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Hamamoto A, Kita N, B Gowda SG, Takatsu H, Nakayama K, Arita M, Hui SP, Shin HW. Lysosomal membrane integrity in fibroblasts derived from patients with Gaucher disease. Cell Struct Funct 2024; 49:1-10. [PMID: 38072450 DOI: 10.1247/csf.23066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is a recessively inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GBA1). This deficiency results in the accumulation of its substrate, glucosylceramide (GlcCer), within lysosomes. Here, we investigated lysosomal abnormalities in fibroblasts derived from patients with GD. It is noteworthy that the cellular distribution of lysosomes and lysosomal proteolytic activity remained largely unaffected in GD fibroblasts. However, we found that lysosomal membranes of GD fibroblasts were susceptible to damage when exposed to a lysosomotropic agent. Moreover, the susceptibility of lysosomal membranes to a lysosomotropic agent could be partly restored by exogenous expression of wild-type GBA1. Here, we report that the lysosomal membrane integrity is altered in GD fibroblasts, but lysosomal distribution and proteolytic activity is not significantly altered.Key words: glucosylceramide, lysosome, Gaucher disease, lysosomotropic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Hamamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University
| | - Natsuki Kita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University
| | - Siddabasave Gowda B Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University
| | | | | | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences
| | | | - Hye-Won Shin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University
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2
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Klein AD, Outeiro TF. Glucocerebrosidase mutations disrupt the lysosome and now the mitochondria. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6383. [PMID: 37821433 PMCID: PMC10567851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés D Klein
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, 7780272, Chile.
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Natural Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
- Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.
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3
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Ormazabal ME, Pavan E, Vaena E, Ferino D, Biasizzo J, Mucci JM, Serra F, Cifù A, Scarpa M, Rozenfeld PA, Dardis AE. Exploring the Pathophysiologic Cascade Leading to Osteoclastogenic Activation in Gaucher Disease Monocytes Generated via CRISPR/Cas9 Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11204. [PMID: 37446383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the acid β-glucosidase gene (GBA1), leading to a deficiency in the β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) enzyme activity resulting in the intracellular accumulation of sphingolipids. Skeletal alterations are one of the most disabling features in GD patients. Although both defective bone formation and increased bone resorption due to osteoblast and osteoclast dysfunction contribute to GD bone pathology, the molecular bases are not fully understood, and bone disease is not completely resolved with currently available specific therapies. For this reason, using editing technology, our group has developed a reliable, isogenic, and easy-to-handle cellular model of GD monocytes (GBAKO-THP1) to facilitate GD pathophysiology studies and high-throughput drug screenings. In this work, we further characterized the model showing an increase in proinflammatory cytokines (Interleukin-1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α) release and activation of osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, our data suggest that GD monocytes would display an increased osteoclastogenic potential, independent of their interaction with the GD microenvironment or other GD cells. Both proinflammatory cytokine production and osteoclastogenesis were restored at least, in part, by treating cells with the recombinant human GCase, a substrate synthase inhibitor, a pharmacological chaperone, and an anti-inflammatory compound. Besides confirming that this model would be suitable to perform high-throughput screening of therapeutic molecules that act via different mechanisms and on different phenotypic features, our data provided insights into the pathogenic cascade, leading to osteoclastogenesis exacerbation and its contribution to bone pathology in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Emanuel Ormazabal
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), UNLP, CONICET, Asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Eleonora Pavan
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Emilio Vaena
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), UNLP, CONICET, Asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Dania Ferino
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Jessica Biasizzo
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Juan Marcos Mucci
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), UNLP, CONICET, Asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Fabrizio Serra
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Adriana Cifù
- Dipartimento di Area Medica, Università degli Studi di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Maurizio Scarpa
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Paula Adriana Rozenfeld
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), UNLP, CONICET, Asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Andrea Elena Dardis
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Peng Y, Liou B, Lin Y, Mayhew CN, Fleming SM, Sun Y. iPSC-derived neural precursor cells engineering GBA1 recovers acid β-glucosidase deficiency and diminishes α-synuclein and neuropathology. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 29:185-201. [PMID: 37063480 PMCID: PMC10102010 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in GBA1, encoding the lysosomal acid β-glucosidase (GCase), cause neuronopathic Gaucher disease (nGD) and promote Parkinson disease (PD). The mutations on GBA1 include deletion and missense mutations that are pathological and lead to GCase deficiency in Gaucher disease. Both nGD and PD lack disease-modifying treatments and are critical unmet medical needs. In this study, we evaluated a cell therapy treatment using mouse iPSC-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs) engineered to overexpress GCase (termed hGBA1-NPCs). The hGBA1-NPCs secreted GCase that was taken up by adjacent mouse Gba -/- neurons and improved GCase activity, reduced GCase substrate accumulation, and improved mitochondrial function. Short-term in vivo effects were evaluated in 9H/PS-NA mice, an nGD mouse model exhibiting neuropathology and α-synuclein aggregation, the typical PD phenotypes. Intravenously administrated hGBA1-NPCs were engrafted throughout the brain and differentiated into neural lineages. GCase activity was increased in various brain regions of treated 9H/PS-NA mice. Compared with vehicle, hGBA1-NPC-transplanted mice showed ∼50% reduction of α-synuclein aggregates in the substantia nigra, significant reduction of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the regions of NPC migration, and increased expression of neurotrophic factors that support neural cell function. Together, these results support the therapeutic benefit of intravenous delivery of iPSC-derived NPCs overexpressing GCase in mitigating nGD and PD phenotypes and establish the feasibility of combined cell and gene therapy for GBA1-associated PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Peng
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Benjamin Liou
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yi Lin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Christopher N. Mayhew
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sheila M. Fleming
- College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Grabowski GA, Mistry PK. Therapies for lysosomal storage diseases: Principles, practice, and prospects for refinements based on evolving science. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 137:81-91. [PMID: 35933791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Grabowski
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, United States of America; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America.
