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Islam SS, Sarker MS, Akhter AT, Shanta IS, Rahman AA, Sufian MA. Animal, human, and environmental perspectives on anthrax in Bangladesh. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23481. [PMID: 38192846 PMCID: PMC10772127 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In Bangladesh, the zoonotic transmission of anthrax from animals to humans poses substantial challenges for prevention and control programs, especially in resource-constrained settings. A comprehensive literature review was conducted focusing on anthrax infections in animals, humans, and the environment to enable better design of prevention and control strategies. Materials and methods We followed PRISMA guidelines to collect data on anthrax infection in animals and humans from reports between 1980 and January 2023. We used a standardized data extraction template to collect data on study location, year, hosts, deaths and risk factors responsible for anthrax occurrences at the animal, human and environmental sectors. Subsequently, we conducted a thorough analysis of the data gathered to identify the factors responsible for anthrax occurrences and to propose updated strategies for anthrax prevention and control. Results Of the 27 articles analyzed, 20 focused on animal or human anthrax, while seven addressed environmental contaminations. A total of 6354 cases of anthrax infection in animals were recorded, with 998 fatalities and an overall case fatality of 15.7 %. In humans, inadequate knowledge about anthrax and its transmission was a significant factor. Risk factors for human cutaneous anthrax included activities such as slaughtering diseased animals and contact with contaminated raw meat or blood. Risky practices such as disposal of animal carcasses in floodwaters or water bodies were observed in some areas, contributing to the persistence of the anthrax pathogen in the environment. Conclusions Our study highlights the necessity of a multisectoral One Health approach to effectively control and prevent anthrax outbreaks in both animals and humans. This approach should include comprehensive vaccination programs, social and behavioral change activities, environmental management, and the establishment of surveillance systems. Implementing these recommendations will be crucial in addressing the complex challenges posed by anthrax in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Md Samun Sarker
- Antimicrobial Resistance Action Center (ARAC), Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, 1341, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - A.K.M. Anisur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Sufian
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, 1215, Bangladesh
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Sarker MSA, Shahid MAH, Rahman MB, Nazir KHMNH. An integrated model for anthrax-free zone development in developing countries. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16 Suppl 1:141-152. [PMID: 37953112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthrax is more prevalent in impoverished nations and those without veterinarian public health initiatives. A comprehensive strategy was pursued to build an anthrax-free model in which there would be no anthrax. The strategy included routine vaccination, increased public awareness, rapid confirmation, and prompt disposal, as well as the establishment of an effective surveillance system, the development of an emergency prevention system, the enforcement of regulations, and the improvement of collaboration between human health and veterinary services. From 2017 through 2020, several initiatives including both social and laboratory activities were performed. After strictly applying the study's procedures, it was determined that the vast majority of community people (97.5%) were knowledgeable of the disease's nature, prevalence, significance to public health, and treatment in the study area. The farmers' risky practices and attitudes about the killing of sick livestock decreased dramatically (85%). The vaccination rate climbed from 40% to 85%, and the proportion of farmers who can presumptively identify anthrax based on its prominent clinical symptoms rose from 30% to 85%. A confirmation methodology based on PCR was implemented. A geographical map depicting the green and dangerous pastureland was created. The formation of a steering group to assess the progress of scientific activity. Locals established a slaughterhouse in that location, where individuals slaughtered their animals following veterinary examination and strictly followed drug withdrawal period. The contaminated area has been free of anthrax infection for four years as a consequence of these efforts. There also reduction of antibiotic used due to mass awareness. The study indicated that the model is an efficient, effective, and appropriate technique for establishing an anthrax-free zone where no anthrax outbreaks would occur. It could be replicated in any part of the world where socioeconomic and geographical conditions are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahjahan Ali Sarker
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahosanul Haque Shahid
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA
| | - Md Bahanur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - K H M Nazmul Hussain Nazir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
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Lu T, Cao JMD, Rahman AKMA, Islam SS, Sufian MA, Martínez-López B. Risk mapping and risk factors analysis of rabies in livestock in Bangladesh using national-level passive surveillance data. Prev Vet Med 2023; 219:106016. [PMID: 37696207 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a major zoonotic disease around the world, causing significant mortality to both humans and animals, especially in low- and middle-income countries. In Bangladesh, rabies is transmitted mostly by the bite of infected dogs and jackals to humans and domestic livestock, causing severe economic losses and public health hazards. Our study analyzed national passive surveillance data of veterinary hospital-reported rabies cases in cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats from 2015 to 2017 in all 64 districts of Bangladesh. We used a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model to identify the main environmental and socio-economic risk factors associated with rabies occurrence in livestock, and we used model results to generate risk maps. Our study revealed that monsoon precipitation (RR=1.28, p-value=0.043) was positively associated with rabies cases in livestock, and the percentage of adults who have completed university education was also a significant predictor (RR=0.58, p-value<0.001) likely suggesting that districts with higher education levels tended to have a lower reporting of rabies cases in livestock. The standardized incidence ratio maps and predicted relative risk maps revealed a high risk of rabies cases in southeast areas in Bangladesh. We recommend implementing risk-based vaccination strategies in dogs and jackals in those high-risk areas before monsoon to reduce the burden of rabies cases in domestic ruminants and humans in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Lu
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - José Manuel Díaz Cao
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A K M Anisur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Sk Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Sufian
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Mahboob S, Ullah N, Farhan Ul Haque M, Rauf W, Iqbal M, Ali A, Rahman M. Genomic characterization and comparative genomic analysis of HS-associated Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 strains from Pakistan. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:546. [PMID: 37710174 PMCID: PMC10500850 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09626-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is a highly fatal and predominant disease in livestock, particularly cattle and buffalo in the tropical regions of the world. Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida), serotypes B:2 and E:2, are reported to be the main causes of HS wherein serotype B:2 is more common in Asian countries including Pakistan and costs heavy financial losses every year. As yet, very little molecular and genomic information related to the HS-associated serotypes of P. multocida isolated from Pakistan is available. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the characteristics of novel bovine isolates of P. multocida serotype B:2 at the genomic level and perform comparative genomic analysis of various P. multocida strains from Pakistan to better understand the genetic basis of pathogenesis and virulence. RESULTS To understand the genomic variability and pathogenomics, we characterized three HS-associated P. multocida serotype B:2 strains isolated from the Faisalabad (PM1), Peshawar (PM2) and Okara (PM3) districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Together with the other nine publicly available Pakistani-origin P. multocida strains and a reference strain Pm70, a comparative genomic analysis was performed. The sequenced strains were characterized as serotype B and belong to ST-122. The strains contain no plasmids; however, each strain contains at least two complete prophages. The pan-genome analysis revealed a higher number of core genes indicating a close resemblance to the studied genomes and very few genes (1%) of the core genome serve as a part of virulence, disease, and defense mechanisms. We further identified that studied P. multocida B:2 strains harbor common antibiotic resistance genes, specifically PBP3 and EF-Tu. Remarkably, the distribution of virulence factors revealed that OmpH and plpE were not present in any P. multocida B:2 strains while the presence of these antigens was reported uniformly in all serotypes of P. multocida. CONCLUSION This study's findings indicate the absence of OmpH and PlpE in the analyzed P. multocida B:2 strains, which are known surface antigens and provide protective immunity against P. multocida infection. The availability of additional genomic data on P. multocida B:2 strains from Pakistan will facilitate the development of localized therapeutic agents and rapid diagnostic tools specifically targeting HS-associated P. multocida B:2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Mahboob
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Nimat Ullah
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Waqar Rauf
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Amjad Ali
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Moazur Rahman
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan.
