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Eric A Hoffman
- 12 University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mehmet Kesimer
- 5 University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Robert Paine
- 14 University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,15 Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Shahin Rafii
- 1 Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- 2 University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,10 Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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29
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Borger JG, Lau M, Hibbs ML. The Influence of Innate Lymphoid Cells and Unconventional T Cells in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1597. [PMID: 31354734 PMCID: PMC6637857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are continuously subjected to environmental insults making them susceptible to infection and injury. They are protected by the respiratory epithelium, which not only serves as a physical barrier but also a reactive one that can release cytokines, chemokines, and other defense proteins in response to danger signals, and can undergo conversion to protective mucus-producing goblet cells. The lungs are also guarded by a complex network of highly specialized immune cells and their mediators to support tissue homeostasis and resolve integrity deviation. This review focuses on specialized innate-like lymphocytes present in the lung that act as key sensors of lung insults and direct the pulmonary immune response. Included amongst these tissue-resident lymphocytes are innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), which are classified into five distinct subsets (natural killer, ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, lymphoid tissue-inducer cells), and unconventional T cells including natural killer T (NKT) cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and γδ-T cells. While ILCs and unconventional T cells together comprise only a small proportion of the total immune cells in the lung, they have been found to promote lung homeostasis and are emerging as contributors to a variety of chronic lung diseases including pulmonary fibrosis, allergic airway inflammation, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A particularly intriguing trait of ILCs that has recently emerged is their plasticity and ability to alter their gene expression profiles and adapt their function in response to environmental cues. The malleable nature of these cells may aid in rapid responses to pathogen but may also have downstream pathological consequences. The role of ILC2s in Th2 allergic airway responses is becoming apparent but the contribution of other ILCs and unconventional T cells during chronic lung inflammation is poorly described. This review presents an overview of our current understanding of the involvement of ILCs and unconventional T cells in chronic pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maverick Lau
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lung Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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30
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Abstract
The lungs, a special site that is frequently challenged by tumors, pathogens and other environmental insults, are populated by large numbers of innate immune cells. Among these, natural killer (NK) cells are gaining increasing attention. Recent studies have revealed that NK cells are heterogeneous populations consisting of distinct subpopulations with diverse characteristics, some of which are determined by their local tissue microenvironment. Most current information about NK cells comes from studies of NK cells from the peripheral blood of humans and NK cells from the spleen and bone marrow of mice. However, the functions and phenotypes of lung NK cells differ from those of NK cells in other tissues. Here, we provide an overview of human and mouse lung NK cells in the context of homeostasis, pathogenic infections, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer, mainly focusing on their phenotype, function, frequency, and their potential role in pathogenesis or immune defense. A comprehensive understanding of the biology of NK cells in the lungs will aid the development of NK cell-based immunotherapies for the treatment of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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31
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Hervier B, Russick J, Cremer I, Vieillard V. NK Cells in the Human Lungs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1263. [PMID: 31275301 PMCID: PMC6593268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung offers one of the largest exchange surfaces of the individual with the elements of the environment. As a place of important interactions between self and non-self, the lung is richly endowed in various immune cells. As such, lung natural killer (NK) cells play major effector and immunoregulatory roles to ensure self-integrity. A better understanding of their abilities in health and diseases has been made possible over the past decade thanks to tremendous discoveries in humans and animals. By precisely distinguishing the different NK cell subsets and dissecting the ontogeny and differentiation of NK cells, both blood and tissue-resident NK populations now appear to be much more pleiotropic than previously thought. In light of these recent findings in healthy individuals, this review describes the different lung NK cell populations quantitatively, qualitatively, phenotypically, and functionally. Their identification, immunological diversity, and adaptive capacities are also addressed. For each of these elements, the impact of the mutual interactions of lung NK cells with environmental and microenvironmental factors are questioned in terms of functionality, competence, and adaptive capacities. As pulmonary diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, special attention is also given to the involvement of lung NK cells in various diseases, including infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and neoplastic lung diseases. In addition to providing a comprehensive overview of lung NK cell biology, this review also provides insight into the potential of NK cell immunotherapy and the development of targeted biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Hervier