| | - Pramod K Mistry
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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Tsui M, Biro J, Chan J, Min W, Dobbs K, Notarangelo LD, Grunebaum E. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency induces p53-mediated intrinsic apoptosis in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9084. [PMID: 35641516 PMCID: PMC9156781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10935-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is an important enzyme in the purine degradation and salvage pathway. PNP deficiency results in marked T lineage lymphopenia and severe immunodeficiency. Additionally, PNP-deficient patients and mice suffer from diverse non-infectious neurological abnormalities of unknown etiology. To further investigate the cause for these neurologic abnormalities, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from two PNP-deficient patients were differentiated into neurons. The iPSC-derived PNP-deficient neurons had significantly reduced soma and nuclei volumes. The PNP-deficient neurons demonstrated increased spontaneous and staurosporine-induced apoptosis, measured by cleaved caspase-3 expression, together with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased cleaved caspase-9 expression, indicative of enhanced intrinsic apoptosis. Greater expression of tumor protein p53 was also observed in these neurons, and inhibition of p53 using pifithrin-α prevented the apoptosis. Importantly, treatment of the iPSC-derived PNP-deficient neurons with exogenous PNP enzyme alleviated the apoptosis. Inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) in iPSC derived from PNP-proficient neurons with hydroxyurea or with nicotinamide and trichostatin A increased the intrinsic neuronal apoptosis, implicating RNR dysfunction as the potential mechanism for the damage caused by PNP deficiency. The findings presented here establish a potential mechanism for the neurological defects observed in PNP-deficient patients and reinforce the critical role that PNP has for neuronal viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tsui
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University to Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy Biro
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Chan
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Weixian Min
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Eyal Grunebaum
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,The Institute of Medical Sciences, The University to Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada.
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Sabitha KR, Chandran D, Shetty AK, Upadhya D. Delineating the neuropathology of lysosomal storage diseases using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:221-238. [PMID: 35316126 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) are inherited metabolic diseases caused due to deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, essential for the normal development of the brain and other organs. Approximately two-thirds of the patients suffering from LSD exhibit neurological deficits and impose an escalating challenge to the medical and scientific field. The advent of iPSC technology has aided researchers in efficiently generating functional neuronal and non-neuronal cells through directed differentiation protocols, as well as in decoding the cellular, subcellular and molecular defects associated with LSDs using two-dimensional cultures and cerebral organoid models. This review highlights the information assembled from patient-derived iPSCs on neurodevelopmental and neuropathological defects identified in LSDs. Multiple studies have identified neural progenitor cell migration and differentiation defects, substrate accumulation, axon growth and myelination defects, impaired calcium homeostasis and altered electrophysiological properties, using patient-derived iPSCs. In addition, these studies have also uncovered defective lysosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, autophagy and vesicle trafficking and signaling pathways, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood brain barrier dysfunction, neurodegeneration, gliosis, altered transcriptomes in LSDs. The review also discusses the therapeutic applications such as drug discovery, repurposing of drugs, synergistic effects of drugs, targeted molecular therapies, gene therapy, and transplantation applications of mutation corrected lines identified using patient-derived iPSCs for different LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Sabitha
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, 29224, Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India;
| | - Divya Chandran
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, 29224, Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India;
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Texas A&M University College Station, 14736, College of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States;
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, 29224, Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India;
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Coccia E, Ahfeldt T. Towards physiologically relevant human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) models of Parkinson's disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:253. [PMID: 33926571 PMCID: PMC8082939 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The derivation of human embryonic stem cells followed by the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells and leaps in genome editing approaches have continuously fueled enthusiasm for the development of new models of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is characterized by the relative selective loss of dopaminergic neurons (DNs) in specific areas of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). While degeneration in late stages can be widespread, there is stereotypic early degeneration of these uniquely vulnerable neurons. Various causes of selective vulnerability have been investigated but much remains unclear. Most studies have sought to identify cell autonomous properties of the most vulnerable neurons. However, recent findings from genetic studies and model systems have added to our understanding of non-cell autonomous contributions including regional-specific neuro-immune interactions with astrocytes, resident or damage-activated microglia, neuro-glia cell metabolic interactions, involvement of endothelial cells, and damage to the vascular system. All of these contribute to specific vulnerability and, along with aging and environmental factors, might be integrated in a complex stressor-threshold model of neurodegeneration. In this forward-looking review, we synthesize recent advances in the field of PD modeling using human pluripotent stem cells, with an emphasis on organoid and complex co-culture models of the nigrostriatal niche, with emerging CRISPR applications to edit or perturb expression of causal PD genes and associated risk factors, such as GBA, to understand the impact of these genes on relevant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Coccia
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, US
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, US
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, US
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, US
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, US
| | - Tim Ahfeldt
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, US.
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, US.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, US.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, US.
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, US.
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Value of Glucosylsphingosine (Lyso-Gb1) as a Biomarker in Gaucher Disease: A Systematic Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197159. [PMID: 32998334 PMCID: PMC7584006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenges in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of Gaucher disease (GD), an autosomal recessive inborn error of glycosphingolipid metabolism, can negatively impact clinical outcomes. This systematic literature review evaluated the value of glucosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb1), as the most reliable biomarker currently available for the diagnosis, prognosis, and disease/treatment monitoring of patients with GD. Literature searches were conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, ScienceOpen, Science.gov, Biological Abstracts, and Sci-Hub to identify original research articles relevant to lyso-Gb1 and GD published before March 2019. Seventy-four articles met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 56 related to pathology and 21 related to clinical biomarkers. Evidence for lyso-Gb1 as a pathogenic mediator of GD was unequivocal, although its precise role requires further elucidation. Lyso-Gb1 was deemed a statistically reliable diagnostic and pharmacodynamic biomarker in GD. Evidence supports lyso-Gb1 as a disease-monitoring biomarker for GD, and some evidence supports lyso-Gb1 as a prognostic biomarker, but further study is required. Lyso-Gb1 meets the criteria for a biomarker as it is easily accessible and reliably quantifiable in plasma and dried blood spots, enables the elucidation of GD molecular pathogenesis, is diagnostically valuable, and reflects therapeutic responses. Evidentiary standards appropriate for verifying inter-laboratory lyso-Gb1 concentrations in plasma and in other anatomical sites are needed.
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Sanjurjo-Rodríguez C, Castro-Viñuelas R, Piñeiro-Ramil M, Rodríguez-Fernández S, Fuentes-Boquete I, Blanco FJ, Díaz-Prado S. Versatility of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) for Improving the Knowledge on Musculoskeletal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176124. [PMID: 32854405 PMCID: PMC7504376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent an unlimited source of pluripotent cells capable of differentiating into any cell type of the body. Several studies have demonstrated the valuable use of iPSCs as a tool for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying disorders affecting bone, cartilage and muscle, as well as their potential for tissue repair. Musculoskeletal diseases are one of the major causes of disability worldwide and impose an important socio-economic burden. To date there is neither cure nor proven approach for effectively treating most of these conditions and therefore new strategies involving the use of cells have been increasingly investigated in the recent years. Nevertheless, some limitations related to the safety and differentiation protocols among others remain, which humpers the translational application of these strategies. Nonetheless, the potential is indisputable and iPSCs are likely to be a source of different types of cells useful in the musculoskeletal field, for either disease modeling or regenerative medicine. In this review, we aim to illustrate the great potential of iPSCs by summarizing and discussing the in vitro tissue regeneration preclinical studies that have been carried out in the musculoskeletal field by using iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sanjurjo-Rodríguez
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain; (R.C.-V.); (M.P.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (I.F.-B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.S.-R.); (S.D.-P.)