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Molecular Epidemiology and Phylogenetic Analysis of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Circulating in Sheep in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/1175689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease of small ruminants that is highly contagious, severe, reportable, and economically important. The present study was conducted to detect the PPR virus (PPRV) circulating in sheep in Bangladesh to determine its association with epidemiological risk factors and the degree of relationship between the F and H genes of the PPRV of sheep with those of other sheep and goat isolates. A cross-sectional study was conducted in five selected districts of Bangladesh to collect data on locations, ecological zones, breeds, age, sex, sources, time period, and farming systems using a structured questionnaire accompanied by face-to-face interviews. During sampling, 250 nasal swab samples were collected from live sheep with the typical clinical signs of PPR. Thereafter, a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was employed to detect PPRV using the F and H genes. Risk factors were determined using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Phylogenetic analysis of the detected PPRV was performed using MEGA software after sequencing both F and H genes. Using RT-PCR, 35.6% (89/250, 95% CI: 29.6%–41.6%) of the samples were found to be positive for PPRV. Locations, breeds, sources, and feeding systems were identified as potential molecular epidemiological risk factors for PPRV infection in a multivariate logistic regression model. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the PPRV strain was genetically related to the lineage IV virus isolates. For the F gene, the sequence divergence of our gene and other selected genes ranged from 0.01% to 0.018% within lineage IV, and the similarity ranged from 98.2% to 99.0%. In the case of the H gene, similar results were also observed in divergence, ranging from 0.017% to 0.083% among lineage IV and others, and similarity varied from 91.7% to 98.3%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh conducted to determine the RT-PCR-based molecular epidemiology of PPRV in sheep. This study highlights the importance of establishing successful interventions for managing PPRV infections in small ruminants in Bangladesh.
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Ortiz-Naveda NR, Guamán-Rivera SA, González-Marcillo RL, Guerrero-Pincay AE. Descriptive cross-sectional study on major bovine diseases and associated risk factors in north-eastern Ecuadorian Amazon. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e269508. [PMID: 36921193 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.269508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle raising is a crucial element of production systems in the tropics and subtropics. However, in recent years, global public health security has been threatened by disease emergence. In Orellana Province, livestock is the most important activity to generate economic income. Nevertheless, there is no available data about Animal Health status. With this objective, a study was performed to describe the major Bovine diseases recorded between 2011 to 2019, and the main Risk factors associated. Data on main Bovine diseases were retrieved from the World Animal Health Information System database. Whereas Bovine population data used to calculate the prevalence rates and confidence intervals were obtained from Ecuador's Ministry of Agriculture. By contrast, the Risk factors identified with an epidemiological questionnaire were applied to 300 livestock farmers. As a result, from 2011 to 2019 in Orellana has been confirmed: 90 cases of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (31.58%), Bovine Rabies by hematophagous bats (Desmodus rotundus), 83 cases (29.12%), Bovine viral diarrhea with 43 cases (15.10%), Brucellosis by Brucella abortus 35 cases, which was (12.28%), and 34 cases related to Enzootic bovine leukosis (11.92%). Overall, the prevalence rates ranged from (0.24 to 15.37%). In addition, farm size, presence of forest, herd, and paddock sizes, cutting frequency of forages, and other animal species were involved as Risk factors (OR = 3.15 to 11.75; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.69). In conclusion, there are animal diseases with reproductive and neurologic symptomology and high-Risk factors implicated in the transmission. Consequently, space-temporal and seroprevalence epidemiological studies should be performed in Orellana.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Ortiz-Naveda
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Grupo de Investigación Causana Yachay, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador.,Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador
| | - S A Guamán-Rivera
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Grupo de Investigación Causana Yachay, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador.,Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador
| | - R L González-Marcillo
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Grupo de Investigación Causana Yachay, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador.,Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador
| | - A E Guerrero-Pincay
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Grupo de Investigación Causana Yachay, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador.,Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Sede Orellana, El Coca, Ecuador
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González Gordon L, Porphyre T, Muhanguzi D, Muwonge A, Boden L, Bronsvoort BMDC. A scoping review of foot-and-mouth disease risk, based on spatial and spatio-temporal analysis of outbreaks in endemic settings. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3198-3215. [PMID: 36383164 PMCID: PMC10107783 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important transboundary animal diseases affecting livestock and wildlife species worldwide. Sustained viral circulation, as evidenced by serological surveys and the recurrence of outbreaks, suggests endemic transmission cycles in some parts of Africa, Asia and the Middle East. This is the result of a complex process in which multiple serotypes, multi-host interactions and numerous socio-epidemiological factors converge to facilitate disease introduction, survival and spread. Spatial and spatio-temporal analyses have been increasingly used to explore the burden of the disease by identifying high-risk areas, analysing temporal trends and exploring the factors that contribute to the outbreaks. We systematically retrieved spatial and spatial-temporal studies on FMD outbreaks to summarize variations on their methodological approaches and identify the epidemiological factors associated with the outbreaks in endemic contexts. Fifty-one studies were included in the final review. A high proportion of papers described and visualized the outbreaks (72.5%) and 49.0% used one or more approaches to study their spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal aggregation. The epidemiological aspects commonly linked to FMD risk are broadly categorizable into themes such as (a) animal demographics and interactions, (b) spatial accessibility, (c) trade, (d) socio-economic and (e) environmental factors. The consistency of these themes across studies underlines the different pathways in which the virus is sustained in endemic areas, with the potential to exploit them to design tailored evidence based-control programmes for the local needs. There was limited data linking the socio-economics of communities and modelled FMD outbreaks, leaving a gap in the current knowledge. A thorough analysis of FMD outbreaks requires a systemic view as multiple epidemiological factors contribute to viral circulation and may improve the accuracy of disease mapping. Future studies should explore the links between socio-economic and epidemiological factors as a foundation for translating the identified opportunities into interventions to improve the outcomes of FMD surveillance and control initiatives in endemic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina González Gordon
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food SystemsUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
| | - Thibaud Porphyre
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie EvolutiveUniversité de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro SupMarcy‐l’ÉtoileFrance
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- Department of Bio‐Molecular Resources and Bio‐Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and BiosecurityMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| | - Adrian Muwonge
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
| | - Lisa Boden
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food SystemsUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
| | - Barend M. de C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEaster BushMidlothianUK
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Hasan RB, Ferdous J, Luna M, Zannat MM. Evidence mapping of current status, impact, prevention and control measures from rabies research in Bangladesh (2010-2021): a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e056024. [PMID: 35354624 PMCID: PMC8968536 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rabies is one of the priority zoonotic diseases in Bangladesh. Though the rabies cases have been reduced over the years due to the mass dog vaccination programme since 2011 throughout the country, it is still a major health problem in Bangladesh with an annual estimated 200 000 animal bite cases and over 2000 human deaths. This article presented a scoping review protocol for published literature on rabies in Bangladesh and believes to create impact in Bangladesh by identifying the research gap and guiding the evidence-informed policy adaptation from its findings in the future which will strongly underscore the elimination of Rabies and reduce preventable mortalities. We will attempt to synthesise evidence descriptively on burden and impact of rabies in human population as well as the awareness level and effective control and preventive measures from the available studies on rabies from 2010 to 2021 in Bangladesh. METHODS The scoping review is planned following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the major guiding steps are: defining the research questions, determining the eligibility criteria with population, concept and context strategy, stating the plan for evidence searching, selection and data collection, searching for evidence and selection of literature by the inclusion criteria, data collection, descriptive analysis and presentation of the data and reporting of the findings. Search will be conducted for both published and grey literature in English language. Blinded screening processes will be adapted to prevent bias among reviewers. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION A scoping review synthesises existing knowledge and does not necessitate ethical approval. Results of this scoping review will be submitted to a journal for publication, presented in relevant conferences and disseminated on social media platforms (eg, Twitter) among the global health stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubyath Binte Hasan
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Science University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuja Luna
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mosammat Moonkiratul Zannat
