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Thieux M, Guyon A, Seugnet L, Franco P. Salivary α-amylase as a marker of sleep disorders: A theoretical review. Sleep Med Rev 2024; 74:101894. [PMID: 38157687 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are commonplace in our modern societies. Specialized hospital departments are generally overloaded, and sleep assessment is an expensive process in terms of equipment, human resources, and time. Biomarkers would usefully complement current measures in the screening and follow-up of sleep disorders and their daytime repercussions. Among salivary markers, a growing body of literature suggests that salivary α-amylase (sAA) may be a cross-species marker of sleep debt. However, there is no consensus as to the direction of variation in sAA with sleep disorders. Herein, after describing the mechanisms of sAA secretion and its relationship with stress, studies assessing the relationship between sAA and sleep parameters are reviewed. Finally, the influence of confounding factors is discussed, along with methodological considerations, to better understand the fluctuations in sAA and facilitate future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Thieux
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM, Lyon, France.
| | - Aurore Guyon
- Pediatric Sleep Unit and CRMR Narcolepsie-Hypersomnies Rares, Department of Pediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Seugnet
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Patricia Franco
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), INSERM, Lyon, France; Pediatric Sleep Unit and CRMR Narcolepsie-Hypersomnies Rares, Department of Pediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Sawyers C, Sheerin C, Moore AA, Neigh G, Hettema JM, Roberson-Nay R. Genetic and environmental influences on alpha amylase stress reactivity and shared genetic covariation with cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 161:106922. [PMID: 38101095 PMCID: PMC10842877 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Salivary alpha amylase (sAA) is a common measure of stress reactivity, primarily reflecting sympathetic nervous system activity. Salivary cortisol is also a reliable, frequently used biomarker of stress and reflects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response. This study examined heritability across varying metrics of sAA in response to a social evaluative stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). The goal of this study was to estimate genetic and environmental influences on measurements of sAA stress reactivity. Moreover, we evaluated the shared genetic covariation between sAA and cortisol. Participants included twins aged 15-20 years (54% female). We measured alpha amylase and cortisol reactivity to the TSST via serial salivary cortisol samples collected pre- and post-TSST. Modest to moderate heritability estimates (11-64%) were observed across measures purported to capture alpha amylase stress reactivity (peak, area under the curve, baseline-to-peak change). Findings also indicate that sAA baseline and peak are primarily influenced by a shared genetic factor. There was no evidence of shared genetic influences between sAA and cortisol. These findings suggest the genetic control of the HPA and Sympathetic Adreno-Medullar axis are genetically independent of one another despite both playing a role in response to stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Sawyers
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA.
| | - Christina Sheerin
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Ashlee A Moore
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Oswego, USA
| | - Gretchen Neigh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - John M Hettema
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, USA
| | - Roxann Roberson-Nay
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
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Kim C, Lee G, Song C. The Effect of Short-term Inhalation of Fir Essential Oil on Autonomic Nervous Activity in Middle-aged Women. Explore (NY) 2023; 19:820-826. [PMID: 37120331 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of short-term inhalation of fir essential oil on autonomic nervous activity in middle-aged women. Twenty-six women (mean age, 51.0 ± 2.9 years) participated in this study. The participants sat on a chair, closed their eyes, and inhaled fir essential oil and room air (control) for 3 min. A crossover trial was performed to eliminate the effect of the order of olfactory stimulation. Approximately half of the participants were administered stimuli in the following order: exposure to fir essential oil, then control. The remaining participants were administered control, followed by fir essential oil. Heart rate variability, heart rate, blood pressure, and pulse rate were used as indicators of the autonomic nervous system activity. The Semantic Differential method and Profile of Mood States were used as psychological indicators. The High Frequency (HF) value, an indicator of parasympathetic nerve activity reflecting a relaxed state, was significantly higher during stimulation with fir essential oil than during the control condition. The Low Frequency (LF)/(LF+HF) value, an indicator of sympathetic nerve activity reflecting awake state, was marginally lower during stimulation with fir essential oil than during the control condition. No significant differences were found in heart rate, blood pressure, and pulse rate. After inhaling fir essential oil, "comfortable," "relaxed," and "natural" feelings improved, negative moods decreased, and positive moods increased. In conclusion, inhalation of fir essential oil can help menopausal women in their physiological and psychological relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choyun Kim
- Department of Forest Science, Kongju National University, 54 Daehak-ro, Yesan-eup, Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do 32439, South Korea
| | - Gayoung Lee
- Department of Forest Science, Kongju National University, 54 Daehak-ro, Yesan-eup, Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do 32439, South Korea
| | - Chorong Song
- Department of Forest Science, Kongju National University, 54 Daehak-ro, Yesan-eup, Yesan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do 32439, South Korea.
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Brand J, McDonald SJ, Gawryluk JR, Christie BR, Shultz SR. Stress and traumatic brain injury: An inherent bi-directional relationship with temporal and synergistic complexities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105242. [PMID: 37225064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stress are prevalent worldwide and can both result in life-altering health problems. While stress often occurs in the absence of TBI, TBI inherently involves some element of stress. Furthermore, because there is pathophysiological overlap between stress and TBI, it is likely that stress influences TBI outcomes. However, there are temporal complexities in this relationship (e.g., when the stress occurs) that have been understudied despite their potential importance. This paper begins by introducing TBI and stress and highlighting some of their possible synergistic mechanisms including inflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. We next describe different temporal scenarios involving TBI and stress and review the available literature on this topic. In doing so we find initial evidence that in some contexts stress is a highly influential factor in TBI pathophysiology and recovery, and vice versa. We also identify important knowledge gaps and suggest future research avenues that will increase our understanding of this inherent bidirectional relationship and could one day result in improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Brand
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jodie R Gawryluk
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian R Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada.
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Ryan M, Gallagher S, Jetten J, Muldoon OT. State level income inequality affects cardiovascular stress responses: Evidence from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Soc Sci Med 2022; 311:115359. [PMID: 36126475 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The slow and insidious effects of income inequality on health means that their effects can be difficult to reveal, taking many years to become apparent. These effects can also be experienced differently according to subjective status and ethnicity making the relation between income inequality and health difficult to understand. Cardiovascular reactions to acute stress are indicative of future health outcomes. OBJECTIVE To examine whether short to medium term income inequality affected cardiovascular responses to acute stress whilst accounting for ethnic groups and subjective status. METHOD Participants state of residence was available for 1155 people who participated in the MIDUS biomarker data project. This detail was used to merge the relevant US state level inequality data 1, 5, 10 and 15 years prior to the MIDUS biomarker data project which assessed cardiovascular responses to acute stress. RESULTS Our analysis demonstrated an association between inequality 5, 10 and 15 year prior and cardiovascular reactions to acute stress. Subjective community status and Black and minority ethnic group membership interacted to affect the association between inequality and cardiovascular reactions. CONCLUSIONS In states where income inequality was high, less healthy cardiovascular responses were evident. However lower subjective community status and Black and Ethnic minority group members interacted with income inequality such that their impact was variable contingent on state level inequality. These findings extend the literature on income inequality and health and particularly highlights a psychophysiology pathway linking income inequality and health.