| | - Rocío Castro-Viñuelas
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain; (R.C.-V.); (M.P.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (I.F.-B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - María Piñeiro-Ramil
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain; (R.C.-V.); (M.P.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (I.F.-B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Silvia Rodríguez-Fernández
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain; (R.C.-V.); (M.P.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (I.F.-B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Isaac Fuentes-Boquete
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain; (R.C.-V.); (M.P.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (I.F.-B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
- Tissular Bioengineering and Cell Therapy Unit (GBTTC-CHUAC), Rheumatology Group, 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Silvia Díaz-Prado
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain; (R.C.-V.); (M.P.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (I.F.-B.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación estratégica CICA-INIBIC, University of A Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.S.-R.); (S.D.-P.)
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Crivaro A, Bondar C, Mucci JM, Ormazabal M, Feldman RA, Delpino MV, Rozenfeld PA. Gaucher disease-associated alterations in mesenchymal stem cells reduce osteogenesis and favour adipogenesis processes with concomitant increased osteoclastogenesis. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:274-282. [PMID: 32536424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by pathogenic mutations in GBA1, the gene that encodes the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase. Until now, treatments for GD cannot completely reverse bone problems. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of MSCs from GD patients (GD MSCs) to differentiate towards the osteoblast (GD Ob) and adipocyte (GD Ad) lineages, and their role in osteoclastogenesis. We observed that GD Ob exhibited reduced mineralization, collagen deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), as well as decreased gene expression of RUNX2, COLA1 and ALP. We also evaluated the process of osteoclastogenesis and observed that conditioned media from GD MSCs supernatants induced an increase in the number of osteoclasts. In this model, osteoclastogenesis was induced by RANKL and IL-1β. Furthermore, results showed that in GD MSCs there was a promotion in NLRP3 and PPAR-γ gene expression. Adipogenic differentiation revealed that GD Ad had an increase in PPAR-γ and a reduced RUNX2 gene expression, promoting adipocyte differentiation. In conclusion, our results show that GD MSCs exhibited deficient GD Ob differentiation and increased adipogenesis. In addition, we show that GD MSCs promoted increased osteoclastogenesis through RANKL and IL-1β. These changes in GD MSCs are likely to contribute to skeletal imbalance observed in GD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Crivaro
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - C Bondar
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - J M Mucci
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Ormazabal
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina
| | - R A Feldman
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Facultad de Medicina, CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, (C1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M V Delpino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - P A Rozenfeld
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET, asociado CIC PBA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Bv. 120 N(o)1489 (1900), La Plata, Argentina.
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12
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CRISPR/Cas9 Editing for Gaucher Disease Modelling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093268. [PMID: 32380730 PMCID: PMC7246564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the acid β-glucosidase gene (GBA1). Besides causing GD, GBA1 mutations constitute the main genetic risk factor for developing Parkinson’s disease. The molecular basis of neurological manifestations in GD remain elusive. However, neuroinflammation has been proposed as a key player in this process. We exploited CRISPR/Cas9 technology to edit GBA1 in the human monocytic THP-1 cell line to develop an isogenic GD model of monocytes and in glioblastoma U87 cell lines to generate an isogenic GD model of glial cells. Both edited (GBA1 mutant) cell lines presented low levels of mutant acid β-glucosidase expression, less than 1% of residual activity and massive accumulation of substrate. Moreover, U87 GBA1 mutant cells showed that the mutant enzyme was retained in the ER and subjected to proteasomal degradation, triggering unfolded protein response (UPR). U87 GBA1 mutant cells displayed an increased production of interleukin-1β, both with and without inflammosome activation, α-syn accumulation and a higher rate of cell death in comparison with wild-type cells. In conclusion, we developed reliable, isogenic, and easy-to-handle cellular models of GD obtained from commercially accessible cells to be employed in GD pathophysiology studies and high-throughput drug screenings.
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Deen MC, Proceviat C, Shan X, Wu L, Shen DL, Davies GJ, Vocadlo DJ. Selective Fluorogenic β-Glucocerebrosidase Substrates for Convenient Analysis of Enzyme Activity in Cell and Tissue Homogenates. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:824-829. [PMID: 32109051 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Within mammals, there are often several functionally related glycoside hydrolases, which makes monitoring their activities problematic. This problem is particularly acute for the enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), the malfunction of which is a key driver of Gaucher's disease (GD) and a major risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Humans harbor two other functionally related β-glucosidases known as GBA2 and GBA3, and the currently used fluorogenic substrates are not selective, which has driven the use of complicated subtractive assays involving the use of detergents and inhibitors. Here we describe the preparation of fluorogenic substrates based on the widely used nonselective substrate resorufin β-d-glucopyranoside. Using recombinant enzymes, we show that these substrates are highly selective for GCase. We also demonstrate their value through the analysis of GCase activity in brain tissue homogenates from transgenic mice expressing mutant human GCase and patient fibroblasts expressing mutant GCase. This approach simplifies the analysis of cell and tissue homogenates and should facilitate the analysis of clinical and laboratory tissues and samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Deen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Cameron Proceviat
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Xiaoyang Shan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Liang Wu
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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14
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Neuropathophysiology of Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Synaptic Dysfunction as a Starting Point for Disease Progression. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030616. [PMID: 32106459 PMCID: PMC7141115 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
About two thirds of the patients affected with lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) experience neurological manifestations, such as developmental delay, seizures, or psychiatric problems. In order to develop efficient therapies, it is crucial to understand the neuropathophysiology underlying these symptoms. How exactly lysosomal storage affects biogenesis and function of neurons is still under investigation however recent research highlights a substantial role played by synaptic defects, such as alterations in synaptic spines, synaptic proteins, postsynaptic densities, and synaptic vesicles that might lead to functional impairments in synaptic transmission and neurodegeneration, finally culminating in massive neuronal death and manifestation of cognitive symptoms. Unveiling how the synaptic components are affected in neurological LSD will thus enable a better understanding of the complexity of disease progression as well as identify crucial targets of therapeutic relevance and optimal time windows for targeted intervention.