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Paris, France
| | - Jules Russick
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR S1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM UMR S1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Paris, France
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32
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Hodge G, Hodge S. Therapeutic Targeting Steroid Resistant Pro-Inflammatory NK and NKT-Like Cells in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061511. [PMID: 30917554 PMCID: PMC6471110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system drives the initiation of inflammation and progression to chronic inflammation in two important chronic inflammatory lung diseases involving the small airways, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), following lung transplantation. Recently natural killer T cell like (NKT-like) cells, which represent a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune response as well as the innate natural killer cell (NK) cells, have been shown to be important cells in these two chronic lung diseases. Importantly these cells have been shown to be resistant to commonly used anti-inflammatory drugs such as glucocorticoids and as such their inflammatory nature has been difficult to suppress. Mechanisms leading to steroid resistance in both diseases has recently been shown. Glucocorticoids switch off inflammatory genes by first entering the cell and binding to glucocorticoid receptors (GCRs). The steroid-GCR complex must then be chaperoned into the nucleus via several heat shock proteins, where they engage histone deacetylase 2 to switch off pro-inflammatory gene transcription. Many of these mechanisms are altered in NK and NKT-like cells in COPD and BOS requiring novel intervention using combinations of currently available drugs. Evidence will be presented to show how these drugs can overcome these mechanisms of drug resistance ex vivo advising novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment these two important chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hodge
- Lung Research Unit, Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Sandra Hodge
- Lung Research Unit, Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
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Eriksson Ström J, Pourazar J, Linder R, Blomberg A, Lindberg A, Bucht A, Behndig AF. Cytotoxic lymphocytes in COPD airways: increased NK cells associated with disease, iNKT and NKT-like cells with current smoking. Respir Res 2018; 19:244. [PMID: 30526599 PMCID: PMC6286566 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0940-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytotoxic lymphocytes are increased in the airways of COPD patients. Whether this increase is driven primarily by the disease or by smoking is not clear, nor whether it correlates with the rate of decline in lung function. METHODS Bronchoscopy with BAL was performed in 52 subjects recruited from the longitudinal OLIN COPD study according to pre-determined criteria; 12 with COPD and a rapid decline in lung function (loss of FEV1 ≥ 60 ml/year), 10 with COPD and a non-rapid decline in lung function (loss of FEV1 ≤ 30 ml/year), 15 current and ex-smokers and 15 non-smokers with normal lung function. BAL lymphocyte subsets were determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS In BAL fluid, the proportions of NK, iNKT and NKT-like cells all increased with pack-years. Within the COPD group, NK cells - but not iNKT or NKT-like cells - were significantly elevated also in subjects that had quit smoking. In contrast, current smoking was associated with a marked increase in iNKT and NKT-like cells but not in NK cells. Rate of lung function decline did not significantly affect any of the results. CONCLUSIONS In summary, increased proportions of NK cells in BAL fluid were associated with COPD; iNKT and NKT-like cells with current smoking but not with COPD. Interestingly, NK cell percentages did not normalize in COPD subjects that had quit smoking, indicating that these cells might play a role in the continued disease progression seen in COPD even after smoking cessation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02729220 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Eriksson Ström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Jamshid Pourazar
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robert Linder
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anne Lindberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annelie F Behndig
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
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34