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Myburgh-Jacobsz CE, Malan L, von Känel R, Steyn HS, Malan NT. Stress-induced cardiac troponin T, S100B and estradiol responses in defensive copers: The SABPA study. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 177:159-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Christaki EV, Pervanidou P, Papassotiriou I, Bastaki D, Valavani E, Mantzou A, Giannakakis G, Boschiero D, Chrousos GP. Stress, Inflammation and Metabolic Biomarkers Are Associated with Body Composition Measures in Lean, Overweight, and Obese Children and Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9020291. [PMID: 35205011 PMCID: PMC8870192 DOI: 10.3390/children9020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the associations between multiple indices of stress, inflammation and metabolism vs. body composition parameters in 121 (43 boys, 78 girls) children and adolescents, aged 5–15 y. Subjects were divided into two groups: normal weight (N) (N = 40, BMI z-score = −0.1923 ± 0.6), and overweight/obese (OB) (N = 81, BMI z-score = 2.1947 ± 1.4). All subjects completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) and Children’s Depression Inventory, and underwent cortisol measurements in hair, diurnal series of saliva, and morning serum. Circulating concentrations of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and other inflammation biomarkers were also obtained. Body composition analysis was performed with a clinically validated, advanced bioimpedance apparatus (BIA), while heart rate variability (HRV) was measured as a stress biomarker by photoplethysmography (PPG). The OB group had a higher STAIC-state score, waist-to-hip ratio, skeletal muscle mass, and total and abdominal fat mass, and a lower percent fat-free mass (FFM) and bone density than the N group. HRV did not differ between the groups. In the entire population, percent fat mass correlated strongly with circulating hsCRP (r = 0.397, p = 0.001), ferritin, and other inflammatory biomarkers, as well as with indices of insulin resistance. A strong correlation between serum hsCRP and hair cortisol was also observed (r = 0.777, p < 0.001), suggesting interrelation of chronic stress and inflammation. Thus, body fat accumulation in children and adolescents was associated with an elevation in clinical and laboratory biomarkers of stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. BIA-ACC and PPG can be utilized as a direct screening tool for assessing overweight- and obesity -related health risks in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini V. Christaki
- Childhood Obesity Clinic, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.P.); (A.M.); (G.P.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Panagiota Pervanidou
- Childhood Obesity Clinic, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.P.); (A.M.); (G.P.C.)
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.B.); (E.V.)
| | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Despoina Bastaki
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.B.); (E.V.)
| | - Eleni Valavani
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.B.); (E.V.)
| | - Aimilia Mantzou
- Childhood Obesity Clinic, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.P.); (A.M.); (G.P.C.)
| | - Giorgos Giannakakis
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- Institute of AgriFood and Life Sciences, University Research Centre, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - George P. Chrousos
- Childhood Obesity Clinic, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.P.); (A.M.); (G.P.C.)
- Unit of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.B.); (E.V.)
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Gomez-Merino D, Drogou C, Debellemaniere E, Erblang M, Dorey R, Guillard M, Van Beers P, Thouard M, Masson R, Sauvet F, Leger D, Bougard C, Arnal PJ, Rabat A, Chennaoui M. Strategies to Limit Cognitive Impairments under Sleep Restriction: Relationship to Stress Biomarkers. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020229. [PMID: 35203992 PMCID: PMC8869873 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adding relaxation techniques during nap or auditory stimulation of EEG slow oscillation (SO) during nighttime sleep may limit cognitive impairments in sleep-deprived subjects, potentially through alleviating stress-releasing effects. We compared daytime sleepiness, cognitive performances, and salivary stress biomarker responses in 11 volunteers (aged 18–36) who underwent 5 days of sleep restriction (SR, 3 h per night, with 30 min of daily nap) under three successive conditions: control (SR-CT), relaxation techniques added to daily nap (SR-RT), and auditory stimulation of sleep slow oscillations (SO) during nighttime sleep (SR-NS). Test evaluation was performed at baseline (BASE), the fifth day of chronic SR (SR5), and the third and fifth days after sleep recovery (REC3, REC5, respectively). At SR5, less degradation was observed for percentage of commission errors in the executive Go–noGo inhibition task in SR-RT condition compared to SR-CT, and for sleepiness score in SR-NS condition compared both to SR-CT and SR-RT. Beneficial effects of SR-RT and SR-NS were additionally observed on these two parameters and on salivary α-amylase (sAA) at REC3 and REC5. Adding relaxation techniques to naps may help performance in inhibition response, and adding nocturnal auditory stimulation of SO sleep may benefit daytime sleepiness during sleep restriction with persistent effects during recovery. The two strategies activated the autonomic nervous system, as shown by the sAA response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gomez-Merino
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France; (C.D.); (E.D.); (M.E.); (R.D.); (M.G.); (P.V.B.); (F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.)
- VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil et Santé Publique, Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: (D.G.-M.); (M.C.)
| | - Catherine Drogou
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France; (C.D.); (E.D.); (M.E.); (R.D.); (M.G.); (P.V.B.); (F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.)
- VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil et Santé Publique, Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France;
| | - Eden Debellemaniere
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France; (C.D.); (E.D.); (M.E.); (R.D.); (M.G.); (P.V.B.); (F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.)
- VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil et Santé Publique, Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France;
- Dreem SAS, 75009 Paris, France;
| | - Mégane Erblang
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France; (C.D.); (E.D.); (M.E.); (R.D.); (M.G.); (P.V.B.); (F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.)
- VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil et Santé Publique, Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France;
| | - Rodolphe Dorey
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France; (C.D.); (E.D.); (M.E.); (R.D.); (M.G.); (P.V.B.); (F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.)
- VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil et Santé Publique, Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France;
| | - Mathias Guillard
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France; (C.D.); (E.D.); (M.E.); (R.D.); (M.G.); (P.V.B.); (F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.)
- VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil et Santé Publique, Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France;
| | - Pascal Van Beers
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France; (C.D.); (E.D.); (M.E.); (R.D.); (M.G.); (P.V.B.); (F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.)
- VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil et Santé Publique, Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France;
| | | | - Robin Masson
- Ecole du Val de Grace, 75005 Paris, France; (M.T.); (R.M.)
| | - Fabien Sauvet
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France; (C.D.); (E.D.); (M.E.); (R.D.); (M.G.); (P.V.B.); (F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.)
- VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil et Santé Publique, Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France;
| | - Damien Leger
- VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil et Santé Publique, Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France;
- Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, APHP, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Clément Bougard
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France; (C.D.); (E.D.); (M.E.); (R.D.); (M.G.); (P.V.B.); (F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.)
- VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil et Santé Publique, Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France;
| | | | - Arnaud Rabat
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France; (C.D.); (E.D.); (M.E.); (R.D.); (M.G.); (P.V.B.); (F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.)
- VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil et Santé Publique, Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France;
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), 91223 Bretigny-sur-Orge, France; (C.D.); (E.D.); (M.E.); (R.D.); (M.G.); (P.V.B.); (F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.)
- VIgilance FAtigue SOMmeil et Santé Publique, Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: (D.G.-M.); (M.C.)
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Self-Report and Biological Indexes of Work-Related Stress in Neonatal Healthcare Professionals: A Repeated-Measures Observational Study. Adv Neonatal Care 2021; 21:E120-E128. [PMID: 33538493 DOI: 10.1097/anc.0000000000000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare providers working in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are considered at high risk for psychological work-related stress. PURPOSE To evaluate both perceived and biological measures of work-related stress in neonatal healthcare professionals and to compare professionals working in the NICU with their colleagues working in less critical environments (ie, neonatal wards [NWs]). METHODS The salivary cortisol level at the beginning (CORT-B) and at the end (CORT-E) of a daily work shift was collected once a week for 6 weeks and a psychological questionnaire was submitted to NW and NICU workers of a tertiary university center. RESULTS No differences emerged in the overall cortisol secretion between professionals (NW 45 vs NICU 28), but the decrease in the mean cortisol values between CORT-B and CORT-E was less pronounced in NICU professionals (P < .001) who had greater psychological stress (P < .001). Lack of correlation between perceived and biological indexes was observed. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE NICU professionals reported greater levels of self-perceived psychological stress, especially in terms of professional self-doubt and the complexity of interactions with infants and their parents.The disconnection between psychological and biological indexes raises the issue that work-related stress might be covert to the professionals themselves. Dedicated resources should be developed to address quality of life and the work environment of NICU professionals. IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH The absence of a correlation between perceived and biological indexes highlights the need to incorporate multidimensional physiological and biological measurements in evaluating burnout levels in neonatal healthcare providers.