- Department of Physiology Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Science University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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Rana MS, Jahan AA, Kaisar SG, Siddiqi UR, Sarker S, Begum MIA, Ghosh S, Sarker S, Ahmed BN, Shamsuzzaman AKM. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions about rabies among the people in the community, healthcare professionals and veterinary practitioners in Bangladesh. One Health 2021; 13:100308. [PMID: 34458544 PMCID: PMC8379336 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to explore knowledge, attitudes and perceptions (KAP) about rabies among the people in the community, the personnel dealing with animal bite management and suspected rabies patients, including humans and animals, to facilitate intervention in improving rabies elimination strategies. In 2016, we conducted an interactive face-to-face survey in three different districts of Bangladesh to understand the extent of KAP towards rabies in the community peoples (CPs), human healthcare professionals (HCPs) and veterinary practitioners (VPs). A set of prescribed questions was employed to measure what proportion of each group possessed sufficient knowledge, positive attitudes and adequate perceptions about rabies. A total of 1133 CPs, 211 HCPs and 168 VPs were interviewed by using a standard questionnaire comprising both closed and open-ended questions. Of the CPs, 49% identified the disease correctly (i.e. rabies is caused by an animal bite or a scratch). Only 29% of the CPs were aware that a wound should be washed immediately with soap and water after an animal bite or a scratch. However, only 49% of the CPs, 65% of the HCPs and 60% of the VPs felt that it is important to consult a physician and receive post-exposure vaccine as the first line of treatment following an animal exposure. Among the HCPs, 23% of the respondents did not possess sufficient knowledge about animal bites as categorised by the World Health Organization (WHO), and 12% of the respondents did not possess the knowledge on how to manage an animal bite properly. Out of 52% of the VPs who previously treated suspected rabid animals, only 29% had a history of taking rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Lack of formal education and rural subsistence were found to largely contribute to poor rabies KAP level among the CPs (P ≤ 0.01). There has been a high demand for proper training to be provided to HCPs and VPs for the effective management of an animal bite incidence in human and animals, respectively. Multi-sectoral collaboration through integrated One Health initiatives including community education, awareness programmes, facilitation of rabies PEP, and dog vaccination as well as its population control are critical in the way forward to control rabies in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sohel Rana
- Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Afsana Akter Jahan
- Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - S.M. Golam Kaisar
- Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Umme Ruman Siddiqi
- Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Mst Ismat Ara Begum
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Sumon Ghosh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Sudeb Sarker
- Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Be-Nazir Ahmed
- Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Abul Khair Mohammad Shamsuzzaman
- Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
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Hopker A, Pandey N, Bartholomew R, Blanton A, Hopker S, Dhamorikar A, Goswami J, Marsland R, Metha P, Sargison N. Livestock vaccination programme participation among smallholder farmers on the outskirts of National Parks and Tiger Reserves in the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Assam. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256684. [PMID: 34449809 PMCID: PMC8396743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective livestock vaccination has the potential to raise prosperity and food security for the rural poor in low and middle income countries. To understand factors affecting access to vaccination services, and guide future policy, smallholder farmers in three locations in India were questioned about vaccination of their cattle and buffalo, with particular reference to foot and mouth disease (FMD), haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) and blackquarter (BQ). In the three regions 51%, 50%, and 31% of respondents reported vaccinating their livestock; well below any threshold for effective population level disease control. However, within the third region, 65% of respondents in villages immediately surrounding the Kaziranga National Park reported vaccinating their cattle. The majority of respondents in all three regions were aware of FMD and HS, awareness of BQ was high in the Kanha and Bandhavgarh regions, but much lower in the Kaziranga region. The majority of respondents had positive attitudes to vaccination; understood vaccination protected their animals from specific diseases; and wished to immunise their livestock. There was no significant association between the age or gender of respondent and the immunisation of their livestock. Common barriers to immunisation were: negative attitudes to vaccination; lack of awareness of date and time of vaccination events; and difficulty presenting animals. Poor access to vaccination services was significantly associated with not vaccinating livestock. Fear of adverse reactions to vaccines was not significantly associated with not vaccinating livestock. Respondents who reported that vets or animal health workers (AHWs) were their main source of animal health knowledge were significantly more likely to have immunised their livestock in the last twelve months. Participants cited poor communication from vaccinators as problematic, both in publicising immunisation programmes, and explaining the purpose of vaccination. Where vaccinations were provided free of charge, farmers commonly displayed passive attitudes to accessing vaccination services, awaiting organised “immunisation drives” rather than seeking vaccination themselves. Based on these findings the following recommendations are made to improve participation and effectiveness of immunisation programmes. Programmes should be planned to integrate with annual cycles of: disease risk, agricultural activity, seasonal climate, social calendar of villages; and maximise efficiency for vaccinators. Dates and times of immunisation in each village must be well publicised, as respondents frequently reported missing the vaccinators. Relevant farmer education should precede immunisation programmes to mitigate against poor knowledge or negative attitudes. Immunisation drives must properly engage beneficiaries, particularly ensuring that services are accessible to female livestock keepers, and sharing some responsibilities with local farmers. Payment of a small monetary contribution by animal keepers could be considered to encourage responsibility for disease prevention, making vaccination an active process by farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hopker
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Naveen Pandey
- The Corbett Foundation, Kaziranga Office, District Golaghat, Assam, India
| | - Rosie Bartholomew
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Blanton
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hopker
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jadumoni Goswami
- The Corbett Foundation, Kaziranga Office, District Golaghat, Assam, India
| | - Rebecca Marsland
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Prakash Metha
- The Corbett Foundation, Kaziranga Office, District Golaghat, Assam, India
| | - Neil Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Dutta PK, Biswas H, Ahmed JU, Shakif-Ul-Azam M, Ahammed BMJ, Dey AR. Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards Anthrax among livestock farmers in selected rural areas of Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1648-1655. [PMID: 34232568 PMCID: PMC8464224 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus anthracis is a zoonotic bacterium that affects wide numbers of vertebrate animals and man and has life threating potential both in animal s as well as humans. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge about, attitudes towards, and practices addressing (KAPs) anthrax among community members in selected upazillas' of Meherpur and Sirajgonj districts for the prevention and control of anthrax using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 424 community members were considered in this study irrespective of their age and sex. Most of the respondents were female (57.54%) and about half were illiterate (47.40%). Most of the respondents (86.32%) were self-employed with crop and livestock farming. Among the self-employed farmers, cattle (63.73%) were the highest reared animals. Among the respondents, 37.26% had no knowledge about anthrax. On the other hand, among the existing knowledge level, 46.69% received information of anthrax from neighbour, 74.05% and 56.82% were concerned about the mode of transmission of anthrax from animal to human through eating, handling and soil. Respondents usually collected vaccine from quack (58.25%) and vaccination status was highest in Kamarkhand (52.03%) and lowest in Gangni upazilla (10.82%). Overall 62.74% community members considered that anthrax is a fatal disease for livestock and 82.54% people disposed carcass in buried method. CONCLUSION The study findings indicated that the community members had average knowledge on cause, symptoms, transmission and prevention of anthrax. The supplied vaccine was found negligible with the number of livestock in the studied upazilas. Veterinary and Medical health planners should design and implement interventions for awareness building on anthrax under One Health (OH) approach for educating the community people on anthrax control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiranmoy Biswas
- Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Jahir Uddin Ahmed
- Adjunct Faculty, American International University-Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Anita Rani Dey
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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Investigation on Anthrax in Bangladesh during the Outbreaks of 2011 and Definition of the Epidemiological Correlations. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040481. [PMID: 33921040 PMCID: PMC8071373 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, in Bangladesh, 11 anthrax outbreaks occurred in six districts of the country. Different types of samples were collected from May to September in the six districts where anthrax had occurred in order to detect and type Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) strains. Anthrax was detected in 46.6% of the samples analysed, in particular in soils, but also in bone samples, water, animal feed, and rumen ingesta of dead animals. Canonical single nucleotide polymorphisms (CanSNPs) analysis showed that all the isolates belonged to the major lineage A, sublineage A.Br.001/002 of China and Southeast Asia while the multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) analysis (MLVA) with 15 VNTRs demonstrated the presence of five genotypes, of which two resulted to be new genotypes. The single nucleotide repeats (SNRs) analysis showed 13 SNR types; nevertheless, due to its higher discriminatory power, the presence of two isolates with different SNR-type polymorphisms was detected within two MLVA genotypes. This study assumes that soil is not the only reason for the spread of the disease in Bangladesh; contaminated feed and water can also play an important role in the epidemiology of anthrax. Possible explanations for these epidemiological relationships are discussed.