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15
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Peng Y, Liou B, Inskeep V, Blackwood R, Mayhew CN, Grabowski GA, Sun Y. Intravenous infusion of iPSC-derived neural precursor cells increases acid β-glucosidase function in the brain and lessens the neuronopathic phenotype in a mouse model of Gaucher disease. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:3406-3421. [PMID: 31373366 PMCID: PMC6891072 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by GBA1 mutations leading to functional deficiency of acid-β-glucosidase (GCase). No effective treatment is available for neuronopathic GD (nGD). A subclass of neural stem and precursor cells (NPCs) expresses VLA4 (integrin α4β1, very late antigen-4) that facilitates NPC entry into the brain following intravenous (IV) infusion. Here, the therapeutic potential of IV VLA4+NPCs was assessed for nGD using wild-type mouse green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive multipotent induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived VLA4+NPCs. VLA4+NPCs successfully engrafted in the nGD (4L;C*) mouse brain. GFP-positive cells differentiated into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the brainstem, midbrain and thalamus of the transplanted mice and significantly improved sensorimotor function and prolonged life span compared to vehicle-treated 4L;C* mice. VLA4+NPC transplantation significantly decreased levels of CD68 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, as well as TNFα mRNA levels in the brain, indicating reduced neuroinflammation. Furthermore, decreased Fluoro-Jade C and NeuroSilver staining suggested inhibition of neurodegeneration. VLA4+NPC-engrafted 4L;C* midbrains showed 35% increased GCase activity, reduced substrate [glucosylceramide (GC, -34%) and glucosylsphingosine (GS, -11%)] levels and improved mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates in comparison to vehicle-4L;C* mice. VLA4+NPC engraftment in 4L;C* brain also led to enhanced expression of neurotrophic factors that have roles in neuronal survival and the promotion of neurogenesis. This study provides evidence that iPSC-derived NPC transplantation has efficacy in an nGD mouse model and provides proof of concept for autologous NPC therapy in nGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Peng
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Benjamin Liou
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Venette Inskeep
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Rachel Blackwood
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Christopher N Mayhew
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gregory A Grabowski
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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16
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Zunke F, Mazzulli JR. Modeling neuronopathic storage diseases with patient-derived culture systems. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:147-162. [PMID: 30790616 PMCID: PMC6588474 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are organelles involved in the degradation and recycling of macromolecules, and play a critical role in sensing metabolic information in the cell. A class of rare metabolic diseases called lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are characterized by lysosomal dysfunction and the accumulation of macromolecular substrates. The central nervous system appears to be particularly vulnerable to lysosomal dysfunction, since many LSDs are characterized by severe, widespread neurodegeneration with pediatric onset. Furthermore, variants in lysosomal genes are strongly associated with some common neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). To better understand disease pathology and develop novel treatment strategies, it is critical to study the fundamental molecular disease mechanisms in the affected cell types that harbor endogenously expressed mutations. The discovery of methods for reprogramming of patient-derived somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and their differentiation into distinct neuronal and glial cell types, have provided novel opportunities to study mechanisms of lysosomal dysfunction within the relevant, vulnerable cell types. These models also expand our ability to develop and test novel therapeutic targets. We discuss recently developed methods for iPSC differentiation into distinct neuronal and glial cell types, while addressing the need for meticulous experimental techniques and parameters that are essential to accurately identify inherent cellular pathologies. iPSC models for neuronopathic LSDs and their relationship to sporadic age-related neurodegeneration are also discussed. These models should facilitate the discovery and development of personalized therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Zunke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany.
| | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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17
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Pacitti D, Privolizzi R, Bax BE. Organs to Cells and Cells to Organoids: The Evolution of in vitro Central Nervous System Modelling. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:129. [PMID: 31024259 PMCID: PMC6465581 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, the human brain is not just the most complex organ in the human body, but has also been described as "the most complex thing in the universe." The limited availability of human living brain tissue for the study of neurogenesis, neural processes and neurological disorders has resulted in more than a century-long strive from researchers worldwide to model the central nervous system (CNS) and dissect both its striking physiology and enigmatic pathophysiology. The invaluable knowledge gained with the use of animal models and post mortem human tissue remains limited to cross-species similarities and structural features, respectively. The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) and 3-D organoid technologies has revolutionised the approach to the study of human brain and CNS in vitro, presenting great potential for disease modelling and translational adoption in drug screening and regenerative medicine, also contributing beneficially to clinical research. We have surveyed more than 100 years of research in CNS modelling and provide in this review an historical excursus of its evolution, from early neural tissue explants and organotypic cultures, to 2-D patient-derived cell monolayers, to the latest development of 3-D cerebral organoids. We have generated a comprehensive summary of CNS modelling techniques and approaches, protocol refinements throughout the course of decades and developments in the study of specific neuropathologies. Current limitations and caveats such as clonal variation, developmental stage, validation of pluripotency and chromosomal stability, functional assessment, reproducibility, accuracy and scalability of these models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pacitti
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine and Health, St Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Privolizzi
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget E. Bax
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Bridget E. Bax,
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18
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Fog CK, Zago P, Malini E, Solanko LM, Peruzzo P, Bornaes C, Magnoni R, Mehmedbasic A, Petersen NHT, Bembi B, Aerts JFMG, Dardis A, Kirkegaard T. The heat shock protein amplifier arimoclomol improves refolding, maturation and lysosomal activity of glucocerebrosidase. EBioMedicine 2018; 38:142-153. [PMID: 30497978 PMCID: PMC6306395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gaucher Disease is caused by mutations of the GBA gene which encodes the lysosomal enzyme acid beta-glucosidase (GCase). GBA mutations commonly affect GCase function by perturbing its protein homeostasis rather than its catalytic activity. Heat shock proteins are well known cytoprotective molecules with functions in protein homeostasis and lysosomal function and their manipulation has been suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy for GD. The investigational drug arimoclomol, which is in phase II/III clinical trials, is a well-characterized HSP amplifier and has been extensively clinically tested. Importantly, arimoclomol efficiently crosses the blood-brain-barrier presenting an opportunity to target the neurological manifestations of GD, which remains without a disease-modifying therapy. METHODS We used a range of biological and biochemical in vitro assays to assess the effect of arimoclomol on GCase activity in ex vivo systems of primary fibroblasts and neuronal-like cells from GD patients. FINDINGS We found that arimoclomol induced relevant HSPs such as ER-resident HSP70 (BiP) and enhanced the folding, maturation, activity, and correct cellular localization of mutated GCase across several genotypes including the common L444P and N370S mutations in primary cells from GD patients. These effects where recapitulated in a human neuronal model of GD obtained by differentiation of multipotent adult stem cells. INTERPRETATION These data demonstrate the potential of HSP-targeting therapies in GCase-deficiencies and strongly support the clinical development of arimoclomol as a potential therapeutic option for the neuronopathic forms of GD. FUNDING The research was funded by Orphazyme A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine K Fog
