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Çiftci N, Yildiz M, Uçar M. Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Death Anxiety, and Insomnia in Adults After the Earthquake. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2024:302228241256267. [PMID: 38785216 DOI: 10.1177/00302228241256267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, death anxiety, and insomnia in adults after the earthquake. This study, designed in a relational-cross-sectional-descriptive model, was conducted with 624 adult individuals living in a province affected by the earthquake that occurred in Turkey on February 6, 2023. The study data were collected using a personal information form, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Turkish Death Anxiety Scale, and Bergen Insomnia Scale. The analysis of the study data was performed by using SPSS 25.0, AMOS 24.0, and G*Power 3.1 Statistical package software. A significant positive correlation was found between posttraumatic stress disorder and Insomnia and Death Anxiety (p < .05). There was a significant positive correlation between Death Anxiety and Insomnia (p < .05). It was determined that Death Anxiety has a mediating role in the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on insomnia (95% Confidence Interval: 0.572/1.407) (p < .05). It was determined that the model created in line with the hypotheses was compatible and the model fit indices were within the desired limits, with x2/df = 1.795, RMSEA = 0.03, CFI = 0.95, GFI = 0.946, AGFI = 0.93, IFI = 0.95. It was determined that posttraumatic stress disorder increased death anxiety and insomnia after the earthquake. Conducting longitudinal studies on the post-earthquake period is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Necmettin Çiftci
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
| | - Metin Yildiz
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Uçar
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Varto Vocational School, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey
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Ye Y, Chen B, Zhen R, Li Y, Liu Z, Zhou X. Childhood maltreatment patterns and suicidal ideation: mediating roles of depression, hope, and expressive suppression. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02442-6. [PMID: 38642118 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Childhood maltreatment has long-term negative effects on individuals' physical and mental well-being, and may increase the risk for suicidal ideation. However, how different patterns of childhood maltreatment affect subsequent suicidal ideation and the underlying mediating mechanisms remain unclear, particularly among Chinese adolescents. This study used latent profile analysis to identify patterns of childhood maltreatment among adolescents and explored how these patterns predicted subsequent suicidal ideation via depression, hope, and expressive suppression. This study used a two-wave, 1-year longitudinal design and included 2156 adolescents (Mage = 13.97 years, SDage = 1.61 years; 49.6% females). We identified three patterns of childhood maltreatment: low maltreatment, high psychological neglect, and high maltreatment. Compared with the low maltreatment group, the high maltreatment group indirectly predicted subsequent suicidal ideation 1 year later via depression through hope and expressive suppression, whereas the direct effect on suicidal ideation was not significant. Compared with the low maltreatment group, the high psychological neglect group had a significant direct effect on subsequent suicidal ideation and indirectly predicted suicidal ideation through depression or hope. Identifying patterns of childhood maltreatment among adolescents will assist mental health workers in developing targeted interventions to effectively alleviate suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ye
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Rui Zhen
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhengyi Liu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Yang Q, Xie R, Wang D, Li J, Zhang R, Li W, Ding W. How to survive the long night? Longitudinal relationship between sleep problems and suicidal behavior among adolescents: The serial mediating roles of negative emotion, self-control, and nonsuicidal self-injury. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2024; 54:349-360. [PMID: 38284480 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep problems are a significant risk factor for identifying and preventing suicidal involvement among adolescents. However, there is limited evidence to assess the underlying mechanisms between them. This study investigated the longitudinal relationship between sleep problems and suicidal behavior and examined whether this relationship was moderated by negative emotions, low self-control, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). METHODS From December 2020 onward, we assessed 1214 Chinese secondary school adolescents (60.7% were boys, aged 13-19 years) three times, 6 months apart. RESULTS In the direct effects model, sleep problems were found to have a positive impact on adolescent suicidal behavior. In the indirect effects model, we observed that sleep problems were associated with an elevated risk of suicidal behavior through several pathways: one-mediator path of negative emotions, low self-control, and NSSI, respectively; two-mediator path of negative emotions via low self-control, negative emotions via NSSI, and low self-control via NSSI, and three-mediator path from negative emotions to NSSI via low self-control. CONCLUSIONS This longitudinal study provides evidence that sleep problems in adolescents may increase suicidal behavior by exacerbating negative emotions, weakening self-control, and promoting NSSI. The findings suggest sleep problems should be addressed in suicide prevention and intervention efforts for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Yang