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Finch DK, Stolberg VR, Ferguson J, Alikaj H, Kady MR, Richmond BW, Polosukhin VV, Blackwell TS, McCloskey L, Curtis JL, Freeman CM. Lung Dendritic Cells Drive Natural Killer Cytotoxicity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease via IL-15Rα. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 198:1140-1150. [PMID: 29676596 PMCID: PMC6221577 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201712-2513oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Lung natural killer cells (NKs) kill a greater percentage of autologous lung parenchymal cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than in nonobstructed smokers. To become cytotoxic, NKs require priming, typically by dendritic cells (DCs), but whether priming occurs in the lungs in COPD is unknown. METHODS We used lung tissue and in some cases peripheral blood from patients undergoing clinically indicated resections to determine in vitro killing of CD326+ lung epithelial cells by isolated lung CD56+ NKs. We also measured the cytotoxicity of unprimed blood NKs after preincubation with lung DCs. To investigate mechanisms of DC-mediated priming, we used murine models of COPD induced by cigarette smoke (CS) exposure or by polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) deficiency, and blocked IL-15Rα (IL-15 receptor α subunit) trans-presentation by genetic and antibody approaches. RESULTS Human lung NKs killed isolated autologous lung epithelial cells; cytotoxicity was increased (P = 0.0001) in COPD, relative to smokers without obstruction. Similarly, increased lung NK cytotoxicity compared with control subjects was observed in CS-exposed mice and pIgR-/- mice. Blood NKs both from smokers without obstruction and subjects with COPD showed minimal epithelial cell killing, but in COPD, preincubation with lung DCs increased cytotoxicity. NKs were primed by CS-exposed murine DCs in vitro and in vivo. Inhibiting IL-15Rα trans-presentation eliminated NK priming both by murine CS-exposed DCs and by lung DCs from subjects with COPD. CONCLUSIONS Heightened NK cytotoxicity against lung epithelial cells in COPD results primarily from lung DC-mediated priming via IL-15 trans-presentation on IL-15Rα. Future studies are required to test whether increased NK cytotoxicity contributes to COPD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna K. Finch
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie R. Stolberg
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John Ferguson
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Henrih Alikaj
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mohamed R. Kady
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bradley W. Richmond
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Timothy S. Blackwell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lisa McCloskey
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey L. Curtis
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christine M. Freeman
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
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Cooper GE, Ostridge K, Khakoo SI, Wilkinson TMA, Staples KJ. Human CD49a + Lung Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity in Response to Influenza A Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1671. [PMID: 30079068 PMCID: PMC6062652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major global public health burden due to its routine evasion of immunization strategies. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic cells with important antiviral activity in the human body, yet the function of these cells in the control of IAV infection is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the role of lung NK cell cytotoxic responses to IAV. Human lung explants were infected ex vivo with IAV, and lung NK cell activation was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytotoxic responses of NK cell subsets against IAV-infected macrophages were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA. Despite reports of hypofunctionality in the pulmonary environment, human lung-associated NK cells responded rapidly to ex vivo IAV infection, with upregulation of surface CD107a 24 h post-infection. The lung NK cell phenotype is similar in maturity and differentiation to NK cells of the peripheral blood but a unique CD56brightCD49a+CD103+CD69+ NK cell population was identified in the lung, indicating NK cell residency within this organ. In response to ex vivo IAV infection a greater proportion of resident CD56brightCD49a+ NK cells expressed surface CD107a compared with CD56brightCD49a− NK cells, suggesting a hyperfunctional NK cell population may be present within human lung tissue and could be the result of innate immunological training. Furthermore, NK cells provided significant antiviral, cytotoxic activity following contact with influenza-infected cells, including the production and release of IFN-γ and granzyme-B resulting in macrophage cell death. These results suggest that a resident, trained NK cell population are present in the human lung and may provide early and important control of viral infection. A greater understanding of this resident mucosal population may provide further insight into the role of these cells in controlling viral infection and generating appropriate adaptive immunity to IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Cooper
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kristoffer Ostridge
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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36
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Kim JH, Jang YJ. Role of Natural Killer Cells in Airway Inflammation. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2018; 10:448-456. [PMID: 30088365 PMCID: PMC6082815 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2018.10.5.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have an immune regulatory function as well as cytotoxicity against tumor or infected cells. In the airway, although NK cells constitute a small proportion of the resident lymphocytes, they play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory airway diseases by modulating immune responses. NK cells can promote allergic airway inflammation by increasing the production of type 2 cytokines and inducing eosinophil migration. The increased activity of NK cells can develop or aggravate the destruction of lung parenchymal cells. On the other hand, decreased apoptotic activity of NK cells in eosinophils can serve as an aggravating factor for allergic airway inflammation. The increase in interferon-γ-producing NK cells and the inhibition of type 2 immune response by NK cells can alleviate allergic airway inflammation. This review aims to define the roles of NK cells in chronic inflammatory diseases of lower and upper airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Heui Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Ju Jang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Curtis JL. A Hairline Crack in the Levee: Focal Secretory IgA Deficiency as a First Step toward Emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:970-973. [PMID: 28409678 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201612-2509ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Curtis