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Osmani A, Robertson ID, Habib I. Seroprevalence and risk factors for foot-and-mouth disease in cattle in Baghlan Province, Afghanistan. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1263-1275. [PMID: 33755343 PMCID: PMC8294376 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A serological study of 376 cattle from 198 herds and a concurrent survey of farmers were undertaken in 53 villages in Khinjan, Doshi and Puli Khumri districts of Baghlan province, Afghanistan to determine the seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) and to identify risk factors for seropositive herds. A total of 419 cases of FMD were reported by the farmers in the year preceding the survey. The animal-level population seroprevalence was estimated at 42.0% (95% CI, 37.0-47.2). The seroprevalence increased with age in the sampled cattle (<2 years - 30.4%, 2-6 years - 40.3% and >6 years - 52.2%). Herds were more likely to be seropositive if the farmers: had purchased cattle in the year prior to the survey (OR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.37-4.97); purchased ruminants from unknown (potentially risky) sources (OR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.13-4.03); and sold milk to the market (OR = 1.99; 95% CI, 1.09-3.63). Herds that had been vaccinated had a lower odds of being seropositive (OR = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.68-0.66). This was the first epidemiological study of FMD in Baghlan province and the findings provide valuable direction for disease control on FMD in this and other provinces in Afghanistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Osmani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ian Duncan Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,China-Australia Joint Research and Training Center for Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Veterinary Medicine Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Risk factors for rabid animal bites: a study in domestic ruminants in Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e76. [PMID: 33715660 PMCID: PMC8080183 DOI: 10.1017/s095026882100056x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is endemic in Bangladesh. To identify risk factors, a case-control study was conducted based on hospital-reported rabid animal bite (RAB) cases in domestic ruminants, 2009 − 2018. RAB cases (n = 449) and three controls per case were selected. Dogs (87.8%) and jackals (12.2%) were most often identified as biting animals. In the final multivariable model, the risk of being a RAB case was significantly higher in cattle aged >0.5–2 years (odds ratio (OR) 2.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.56–5.37), >2–5 years (OR 3.63; 95% CI: 1.97–6.67) and >5 years (OR 6.42; 95% CI: 3.39–12.17) compared to those aged <0.5 years. Crossbred cattle were at higher risk of being a RAB case (OR 5.48; 95% CI: 3.56–8.42) than indigenous. Similarly, female cattle were more likely to be a RAB case (OR 1.26; 95% CI: 1.15–2.29) than males. Cattle in rural areas (OR 39.48; 95% CI: 6.14–254.00) were at a much higher risk of being RAB cases than those in urban areas. Female, crossbred and older cattle, especially in rural areas should either be managed indoors during the dog breeding season (September and October) or vaccinated. A national rabies elimination program should prioritise rural dogs for mass vaccination. Jackals should also be immunised using oral bait vaccines. Prevention of rabies in rural dogs and jackals would also reduce rabies incidence in humans.
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Rahman AKMA, Islam SS, Sufian MA, Talukder MH, Ward MP, Martínez-López B. Peste des Petits Ruminants Risk Factors and Space-Time Clusters in Bangladesh. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:572432. [PMID: 33569395 PMCID: PMC7868412 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.572432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is endemic in Bangladesh, but its spatial distribution and risk factors have not yet been reported. Using four years of national-level, passive surveillance data (2014 to 2017), in this study we aimed to identify risk factors, create PPR risk maps and describe PPR time-space clusters. We selected PPR case records—mainly based on presumptive diagnosis of small ruminants in subdistrict veterinary hospitals—and sheep and goat population data from all 64 districts of Bangladesh. Peste des Petits Ruminants cumulative incidence per 10,000 animals at risk per district was used to conduct cluster and hotspot analysis and create predictive maps for each year and all 4 years combined. The association between PPR cumulative incidence and hypothesized risk factors—including climatic variables, elevation, road length, river length, railroad length, land cover, and water bodies—was analyzed using a geographically weighted regression model. The total number of PPR cases reported during the study period was 5.2 million. We found that most PPR cases (27.6%) were reported in the monsoon season. The highest and lowest proportions of cases were reported from Rajshahi (36.1%) and Barisal divisions (2.1%), respectively. We identified five space-time clusters, 9 high–high clusters, and 9 hotspots. The predicted cumulative incidences of PPR were persistently higher in north-east, north-west, and south-east parts of Bangladesh. Road length (P = 0.03) was positively associated with PPR incidence in Bangladesh. Results suggest that movement of animals (road length) plays an important role in the epidemiology of PPR in Bangladesh. Along with restriction of animal movement, hotspots and high–high clusters should be targeted first for immunization coverage in Bangladesh and similar PPR endemic countries to achieve eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K M Anisur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Sk Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abu Sufian
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Mujibur Rahaman M, Siddiqi UR, Sabuj AAM, Ahmed BN, Tahmina S, Faruque MR, Ghosh S, Uddin N. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of a local community towards the prevention and control of rabies in Gaibandha, Bangladesh. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:414-420. [PMID: 33005666 PMCID: PMC7521811 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of rabies in the community are essential for developing post-exposure behavioral treatment and for understanding current prevention and control policy on rabies. This was a cross-sectional study in Gaibandha Sadar, a northern district of Bangladesh, investigating the level of KAP about rabies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 368 interviewed respondents, of whom 280 (76.09%) were male, and 88 (23.91%) were female. A structured questionnaire was used for the data collection from respondents on socio-demographic information and KAP regarding rabies. The data analyzed with STATA-IC-11.0 and the association of independent variables with rabies KAP scores were calculated using Pearson's Chi-square. RESULTS Most respondents had adequate KAP levels and positive thoughts on rabies prevention. The KAP scores were strongly associated with education and employment status (p < 0.05). Most respondents said that stray dogs are a headache in the area and believed that control of the dog population in Gaibandha is essential. CONCLUSION These outcomes also revealed that there is an information gap about rabies that might improve by developing an education program for awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mujibur Rahaman
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Disease Control Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Umme Ruman Siddiqi
- Disease Control Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Be-Nazir Ahmed
- Disease Control Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanya Tahmina
- Disease Control Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rayhan Faruque
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Sumon Ghosh
- Emerging Infections Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nasir Uddin
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
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Sarker MSA, El Zowalaty ME, Shahid MAH, Sarker MA, Rahman MB, Järhult JD, Nazir KHMNH. Maximization of Livestock Anthrax Vaccination Coverage in Bangladesh: An Alternative Approach. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E435. [PMID: 32759647 PMCID: PMC7563472 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vaccination coverage of livestock is one of the major challenges to control anthrax in Bangladesh. This study was conducted to assess an alternate approach to maximize vaccination coverage. The method included traditional vaccination campaigns, livestock census, interviews, focus group discussions of cattle farmers, vaccination and livestock personnel, and validation workshops. It was observed that a mass vaccination program covered only 44% of the cattle population. It was found that 54.1% of the respondents did not bring their cattle to mass vaccination programs due to the difficulties of handling cattle and that there was no male member in the household. Only 12.5% of respondents acknowledged that they were not aware of the vaccine, and 3% of the respondents claimed that they ignored vaccination due to cost. All of the respondents from livestock personnel agreed that manpower was not enough to cover the total area. Further, 20% of vaccinators mentioned that they did not get enough vaccines. For an effective vaccination program, 58.33% of respondents recommended door-to-door service, and 54.16% of respondents suggested to arrange regular vaccination campaigns in six-month intervals. Thus, regular campaigns with door-to-door vaccination services are suggested to control anthrax outbreaks in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Shahjahan A. Sarker
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.A.S.); (M.A.H.S.); (M.B.R.)