- School of Psychology, Parent Education Research Center, Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ruibo Xie
- School of Psychology, Parent Education Research Center, Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Die Wang
- School of Psychology, Parent Education Research Center, Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- School of Psychology, Parent Education Research Center, Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Psychology, Parent Education Research Center, Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Weijian Li
- School of Psychology, Parent Education Research Center, Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Wan Ding
- School of Psychology, Parent Education Research Center, Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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Porcheret K, Dyb G, Wentzel-Larsen T, Stensland SØ. Predictors of early adulthood insomnia following exposure to a single mass violence attack during adolescence: 7-13 year follow-up from the Utøya and HUNT studies. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2312750. [PMID: 38386049 PMCID: PMC10885749 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2312750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The long-term impact of mass violence attacks is practically unknown, especially in children and adolescents. In a previous study, we found that 8.5 years after a terror attack targeting mainly adolescents, nearly half of the survivors met diagnostic criteria for insomnia.Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate: (1) whether exposure to a single mass violence event during adolescence increases the risk of insomnia almost a decade later above that expected for a non-exposed population; and (2) whether prior interpersonal violence exposure and early post-traumatic reactions predict later insomnia.Method: Participants were survivors of the 2011 Utøya Island terrorist attack (n = 279) and controls from the HUNT Norwegian general population study (n = 35,664). Early adulthood insomnia was assessed using four items from the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire 8.5 years after the attack. Participants who had also completed earlier data collection waves for both studies (n = 116 and 2382, respectively) were included in logistic regression models testing the associations between predictors during adolescence and later insomnia.Results: Nearly a decade after the Utøya attack, 38.4% (n = 56) of the survivors reported symptoms of insomnia indicative of probable insomnia compared to 20.5% (n = 5771) of controls. Terror exposure during adolescence was a significant predictor of later insomnia [odds ratio (OR) = 3.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.05-4.87, p < .001]. Early post-trauma symptoms of anxiety and depression (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.02-1.76, p = .033) and weekly headaches (OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.08-2.47, p = .018) were also significant predictors while controlling for background factors and other predictors.Conclusion: Long-term assessment and treatment are needed for survivors of mass violence to improve resilience and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Porcheret
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Grete Dyb
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Wentzel-Larsen
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern, Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Synne Øien Stensland
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
- Research and Communication Unit for Musculoskeletal Health (FORMI), Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Pfefferbaum B, Tucker P, Ekambaram V, Van Horn RL. Children's Sleep and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2023; 25:847-856. [PMID: 37957452 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-023-01475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The COVID-19 pandemic and protracted home confinement required adjustments to schedules and routines generating concern about children's sleep. This review describes general considerations regarding children's sleep, changes and disturbances in their sleep during the pandemic, and the association of sleep measures with health and psychological outcomes in general and in the context of the pandemic. RECENT FINDINGS A number of studies found an increase in the duration of children's sleep with later bedtimes and waketimes for some children. The research also documented sleep disturbances and associations between children's sleep and psychological outcomes. The extent to which increased sleep duration and changed sleep behaviors translated into improved sleep quality and/or a change in sleep disturbances remains unclear. This review suggests the importance of considering children's sleep in other mass trauma situations including, for example, natural and man-made disasters, as well as pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, WP 3217, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK, 73126-0901, USA.