- 1 Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor, Michigan.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department of Internal Medicine and.,3 Graduate Program in Immunology University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Meghraoui-Kheddar A, Pierre A, Sellami M, Audonnet S, Lemaire F, Le Naour R. Elastin receptor (S-gal) occupancy by elastin peptides modulates T-cell response during murine emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L534-L547. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00465.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema are associated with increased elastin peptides (EP) production because of excessive breakdown of lung connective tissue. We recently reported that exposure of mice to EP elicited hallmark features of emphysema. EP effects are largely mediated through a receptor complex that includes the elastin-binding protein spliced-galactosidase (S-gal). In previous studies, we established a correlation between cytokine production and S-gal protein expression in EP-treated immune cells. In this study, we investigated the S-gal-dependent EP effects on T-helper (Th) and T-cytotoxic (Tc) responses during murine EP-triggered pulmonary inflammation. C57BL/6J mice were endotracheally instilled with the valine-glycine-valine-alanine-proline-glycine (VGVAPG) elastin peptide, and, 21 days after treatment, local and systemic T-lymphocyte phenotypes were analyzed at cytokine and transcription factor expression levels by multicolor flow cytometry. Exposure of mice to the VGVAPG peptide resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing the cytokines IFN-γ or IL-17a and the transcription factors T-box expressed in T cells or retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-γt (RORγt) without effects on IL-4 and Gata-binding protein 3 to DNA sequence [A/T]GATA[A/G] expression. These effects were maximized when each T-cell subpopulation was challenged ex vivo with EP, and they were inhibited in vivo when an analogous peptide antagonizing the EP/S-gal interactions was instilled together with the VGVAPG peptide. This study demonstrates that, during murine emphysema, EP-S-gal interactions contribute to a Th-1 and Th-17 proinflammatory T-cell response combined with a Tc-1 response. Our study also highlights the S-gal receptor as a putative pharmacological target to modulate such an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Pierre
- EA4683, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; and
| | - Mehdi Sellami
- EA4683, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; and
| | - Sandra Audonnet
- Plateau Technique de Cytométrie en Flux, Plateforme Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Flora Lemaire
- EA4683, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; and
| | - Richard Le Naour
- EA4683, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France; and
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39
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NK cell subsets in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2017; 83:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Briend E, Ferguson GJ, Mori M, Damera G, Stephenson K, Karp NA, Sethi S, Ward CK, Sleeman MA, Erjefält JS, Finch DK. IL-18 associated with lung lymphoid aggregates drives IFNγ production in severe COPD. Respir Res 2017; 18:159. [PMID: 28830544 PMCID: PMC5568255 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased interferon gamma (IFNγ) release occurs in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) lungs. IFNγ supports optimal viral clearance, but if dysregulated could increase lung tissue destruction. Methods The present study investigates which mediators most closely correlate with IFNγ in sputum in stable and exacerbating disease, and seeks to shed light on the spatial requirements for innate production of IFNγ, as reported in mouse lymph nodes, to observe whether such microenvironmental cellular organisation is relevant to IFNγ production in COPD lung. Results We show tertiary follicle formation in severe disease alters the dominant mechanistic drivers of IFNγ production, because cells producing interleukin-18, a key regulator of IFNγ, are highly associated with such structures. Interleukin-1 family cytokines correlated with IFNγ in COPD sputum. We observed that the primary source of IL-18 in COPD lungs was myeloid cells within lymphoid aggregates and IL-18 was increased in severe disease. IL-18 released from infected epithelium or from activated myeloid cells, was more dominant in driving IFNγ when IL-18-producing and responder cells were in close proximity. Conclusions Unlike tight regulation to control infection spread in lymphoid organs, this local interface between IL-18-expressing and responder cell is increasingly supported in lung as disease progresses, increasing its potential to increase tissue damage via IFNγ. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-017-0641-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Briend
- MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.,Present address: Agenus Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Michiko Mori
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gautam Damera
- MedImmune LLC, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Katherine Stephenson
- MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.,Present address: University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Natasha A Karp
- Quantitative Biology IMED, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sanjay Sethi
- Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3495 Bailey Avenue, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA
| | - Christine K Ward
- MedImmune LLC, 1 MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.,Present address: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew A Sleeman
- MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.,Present address: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jonas S Erjefält
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Donna K Finch
- MedImmune Ltd, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
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Eapen MS, Myers S, Walters EH, Sohal SS. Airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a true paradox. Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11:827-839. [PMID: 28743228 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1360769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is primarily an airway condition, which mainly affects cigarette smokers and presents with shortness of breath that is progressive and poorly reversible. In COPD research, there has been a long held belief that airway disease progression is due to inflammation. Although this may be true in the airway lumen with innate immunity activated by the effect of smoke or secondary to infection, the accurate picture of inflammatory cells in the airway wall, where the pathophysiological COPD remodeling occurs, is uncertain and debatable. Areas covered: The current review provides a comprehensive literature survey of the changes in the main inflammatory cells in human COPD patients and focuses on contrarian views that affect the prevailing dogma on inflammation. The review also delves into the role of oxidative stress and inflammasomes in modulating the immune response in COPD. Further, the effects of inflammation in affecting the epithelium, fibroblasts, and airway remodeling are discussed. Expert commentary: Inflammation as a driving force for airway wall damage and remodelling in early COPD is at the very least 'oversimplified' and is likely to be misleading. This has serious implications for rational thinking about the illness, including pathogenesis and designing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
| | - Eugene Haydn Walters
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia.,b School of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
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42
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Björkström NK, Ljunggren HG, Michaëlsson J. Emerging insights into natural killer cells in human peripheral tissues. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 16:310-20. [PMID: 27121652 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have long been considered to be a homogenous population of innate lymphocytes with limited phenotypic and functional diversity. However, recent findings have revealed that these cells comprise a large number of distinct populations with diverse characteristics. Some of these characteristics may relate to their developmental origin, and others represent differences in differentiation that are influenced by factors such as tissue localization and imprints by viral infections. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the emerging knowledge about the development, differentiation and function of human NK cell populations, with a particular focus on NK cells in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Freeman CM, Curtis JL. Lung Dendritic Cells: Shaping Immune Responses throughout Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Progression. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:152-159. [PMID: 27767327 PMCID: PMC6222925 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0272tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hallmarks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) include innate inflammation and remodeling of small airways, which begin in early disease, and the development of lung lymphoid follicles (LLF), indicative of adaptive immunity, in more spirometrically severe stages. Common to these processes in all stages is orchestration by dendritic cells (DCs). Recently improved understanding of the analogous lung DC subsets in humans and mice has allowed for better integration and interpretation of the experimental and clinical pathological literature. In this review, we summarize the evidence from human and animal studies to place lung DCs into the context of COPD pathogenesis. We highlight recent studies that demonstrate a potential role for DCs in airway remodeling and that call into question the long-standing belief that intraepithelial DCs actively sample airway lumens. We discuss how DCs drive LLF formation directly and indirectly and also examine the ability of DCs within LLF to instruct downstream effector functions of natural killer cells, CD4+ T cells, and regulatory T cells. Greater awareness of the multifaceted functions of DCs will be essential in the quest to identify new therapeutic modalities to treat COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Freeman
- Research Service, and
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, and
| | - Jeffrey L. Curtis
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, and
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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44