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Santos SVMD, Silva LAD, Terra FDS, Souza AVD, Espindola FS, Marziale MHP, Teixeira RR, Robazzi MLDCC. Association of salivary alpha-amylase with anxiety and stress in nursing professionals. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2021; 29:e3468. [PMID: 34468625 PMCID: PMC8432589 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.4859.3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: to assess if changes in salivary alpha-amylase activity are associated with anxiety and stress among hospital nursing professionals and whether anxiety and stress are associated with sociodemographic, epidemiological, and occupational factors. Method: cross-sectional, quantitative study, carried out with 210 nursing professionals from a hospital. For data collection, we used a questionnaire to characterize workers, Beck’s Anxiety Inventory, Lipp’s Stress Symptoms Inventory for Adults and samples and saliva samples collected in work shifts. The data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using the software Statistical Package for the Social Science and GraphPad Prism. Results: most professionals experienced stress and anxiety. The variables age group, number of children, use of medication and workload were associated with anxiety; age group, smoking and medication use were associated with stress. An increase in the salivary alpha-amylase activity was observed in the middle of the work shift. Professionals who had stress and anxiety had significant changes in alpha-amylase in the night shift. Conclusion: changes in salivary alpha-amylase were associated with anxiety and stress among nursing professionals, indicating that this enzyme can be a possible biomarker of anxiety and stress in workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Valverde Marques Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Campus Passos, Passos, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Helena Palucci Marziale
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Lucia do Carmo Cruz Robazzi
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Nursing Research Development, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Martins BR, Sampaio TM, de Farias AKSR, de Paula Martins R, Teixeira RR, Oliveira RTS, Oliveira CJF, da Silva MV, Rodrigues V, Dantas NO, Espindola FS, Silva ACA, Alves-Balvedi RP. Immunosensor Based on Zinc Oxide Nanocrystals Decorated with Copper for the Electrochemical Detection of Human Salivary Alpha-Amylase. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:657. [PMID: 34204953 PMCID: PMC8229992 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Nanocrystals (NCs)-based electrochemical sensors have been proposed for biomarkers detection, although immunosensors using ZnO NCs decorated with copper are still scarce. (2) Methods: Electrochemical immunodetection of human salivary alpha-amylase (HSA) used ZnO, CuO, and ZnO:xCu (x = 0.1, 0.4, 1.0, 4.0, and 12.0) NCs. (3) Results: Substitutional incorporation of Cu2+ in the crystalline structure of ZnO and formation of nanocomposite were demonstrated by characterization. Graphite electrodes were used and the electrochemical signal increased by 40% when using ZnO:1Cu and 4Cu (0.25 mg·mL-1), in an immunosensor (0.372 mg·mL-1 of anti-alpha-amylase and 1% of casein). Different interactions of HSA with the alpha-amylase antibody were registered when adding the NCs together, either before or after the addition of saliva (4 μL). The immunosensor changed specificity due to the interaction of copper. The ZnO:1Cu and ZnO:4Cu samples showed 50% interference in detection when used before the addition of saliva. The immunosensor showed 100% specificity and a sensitivity of 0.00196 U·mL-1. (4) Conclusions: Results showed that the order of NCs addition in the sensors should be tested and evaluated to avoid misinterpretation in detection and to enable advances in the validation of the immunosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rodrigues Martins
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Tainá Marques Sampaio
- Biological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Iturama, MG 38280-180, Brazil; (T.M.S.); (A.K.S.R.d.F.)
| | | | - Rheltheer de Paula Martins
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Renata Roland Teixeira
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG 38405-319, Brazil; (R.R.T.); (F.S.E.)
| | - Robson Tadeu Soares Oliveira
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Carlo Jose Freire Oliveira
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Marcos Vinícius da Silva
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
| | - Noelio Oliveira Dantas
- Laboratory of New Nanostructured and Functional Materials, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil; (N.O.D.); (A.C.A.S.)
| | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG 38405-319, Brazil; (R.R.T.); (F.S.E.)
| | - Anielle Christine Almeida Silva
- Laboratory of New Nanostructured and Functional Materials, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil; (N.O.D.); (A.C.A.S.)
- Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Alves-Balvedi
- Physiological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG 38025-180, Brazil; (B.R.M.); (R.d.P.M.); (R.T.S.O.J.); (C.J.F.O.); (M.V.d.S.); (V.R.J.)
- Biological Science, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Iturama, MG 38280-180, Brazil; (T.M.S.); (A.K.S.R.d.F.)
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12
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Corrone M, Nanev A, Amato I, Bicknell R, Wundersitz DWT, van den Buuse M, Wright BJ. Brain-derived Neurotropic Factor val66met is a Strong Predictor of Decision Making and Attention Performance on the CONVIRT Virtual Reality Cognitive Battery. Neuroscience 2020; 455:19-29. [PMID: 33340609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The val66met polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene has been associated with changes in components of executive functioning such as decision making; however, this relationship remains unclear. Val66met-related changes in attention and visual processing speed may explain potential changes in decision making. Furthermore, chronic stress disrupts executive functions and alters autonomic activity. Because the relationship between val66met and cognition has not been investigated in the context of chronic stress or stress-related autonomic changes, in this study 55 healthy university students completed self-report measures of chronic stress and mental health. Participants then completed a virtual reality cognitive test battery (CONVIRT) measuring decision making, attention, and visual processing reaction times. To measure autonomic activity, saliva alpha amylase and heart rate variability (HRV) were assessed at baseline and after CONVIRT testing. Saliva samples were used to identify val66met genotype. Regression analyses demonstrated that val66met was the strongest predictor of decision making and attention, but not visual processing, where valine/methionine (Val/met) participants had faster reaction times than Val/val participants. Val/met participants also had higher perceived chronic stress and heightened increases in sympathetic activity, but not parasympathetic activity. Neither stress nor autonomic activity moderated the effect of val66met on decision making or attention. This study is the first to investigate the role of val66met in decision making, attention, and visual processing while taking into account chronic stress and autonomic activity. This multifactorial approach revealed that carriers of the Val/met genotype may have better decision making and attention than Val/val carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Corrone
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Aleshia Nanev
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Isabella Amato
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Rowena Bicknell
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | | | - Maarten van den Buuse
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Bradley James Wright
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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13
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Palego L, Giannaccini G, Betti L. Neuroendocrine Response to Psychosocial Stressors, Inflammation Mediators and Brain-periphery Pathways of Adaptation. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2020; 21:2-19. [PMID: 33319677 DOI: 10.2174/1871524920999201214231243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Threats, challenging events, adverse experiences, predictable or unpredictable, namely stressors, characterize life, being unavoidable for humans. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are well-known to underlie adaptation to psychosocial stress in the context of other interacting systems, signals and mediators. However, much more effort is necessary to elucidate these modulatory cues for a better understanding of how and why the "brain-body axis" acts for resilience or, on the contrary, cannot cope with stress from a biochemical and biological point of view. Indeed, failure to adapt increases the risk of developing and/or relapsing mental illnesses such as burnout, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and at least some types of depression, even favoring/worsening neurodegenerative and somatic comorbidities, especially in the elderly. We will review here the current knowledge on this area, focusing on works presenting the main brain centers responsible for stressor interpretation and processing, together with those underscoring the physiology/biochemistry of endogenous stress responses. Autonomic and HPA patterns, inflammatory cascades and energy/redox metabolic arrays will be presented as allostasis promoters, leading towards adaptation to psychosocial stress and homeostasis, but also as possible vulnerability factors for allostatic overload and non-adaptive reactions. Besides, the existence of allostasis buffering systems will be treated. Finally, we will suggest promising lines of future research, particularly the use of animal and cell culture models together with human studies by means of high-throughput multi-omics technologies, which could entangle the biochemical signature of resilience or stress-related illness, a considerably helpful facet for improving patients' treatment and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionella Palego
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Laura Betti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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14