| | - Phebe Tucker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, c/o 15509 Claremont Blvd, Edmond, OK, 73013, USA
| | - Vijayabharathi Ekambaram
- Department of Psychiatry, HCA Florida West Hospital, 8383 N. Davis Highway, Pensacola, FL, 32514, USA
| | - Richard L Van Horn
- University of Oklahoma, 920 Stanton L. Young Boulevard, WP 3217, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK, 73126-0901, USA
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Palmer CA, Bahn A, Deutchman D, Bower JL, Weems CF, Alfano CA. Sleep Disturbances and Delayed Sleep Timing are Associated with Greater Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Youth Following Hurricane Harvey. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:1534-1545. [PMID: 35435538 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sleep patterns following a natural disaster are associated with mental health difficulties, but research in youth samples has been limited to subjective reports of sleep. Participants (N = 68, 8-17 years old) completed an assessment 6-9 months after Hurricane Harvey, which included subjective measures of sleep, chronotype, hurricane-related post-traumatic stress symptoms, and one week of actigraphy. Prior to the hurricane, parents provided reports on emotional symptoms. Controlling for age, sex, socioeconomic status, participation time, and pre-hurricane emotional symptoms, subjective sleep disturbances and an eveningness chronotype were associated with greater post-traumatic stress, with the strongest effects observed for re-experiencing, negative cognitions/mood, and arousal/reactivity symptoms. Later sleep timing as measured by actigraphy was associated with greater arousal/reactivity symptoms and shorter sleep duration was associated with greater avoidance symptoms. As extreme weather-related events are expected to become more frequent and severe, these findings contribute to models of youth risk and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A Palmer
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, 319 Traphagen Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
| | - Alexis Bahn
- Psychology Neurosciences Department, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dagny Deutchman
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, 319 Traphagen Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Joanne L Bower
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Carl F Weems
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Candice A Alfano
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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Zhao X, Lukito S, Huang X, Qiu C, Tang W. Longitudinal associations between pandemic post-traumatic stress symptoms and subsequent non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: A multiple mediation model. J Affect Disord 2023; 323:707-715. [PMID: 36529405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS PTSD is one of the most common conditions after people have experienced trauma. While previous studies have found a link between PTSD and non-suicidal self-injury, (NSSI), few studies have longitudinally explored this relationship and the underlying mechanisms. AIMS This study explored adolescent NSSI frequency after COVID-19 lockdown experiences, the relationship with early PTSD symptoms, and the mediating role of depression and sleep problems. METHODS A cohort of 1609 adolescents completed two surveys during and after the national lockdown in China; one month into the lockdown and six months later; which assessed demographic and pandemic-related exposure variables; PTSD, depression, sleep, and NSSI. Mediation analyses and hierarchical regression were employed to examine the relationships and the paths between these variables. RESULTS The NSSI rate was found to be 31.9 % after the three-month lockdown, with 20.6 % of adolescent participants reporting sleeping disorders, and 33.9 % indicating probable depression. Adolescents who had earlier PTSD symptoms, often smoked and/or drank, and had current depression and sleep disorders reported greater NSSI. Early PTSD symptoms were found to predict later NSSI and were mediated by sleep problems and depressive symptoms. Specifically, PTSD avoidance and numbing symptoms were significantly associated with NSSI above and beyond the depressive symptoms, sleeping problems, and the other covariables. CONCLUSION It is necessary to be vigilant about the increased risk of NSSI in adolescents who have experienced extended pandemic lockdowns. Preventing early adolescent PTSD symptoms, especially avoidance and numbness, and helping teenagers quit smoking and drinking could reduce the risk of sleep disorders, depression, and NSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkui Zhao
- School of Teacher Education, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, China; Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Steve Lukito
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xia Huang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changjian Qiu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanjie Tang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Shen L, Wu X, Zhen R, Zhou X. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Mobile Phone Dependence, and Academic Boredom in Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:724732. [PMID: 34790148 PMCID: PMC8591255 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has threatened adolescents’ mental health and even elicited their academic problems. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most common negative psychological reactions, and academic boredom is a typical academic problem to the pandemic. PTSD might be related to academic boredom, but the underlying mechanism of this potential relation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic remains unclear. Aims: Under the framework of the job demands–resources model and the model of compensatory internet use, this study aims to examine the mediating role of mobile phone dependency in the relation between PTSD and academic boredom. Methods: Six hundred and thirty-one middle school students in Hubei Province were investigated using self-report questionnaires. SPSS19.0 and Mplus7.0 were used for data analysis. Results: PTSD symptoms were associated positively with academic boredom, and mobile phone dependence played a mediating role in the relation between PTSD and academic boredom. Specifically, adolescents with severe PTSD symptoms tended to report greater dependency on mobile phones, and hence show higher levels of boredom in learning. Conclusion: PTSD symptoms of adolescents directly aggravated their academic boredom, and indirectly affected academic boredom by increasing their dependence on mobile phones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Shen
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Wu
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhen