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
| | - M. Ahosanul Haque Shahid
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.A.S.); (M.A.H.S.); (M.B.R.)
| | - M. Asaduzzaman Sarker
- Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - M. Bahanur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.A.S.); (M.A.H.S.); (M.B.R.)
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE 75185 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain Nazir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (M.S.A.S.); (M.A.H.S.); (M.B.R.)
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Rahman AKMA, Islam SKS, Sufian MA, Talukder MH, Ward MP, Martínez-López B. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Space-Time Clusters and Risk Factors in Cattle and Buffalo in Bangladesh. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060423. [PMID: 32485792 PMCID: PMC7350371 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is highly endemic in Bangladesh. Using passive surveillance data (case records from all 64 districts of Bangladesh, 2014–2017) and district domestic ruminant population estimates, we calculated FMD cumulative incidence per 10,000 animals at risk per district, conducted cluster (Moran’s spatial autocorrelation and scan statistics) and hotspot analysis (local indicator of spatial association statistic), created predictive maps and identified risk factors using a geographically weighted regression model. A total of 548,817 FMD cases in cattle and buffalo were reported during the four-year study period. The highest proportion (31.5%) of cases were reported during the post-monsoon season, and from Chattogram (29.2%) division. Five space-time clusters, 9 local clusters, and 14 hotspots were identified. Overall, higher cumulative incidences of FMD were consistently predicted in eastern parts of Bangladesh. The precipitation in the pre-monsoon season (p = 0.0008) was positively associated with FMD in Bangladesh. Results suggest climate plays an important role in the epidemiology of FMD in Bangladesh, and high risk zones exist. In a resource limited-setting, hotspots and clusters should be prioritized for vaccination coverage, and surveillance for FMD should be targeted in eastern areas of Bangladesh and during the post-monsoon season.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K M Anisur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Correspondence:
| | - SK Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh; (S.S.I.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Md. Abu Sufian
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh; (S.S.I.); (M.A.S.)
| | | | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden 2570, NSW, Australia;
| | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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Abstract
A matched case-control study was conducted in Bangladesh by enrolling case smallholdings of cattle affected with anthrax in the period of October 2010 to December 2014. The cases were initially reported by mass media and/or in surveillance reports from authorities concerned in the country. In total, 43 case smallholdings were enrolled. For each case, a control was matched by similarity in herd-size and rearing of animals, selected from a distantly located (within 3-10 km) place but within the same sub-district of the case farm. Data collected by administering a prototype questionnaire were analysed by matched-pair analysis and multivariable conditional logistic regression. Out of the 43 smallholdings, 41 were located in three adjoining districts: Pabna, Sirajganj and Tangail, apparently forming a spatial cluster, could be termed 'anthrax hot spot' in Bangladesh. Sick animal on farm or a nearby farm slaughtered in the recent past (odds ratio (OR) 12.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-93.4, P = 0.016)), history of heavy rains occurring in the last 2 weeks preceding an outbreak (OR 13.1, 95% CI 1.2-147.1, P = 0.037) and disposing of dead animal into nearby water body (OR 11.9, 95% CI 1.0-145.3, P = 0.052) were independent risk factors for anthrax in cattle in the country.
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Bhuiyan MAA, Agrawal P, Wadhwaniya S, Li Q, Alonge O, Rahman AF, Rahman A. Animal-related injuries and fatalities: evidence from a large-scale population-based cross-sectional survey in rural Bangladesh. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e030039. [PMID: 31678941 PMCID: PMC6830608 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study determines the magnitude and pattern of animal-related injury mortalities and morbidities in rural Bangladesh. DESIGN AND SETTING A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 51 Unions of 7 subdistricts of Bangladesh from June 2013 to September 2013. PARTICIPANTS A total of approximately 1.17 million individuals across all age and gender profiles were included in the survey. The participants had to be residents of the seven subdistricts and have provided consent to participate in the study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Animal-related injury characteristics and demographic information was collected in the study. Frequency, proportion and 95% CIs of variables such as type of animal, type of animal attack, activity of the person prior to attack and the seasonality of the injury were reported. Data was then statistically analysed for associations between injury and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS The incidence rate of fatal and non-fatal animal-related injuries across all ages were 0.7 (95% CI 0.4 to 1.4) and 1635.3 (95% CI 1612.0 to 1658.0) per 100 000 populations, respectively. Non-fatal animal-related injury rates were highest among adults 18 years and older (1820.6 per 100 000 population (1777.2 to 1865.1)), and in males across all age groups. The most common animal injury was wasp/hornet/bee sting (49%), followed by cow/buffalo (25%), dog bite (9%) and snake bites (9%). CONCLUSIONS Animal-related injuries are an important public health issue in rural Bangladesh. The incidence of animal-related morbidities was found high in the study area. Males, school-going and productive age groups were at high risk. Immediate attention should be given to prevent these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Amin Bhuiyan
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), House B162, Road 23, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh
| | - Priyanka Agrawal
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shirin Wadhwaniya
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - O Alonge
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Akm Fazlur Rahman
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), House B162, Road 23, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh
| | - Aminur Rahman
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), House B162, Road 23, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh
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Li AJ, Sreenivasan N, Siddiqi UR, Tahmina S, Penjor K, Sovann L, Gunesekera A, Blanton JD, Knopf L, Hyde TB. Descriptive assessment of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis procurement, distribution, monitoring, and reporting in four Asian countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka, 2017-2018. Vaccine 2019; 37 Suppl 1:A14-A19. [PMID: 30314908 PMCID: PMC6702106 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are approximately 35,000 human deaths from rabies in Asia annually. Rabies can be prevented through timely post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) consisting of wound washing, rabies vaccine, and in some cases, rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). However, access to rabies PEP often remains limited to urban areas and is cost-prohibitive. There is little information on procurement, distribution, monitoring, and reporting of rabies PEP. METHODS We interviewed key informants in the public sector from various levels in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka between March 2017 and May 2018 using a descriptive assessment tool to obtain information on procurement, distribution, monitoring, and reporting of rabies PEP. These four countries in Asia were chosen to showcase a range of rabies PEP systems. National rabies focal points were interviewed in each country and focal points helped identify additional key informants at lower levels. RESULTS A total of 22 key informants were interviewed at various levels (central level to health facility level) including national rabies focal points in each country. Each country has a unique system for managing rabies PEP procurement, distribution, monitoring, and reporting. There are varying levels of PEP access for those with potential rabies exposures. Rabies PEP is available in select health facilities throughout the country in Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. In Cambodia, rabies PEP is limited to two urban centers. The availability of RIG in all four countries is limited. In these four countries, most aspects of the rabies PEP distribution system operate independently of systems for other vaccines. However, in Bhutan, rabies PEP and Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) vaccines share cold chain space in some locations at the lowest level. All countries have a monitoring system in place, but there is limited reporting of data, particularly to the central level. CONCLUSION Systems to procure, deliver, monitor, and report on rabies PEP are variable across countries. Sharing information on practices more widely among countries can help programs to increase access to this life-saving treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyie J Li
- PHI/CDC Global Health Fellowship and ASPPH/CDC Allan Rosenfield Global Health Fellowship, Atlanta, USA.