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Patterson E, Griffin SM, Ibarra A, Ellsiepen E, Hellhammer J. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Lpc-37® improves psychological and physiological markers of stress and anxiety in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled and parallel clinical trial (the Sisu study). Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100277. [PMID: 33385020 PMCID: PMC7770962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is a risk-factor for the development of mood and stress-related disorders. Clinical evidence indicates that probiotics can influence the stress response and mood. The Sisu study investigated whether Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Lpc-37® (Lpc-37®) could modulate stress, mood and well-being. Prior to a two-week run-in period, 120 healthy adults (18-45 y) were stratified for sex and chronic stress and randomized to either 1.75 × 1010 colony forming units (CFU) of Lpc-37 or placebo (1:1) per day for 5 weeks. The primary objective was the effect of Lpc-37 on heart rate (HR) in response to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Secondary objectives were assessed by biomarkers and self-report scales over the study. The primary hypothesis was not met in either the Intention-to-Treat (ITT) or Per Protocol (PP) population, but Lpc-37 reduced the increase in HR in participants with low chronic stress (LCS) and increased HR in participants with high chronic stress (HCS) during the TSST. Supporting significant efficacy in the PP population (n = 113), Lpc-37 reduced perceived stress following intervention. More significant effects were identified within the subgroups where Lpc-37 reduced exhaustion during the TSST and normalized cortisol levels at 8pm in participants with LCS, reduced perceived stress also in females, and increased perceived health and sleep-related recovery in participants with HCS. Adverse events (AEs) were similar between groups, there were no severe AEs, and vital signs remained unchanged. Overall, Lpc-37 reduced perceived stress compared to placebo. Other beneficial effects within biomarkers related to stress indicate that the effects of Lpc-37 may be differentially dependent on sex and chronic stress. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03494725).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Patterson
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Sokeritehtaantie 20, Kantvik, 02460, Finland
| | - Síle M. Griffin
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Sokeritehtaantie 20, Kantvik, 02460, Finland
| | - Alvin Ibarra
- DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, Danisco Sweeteners Oy, Sokeritehtaantie 20, Kantvik, 02460, Finland
| | - Emilia Ellsiepen
- Diagnostic Assessment and Clinical Research Organization (daacro) GmbH & Co. KG, Science Park Trier, Max-Planck-Str. 22, 54296, Germany
| | - Juliane Hellhammer
- Diagnostic Assessment and Clinical Research Organization (daacro) GmbH & Co. KG, Science Park Trier, Max-Planck-Str. 22, 54296, Germany
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15
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Losiak W, Losiak-Pilch J. Cortisol Awakening Response, Self-Reported Affect and Exam Performance in Female Students. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2020; 45:11-16. [PMID: 31486985 PMCID: PMC7018672 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-019-09449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to find whether there were differences in cortisol awakening response (CAR) between a neutral day and an exam day in a group of female students and to explore possible relationships between CAR, self-reported affect, and exam performance. A group of 25 female students took samples of their saliva using Salivettes at the moment of waking and after 30 min. They then described their affect using the PANAS scale. Measures were taken twice: three days before an examination and on the day of the examination. The level of free cortisol in saliva samples was determined using enzyme immunoassay. The integrated volume of cortisol (CARauc) was significantly higher on the day of the exam than on the neutral day. There were also significant differences in affect, with negative higher and positive lower on the exam day, but correlations between cortisol measures and self-reported affect were low and not significant. A negative relationship between integrated volume of cortisol (CARauc) and exam performance was also found. Anticipated exam stress caused a significant increase in CAR in female study participants when compared to a neutral day, but only in the case of integrated volume of cortisol over the waking period (CARauc). The negative relationship between this measure and exam performance can be explained by attributing CARauc to negative expectations concerning the anticipated exam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladyslaw Losiak
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, 30-060, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Julia Losiak-Pilch
- Institute of Pedagogy, Jagiellonian University, ul. Batorego 12, 31-135, Kraków, Poland
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17
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Koudouovoh-Tripp P, Hüfner K, Egeter J, Kandler C, Giesinger JM, Sopper S, Humpel C, Sperner-Unterweger B. Stress Enhances Proinflammatory Platelet Activity: the Impact of Acute and Chronic Mental Stress. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 16:500-512. [PMID: 32757120 PMCID: PMC8087592 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis has long been recognized, recently their contribution to immunological and inflammatory processes is emerging. Platelets could be the missing link between cardiovascular disease, chronic stress and depressive symptoms. Both physical and mental stressors cause platelet activation reflected by changes in platelet bioactivity and aggregation. Here we evaluate the proinflammatory platelet response to acute and chronic mental stress. In a prospective study design an acute mental stress test was administered to 55 healthy male participants once without and once in the presence of chronic mental stress. Blood was collected prior to and at three time points following an acute mental stress test (0, 30, 60 min). Platelet proinflammatory activation markers, were assessed using FACS analysis and aggregability was measured in response to ADP or epinephrine using PFA-100. A linear mixed model was used for analysis. Chronic mental stress lead to a significant increase in state anxiety (p < 0.001), depressive symptoms (p = 0.045) and perceived stress (p = 0.001). The factor “chronic mental stress” was significantly associated with increased numbers of CD63+ platelets (p = 0.009). The factor “acute mental stress” was associated with alterations in CD62P+ platelets (p < 0.001), CD63+ platelets (p = 0.011), PAC-1+ platelets (p < 0.001) as well as platelet leucocyte aggregates (p = 0.019). The recovery of CD62P function following the acute mental stress exposure was significantly impaired by chronic stress (p = 0.023). Aggregation was affected by chronic and acute mental stress. In conclusion, mental stress is linked to an increased and prolonged proinflammatory platelet bioactivity. This proinflammatory and immunomodulatory stimuli could help to explain the link between mental and somatic disorders. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Koudouovoh-Tripp
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Division of Psychiatry I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Division of Psychiatry II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Jonas Egeter
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Division of Psychiatry II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina Kandler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Division of Psychiatry II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes M Giesinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Division of Psychiatry II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, Flow Cytometry Unit, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Humpel
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Exp. Alzheimer's Research, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Sperner-Unterweger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Division of Psychiatry II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Salomon RE, Tan KR, Vaughan A, Adynski H, Muscatell KA. Minimally-invasive methods for examining biological changes in response to chronic stress: A scoping review. Int J Nurs Stud 2020; 103:103419. [PMID: 31945603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nurse researchers are increasingly interested in incorporating biological indicators related to chronic stress, or repeated or constant exposure to psychological stressors. Minimally invasive collection methods may improve access to vulnerable populations. OBJECTIVE To map biological indicators measured through minimally invasive methods investigating biological changes in response to chronic stress. DESIGN, DATA SOURCES, AND METHODS The paper seeks to answer two questions: What are the characteristics of the minimally-invasive methods used to measure the biological correlates of chronic stress? What are the limitations regarding the use of the minimally-invasive methods and/or biological indicators identified above? Authors completed a scoping review following guidelines from the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for Scoping Reviews. A literature search was completed in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. 2518 articles were screened and 145 studies were included. Data were extracted using a standardized extraction tool, compiled, and coded. RESULTS Studies included minimally-invasive methods to measure the hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis (N = 173), immune and inflammatory markers (N = 118), and adult neurogenesis (N = 6). Cortisol was most frequently measured (N = 136), usually in saliva (N = 86). Studies included a variety of limitations for the methods and indicators, including concerns about timing and accuracy of collection, frequency of sampling, and controlling for acute stressors. CONCLUSIONS Nurse researchers have access to many minimally-invasive methods to measure altered biological processes related to chronic stress. A gap identified by this review is the paucity of minimally-invasive methods for investigating neurogenesis; the measurement of brain derived neurotrophic factor in plasma is a distal proxy and further research is needed to test the response of peripheral levels to psychosocial stress interventions. Additionally, while this scoping review allows nurse researchers to consider possible biological indicators to include in their research, future research is still needed on some of the basic premises of stress research, including agreement on the conceptualization of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Salomon
- School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, UCSF Box 0608, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, USA.
| | - Kelly R Tan
- School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, UCSF Box 0608, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, USA.
| | - Ashley Vaughan
- School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, UCSF Box 0608, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, USA.
| | - Harry Adynski
- School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, UCSF Box 0608, San Francisco, CA 94143-0608, USA.
| | - Keely A Muscatell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box #3270, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box #7295, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA.