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Giannakopoulos G, Kolaitis G. Sleep problems in children and adolescents following traumatic life events. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:27-34. [PMID: 33643859 PMCID: PMC7896245 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i2.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rates of childhood trauma exposure are extremely high, with approximately 70% of children and adolescents experiencing at least one traumatic event. Among the most common non-specific consequences of stress and trauma are disruptions of sleep. Sleep problems, such as shorter sleep duration, difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings, nightmares, sleepless nights, and early-morning wakefulness appear to have a higher prevalence among children and adolescents following traumatic events. This review will illustrate the role of sleep problems in traumatized children and adolescents, and emphasize the need to consider a wide range of etiological mechanisms for these symptoms. However, the relationship of trauma exposure to sleep problems among children and adolescents needs further investigation in future research. Moreover, in view of the adverse consequences of long-term disrupted sleep on mental health outcomes following trauma, the need to effectively address sleep disturbances in traumatized children and adolescents is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Giannakopoulos
- Department of Child Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Kolaitis
- Department of Child Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece
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Chen XY, Shi X, Li Y, Zhou Y, Chen H, Wang T, Fan F. Psychiatric comorbidity predicts sleep disturbances among adolescent earthquake survivors: a 10-year cohort study. Sleep Med 2020; 78:94-100. [PMID: 33418432 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence of sleep disturbances 10 years after Wenchuan earthquake, and to explore whether comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms could predict sleep disturbances and whether such effects were modified by gender. METHODS Participants were 1357 adolescents in the Wenchuan Earthquake Adolescent Health Cohort Study (WEAHC). 799 of the participants completed the followed-up survey 10 years after the earthquake. At 12-month post-earthquake (T12m), a battery of standardized measures were used to assess individual earthquake exposure, sleep disturbances (insomnia symptoms and poor sleep quality), PTSD, and depressive symptoms. At 10 years post-earthquake (T10y), those survivors reported their sleep disturbances via an online survey. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. RESULTS The prevalence of insomnia (14.3%) and of poor sleep quality (19.8%) at T10y decreased when compared with it at T12m. After controlling for covariates, it is revealed that depression-only and comorbidity groups at T12m predicted sleep disturbances at T10y among the whole sample and males. As for females, who have depression-only and comorbidity were more likely to develop insomnia symptoms but not poor sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS Sleep disturbances remained highly prevalent among survivors even 10 years after the earthquake. Depression-only and comorbidity groups were related to higher risks of sleep disturbances, especially for males. Assessments and interventions targeting both depressive symptoms and comorbid PTSD to reduce sleep disturbances after a deadly disaster are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Xuliang Shi
- College of Education, Hebei University, Hebei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Ya Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Huilin Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China
| | - Fang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China; School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, China.
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Lai BS, La Greca AM, Colgan CA, Herge W, Chan S, Medzhitova J, Short M, Auslander B. Sleep Problems and Posttraumatic Stress: Children Exposed to a Natural Disaster. J Pediatr Psychol 2020; 45:1016-1026. [PMID: 32885231 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sleep plays a critical role in children's growth and development. This study examined the frequency and persistence of children's sleep problems following a natural disaster, risk factors for children's sleep problems, and the bidirectional relationship between children's sleep problems and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) over time. METHODS This study assessed 269 children (53% female, M = 8.70 years, SD = 0.95) exposed to Hurricane Ike at 8 months (Time 1) and 15 months (Time 2) post-disaster. Children completed measures of hurricane exposure and related stressors, stressful life events, sleep problems, and PTSS. RESULTS Children's sleep problems were significantly correlated from Time 1 to Time 2 (r = .28, p < .001). Risk factors for sleep problems at Time 2 were younger age, sleep problems at Time 1, and PTSS, not including sleep items, at Time 1. Examinations of the bidirectional relationship between sleep problems and PTSS indicated that PTSS significantly predicted later sleep problems, but sleep problems did not significantly predict later PTSS. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate that PTSS may contribute to the development and course of children's sleep problems post-disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty S Lai
- Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Boston College
| | | | - Courtney A Colgan
- Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Boston College
| | - Whitney Herge
- Psychology Department, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
| | - Sherilynn Chan
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati
| | - Julia Medzhitova
- Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Boston College
| | - Mary Short
- Clinical, Health and Applied Sciences, College of Human Sciences and Humanities, University of Houston-Clear Lake
| | - Beth Auslander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch
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Tang W, Wang Y, Lu L, Lu Y, Xu J. Post-traumatic growth among 5195 adolescents at 8.5 years after exposure to the Wenchuan earthquake: Roles of post-traumatic stress disorder and self-esteem. J Health Psychol 2020; 26:2450-2459. [PMID: 32306761 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320913947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the level of post-traumatic growth in a large sample of Chinese adolescent earthquake survivors (n = 5195) and relationships among self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, and post-traumatic growth. This cross-sectional study indicated that the prevalence of post-traumatic growth among adolescent survivors was 14.8 percent. Post-traumatic growth was independently associated with self-esteem, severity of exposures, and avoidance facets of post-traumatic stress disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder was found to be partially mediated by self-esteem on post-traumatic growth; and post-traumatic stress disorder was also a mediator between earthquake exposure and post-traumatic growth. This study suggests that future longitudinal research and clinical practice should test whether promoting self-esteem can enhance post-traumatic stress disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Lu