| | | | - Umme Ruman Siddiqi
- Disease Control Unit, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sanya Tahmina
- Disease Control Unit, Communicable Disease Control, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kinley Penjor
- Dewathang Military Hospital, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Ly Sovann
- Communicable Disease Control Department, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Lea Knopf
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Terri B Hyde
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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Peste Des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Dromedary Camels and Small Ruminants in Mandera and Wajir Counties of Kenya. Adv Virol 2019; 2019:4028720. [PMID: 30956658 PMCID: PMC6425320 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4028720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the presence of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in camel population kept together with small ruminants in Isiolo, Mandera, Marsabit, and Wajir counties of Kenya. This was done in the wake of a disease with unknown etiology “Camel Sudden Death Syndrome” camels in the horn of Africa. Thirty-eight (38) samples, 12, 8, 15, and 3 samples, were collected from Mandera, Wajir, Isiolo, and Marsabit, respectively, from 25 camels, 7 goats, and 4 sheep. One camel in Mandera and one goat in Wajir were confirmed positive for PPR virus (PPRV) through reverse Polymerase Chain Reaction. The analysis of sequences revealed closest nucleotide identities of obtained sequences from both goat and camel to the lineage III of PPRV albeit with 60.29% of nucleotide identity. This study establishes that camels in the study area suffer with PPR manifest clinical signs that are mainly characterized by inappetence, loss of body condition, and general weakness terminally leading to diarrhea, conjunctivitis, and ocular nasal discharges preceding death. These clinical signs are similar to those observed in small ruminants with slight variations of manifestations such as keratoconjunctivitis as well as edema of the ventral surface of the abdomen. This shows that camels could be involved in the epidemiology of PPR in the region and that PPRV could be involved in the epidemics of Camel Sudden Death syndrome. There is therefore a need for resources to be dedicated in understanding the role camels play in the epidemiology of PPR and the role of the disease in Camels Sudden death syndrome.
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Epidemiological assessment of clinical poultry cases through the government veterinary hospital-based passive surveillance system in Bangladesh: a case study. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 51:967-975. [PMID: 30565184 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological assessment of clinical poultry cases recorded through the existing passive surveillance at Kishoreganj District Veterinary Hospital during February-March 2016 was performed. A total of 200 cases (87 layers, 80 broilers, 21 ducks, and 12 pigeons) were included in this evaluation. The present study attempted to demonstrate the usefulness of passive surveillance data in quantifying the relative burden of poultry cases and their distribution along with drug prescription patterns. The cases were diagnosed based on clinical history, clinical signs, and observable post-mortem lesions by the registered veterinarian or intern veterinarian. The most prevalent diseases in chickens were infectious bursal disease (IBD) (31.7%; CI (confidence interval) 24.7-39.3%), coccidiosis (22.8%; CI 16.6-29.8%), Newcastle disease (ND) (21.6%; CI 15.5-28.5%), and coli-enteritis (8.4%; CI 4.6-13.6%). The most prevalent disease in ducks was duck plague (DP) (76.6%; CI 52.8-91.7%). Newcastle disease was most prevalent (66.7%; CI 34.8-90.0%) in pigeons. Infectious bursal disease, aspergillosis, and colibacillosis respectively were seen in a higher proportion of cases in broiler chickens than in layer chickens (58.7%, 12.5%, and 11.2% vs. 6.9%, 1.1%, and 3.4%; p ≤ 0.05). Contrarily, ND was seen in greater proportion of cases in layer chickens (32.1%) than in broiler chickens (10.0%) (p < 0.001). Infectious bursal disease, ND, coccidiosis, and aspergillosis were higher in older age broilers than in younger broilers (p ≤ 0.05). Antibiotics were often used to treat the poultry diseases such as trimethoprim with sulpha drugs (41%), ciprofloxacin (39%), sulphadiazine (27.5%), and erythromycin (26%). Through the present study, we can see how a passive surveillance system would be an effective tool for delineating disease distributions and common treatment regimens, thus helping to mitigate disease prevalence.
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MALIK MH, VERMA HK. Epidemiological aspect and major constraints in controlling haemorrhagic septicemia in dairy animals of Punjab. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i10.84069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Present study was undertaken to study the epidemiological aspect of haemorrhagic septicemia (HS) in dairy animals and various constraints in controlling its occurrence in different agro-climatic zones of Punjab. The study was conducted in all the different agro-climatic zones of Punjab by multistage stratified random sampling of 720 dairy farmers and categorized them on the basis of herd size of dairy animals, viz. small (5–10), medium (11–50) and large (>50). The overall incidence and case fatality rate (CFR) of HS among dairy animals was 5.45 and 45.15% respectively. Incidence risk of HS on the species basis varied significantly and was observed highest in buffaloes (6.27%), followed by crossbred (4.67%) and indigenous cattle (3.91%). Within different herd sizes, the incidence risk of HS varied significantly and was highest in small herd size (10.52%) followed by medium (5.44%) and large herd size (3.01%). Incidence risk varied significantly between the different agro-climatic zones of Punjab within small and large sized herds but not in medium sized herds. CFR among the different herds was highest in small herd (49.28%) followed by medium herd (44.32%) and large herd (39.15%). The major constraints faced by farmers for controlling HS estimated by using Garrett’s ranking technique included failure of prophylactic vaccination, cost of treatment, strict biosafety measures and hygienic sanitary conditions not followed, inadequate early disease detection and poor availability of veterinary and extension services. Various veterinary and extension tools should be chosen based on agro-climatic conditions and analyzing farmers in respect of education, herd size, extension contacts, teledensity and training etc. to overcome this dreadful disease of dairy animals.
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Tankaew P, Srisawat W, Singhla T, Tragoolpua K, Kataoka Y, Sawada T, Sthitmatee N. Comparison of two indirect ELISA coating antigens for the detection of dairy cow antibodies against Pasteurella multocida. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 145:20-27. [PMID: 29246780 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ELISA is recognized as an efficient diagnostic tool for antibody detection, but there is no standard ELISA assay for detection of antibodies against hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) in cattle. The present study reports on an indirect ELISA assay for antibody detection of HS in dairy cows, and evaluates the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the method using a Bayesian approach. An indirect ELISA was developed with two types of heat extract antigens, Pasteurella multocida strains P-1256 and M-1404, as coating antigens. A checkerboard titration was employed using dairy cow sera immunized with P. multocida bacterin and colostrum-deprived calf sera. The concentrations of heat extract antigen (160μg/mL), sample serum (1:100) and goat anti-bovine immunoglobulin G labeled with horseradish peroxidase (1:2000) were optimal for the assay. The cut-off values were 0.147 and 0.128 for P-1256 and M-1404 coating antigens, and there were no differences in the results of tests with positive and negative sera (p<0.05). The characteristics of three diagnostic tests were evaluated using a one-population Bayesian model, assuming conditional dependence between two types of coating antigen-based ELISAs and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). A total of 415 sera samples from dairy cows without HS vaccination and no history of disease were tested. The Se and Sp of the P-1256 and M-1404 ELISAs were higher than those of the IHA. The Se and Sp of the P-1256 ELISA were 90.3% and 90.1%, while the Se and Sp of the M-1404 ELISA were 92.1% and 71.9%. The median values of Se and Sp from the IHA were 36.0% and 58.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallop Tankaew
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Wanwisa Srisawat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Singhla
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Khajornsak Tragoolpua
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Yasushi Kataoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Takuo Sawada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Excellent Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand.