- Orphazyme A/S, Ole Maaloes vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paola Zago
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Udine, Italy
| | - Erika Malini
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Udine, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Peruzzo
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Udine, Italy
| | - Claus Bornaes
- Orphazyme A/S, Ole Maaloes vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Bembi
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Udine, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Dardis
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, Academic Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Udine, Italy
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19
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Anderson RH, Francis KR. Modeling rare diseases with induced pluripotent stem cell technology. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 40:52-59. [PMID: 29307697 PMCID: PMC6033695 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rare diseases, in totality, affect a significant proportion of the population and represent an unmet medical need facing the scientific community. However, the treatment of individuals affected by rare diseases is hampered by poorly understood mechanisms preventing the development of viable therapeutics. The discovery and application of cellular reprogramming to create novel induced pluripotent stem cell models of rare diseases has revolutionized the rare disease community. Through developmental and functional analysis of differentiated cell types, these stem cell models carrying patient-specific mutations have become an invaluable tool for rare disease research. In this review article, we discuss the reprogramming of samples from individuals affected with rare diseases to induced pluripotent stem cells, current and future applications for this technology, and how integration of genome editing to rare disease research will help to improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and lead to patient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthellen H Anderson
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Kevin R Francis
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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20
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Frati G, Luciani M, Meneghini V, De Cicco S, Ståhlman M, Blomqvist M, Grossi S, Filocamo M, Morena F, Menegon A, Martino S, Gritti A. Human iPSC-based models highlight defective glial and neuronal differentiation from neural progenitor cells in metachromatic leukodystrophy. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:698. [PMID: 29899471 PMCID: PMC5997994 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathological cascade leading from primary storage to neural cell dysfunction and death in metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) has been poorly elucidated in human-derived neural cell systems. In the present study, we have modeled the progression of pathological events during the differentiation of patient-specific iPSCs to neuroepithelial progenitor cells (iPSC-NPCs) and mature neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes at the morphological, molecular, and biochemical level. We showed significant sulfatide accumulation and altered sulfatide composition during the differentiation of MLD iPSC-NPCs into neuronal and glial cells. Changes in sulfatide levels and composition were accompanied by the expansion of the lysosomal compartment, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The neuronal and glial differentiation capacity of MLD iPSC-NPCs was significantly impaired. We showed delayed appearance and/or reduced levels of oligodendroglial and astroglial markers as well as reduced number of neurons and disorganized neuronal network. Restoration of a functional Arylsulfatase A (ARSA) enzyme in MLD cells using lentiviral-mediated gene transfer normalized sulfatide levels and composition, globally rescuing the pathological phenotype. Our study points to MLD iPSC-derived neural progeny as a useful in vitro model to assess the impact of ARSA deficiency along NPC differentiation into neurons and glial cells. In addition, iPSC-derived neural cultures allowed testing the impact of ARSA reconstitution/overexpression on disease correction and, importantly, on the biology and functional features of human NPCs, with important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Frati
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Luciani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Vasco Meneghini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.,Institute Imagine, 24 Boulevard du Montparnasse, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Silvia De Cicco
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Otfried-Müller Str.23, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-41101, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41101, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Serena Grossi
- UOSD Centro di diagnostica genetica e biochimica delle malattie metaboliche, IRCCS G. Gaslini Institute, Via G. Gaslini, 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Mirella Filocamo
- UOSD Centro di diagnostica genetica e biochimica delle malattie metaboliche, IRCCS G. Gaslini Institute, Via G. Gaslini, 16147, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Morena
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Menegon
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Gritti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
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21
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Borger DK, McMahon B, Roshan Lal T, Serra-Vinardell J, Aflaki E, Sidransky E. Induced pluripotent stem cell models of lysosomal storage disorders. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:691-704. [PMID: 28592657 PMCID: PMC5483008 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided new opportunities to explore the cell biology and pathophysiology of human diseases, and the lysosomal storage disorder research community has been quick to adopt this technology. Patient-derived iPSC models have been generated for a number of lysosomal storage disorders, including Gaucher disease, Pompe disease, Fabry disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, Niemann-Pick types A and C1, and several of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Here, we review the strategies employed for reprogramming and differentiation, as well as insights into disease etiology gleaned from the currently available models. Examples are provided to illustrate how iPSC-derived models can be employed to develop new therapeutic strategies for these disorders. We also discuss how models of these rare diseases could contribute to an enhanced understanding of more common neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, and discuss key challenges and opportunities in this area of research. Summary: This Review discusses how induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide new opportunities to explore the biology and pathophysiology of lysosomal storage diseases, and how iPSCs have illuminated the role of lysosomes in more common disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Borger
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin McMahon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamanna Roshan Lal
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jenny Serra-Vinardell
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elma Aflaki
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Xie Y, Schutte RJ, Ng NN, Ess KC, Schwartz PH, O'Dowd DK. Reproducible and efficient generation of functionally active neurons from human hiPSCs for preclinical disease modeling. Stem Cell Res 2017; 26:84-94. [PMID: 29272856 PMCID: PMC5899925 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neuronal cultures to study the mechanisms of neurological disorders is often limited by low efficiency and high variability in differentiation of functional neurons. Here we compare the functional properties of neurons in cultures prepared with two hiPSC differentiation protocols, both plated on astroglial feeder layers. Using a protocol with an expandable intermediate stage, only a small percentage of cells with neuronal morphology were excitable by 21-23days in culture. In contrast, a direct differentiation strategy of the same hiPSC line produced cultures in which the majority of neurons fired action potentials as early as 4-5days. By 35-38days over 80% of the neurons fired repetitively and many fired spontaneously. Spontaneous post-synaptic currents were observed in ~40% of the neurons at 4-5days and in ~80% by 21-23days. The majority (75%) received both glutamatergic and GABAergic spontaneous postsynaptic currents. The rate and degree of maturation of excitability and synaptic activity was similar between multiple independent platings from a single hiPSC line, and between two different control hiPSC lines. Cultures of rapidly functional neurons will facilitate identification of cellular mechanisms underlying genetically defined neurological disorders and development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyao Xie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ryan J Schutte
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nathan N Ng
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Kevin C Ess
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Philip H Schwartz
- Children's Hospital of Orange County Research Institute, Orange, CA, United States
| | - Diane K O'Dowd
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.