- Sichuan University, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Sichuan University, China
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13
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Zhou X, Zhen R, Wu X. Trajectories of sleep problems among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake: the role of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Psychol Health 2019; 34:811-827. [DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1574348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhen
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Zhou X, Zhen R, Wu X. How does parental attachment contribute to post-traumatic growth among adolescents following an earthquake? Testing a multiple mediation model. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10:1605280. [PMID: 31105903 PMCID: PMC6507859 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1605280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect of parental attachment on post-traumatic growth (PTG) among adolescents. Nine and a half years after the Wenchuan earthquake, 872 adolescents in China were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. The results showed that parental attachment had a direct association with PTG, two significant one-step indirect associations with PTG (through justice beliefs and cognitive reappraisal), two significant two-step indirect associations (through feelings of safety via justice beliefs and justice beliefs via cognitive reappraisal), and one significant three-step indirect association (through feelings of safety via justice beliefs by cognitive reappraisal). The results indicated that feelings of safety, justice beliefs, and cognitive reappraisal mediated the association between parental attachment and PTG. These findings highlight the importance of a family perspective and may help clinical psychologists to improve adolescents' PTG by helping them to build positive parental attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhen
- Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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15
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Tang W, Lu Y, Yang Y, Xu J. An epidemiologic study of self-reported sleep problems in a large sample of adolescent earthquake survivors: The effects of age, gender, exposure, and psychopathology. J Psychosom Res 2018; 113:22-29. [PMID: 30190044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the prevalence of sleep problems and their associated risk factors in child and adolescent survivors three years after the 2013 Ya'an earthquake. METHODS A total of 6132 adolescent survivors aged 9-18 years were invited to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale-13, Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire, and Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders. Logistic analysis was used to identify possible relationships of sleep disturbance scores with earthquake exposures, mental health and demographic characteristics. RESULTS More than a quarter of the sample showed sleep problems of some kind, with 23.1% sleeping fewer than 7 h per night, 32.5% having difficulty falling asleep, 24.2% having difficulty remaining asleep, 25.3% having poor sleep quality, 17.4% having nightmares and 44.6% having difficulty functioning during daytime hours. Older participants were at a significantly higher risk of sleep issues than younger children (OR 2.89), and the subjects had significantly elevated risks of probable anxiety (OR 3.47), probable depression (OR 2.45), and probable posttraumatic stress disorder (OR 1.89). Other risk factors for sleep problems were earthquake exposure variables, including being injured (OR 1.42), having a parent injured (OR 1.27), witnessing death (OR 1.32) or feeling extremely scared (OR 1.22) in the Ya'an earthquake. CONCLUSIONS Sleep disturbances are common in adolescent earthquake survivors, and they are associated with age, gender, psychiatric symptoms and factors related to earthquake exposure. These results highlight the importance of development- and gender-specific interventions to prevent sleep disturbances after a major earthquake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Tang
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-disaster Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Centre for Educational and Health Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Mental Health Center, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-disaster Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanchun Yang
- Mental Health Center, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuping Xu
- Institute of Emergency Management and Post-disaster Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Zhou X, Zhen R, Wu X. Trajectories of Problematic Internet Use among adolescents over time since Wenchuan earthquake. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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The prevalence of posttraumatic stress in adolescents eight years after the Wenchuan earthquake. Psychiatry Res 2018; 262:262-269. [PMID: 29475105 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2008, an 8.0 Richter scale earthquake devastated Wenchuan in China, which resulted in heavy casualties, and had wide-reaching psychological effects on survivors. To examine its impact on the survivors, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in adolescents eight years after the earthquake. The cross-section survey was conducted in two different earthquake-affected areas, and data were collected from 4118 respondents. Instruments included the questionnaire on demographic information, the questionnaire on seismic exposure, PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) questionnaire, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) and Simple Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ). During the survey, there were 1998 valid questionnaires from the generally affected area and 2120 questionnaires from the severely affected area. The rate of PTSD is 1.9% in the generally affected area and 2.7% in the severely affected disaster area; there is no significant difference between the two differently affected areas. Occurrences of PTSD and PTG are significantly positively correlated in the generally affected area, nevertheless, there is a significant negative correlation between PTSD and PTG in most systems of the severely affected area. The results of this study help to expand our knowledge regarding posttraumatic stress in adolescents 8 years after the Wenchuan earthquake, and it provides suggestions for specific long-term health interventions in such populations. To prevent earthquake-related psychological issues among adolescent survivors, social support, psychological aid, and improvement of the living environment are necessary to buffer negative posttraumatic stress.