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Mwakapeje ER, Assenga JA, Kunda JS, Mjingo EE, Makondo ZE, Nonga HE, Mdegela RH, Skjerve E. Prevention, detection, and response to anthrax outbreak in Northern Tanzania using one health approach: A case study of Selela ward in Monduli district. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2017.66-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Baron MD, Diop B, Njeumi F, Willett BJ, Bailey D. Future research to underpin successful peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) eradication. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2635-2644. [PMID: 29022862 PMCID: PMC5845661 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a significant pathogen of small ruminants and is prevalent in much of Africa, the Near and Middle East and Asia. Despite the availability of an efficacious and cheap live-attenuated vaccine, the virus has continued to spread, with its range stretching from Morocco in the west to China and Mongolia in the east. Some of the world's poorest communities rely on small ruminant farming for subsistence and the continued endemicity of PPRV is a constant threat to their livelihoods. Moreover, PPRV's effects on the world's population are felt broadly across many economic, agricultural and social situations. This far-reaching impact has prompted the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to develop a global strategy for the eradication of this virus and its disease. PPRV is a morbillivirus and, given the experience of these organizations in eradicating the related rinderpest virus, the eradication of PPRV should be feasible. However, there are many critical areas where basic and applied virological research concerning PPRV is lacking. The purpose of this review is to highlight areas where new research could be performed in order to guide and facilitate the eradication programme. These areas include studies on disease transmission and epidemiology, the existence of wildlife reservoirs and the development of next-generation vaccines and diagnostics. With the support of the international virology community, the successful eradication of PPRV can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Bouna Diop
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Govindaraj G, Krishnamoorthy P, Nethrayini K, Shalini R, Rahman H. Epidemiological features and financial loss due to clinically diagnosed Haemorrhagic Septicemia in bovines in Karnataka, India. Prev Vet Med 2017; 144:123-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bovine fascioliasis risk factors and space-time clusters in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 9:104-109. [PMID: 31014831 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A hospital-based case-control study was undertaken to identify risk factors for - and space-time clusters of - bovine fascioliasis in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Fascioliasis cases diagnosed using fecal sample test between January 2006 and December 2015 (n=593) at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (BAUVTH) and three controls per case (n=1563) were selected. Data on date of report, location, age, breed, sex and body weight were extracted from the hospital records. A mixed multivariable logistic regression model with location as a random effect was built to identify risk factors for fascioliasis. The scan statistic (Bernoulli model) was used to identify space-time clusters. Compared to cattle ≤1year of age, the odds of fascioliasis were 5.2- (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6-7.4), 6.1- (95% CI: 4.2-8.7) and 10.7-times (95% CI: 6.9-16.6) greater in cattle aged >1-3, >3-8 and >8years, respectively. The odds of fascioliasis were 1.4- (95% CI: 1.03-1.99) and 1.5-times (95% CI: 1.13-2.11) greater in post-monsoon and monsoon seasons, respectively, compared to winter. Five significant (P<0.05) clusters (7-13 locations each) were identified, lasting from six months to 5years. Six locations - Bhangnamari, Deuhakhola, Gauripur, Ishwarganj, Nandail and Rasulpur - appeared to be at more risk for fascioliasis: these locations were part of at least 3 significant clusters. Anthelmintic treatment should focus on high risk age groups (>1year, especially those >8years). Importantly, we have demonstrated high-risk periods (monsoon and post-monsoon) and disease hotspots of bovine fascioliasis. Focusing disease control efforts in time and space offers an opportunity to more effectively control bovine fascioliasis in Bangladesh and in other similar geo-climatic zones throughout the world.
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Rahman AKMA, Islam SKS, Talukder MH, Hassan MK, Dhand NK, Ward MP. Fascioliasis risk factors and space-time clusters in domestic ruminants in Bangladesh. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:228. [PMID: 28482863 PMCID: PMC5422951 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A retrospective observational study was conducted to identify fascioliasis hotspots, clusters, potential risk factors and to map fascioliasis risk in domestic ruminants in Bangladesh. Cases of fascioliasis in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats from all districts in Bangladesh between 2011 and 2013 were identified via secondary surveillance data from the Department of Livestock Services’ Epidemiology Unit. From each case report, date of report, species affected and district data were extracted. The total number of domestic ruminants in each district was used to calculate fascioliasis cases per ten thousand animals at risk per district, and this was used for cluster and hotspot analysis. Clustering was assessed with Moran’s spatial autocorrelation statistic, hotspots with the local indicator of spatial association (LISA) statistic and space-time clusters with the scan statistic (Poisson model). The association between district fascioliasis prevalence and climate (temperature, precipitation), elevation, land cover and water bodies was investigated using a spatial regression model. Results A total of 1,723,971 cases of fascioliasis were reported in the three-year study period in cattle (1,164,560), goats (424,314), buffalo (88,924) and sheep (46,173). A total of nine hotspots were identified; one of these persisted in each of the three years. Only two local clusters were found. Five space-time clusters located within 22 districts were also identified. Annual risk maps of fascioliasis cases correlated with the hotspots and clusters detected. Cultivated and managed (P < 0.001) and artificial surface (P = 0.04) land cover areas, and elevation (P = 0.003) were positively and negatively associated with fascioliasis in Bangladesh, respectively. Conclusions Results indicate that due to land use characteristics some areas of Bangladesh are at greater risk of fascioliasis. The potential risk factors, hot spots and clusters identified in this study can be used to guide science-based treatment and control decisions for fascioliasis in Bangladesh and in other similar geo-climatic zones throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K M Anisur Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - S K Shaheenur Islam
- Department of Livestock Services, Krishi Khamar Sarak, Farmgate, Dhaka, 1215, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Kumrul Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, NSW,, Australia
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, NSW,, Australia
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Rony MS, Rahman AKMA, Alam MM, Dhand N, Ward MP. Peste des Petits Ruminants risk factors and space-time clusters in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:2042-2048. [PMID: 28109070 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using a hospital-based case-control study design, our aim was to identify risk factors for-and space-time clusters of-Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Three hundred and eighty PPR cases diagnosed between January 2005 and December 2014 at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (BAUVTH) were selected; three controls per case from BAUVTH were then selected (n = 1,048). From records, data extracted included information on date of report, location, age, breed, sex and body weight of goats. A mixed multivariable logistic regression model was built to identify risk factors. Location was included as a random effect and season and demographic variables as fixed effects. The approximate geographic coordinates of locations were collected, and the scan statistic (Bernoulli model) was used to identify space-time clusters of PPR. Compared with goats <4 months of age, the odds of PPR were 3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.95-4.66), 1.9 (CI: 1.34-2.76) and 1.8 times (95% CI: 1.19-2.58) greater in goats aged 4-6, >6-12 and >12-24 months, respectively. The occurrence of PPR was also significantly higher (odds ratio [OR] 3.2; 95% CI: 1.15-8.59) in the Jamunapari breed than Black Bengals. Significantly higher odds of PPR were observed in winter (OR 1.6; 95% CI: 1.06-2.14) and the monsoon season (OR 1.5; 95% CI: 1.04-2.11) compared with the post-monsoon season. Two significant (p < .05) space-time clusters were identified between 2 December 2006 and 6 September 2007 (two locations) and 28 November 2006 and 13 February 2007 (five locations). Peste des Petits Ruminants is endemic in Bangladesh, but also occurs as discrete outbreaks. Control efforts-such as vaccination-should focus on high-risk groups (4-24 months of age, Jamunapari breed), prior to the onset of winter and the monsoon season so as to increase immunity during high-risk periods, and focus on disease hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rony