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Hodge G, Hodge S. Steroid Resistant CD8 +CD28 null NKT-Like Pro-inflammatory Cytotoxic Cells in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:617. [PMID: 28066427 PMCID: PMC5165019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroid resistance is a major barrier to effective treatment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and failure to suppress systemic inflammation in these patients may result in increased comorbidity. Although much of the research to date has focused on the role of macrophages and neutrophils involved in inflammation in the airways in COPD, recent evidence suggests that CD8+ T cells may be central regulators of the inflammatory network in this disease. CD8+ cytotoxic pro-inflammatory T cells have been shown to be increased in the peripheral blood and airways in patients with COPD, whereas smokers that have not progressed to COPD only show an increase in the lungs. Although the mechanisms underlying steroid resistance in these lymphocytes is largely unknown, new research has identified a role for cytotoxic pro-inflammatory CD8+ T-cells and CD8+ natural killer T-like (NKT-like) cells. Increased numbers of these cells and their significant loss of the co-stimulatory molecule CD28 have been shown in COPD, consistent with findings in the elderly and in clinical conditions involving chronic activation of the immune system. In COPD, these senescent cells expressed increased levels of the cytotoxic mediators, perforin and granzyme b, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFNγ and TNFα. They also demonstrated increased cytotoxicity toward lung epithelial cells and importantly were resistant to immunosuppression by corticosteroids compared with their CD28+ counterparts. Further research has shown these cells evade the immunosuppressive effects of steroids via multiple mechanisms. This mini review will focus on cytotoxic pro-inflammatory CD8+CD28null NKT-like cells involved in COPD and novel approaches to reverse steroid resistance in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hodge
- Chronic Inflammatory Lung Disease Research Laboratory, Lung Research Unit, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sandra Hodge
- Chronic Inflammatory Lung Disease Research Laboratory, Lung Research Unit, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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45
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Human lung natural killer cells are predominantly comprised of highly differentiated hypofunctional CD69 -CD56 dim cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:1321-1330.e4. [PMID: 27670241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to the extensive knowledge about human natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood, relatively little is known about NK cells in the human lung. Knowledge about the composition, differentiation, and function of human lung NK cells is critical to better understand their role in diseases affecting the lung, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, infections, and cancer. OBJECTIVE We sought to analyze and compare the phenotypic and functional characteristics of NK cells in the human lung and peripheral blood at the single-cell level. METHODS NK cells in human lung tissue and matched peripheral blood from 132 subjects were analyzed by using 16-color flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS CD56dimCD16+ NK cells made up the vast majority of NK cells in human lungs, had a more differentiated phenotype, and more frequently expressed educating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors compared with NK cells in peripheral blood. Despite this, human lung NK cells were hyporesponsive toward target cell stimulation, even after priming with IFN-α. Furthermore, we detected a small subset of NK cells expressing CD69, a marker of tissue residency. These CD69+ NK cells in the lung consisted predominantly of immature CD56brightCD16- NK cells and less differentiated CD56dimCD16+ NK cells. CONCLUSION Here, we characterize the major NK cell populations in the human lung. Our data suggest a model in which the majority of NK cells in the human lung dynamically move between blood and the lung rather than residing in the lung as bona fide tissue-resident CD69+ NK cells.
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46
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Queens beat one-eyed jacks, but nobody's played the ace yet. Adipokines as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease biomarkers. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016. [PMID: 26203606 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201505-256ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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47
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Fan R, Xiang Y, Yang L, Liu Y, Chen P, Wang L, Feng W, Yin K, Fu M, Xu Y, Wu J. Impaired NK cells' activity and increased numbers of CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T cells in multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis patients. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 98:13-20. [PMID: 27156613 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) often causes persistent infection and chemotherapy failure, which brings heavy burden of society and family. Many immune cell subsets and regulatory mechanisms may operate throughout the various stages of infection. The presence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is thought to be an important mechanism that TB successfully evades the immune system. Tregs play a central role in the prevention of autoimmunity and in the control of immune responses. The role of Tregs in MDR-TB infection and persistence is inadequately documented. The current study was designed to determine whether CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T cells may modulate innate immunity (such as NK cells) against human tuberculosis. Our results indicated that the numbers of CD4 + CD25+ Treg cells increased in MDR-TB patients' blood, and the cytokine production of IL-10 increased from MDR-patients compared with healthy subjects, along with the lower activity and low CD69 expression of NK cells in patients. These results suggested that immunity to MDR-TB patients induced circulating CD4 + CD25+ T regulatory cells expansion, which may be related to the persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection, and to the balance between effectors immune responses and suppression immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Yang
- Changsha Central Hospital, China.