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19
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Coupal KE, Heeney ND, Hockin BCD, Ronsley R, Armstrong K, Sanatani S, Claydon VE. Pubertal Hormonal Changes and the Autonomic Nervous System: Potential Role in Pediatric Orthostatic Intolerance. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1197. [PMID: 31798399 PMCID: PMC6861527 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is initiated by hormonal changes in the adolescent body that trigger physical and behavioral changes to reach adult maturation. As these changes occur, some adolescents experience concerning pubertal symptoms that are associated with dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Vasovagal syncope (VVS) and Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) are common disorders of the ANS associated with puberty that are related to orthostatic intolerance and share similar symptoms. Compared to young males, young females have decreased orthostatic tolerance and a higher incidence of VVS and POTS. As puberty is linked to changes in specific sex and non-sex hormones, and hormonal therapy sometimes improves orthostatic symptoms in female VVS patients, it is possible that pubertal hormones play a role in the increased susceptibility of young females to autonomic dysfunction. The purpose of this paper is to review the key hormonal changes associated with female puberty, their effects on the ANS, and their potential role in predisposing some adolescent females to cardiovascular autonomic dysfunctions such as VVS and POTS. Increases in pubertal hormones such as estrogen, thyroid hormones, growth hormone, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 promote vasodilatation and decrease blood volume. This may be exacerbated by higher levels of progesterone, which suppresses catecholamine secretion and sympathetic outflow. Abnormal heart rate increases in POTS patients may be exacerbated by pubertal increases in leptin, insulin, and thyroid hormones acting to increase sympathetic nervous system activity and/or catecholamine levels. Given the coincidental timing of female pubertal hormone surges and adolescent onset of VVS and POTS in young women, coupled with the known roles of these hormones in modulating cardiovascular homeostasis, it is likely that female pubertal hormones play a role in predisposing females to VVS and POTS during puberty. Further research is necessary to confirm the effects of female pubertal hormones on autonomic function, and their role in pubertal autonomic disorders such as VVS and POTS, in order to inform the treatment and management of these debilitating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra E Coupal
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Natalie D Heeney
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Brooke C D Hockin
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Ronsley
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kathryn Armstrong
- Children's Heart Centre, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Victoria E Claydon
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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20
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Li L, Liu Y, Li YJ. Frozen by stress: Stress increases scope insensitivity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223489. [PMID: 31584993 PMCID: PMC6777753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress has become a widely experienced state all around the world, and previous literature has found that stress impacts individuals’ cognition, emotion, coping behaviors and psychological well-being in general. Relatively little is known about how stress influences individuals’ perception of stimuli changes, a ubiquitous phenomenon known as scope sensitivity. In the current work, we explore whether individuals with higher levels of chronic stress are sensitive to stimuli changes, such as price and quantity differences. Two empirical studies consistently show that chronically stressed individuals exhibit scope insensitivity, as they rated the expensiveness of two hotel rooms with different prices as being less different and indicated a smaller difference in their willingness-to-buy five CDs versus ten CDs. Possible explanations and theoretical and practical implications in the broader field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- School of Governmant, University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Management, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Jamie Li
- School of Business, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Price E, Coleman R, Ahsmann J, Glendewar G, Hunt J, Smith T, Wormell D. Individual, social, and environmental factors affecting salivary and fecal cortisol levels in captive pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor). Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23033. [PMID: 31368125 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor) are endangered New World primates, and in captivity appear to be very susceptible to stress. We measured cortisol in 214 saliva samples from 36 tamarins and in 227 fecal samples from 27 tamarins, and investigated the effects of age, sex, pregnancy, rearing history, social status, weight, group composition, and enclosure type using generalized linear mixed models. There was no effect of age on either fecal or salivary cortisol levels. Female pied tamarins in late pregnancy had higher fecal cortisol levels than those in early pregnancy, or nonpregnant females, but there was no effect of pregnancy on salivary cortisol. Females had higher salivary cortisol levels than males, but there was no effect of rearing history. However, for fecal cortisol, there was an interaction between sex and rearing history. Hand-reared tamarins overall had higher fecal cortisol levels, but while male parent-reared tamarins had higher levels than females who were parent-reared, the reverse was true for hand-reared individuals. There was a trend towards lower fecal cortisol levels in subordinate individuals, but no effect of status on salivary cortisol. Fecal but not salivary cortisol levels declined with increasing weight. We found little effect of group composition on cortisol levels in either saliva or feces, suggesting that as long as tamarins are housed socially, the nature of the group is of less importance. However, animals in off-show enclosures had higher salivary and fecal cortisol levels than individuals housed on-show. We suggest that large on-show enclosures with permanent access to off-exhibit areas may compensate for the effects of visitor disturbance, and a larger number of tamarins of the same species housed close together may explain the higher cortisol levels found in tamarins living in off-show accommodation, but further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eluned Price
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands
| | - Rob Coleman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Judith Ahsmann
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands.,University of Applied Sciences Van Hall Larenstein, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Gale Glendewar
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands
| | - Jenna Hunt
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands
| | - Tessa Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Dominic Wormell
- Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Jersey, Channel Islands
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22
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Myburgh CE, Malan L, Möller M, Magnusson M, Melander O, Rauch HGL, Steyn F, Malan NT. Coping facilitated troponin T increases and hypo-responsivity in the copeptin-HPA-axis during acute mental stress in a black cohort: The SABPA study. Physiol Behav 2019; 207:159-166. [PMID: 31095930 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defensive coping (DefS) was associated with a vulnerable cardiovascular profile in blacks. The copeptin/vasopressin system is a manifestation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis activity and may act as an acute compensatory mechanism when there is a disruption in volume-loading homeostasis, i.e. when cardiac stress is evident. Whether DefS will influence associations between copeptin and cardiac stress markers, remains unclear. Here we aimed to determine associations between acute mental stress responses of copeptin, vascular responsiveness and biomarkers of cardiomyocyte injury [cardiac troponin T (cTnT)] and cardiac wall-stress [N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)] in DefS race groups. METHODS South African black and white teachers (n = 378) of both sexes, participated in this target population study. Cases with a history of myocardial infarction, stroke and atrial fibrillation were excluded. We obtained coping scores (Coping Strategy Indicator), beat-to-beat blood pressure and fasting blood samples at rest and after 1-min exposure to the Stroop-Colour-Word-Conflict-test. RESULTS Interaction effects (p < .05) for copeptin percentage change (%) during the Stroop-Colour-Word-Conflict-test determined stratification of participants into race and DefS (≥26, above-median score) groups. In DefS blacks, Stroop-Colour-Word-Conflict-test exposure elicited increases in cTnT%, NT-proBNP% and diastolic-blood pressure%. Again, in these individuals, multiple regression analyses showed positive associations between copeptin% and total peripheral resistance%; with inverse associations between copeptin% and cTnT% (p < .05). None of these associations were found in DefS whites. CONCLUSIONS Utilisation of DefS in blacks provoked vascular hyper-responsiveness and cardiac wall stress (elevated cTnT and NT-proBNP); possibly mediated via the copeptin/vasopressin system. However, a presumably hypo-responsive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis during stress exposure could not counteract coronary perfusion deficits via additional copeptin/vasopressin release. The presence of defensiveness may have clinical implications in preventive cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Elizabeth Myburgh
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Centre of Excellence, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa
| | - Leoné Malan
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Centre of Excellence, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa.