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - A K M A Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - M M Alam
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - N Dhand
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - M P Ward
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Ghosh S, Chowdhury S, Haider N, Bhowmik RK, Rana MS, Prue Marma AS, Hossain MB, Debnath NC, Ahmed B. Awareness of rabies and response to dog bites in a Bangladesh community. Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:161-169. [PMID: 29067191 PMCID: PMC5645866 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Community awareness regarding rabies and treatment seeking behaviours are critical both for the prevention and control of the disease in human and animals. We conducted a study to explore people's awareness about rabies, their attitudes towards dogs and practices associated with treating dog bites in Satkhira Sadar, a south-western sub-district of Bangladesh. Of the total 3200 households (HHs) surveyed, the majority of the respondents have heard about rabies (73%) and there was a high level of awareness that dog bite is the main cause of rabies (86%), and that rabies can be prevented by vaccination (85%). However, 59% of the dog bite victims first seek treatment from traditional healers instead of visiting the hospitals, 29% received the rabies vaccine, 2% practiced proper wound washing with soap and water, while 4.8% have not taken any measures. None of the victims have received rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). Of the respondents, 5.2% reported a history of dog bite in at least one family member, and 11.8% reported a history of dog bite in domestic animals during the previous year. The HHs having a higher number of family members (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.07-1.2), having a pet dog (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4-3.2) and caring or feeding a community dog (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4-2.9) showed an increased risk of getting a dog bite. Among the bite victims, 3.6% (n = 6) humans and 15.8% (n = 60) animals died. As a measure for dog population management (DPM), 56% preferred sterilization while the rest preferred killing of dogs. The current treatment seeking behaviours of the respondents should be improved through additional education and awareness programme and better availability for the provision of post-exposure prophylaxis in Bangladesh. We recommend scaling up national mass dog vaccination and DPM to reduce the burden of rabies cases and dog bites in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumon Ghosh
- Communicable Disease ControlDirectorate General of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and Family WelfareBangladesh
| | - Sukanta Chowdhury
- Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChittagongBangladesh
| | - Najmul Haider
- Technical University of DenmarkSection for EpidemiologyNational Veterinary InstitutesCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Rajub K. Bhowmik
- The Hostos Community College of the City University of New York500 Grand ConcourseBronxNew York 10451USA
| | - Md. S. Rana
- Communicable Disease ControlDirectorate General of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and Family WelfareBangladesh
| | - Aung S. Prue Marma
- Communicable Disease ControlDirectorate General of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and Family WelfareBangladesh
| | | | - Nitish C. Debnath
- Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChittagongBangladesh
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsDhakaBangladesh
| | - Be‐Nazir Ahmed
- Communicable Disease ControlDirectorate General of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and Family WelfareBangladesh
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Taylor LH, Nel LH. Global epidemiology of canine rabies: past, present, and future prospects. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2015; 6:361-371. [PMID: 30101121 PMCID: PMC6067664 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s51147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rabies virus, a public health scourge from ancient times, is currently responsible for an estimated 59,000 human deaths a year, almost all transmitted via dog bites. It causes considerable economic impacts on developing countries, primarily in Africa and Asia, which can least afford these losses. However, despite its almost 100% case fatality rate, canine rabies is a completely preventable disease, and historic examples of canine rabies elimination in the developed world attest to this. Over the last decade, programs based on eliminating the source of the disease from dogs have shown success in reducing the public health burden of canine rabies in developing countries, notably across Latin America, and this has contributed to the growing evidence base necessary to change attitudes toward the feasibility of global canine rabies elimination. More recently, assessments of the current economic burden of canine rabies and the potential cost savings achievable through mass dog vaccinations have been added to this evidence base. Tools and support are available from the international community to help countries move progressively toward canine rabies elimination, and there is optimism that global freedom from canine rabies can be achieved within the next few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louis H Nel
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Manhattan, KS, USA,
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Tenzin T, Ahmed R, Debnath NC, Ahmed G, Yamage M. Free-roaming dog population estimation and status of the dog population management and rabies control program in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003784. [PMID: 25978406 PMCID: PMC4433337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Beginning January 2012, a humane method of dog population management using a Catch-Neuter-Vaccinate-Release (CNVR) program was implemented in Dhaka City, Bangladesh as part of the national rabies control program. To enable this program, the size and distribution of the free-roaming dog population needed to be estimated. We present the results of a dog population survey and a pilot assessment of the CNVR program coverage in Dhaka City. Free-roaming dog population surveys were undertaken in 18 wards of Dhaka City on consecutive days using mark-resight methods. Data was analyzed using Lincoln-Petersen index-Chapman correction methods. The CNVR program was assessed over the two years (2012–2013) whilst the coverage of the CNVR program was assessed by estimating the proportion of dogs that were ear-notched (processed dogs) via dog population surveys. The free-roaming dog population was estimated to be 1,242 (95 % CI: 1205–1278) in the 18 sampled wards and 18,585 dogs in Dhaka City (52 dogs/km2) with an estimated human-to-free-roaming dog ratio of 828:1. During the two year CNVR program, a total of 6,665 dogs (3,357 male and 3,308 female) were neutered and vaccinated against rabies in 29 of the 92 city wards. A pilot population survey indicated a mean CNVR coverage of 60.6% (range 19.2–79.3%) with only eight wards achieving > 70% coverage. Given that the coverage in many neighborhoods was below the WHO-recommended threshold level of 70% for rabies eradications and since the CNVR program takes considerable time to implement throughout the entire Dhaka City area, a mass dog vaccination program in the non-CNVR coverage area is recommended to create herd immunity. The findings from this study are expected to guide dog population management and the rabies control program in Dhaka City and elsewhere in Bangladesh. Rabies is a public health problem in Bangladesh. A CNVR program was commenced in Dhaka City in January 2012 as part of the Bangladesh national rabies control program. We describe the findings of a dog population survey that was conducted to estimate the free-roaming dog population using a mark-resight framework and the progress of the CNVR program. The free-roaming dog population in the 18 sampled wards was estimated to be 1,242 dogs, and 18,585 dogs in Dhaka City (52 dogs/km2). The estimated human-to-free-roaming dog ratio was 828:1. Between 2012 and 2013, 6,665 dogs (3,357 male, 3,308 female) were neutered and vaccinated against rabies in 29 of the 92 city wards. A pilot survey conducted in 18 wards indicated a CNVR coverage of 60.6% (range 19.2–79.5%). We recommend conducting an annual mass dog vaccination in the non-CNVR coverage area during the intervening period of the CNVR program to create herd immunity against rabies and break the cycle of rabies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzin Tenzin
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Disease Prevention and Control Unit, National Centre for Animal Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Rubaiya Ahmed
- Obhoyaronno-Bangladesh Animal Welfare Foundation, Mohammadpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nitish C. Debnath
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Garba Ahmed
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mat Yamage
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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