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Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Bongarzone ER. Synaptic failure: The achilles tendon of sphingolipidoses. J Neurosci Res 2017; 94:1031-6. [PMID: 27638588 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The presence of life-threatening neurological symptoms in more than two-thirds of lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) underscores how vulnerable the nervous system is to lysosomal failure. Neurological dysfunction in LSDs has historically been attributed to the disruption of neuronal and glial homeostasis resulting from the progressive jamming of the endosomal/lysosomal pathway. In neurons, a dysfunctional endosomal-lysosomal system can elicit dire consequences. Given that neurons are largely postmitotic after birth, one can clearly understand that the inability of these cells to proliferate obliterates any possibility of diluting stored lysosomal material by means of cellular division. At its most advanced stage, this situation constitutes a terminal factor in neuronal life, resulting in cell death. However, synaptic deficits in the absence of classical neuronal cell death appear to be common features during the early stages in many LSDs, particularly sphingolipidoses. In essence, failure of synapses to convey their messages, even without major structural damage to the neuronal bodies, is a form of physiological death. This concept of dying-back neuropathology is highly relevant not only for understanding the dynamics of the neurological decline in these diseases, but, more importantly; it might also constitute an important target for molecular therapies to protect perhaps the "Achilles" point in the entire physiological architecture of the brain, thus avoiding an irreversible journey to neuronal demise. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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A New Glucocerebrosidase Chaperone Reduces α-Synuclein and Glycolipid Levels in iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons from Patients with Gaucher Disease and Parkinsonism. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7441-52. [PMID: 27413154 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0636-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Among the known genetic risk factors for Parkinson disease, mutations in GBA1, the gene responsible for the lysosomal disorder Gaucher disease, are the most common. This genetic link has directed attention to the role of the lysosome in the pathogenesis of parkinsonism. To study how glucocerebrosidase impacts parkinsonism and to evaluate new therapeutics, we generated induced human pluripotent stem cells from four patients with Type 1 (non-neuronopathic) Gaucher disease, two with and two without parkinsonism, and one patient with Type 2 (acute neuronopathic) Gaucher disease, and differentiated them into macrophages and dopaminergic neurons. These cells exhibited decreased glucocerebrosidase activity and stored the glycolipid substrates glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine, demonstrating their similarity to patients with Gaucher disease. Dopaminergic neurons from patients with Type 2 and Type 1 Gaucher disease with parkinsonism had reduced dopamine storage and dopamine transporter reuptake. Levels of α-synuclein, a protein present as aggregates in Parkinson disease and related synucleinopathies, were selectively elevated in neurons from the patients with parkinsonism or Type 2 Gaucher disease. The cells were then treated with NCGC607, a small-molecule noninhibitory chaperone of glucocerebrosidase identified by high-throughput screening and medicinal chemistry structure optimization. This compound successfully chaperoned the mutant enzyme, restored glucocerebrosidase activity and protein levels, and reduced glycolipid storage in both iPSC-derived macrophages and dopaminergic neurons, indicating its potential for treating neuronopathic Gaucher disease. In addition, NCGC607 reduced α-synuclein levels in dopaminergic neurons from the patients with parkinsonism, suggesting that noninhibitory small-molecule chaperones of glucocerebrosidase may prove useful for the treatment of Parkinson disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Because GBA1 mutations are the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease, dopaminergic neurons were generated from iPSC lines derived from patients with Gaucher disease with and without parkinsonism. These cells exhibit deficient enzymatic activity, reduced lysosomal glucocerebrosidase levels, and storage of glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine. Lines generated from the patients with parkinsonism demonstrated elevated levels of α-synuclein. To reverse the observed phenotype, the neurons were treated with a novel noninhibitory glucocerebrosidase chaperone, which successfully restored glucocerebrosidase activity and protein levels and reduced glycolipid storage. In addition, the small-molecule chaperone reduced α-synuclein levels in dopaminergic neurons, indicating that chaperoning glucocerebrosidase to the lysosome may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for both Parkinson disease and neuronopathic forms of Gaucher disease.
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Activation of β-Glucocerebrosidase Reduces Pathological α-Synuclein and Restores Lysosomal Function in Parkinson's Patient Midbrain Neurons. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7693-706. [PMID: 27445146 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0628-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) within Lewy body inclusions in the nervous system. There are currently no disease-modifying therapies capable of reducing α-syn inclusions in PD. Recent data has indicated that loss-of-function mutations in the GBA1 gene that encodes lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) represent an important risk factor for PD, and can lead to α-syn accumulation. Here we use a small-molecule modulator of GCase to determine whether GCase activation within lysosomes can reduce α-syn levels and ameliorate downstream toxicity. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons from synucleinopathy patients with different PD-linked mutations, we find that a non-inhibitory small molecule modulator of GCase specifically enhanced activity within lysosomal compartments. This resulted in reduction of GCase substrates and clearance of pathological α-syn, regardless of the disease causing mutations. Importantly, the reduction of α-syn was sufficient to reverse downstream cellular pathologies induced by α-syn, including perturbations in hydrolase maturation and lysosomal dysfunction. These results indicate that enhancement of a single lysosomal hydrolase, GCase, can effectively reduce α-syn and provide therapeutic benefit in human midbrain neurons. This suggests that GCase activators may prove beneficial as treatments for PD and related synucleinopathies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The presence of Lewy body inclusions comprised of fibrillar α-syn within affected regions of PD brain has been firmly documented, however no treatments exist that are capable of clearing Lewy bodies. Here, we used a mechanistic-based approach to examine the effect of GCase activation on α-syn clearance in human midbrain DA models that naturally accumulate α-syn through genetic mutations. Small molecule-mediated activation of GCase was effective at reducing α-syn inclusions in neurons, as well as associated downstream toxicity, demonstrating a therapeutic effect. Our work provides an example of how human iPSC-derived midbrain models could be used for testing potential treatments for neurodegenerative disorders, and identifies GCase as a critical therapeutic convergence point for a wide range of synucleinopathies.