| | - Marisa Möller
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Martin Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Henri Guise Laurie Rauch
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Faans Steyn
- Statistical Consultation Services, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas Theodor Malan
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), Centre of Excellence, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa
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23
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Klatzkin RR, Baldassaro A, Rashid S. Physiological responses to acute stress and the drive to eat: The impact of perceived life stress. Appetite 2019; 133:393-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Ganesh R, Mahapatra S, Fuehrer DL, Folkert LJ, Jack WA, Jenkins SM, Bauer BA, Wahner-Roedler DL, Sood A. The Stressed Executive: Sources and Predictors of Stress Among Participants in an Executive Health Program. Glob Adv Health Med 2018; 7:2164956118806150. [PMID: 30364454 PMCID: PMC6196623 DOI: 10.1177/2164956118806150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stress is highly prevalent in the U.S. society, especially in executives, and is a well-documented risk factor for a wide range of medical disorders. Knowledge of common sources of stress and predictive factors may help identify executives at risk of high stress and allow us to appropriately refer them for stress management treatment. Objective The primary aim of this study was to identify common sources of stress, predictors of high stress, and other correlates among executives. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey of executives who requested a stress management consult at our institution. We abstracted the data from a 14-item intake survey as well as from the patient interview. Results Of the 839 executives, 827 executives (98.6%) who were referred for individual stress management consults completed the stress-related questions of the survey; 51.3% of these executives reported having a high stress level. Study participants mostly struggled with the well-being measures of sleep, anxiety, energy level, and diet. The majority reported that their main stressor was work related (n = 540, 64.4%) followed by family related (n = 371, 44.2%), health related (n = 170, 20.3%), and work–life balance (n = 62, 7.4%). In unadjusted analysis, high stress was associated with younger age (P = .006), lower quality-of-life scores (P < .001), and less physical activity (P < .001). In multivariable analyses, the strongest predictors for high stress level were younger age (odds ratios [OR] = 0.84, P = .045) and worse quality-of-life indicators such as anxiety (OR = 2.72, P < .001), diet (OR = 0.78, P = .02), and sleep (OR = 0.74, P < .003). Conclusion These findings suggest that executives with a high level of stress might be best helped through a multimodality stress management program. Our findings merit replication in larger studies and more definitive confirmation with prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Ganesh
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Saswati Mahapatra
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Debbie L Fuehrer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Levi J Folkert
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Whitney A Jack
- Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sarah M Jenkins
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Brent A Bauer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Amit Sood
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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25
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Napoli NJ, Demas MW, Mendu S, Stephens CL, Kennedy KD, Harrivel AR, Bailey RE, Barnes LE. Uncertainty in heart rate complexity metrics caused by R-peak perturbations. Comput Biol Med 2018; 103:198-207. [PMID: 30384177 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate complexity (HRC) is a proven metric for gaining insight into human stress and physiological deterioration. To calculate HRC, the detection of the exact instance of when the heart beats, the R-peak, is necessary. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals can often be corrupted by environmental noise (e.g., from electromagnetic interference, movement artifacts), which can potentially alter the HRC measurement, producing erroneous inputs which feed into decision support models. Current literature has only investigated how HRC is affected by noise when R-peak detection errors occur (false positives and false negatives). However, the numerical methods used to calculate HRC are also sensitive to the specific location of the fiducial point of the R-peak. This raises many questions regarding how this fiducial point is altered by noise, the resulting impact on the measured HRC, and how we can account for noisy HRC measures as inputs into our decision models. This work uses Monte Carlo simulations to systematically add white and pink noise at different permutations of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), time segments, sampling rates, and HRC measurements to characterize the influence of noise on the HRC measure by altering the fiducial point of the R-peak. Using the generated information from these simulations provides improved decision processes for system design which address key concerns such as permutation entropy being a more precise, reliable, less biased, and more sensitive measurement for HRC than sample and approximate entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Napoli
- Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University Virginia, Charlottesville, Va, 22904, United States; National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Va, 23681, United States.
| | - Matthew W Demas
- Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va, 22904, United States.
| | - Sanjana Mendu
- Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va, 22904, United States.
| | - Chad L Stephens
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va, 23681, United States.
| | - Kellie D Kennedy
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va, 23681, United States.
| | | | - Randall E Bailey
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va, 23681, United States.
| | - Laura E Barnes
- Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va, 22904, United States; Data Science Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, United States.
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26
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Use of behavioural and physiological responses for scoring sound sensitivity in dogs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200618. [PMID: 30067767 PMCID: PMC6070191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sound sensitive dogs have exaggerated responses to sound stimuli that can negatively impact the welfare of the dog. Behavioural reactions combined with the response to sound involve a marked autonomic imbalance towards sympathetic predominance and release of cortisol. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate, in the laboratory, the cardiac autonomic modulation using heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, serum cortisol levels and behavioural parameters in response to sounds of fireworks in dogs with a history of sensitivity to fireworks. Based on these data, and combining qualitative measures and categorical measures, we propose one short and one full index of sound sensitivity in dogs. Six privately owned dogs with no history and another twelve dogs with a history of sound sensitivity to fireworks were used. The sound stimulus consisted of a standardised recording of fireworks (180-seconds long) with a peak intensity of 103–104 dB. The cardiac intervals were recorded using a frequency meter (Polar® RS800CX model) to evaluate the HRV, and the acquired data were processed using CardioSeries 2.4.1 software. Twenty-one behavioural parameters were analysed quantitatively by time, frequency or categorically by scores and were grouped in behavioural categories of arousal, fear, relaxation and “other”. Sound sensitive dogs had exacerbated autonomic responses to the sound stimulus in the laboratory compared to non-sensitive dogs, with higher LF/HF ratios suggesting autonomic imbalance towards sympathetic predominance, but the cortisol levels were similar between the sensitive and non-sensitive dogs. Sound sensitive dogs showed pronounced responses for the parameters: alert and attention, search sound, startle, trembling, hiding, run away and less intense responses for the parameters rest and wink/sleep. Furthermore, the behavioural categories of arousal, fear, relaxation (lack of) and LF/HF were correlated to the caregiver’s perception of the sound sensitivity of the dogs. Not only the short index for sound sensitivity (behavioural categories arousal, fear and relaxation, and LF/HF ratio) but also the full index for sound sensitivity (all behavioural categories, LF/HF and cortisol levels) was highly correlated to sound fear response at home. These indexes can contribute to the development of strategies to treat sound sensitive dogs.
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27
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Antidepressant Effect of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance Extract in a Mouse Model of Chronic Stress-Induced Depression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8249563. [PMID: 30065945 PMCID: PMC6051329 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8249563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to stress can affect mood and cognition and lead to mood disorders. Research on stress-associated mood disorders is important in modern society as people are increasingly exposed to unavoidable stressors. We used a mouse model with 2 weeks of exposure to electric foot shock and restraint, to determine the effect of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance (FX) extract on chronic stress-induced depression. We measured the effect of FX extract using various physiological, behavioral, and biochemical measures. FX extract ameliorated chronic stress-induced body and relative liver weight loss and improved depressive-like behaviors in the open field and forced swim tests. In addition, plasma cortisol and serotonin levels in stress-induced mice following FX treatment were similar to normal mice, and the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines was prevented. Moreover, FX treatment increased the expression of phosphorylated cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate response element-binding protein (pCREB)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Further experiments confirmed the efficacy of FX extract by showing similar results using esculin and esculetin, compounds extracted from FX. Taken together, these results indicate that FX extract has an antidepressant effect on chronic stress-induced depression by associating signaling with neuroinflammation and neurogenesis.