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18
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Mollayeva T, D'Souza A, Mollayeva S, Colantonio A. Post-Traumatic Sleep-Wake Disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:38. [PMID: 28343323 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
All living organisms that face a traumatic life event are susceptible to sleep-wake disturbances. Stress, which can result in trauma, evokes a high level of physiological arousal associated with sympathetic nervous system activation, during both sleep and wakefulness. Heredity, sex hormones, early losses, developmental factors and intra- and interpersonal conflicts, contribute to the level of baseline physiological arousal, producing either subclinical, clinical or complex clinical traits, acutely and at any time after exposure to a traumatic event. The risk of acute sleep-wake disturbances becoming disorders and syndromes depends on the type of traumatic event and all of the aforementioned factors. Taken together, with consideration for behavioural and environmental heterogeneity, in research, will aid identification and understanding of susceptibility factors in long-term sleep and wakefulness pathology after exposure to traumatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Mollayeva
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 550 University Avenue, Rm 11207, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada. .,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Acquired Brain Injury Research Lab, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Andrea D'Souza
- Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Toronto-Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road North, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Shirin Mollayeva
- Graduate Biology Department, University of Toronto-Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Angela Colantonio
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 550 University Avenue, Rm 11207, Toronto, ON, M5G 2A2, Canada.,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Acquired Brain Injury Research Lab, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Tanaka E, Tsutsumi A, Kawakami N, Kameoka S, Kato H, You Y. Long-term psychological consequences among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake in China: A cross-sectional survey six years after the disaster. J Affect Disord 2016; 204:255-61. [PMID: 27544312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most epidemiological studies on adolescent survivors' mental health have been conducted within 2 years after the disaster. Longer-term psychological consequences remain unclear. This study explored psychological symptoms in secondary school students who were living in Sichuan province 6 years after the Wenchuan earthquake. METHODS A secondary data analysis was performed on data from a final survey of survivors conducted 6 years after the Wenchuan earthquake as part of the five-year mental health and psychosocial support project. A total of 2641 participants were divided into three groups, according to the level of traumatic experience exposure during the earthquake (0, 1, and 2 or more). ANCOVA was used to compare the mean scores of the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) among the three groups, adjusting for covariates such as age, gender, ethnicity, having a sibling, parents' divorce, and socio-economic status. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify relationships between the traumatic experiences and suicidality after the disaster. RESULTS Having two or more kinds of traumatic experiences was associated with higher psychological symptom scores on the SCL-90 (Cohen's d=0.23-0.33) and suicidal ideation (OR 1.98, 95% CIs:1.35-2.89) and attempts (OR 3.32, 95% CIs:1.65-6.68), as compared with having no traumatic experience. LIMITATIONS Causality cannot be inferred from this cross-sectional survey, and results may not generalize to other populations due to convenience sampling. CONCLUSIONS Severely traumatized adolescent survivors of the earthquake may suffer from psychological symptoms even 6 years after the disaster. Long-term psychological support will be needed for these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsuro Tsutsumi
- Organization for Global Affairs, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health/Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kato
- Hyogo Institute for Traumatic Stress, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yongheng You
- Institute of Teacher Education and Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
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Kye SY, Kwon JH, Park K. Happiness and health behaviors in South Korean adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Epidemiol Health 2016; 38:e2016022. [PMID: 27283139 PMCID: PMC4967911 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2016022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: We examined the associations between happiness and a wide range of health behaviors in South Korean adolescents. METHODS: Study data were derived from the ninth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey administered from June to July 2013. In addition to happiness levels, the questionnaire included items on sociodemographics and health-related lifestyle factors (smoking, drinking, eating breakfast, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and hours of sleep). RESULTS: The multivariate analysis revealed that higher levels of happiness were associated with not smoking or drinking, eating breakfast, eating fruits daily, vegetable consumption, participating in at least 60 minutes of physical activity a day, avoiding sedentary behavior, and hours of sleep. Additionally, sex differences were found in relationships between happiness and eating fruit daily, participation in physical activity, and sedentary behavior. CONCLUSIONS: These results encourage public health professionals to consider the psychological aspects of adolescent life in working to improve their health behaviors and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Kye
- Cancer Information and Education Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kwon
- Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Keeho Park
- Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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Hu X, Cao X, Wang H, Chen Q, Liu M, Yamamoto A. Probable Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Its Predictors in Disaster-Bereaved Survivors: A Longitudinal Study After the Sichuan Earthquake. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2016; 30:192-7. [PMID: 26992870 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the trajectory of probable PTSD prevalence and severity, and analyzed the predictors for PTSD severity in bereaved survivors at 6 months and 18 months after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. This was a longitudinal study with 226 bereaved survivors sampled at 6 months and 18 months post-earthquake. The instrument used in the study was the revised version of the Impact of Event Scale. The results showed that the prevalence of probable PTSD in bereaved survivors decreased significantly from 38.9% at 6 months to 16.8% at 18 months post-earthquake. Loss of a child, being directly exposed to the death of family members and property loss during the earthquake, and mental health services utilization after the earthquake were significant predictors for PTSD severity at both assessments. These findings can contribute to post-disaster psychological rescue work. The bereaved survivors at high risk for more severe PTSD should be particularly targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Hu
- Department of Nursing, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Cao
- Hemodialysis Center, Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Nursing, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Nursing, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Maoqiong Liu
- Department of Nursing, Dujiangyan Second People's Hospital, Dujiangyan, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Aiko Yamamoto
- Research Institute of Nursing Care for People & Community, University of Hyogo, Japan
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22
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Gregory AM, Sadeh A. Annual Research Review: Sleep problems in childhood psychiatric disorders--a review of the latest science. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:296-317. [PMID: 26412255 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hippocrates flagged the value of sleep for good health. Nonetheless, historically, researchers with an interest in developmental psychopathology have largely ignored a possible role for atypical sleep. Recently, however, there has been a surge of interest in this area, perhaps reflecting increased evidence that disturbed or insufficient sleep can result in poor functioning in numerous domains. This review outlines what is known about sleep in the psychiatric diagnoses most relevant to children and for which associations with sleep are beginning to be understood. While based on a comprehensive survey of the literature, the focus of the current review is on the latest science (largely from 2010). There is a description of both concurrent and longitudinal links as well as possible mechanisms underlying associations. Preliminary treatment research is also considered which suggests that treating sleep difficulties may result in improvements in behavioural areas beyond sleep quality. FINDINGS To maximise progress in this field, there now needs to be: (a) greater attention to the assessment of sleep in children; (b) sleep research on a wider range of psychiatric disorders; (c) a greater focus on and examination of mechanisms underlying associations; (d) a clearer consideration of developmental questions and (e) large-scale well-designed treatment studies. CONCLUSIONS While sleep problems may sometimes be missed by parents and healthcare providers; hence constituting a hidden risk for other psychopathologies - knowing about these difficulties creates unique opportunities. The current excitement in this field from experts in diverse areas including developmental psychology, clinical psychology, genetics and neuropsychology should make these opportunities a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Gregory
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, UK
| | - Avi Sadeh
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
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23
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Zhou X, Wu X, Chen J. Longitudinal linkages between posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth in adolescent survivors following the Wenchuan earthquake in China: A three-wave, cross-lagged study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:107-11. [PMID: 25959264 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the longitudinal relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among adolescent survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. The participants in our study included 245 adolescent survivors who were randomly selected from several primary and secondary schools in the counties of Wenchuan, which are the areas most severely affected by the Wenchuan earthquake. Participants completed the Revised Child PTSD Symptom Scale and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) at 3.5 years after the earthquake (T1), 4.5 years after the earthquake (T2), and 5.5 years after the earthquake (T3). The results found that PTSD reported in T1 and T2 predicted subsequent PTG reported at T2 and T3 and that PTG did not predict PTSD from T1 to T3. In addition, the cross-sectional correlation between PTSD and PTG weakened from T1 to T3. These results indicate that PTSD and PTG can coexist in individuals after a traumatic experience, and they further suggest that the reduction in PTSD does not indicate the appearance of PTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- School of Psychology, Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Wu
- School of Psychology, Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jieling Chen
- School of Psychology, Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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