| | | | | | - Lei Wang
- Changsha Central Hospital, China
| | | | - Ke Yin
- Changsha Central Hospital, China
| | | | - Yixin Xu
- Changsha Central Hospital, China
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48
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Bishop CV, Xu F, Molskness TA, Stouffer RL, Hennebold JD. Dynamics of Immune Cell Types Within the Macaque Corpus Luteum During the Menstrual Cycle: Role of Progesterone. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:112. [PMID: 26400401 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.132753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to characterize the immune cell types within the primate corpus luteum (CL). Luteal tissue was collected from rhesus females at discrete intervals during the luteal phase of the natural menstrual cycle. Dispersed cells were incubated with fluorescently labeled antibodies specific for the immune cell surface proteins CD11b (neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages), CD14 (monocytes/macrophages), CD16 (natural killer [NK] cells), CD20 (B-lymphocytes), and CD3epsilon (T-lymphocytes) for analysis by flow cytometry. Numbers of CD11b-positive (CD11b(+)) and CD14(+) cells increased significantly 3 to 4 days after serum progesterone (P4) concentrations declined below 0.3 ng/ml. CD16(+) cells were the most abundant immune cell type in CL during the mid and mid-late luteal phases and were 3-fold increased 3 to 4 days after serum P4 decreased to baseline levels. CD3epsilon(+) cells tended to increase 3 to 4 days after P4 decline. To determine whether immune cells were upregulated by the loss of luteotropic (LH) support or through loss of LH-dependent steroid milieu, monkeys were assigned to 4 groups: control (no treatment), the GnRH antagonist Antide, Antide plus synthetic progestin (R5020), or Antide plus the estrogen receptor agonists diarylpropionitrile (DPN)/propyl-pyrazole-triol (PPT) during the mid-late luteal phase. Antide treatment increased the numbers of CD11b(+) and CD14(+) cells, whereas progestin, but not estrogen, replacement suppressed the numbers of CD11b(+), CD14(+), and CD16(+) cells. Neither Antide nor steroid replacement altered numbers of CD3epsilon(+) cells. These data suggest that increased numbers of innate immune cells in primate CL after P4 synthesis declines play a role in onset of structural regression of primate CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecily V Bishop
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Fuhua Xu
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Theodore A Molskness
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Richard L Stouffer
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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49
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Bagdonas E, Raudoniute J, Bruzauskaite I, Aldonyte R. Novel aspects of pathogenesis and regeneration mechanisms in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10:995-1013. [PMID: 26082624 PMCID: PMC4459624 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s82518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a major cause of death and morbidity worldwide, is characterized by expiratory airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, deregulated chronic inflammation, and emphysematous destruction of the lungs. Despite the fact that COPD is a steadily growing global healthcare problem, the conventional therapies remain palliative, and regenerative approaches for disease management are not available yet. We aim to provide an overview of key reviews, experimental, and clinical studies addressing lung emphysema development and repair mechanisms published in the past decade. Novel aspects discussed herein include integral revision of the literature focused on lung microflora changes in COPD, autoimmune component of the disease, and environmental risk factors other than cigarette smoke. The time span of studies on COPD, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthmatic bronchitis, covers almost 200 years, and several crucial mechanisms of COPD pathogenesis are described and studied. However, we still lack the holistic understanding of COPD development and the exact picture of the time-course and interplay of the events during stable, exacerbated, corticosteroid-treated COPD states, and transitions in-between. Several generally recognized mechanisms will be discussed shortly herein, ie, unregulated inflammation, proteolysis/antiproteolysis imbalance, and destroyed repair mechanisms, while novel topics such as deviated microbiota, air pollutants-related damage, and autoimmune process within the lung tissue will be discussed more extensively. Considerable influx of new data from the clinic, in vivo and in vitro studies stimulate to search for novel concise explanation and holistic understanding of COPD nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvardas Bagdonas
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jovile Raudoniute
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Bruzauskaite
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ruta Aldonyte
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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