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Rabenstein M, Peter F, Joost S, Trilck M, Rolfs A, Frech MJ. Decreased calcium flux in Niemann-Pick type C1 patient-specific iPSC-derived neurons due to higher amount of calcium-impermeable AMPA receptors. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 83:27-36. [PMID: 28666962 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene, resulting mainly in the accumulation of cholesterol and the ganglioside GM2. Recently, we described accumulations of these lipids in neuronal differentiated cells derived from NPC1 patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). As these lipids are essential for proper cell membrane composition, we were interested in the expression and function of voltage-gated ion channels and excitatory AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in neurons derived from three patient-specific iPSC lines. By means of patch clamp recordings and microfluorimetric measurements of calcium (Ca2+), we examined the expression of voltage-gated ion channels and AMPARs. Cells of the three used cell lines carrying the c.1836A>C/c.1628delC, the c.1180T>C or the c.3182T>C mutation demonstrated a significantly reduced AMPA-induced Ca2+-influx, suggesting an altered expression profile of these receptors. RT-qPCR revealed a significant upregulation of mRNA for the AMPA receptor subunits GluA1 and GluA2 and western blot analysis showed increased protein level of GluA2. Thus, we conclude that the observed reduced Ca2+-influx is based on an increase of GluA2 containing Ca2+-impermeable AMPARs. An attenuated function of GluRs in neurons potentially contributes to the progressive neurodegeneration observed in NPC1 and might represent an objective in regard of the development of new therapeutic approaches in NPC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rabenstein
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, D-18147 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Franziska Peter
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, D-18147 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Sarah Joost
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, D-18147 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Michaela Trilck
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, D-18147 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, D-18147 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Moritz J Frech
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration (AKos), University Medicine Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, D-18147 Rostock, Germany.
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Santos DM, Tiscornia G. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Modeling of Gaucher's Disease: What Have We Learned? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040888. [PMID: 28430167 PMCID: PMC5412467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher’s disease (GD) is the most frequently inherited lysosomal storage disease, presenting both visceral and neurologic symptoms. Mutations in acid β-glucocerebrosidase disrupt the sphingolipid catabolic pathway promoting glucosylceramide (GlcCer) accumulation in lysosomes. Current treatment options are enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and substrate reduction therapy (SRT). However, neither of these approaches is effective in treating the neurological aspect of the disease. The use of small pharmacological compounds that act as molecular chaperones is a promising approach that is still experimental. In recent years, an association between GD and Parkinson like synucleinopathies has been discovered. Since 1992, a number of mouse models of GD have been the developed and partially reproduce phenotype of the disease. More recently, the discovery of direct reprograming has allowed the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) from fibroblasts obtained from GD patients. iPSc can be expanded indefinitely in vitro and differentiated to macrophages and neurons, the main relevant cell types involved in GD. In this work, we review iPSc models of GD and summarize what we have learned from this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Matias Santos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
| | - Gustavo Tiscornia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
- Clínica EUGIN, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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Berger RP, Dookwah M, Steet R, Dalton S. Glycosylation and stem cells: Regulatory roles and application of iPSCs in the study of glycosylation-related disorders. Bioessays 2016; 38:1255-1265. [PMID: 27667795 PMCID: PMC5214967 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation refers to the co- and post-translational modification of protein and lipids by monosaccharides or oligosaccharide chains. The surface of mammalian cells is decorated by a heterogeneous and highly complex array of protein and lipid linked glycan structures that vary significantly between different cell types, raising questions about their roles in development and disease pathogenesis. This review will begin by focusing on recent findings that define roles for cell surface protein and lipid glycosylation in pluripotent stem cells and their functional impact during normal development. Then, we will describe how patient derived induced pluripotent stem cells are being used to model human diseases such as congenital disorders of glycosylation. Collectively, these studies indicate that cell surface glycans perform critical roles in human development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Berger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michelle Dookwah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Richard Steet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stephen Dalton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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29
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Wong YC, Krainc D. Lysosomal trafficking defects link Parkinson's disease with Gaucher's disease. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1610-1618. [PMID: 27619775 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal dysfunction has been implicated in multiple diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders such as Gaucher's disease, in which loss-of-function mutations in the GBA1 gene encoding the lysosomal hydrolase β-glucocerebrosidase result in lipid substrate accumulation. In Parkinson's disease, α-synuclein accumulates in Lewy bodies and neurites contributing to neuronal death. Previous clinical and genetic evidence has demonstrated an important link between Parkinson's and Gaucher's disease, as GBA1 mutations and variants increase the risk of Parkinson's and Parkinson's patients exhibit decreased β-glucocerebrosidase activity. Using human midbrain neuron cultures, we have found that loss of β-glucocerebrosidase activity promotes α-synuclein accumulation and toxicity, whereas α-synuclein accumulation further contributes to decreased lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase activity by disrupting β-glucocerebrosidase trafficking to lysosomes. Moreover, α-synuclein accumulation disrupts trafficking of additional lysosomal hydrolases, further contributing to lysosomal dysfunction and neuronal dyshomeostasis. Importantly, promoting β-glucocerebrosidase activity reduces α-synuclein accumulation and rescues lysosomal and neuronal dysfunction, suggesting that β-glucocerebrosidase may be an important therapeutic target for advancing drug discovery in synucleinopathies including Parkinson's disease. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette C Wong
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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30
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Barral S, Kurian MA. Utility of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Study and Treatment of Genetic Diseases: Focus on Childhood Neurological Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:78. [PMID: 27656126 PMCID: PMC5012159 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of neurological disorders often presents with significant challenges due to the inaccessibility of human neuronal cells for further investigation. Advances in cellular reprogramming techniques, have however provided a new source of human cells for laboratory-based research. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can now be robustly differentiated into specific neural subtypes, including dopaminergic, inhibitory GABAergic, motorneurons and cortical neurons. These neurons can then be utilized for in vitro studies to elucidate molecular causes underpinning neurological disease. Although human iPSC-derived neuronal models are increasingly regarded as a useful tool in cell biology, there are a number of limitations, including the relatively early, fetal stage of differentiated cells and the mainly two dimensional, simple nature of the in vitro system. Furthermore, clonal variation is a well-described phenomenon in iPSC lines. In order to account for this, robust baseline data from multiple control lines is necessary to determine whether a particular gene defect leads to a specific cellular phenotype. Over the last few years patient-derived neural cells have proven very useful in addressing several mechanistic questions related to central nervous system diseases, including early-onset neurological disorders of childhood. Many studies report the clinical utility of human-derived neural cells for testing known drugs with repurposing potential, novel compounds and gene therapies, which then can be translated to clinical reality. iPSCs derived neural cells, therefore provide great promise and potential to gain insight into, and treat early-onset neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Barral
- Neurogenetics Group, Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health,University College London London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Neurogenetics Group, Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Child Health,University College LondonLondon, UK; Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street HospitalLondon, UK
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31
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Horowitz M, Elstein D, Zimran A, Goker-Alpan O. New Directions in Gaucher Disease. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:1121-1136. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Horowitz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Ramat Aviv Israel
| | - Deborah Elstein
- Gaucher Clinic; Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ari Zimran
- Gaucher Clinic; Shaare Zedek Medical Center; Jerusalem Israel
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32
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Westbroek W, Nguyen M, Siebert M, Lindstrom T, Burnett RA, Aflaki E, Jung O, Tamargo R, Rodriguez-Gil JL, Acosta W, Hendrix A, Behre B, Tayebi N, Fujiwara H, Sidhu R, Renvoise B, Ginns EI, Dutra A, Pak E, Cramer C, Ory DS, Pavan WJ, Sidransky E. A new glucocerebrosidase-deficient neuronal cell model provides a tool to probe pathophysiology and therapeutics for Gaucher disease. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:769-78. [PMID: 27482815 PMCID: PMC4958308 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.024588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase is a lysosomal hydrolase involved in the breakdown of glucosylceramide. Gaucher disease, a recessive lysosomal storage disorder, is caused by mutations in the gene GBA1. Dysfunctional glucocerebrosidase leads to accumulation of glucosylceramide and glycosylsphingosine in various cell types and organs. Mutations in GBA1 are also a common genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease and related synucleinopathies. In recent years, research on the pathophysiology of Gaucher disease, the molecular link between Gaucher and Parkinson disease, and novel therapeutics, have accelerated the need for relevant cell models with GBA1 mutations. Although induced pluripotent stem cells, primary rodent neurons, and transfected neuroblastoma cell lines have been used to study the effect of glucocerebrosidase deficiency on neuronal function, these models have limitations because of challenges in culturing and propagating the cells, low yield, and the introduction of exogenous mutant GBA1. To address some of these difficulties, we established a high yield, easy-to-culture mouse neuronal cell model with nearly complete glucocerebrosidase deficiency representative of Gaucher disease. We successfully immortalized cortical neurons from embryonic null allele gba−/− mice and the control littermate (gba+/+) by infecting differentiated primary cortical neurons in culture with an EF1α-SV40T lentivirus. Immortalized gba−/− neurons lack glucocerebrosidase protein and enzyme activity, and exhibit a dramatic increase in glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine accumulation, enlarged lysosomes, and an impaired ATP-dependent calcium-influx response; these phenotypical characteristics were absent in gba+/+ neurons. This null allele gba−/− mouse neuronal model provides a much-needed tool to study the pathophysiology of Gaucher disease and to evaluate new therapies. Summary: This work describes the generation of a novel immortalized glucocerebrosidase-deficient neuronal cell model with utility for pathophysiology research and therapeutic development in Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Westbroek
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew Nguyen
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marina Siebert
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Taylor Lindstrom
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert A Burnett
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elma Aflaki
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olive Jung
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rafael Tamargo
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jorge L Rodriguez-Gil
- Genomics, Development, and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Bahafta Behre
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nahid Tayebi
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Rohini Sidhu
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - Benoit Renvoise
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Edward I Ginns
- Lysosomal Disorders Treatment and Research Program, Clinical Labs, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Amalia Dutra
- Cytogenetics Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Evgenia Pak
- Cytogenetics Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Daniel S Ory
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genomics, Development, and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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α-Synuclein-induced lysosomal dysfunction occurs through disruptions in protein trafficking in human midbrain synucleinopathy models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1931-6. [PMID: 26839413 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520335113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of protein aggregates comprised of α-synuclein (α-syn). A major barrier in treatment discovery for PD is the lack of identifiable therapeutic pathways capable of reducing aggregates in human neuronal model systems. Mutations in key components of protein trafficking and cellular degradation machinery represent important risk factors for PD; however, their precise role in disease progression and interaction with α-syn remains unclear. Here, we find that α-syn accumulation reduced lysosomal degradation capacity in human midbrain dopamine models of synucleinopathies through disrupting hydrolase trafficking. Accumulation of α-syn at the cell body resulted in aberrant association with cis-Golgi-tethering factor GM130 and disrupted the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi localization of rab1a, a key mediator of vesicular transport. Overexpression of rab1a restored Golgi structure, improved hydrolase trafficking and activity, and reduced pathological α-syn in patient neurons. Our work suggests that enhancement of lysosomal hydrolase trafficking may prove beneficial in synucleinopathies and indicates that human midbrain disease models may be useful for identifying critical therapeutic pathways in PD and related disorders.
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Barkhuizen M, Anderson DG, Grobler AF. Advances in GBA-associated Parkinson's disease--Pathology, presentation and therapies. Neurochem Int 2015; 93:6-25. [PMID: 26743617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GBA mutations are to date the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease. The GBA gene encodes the lysomal hydrolase glucocerebrosidase. Whilst bi-allelic GBA mutations cause Gaucher disease, both mono- and bi-allelic mutations confer risk for Parkinson's disease. Clinically, Parkinson's disease patients with GBA mutations resemble idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients. However, these patients have a modest reduction in age-of-onset of disease and a greater incidence of cognitive decline. In some cases, GBA mutations are also responsible for familial Parkinson's disease. The accumulation of α-synuclein into Lewy bodies is the central neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. Pathologic GBA mutations reduce enzymatic function. A reduction in glucocerebrosidase function increases α-synuclein levels and propagation, which in turn inhibits glucocerebrosidase in a feed-forward cascade. This cascade is central to the neuropathology of GBA-associated Parkinson's disease. The lysosomal integral membrane protein type-2 is necessary for normal glucocerebrosidase function. Glucocerebrosidase dysfunction also increases in the accumulation of β-amyloid and amyloid-precursor protein, oxidative stress, neuronal susceptibility to metal ions, microglial and immune activation. These factors contribute to neuronal death. The Mendelian Parkinson's disease genes, Parkin and ATP13A2, intersect with glucocerebrosidase. These factors sketch a complex circuit of GBA-associated neuropathology. To clinically interfere with this circuit, central glucocerebrosidase function must be improved. Strategies based on reducing breakdown of mutant glucocerebrosidase and increasing the fraction that reaches the lysosome has shown promise. Breakdown can be reduced by interfering with the ability of heat-shock proteins to recognize mutant glucocerebrosidase. This underlies the therapeutic efficacy of certain pharmacological chaperones and histone deacetylase inhibitors. These therapies are promising for Parkinson's disease, regardless of mutation status. Recently, there has been a boom in studies investigating the role of glucocerebrosidase in the pathology of Parkinson's disease. This merits a comprehensive review of the current cell biological processes and pathological pictures involving Parkinson's disease associated with GBA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Barkhuizen
- DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229, The Netherlands.
| | - David G Anderson
- Department of Neurology, Witwatersrand University Donald Gordon Medical Centre, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Anne F Grobler
- DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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