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28
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Objective detection of chronic stress using physiological parameters. Med Biol Eng Comput 2018; 56:2273-2286. [PMID: 29911251 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-018-1854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design a system to diagnose chronic stress, based on blunted reactivity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to cognitive load (CL). The system concurrently measures CL-induced variations in pupil diameter (PD), heart rate (HR), pulse wave amplitude (PWA), galvanic skin response (GSR), and breathing rate (BR). Measurements were recorded from 58 volunteers whose stress level was identified using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Number-multiplication questions were used as CLs. HR, PWA, GSR, and PD were significantly (p < 0.05) changed during CL. CL-induced changes in PWA (16.87 ± 21.39), GSR (- 13.71 ± 7.86), and PD (11.56 ± 9.85) for non-stressed subjects (n = 36) were significantly different (p < 0.05) from those in PWA (2.92 ± 12.89), GSR (- 6.87 ± 9.54), and PD (4.51 ± 10.94) for stressed subjects (n = 22). ROC analysis for PWA, GSR, and PD illustrated their usefulness to identify stressed subjects. By inputting all features to different classification algorithms, up to 91.7% of sensitivity and 89.7% of accuracy to identify stressed subjects were achieved using 10-fold cross-validation. This study was the first to document blunted CL-induced changes in PWA, GSR, and PD in stressed subjects, compared to those in non-stressed subjects. Preliminary results demonstrated the ability of our system to objectively detect chronic stress with good accuracy, suggesting the potential for monitoring stress to prevent dangerous stress-related diseases. Graphical abstract Chronic stress degrads the autonomic nervous system reaction to cognitive loads. Measurement of reduced changes in physiological signals during asking math questions was useful to identify people with high STAI score (stressed subjects).
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29
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Skopouli FN, Katsiougiannis S. How stress contributes to autoimmunity-lessons from Sjögren's syndrome. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:5-14. [PMID: 29223133 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A large body of clinical evidence on the association between stressful life events and autoimmune diseases suggests that stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of these disorders. In this article, we discuss the effects of stress, not on the immune system but on specific cell populations against which the autoimmune reactivity is directed. Using Sjögren's syndrome as a model autoimmune disease, we review the role of stress in the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune reactivity. We present data that reveal the effects of stress on salivary gland epithelial cells, suggesting that stress can become immunogenic through its various effects on salivary gland epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini N Skopouli
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.,Department of Internal Medicine and Autoimmune Diseases, Euroclinic of Athens, Greece
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30
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Ash H, Smith TE, Knight S, Buchanan-Smith HM. Measuring physiological stress in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): Validation of a salivary cortisol collection and assay technique. Physiol Behav 2017; 185:14-22. [PMID: 29248632 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol levels are often used as a physiological measure of the stress response in captive primates, with non-invasive measures of this being an important step in welfare assessment. We report a method of collecting saliva samples voluntarily from unrestrained captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), and validate an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique previously unused in this species. Saliva samples were collected from marmosets housed in pairs in a UK laboratory. The assay showed parallelism, precision, accuracy and sensitivity, meeting the criteria typically used to investigate the effectiveness of new analytical techniques. Use of Salimetrics® Oral Swabs considerably increased the amount of cortisol recovered in comparison with previous studies using cotton buds. However, while use of banana on the swabs can encourage chewing, it may influence results. Although increases in cortisol levels have traditionally been interpreted as an indicator of stress in primates, there are many factors that affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, with some studies showing decreases in cortisol levels post-stressor. Following a likely stressful event (capture for weighing), we also found cortisol levels significantly decreased, possibly due to social buffering or 'blunting' of the HPA axis. Order of weighing also had an effect. The method therefore provided an effective non-invasive means of assessing acute changes in cortisol level that may be more useful than previous methods, improving our ability to study physiological aspects of welfare in primates. We discuss methodological considerations, as well as implications of using cortisol as a measure of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Ash
- Behaviour and Evolution Research Group, Scottish Primate Research Group, Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK.
| | - Tessa E Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Chester, Parkgate Road, Chester, England, UK
| | - Simon Knight
- Biomedical Sciences, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Hannah M Buchanan-Smith
- Behaviour and Evolution Research Group, Scottish Primate Research Group, Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
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31
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Herrera AY, Hodis HN, Mack WJ, Mather M. Estradiol Therapy After Menopause Mitigates Effects of Stress on Cortisol and Working Memory. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:4457-4466. [PMID: 29106594 PMCID: PMC5718702 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Postmenopausal estradiol therapy (ET) can reduce the stress response. However, it remains unclear whether such reductions can mitigate effects of stress on cognition. OBJECTIVE Investigate effects of ET on cortisol response to a physical stressor, cold pressor test (CPT), and whether ET attenuates stress effects on working memory. DESIGN Women completed the CPT or control condition across two sessions and subsequently completed a sentence span task. SETTING General community: Participants were recruited from the Early vs Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol (ELITE). PARTICIPANTS ELITE participants (mean age = 66, standard deviation age = 6.8) in this study did not suffer from any major chronic illness or use medications known to affect the stress response or cognition. INTERVENTIONS Participants had received a median of randomized 4.7 years of estradiol (n = 21) or placebo (n = 21) treatment at time of participation in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Salivary cortisol and sentence span task performance. RESULTS Women assigned to estradiol exhibited blunted cortisol responses to CPT compared with placebo (P = 0.017) and lesser negative effects of stress on working memory (P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS We present evidence suggesting ET may protect certain types of cognition in the presence of stress. Such estrogenic protection against stress hormone exposure may prove beneficial to both cognition and the neural circuitry that maintains and propagates cognitive faculties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ycaza Herrera
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Howard N. Hodis
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90032
| | - Wendy J. Mack
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90032
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90032
| | - Mara Mather
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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32
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Subhani AR, Kamel N, Mohamad Saad MN, Nandagopal N, Kang K, Malik AS. Mitigation of stress: new treatment alternatives. Cogn Neurodyn 2017; 12:1-20. [PMID: 29435084 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-017-9460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Complaints of stress are common in modern life. Psychological stress is a major cause of lifestyle-related issues, contributing to poor quality of life. Chronic stress impedes brain function, causing impairment of many executive functions, including working memory, decision making and attentional control. The current study sought to describe newly developed stress mitigation techniques, and their influence on autonomic and endocrine functions. The literature search revealed that the most frequently studied technique for stress mitigation was biofeedback (BFB). However, evidence suggests that neurofeedback (NFB) and noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) could potentially provide appropriate approaches. We found that recent studies of BFB methods have typically used measures of heart rate variability, respiration and skin conductance. In contrast, studies of NFB methods have typically utilized neurocomputation techniques employing electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy. NIBS studies have typically utilized transcranial direct current stimulation methods. Mitigation of stress is a challenging but important research target for improving quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Rauf Subhani
- 1Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar, Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia
| | - Nidal Kamel
- 1Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar, Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Naufal Mohamad Saad
- 1Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar, Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia
| | - Nanda Nandagopal
- 2Cognitive Neuro-Engineering Laboratory, Division of IT, Engineering and Environment, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide, 5001 Australia
| | - Kenneth Kang
- Spectrum Learning Pte Ltd, 81 Clemenceau Avenue #04-15/16, UE Square, Singapore, 239917 Singapore
| | - Aamir Saeed Malik
- 1Centre for Intelligent Signal and Imaging Research, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Bandar, Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia
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Chen B, Wang L, Li L, Zhu R, Liu H, Liu C, Ma R, Jia Q, Zhao D, Niu J, Fu M, Gao S, Zhang D. Fructus Ligustri Lucidi in Osteoporosis: A Review of its Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Safety. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091469. [PMID: 28872612 PMCID: PMC6151717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) has now attracted increasing attention as an alternative medicine in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. This study aimed to provide a general review of traditional interpretation of the actions of FLL in osteoporosis, main phytochemical constituents, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology in bone improving effect, and safety. Materials and Methods: Several databases, including PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, National Science and Technology Library, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and Web of Science were consulted to locate publications pertaining to FLL. The initial inquiry was conducted for the presence of the following keywords combinations in the abstracts: Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, osteoporosis, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, salidroside. About 150 research papers and reviews were consulted. Results: FLL is assumed to exhibit anti-osteoporotic effects by improving liver and kidney deficiencies and reducing lower back soreness in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The data from animal and cell experiments demonstrate that FLL is able to improve bone metabolism and bone quality in ovariectomized, growing, aged and diabetic rats through the regulation of PTH/FGF-23/1,25-(OH)2D3/CaSR, Nox4/ROS/NF-κB, and OPG/RANKL/cathepsin K signaling pathways. More than 100 individual compounds have been isolated from this plant. Oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, salidroside, and nuzhenide have been reported to exhibit the anti-osteoporosis effect. The pharmacokinetics data reveals that salidroside is one of the active constituents, and that tyrosol is hard to detect under physiological conditions. Acute and subacute toxicity studies show that FLL is well tolerated and presents no safety concerns. Conclusions: FLL provides a new option for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, which attracts rising interests in identifying potential anti-osteoporotic compounds and fractions from this plant. Further scientific evidences are expected from well-designed clinical trials on its bone protective effects and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Lili Wang
- Chinese Material Medica School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Ruyuan Zhu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Haixia Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Chenyue Liu
- Chinese Material Medica School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Rufeng Ma
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qiangqiang Jia
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jianzhao Niu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Min Fu
- The Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Sihua Gao
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Usui H, Nishida Y. The very low-frequency band of heart rate variability represents the slow recovery component after a mental stress task. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182611. [PMID: 28806776 PMCID: PMC5555691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The very low-frequency (VLF) band of heart rate variability (HRV) has different characteristics compared with other HRV components. Here we investigated differences in HRV changes after a mental stress task. After the task, the high-frequency (HF) band and ratio of high- to low-frequency bands (LF/HF) immediately returned to baseline. We evaluated the characteristics of VLF band changes after a mental stress task. We hypothesized that the VLF band decreases during the Stroop color word task and there would be a delayed recovery for 2 h after the task (i.e., the VLF change would exhibit a “slow recovery”). Nineteen healthy, young subjects were instructed to rest for 10 min, followed by a Stroop color word task for 20 min. After the task, the subjects were instructed to rest for 120 min. For all subjects, R-R interval data were collected; analysis was performed for VLF, HF, and LF/HF ratio. HRV during the rest time and each 15-min interval of the recovery time were compared. An analysis of the covariance was performed to adjust for the HF band and LF/HF ratio as confounding variables of the VLF component. HF and VLF bands significantly decreased and the LF/HF ratio significantly increased during the task compared with those during rest time. During recovery, the VLF band was significantly decreased compared with the rest time. After the task, the HF band and LF/HF ratio immediately returned to baseline and were not significantly different from the resting values. After adjusting for HF and LF/HF ratio, the VLF band had significantly decreased compared with that during rest. The VLF band is the “slow recovery” component and the HF band and LF/HF ratio are the “quick recovery” components of HRV. This VLF characteristic may clarify the unexplained association of the VLF band in cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harunobu Usui
- Department of Rehabilitation, AICHI Medical College, Kiyosu City, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yusuke Nishida
- Department of Physical Therapy, International University in Health and Welfare, Narita City, Chiba, Japan
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Rakesh G, Szabo ST, Alexopoulos GS, Zannas AS. Strategies for dementia prevention: latest evidence and implications. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2017; 8:121-136. [PMID: 28815009 DOI: 10.1177/2040622317712442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a common and debilitating syndrome with enormous impact on individuals and societies. Preventing disease onset or progression would translate to public health and societal benefits. In this review, we discuss the latest evidence on interventions that may show promise for the prevention of cognitive decline. We appraise existing evidence primarily drawn from randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, but also highlight observational studies in humans and relevant work in model organisms. Overall, there is currently limited evidence to support a cause-effect relationship between any preventive strategy and the development or progression of dementia. However, studies to date suggest that a multifactorial intervention comprising regular exercise and healthy diet, along with the amelioration of vascular risk factors, psychosocial stress, and major depressive episodes may be most promising for the prevention of cognitive decline. We discuss the challenges, future directions, and implications of this line of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkumar Rakesh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steven T Szabo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - George S Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Institute of Geriatric Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, NY, USA
| | - Anthony S Zannas
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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36
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Stress and salivary cortisol in emergency medical dispatchers: A randomized shifts control trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177094. [PMID: 28505199 PMCID: PMC5432068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress at work is a public health concern. Phone operators in emergency medical dispatch centers are particularly at risk. We aimed to demonstrate that the most stressful time for emergency medical dispatchers is the shift when they receive emergency incoming calls, with cortisol as a biomarker of stress. For each emergency medical dispatcher, we measured outcomes over a control day and during three types of shift: Incoming emergency call, Dispatch and Re-assessment. The pattern of shifts was randomized. Saliva was sampled every 15 minutes for 2 hours, i.e. 6 consecutive times, starting 15 minutes after the first life-and-death incoming emergency call between 2 and 5 pm during three types of shift. We measured saliva cortisol every 2 hours over a control day, from 7am to 9pm. Perceived stress was assessed by a visual analog scale. We recruited 22 phone operators aged 36.4+/-10.8 years old (14 women and 8 men). Cortisol values were higher during the Incoming emergency call shift than during the Dispatch (p = .04) and Re-assessment (p = .04) shifts. The increase in cortisol levels was greater in men than in women (p = .009). There were no differences between control values and those of the three shifts. The kinetics of cortisol increased with greater perceived stress overall (p < .001) and for each type of shift (Incoming emergency call, p = .02; Dispatch p = .03; Re-assessment: p < .001). The kinetics of cortisol in response to incoming emergency calls was greater when the call was an absolute emergency (p = .03), and also tended to further increase when a subsequent absolute incoming emergency call was received (p = 0.07). In conclusion, the incoming emergency call shift carries particular risk for dispatchers, who have greater perceived stress and a greater increase in cortisol levels.
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Yang T, Ahmari N, Schmidt JT, Redler T, Arocha R, Pacholec K, Magee KL, Malphurs W, Owen JL, Krane GA, Li E, Wang GP, Vickroy TW, Raizada MK, Martyniuk CJ, Zubcevic J. Shifts in the Gut Microbiota Composition Due to Depleted Bone Marrow Beta Adrenergic Signaling Are Associated with Suppressed Inflammatory Transcriptional Networks in the Mouse Colon. Front Physiol 2017; 8:220. [PMID: 28446880 PMCID: PMC5388758 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain-gut axis plays a critical role in the regulation of different diseases, many of which are characterized by sympathetic dysregulation. However, a direct link between sympathetic dysregulation and gut dysbiosis remains to be illustrated. Bone marrow (BM)-derived immune cells continuously interact with the gut microbiota to maintain homeostasis in the host. Their function is largely dependent upon the sympathetic nervous system acting via adrenergic receptors present on the BM immune cells. In this study, we utilized a novel chimera mouse that lacks the expression of BM beta1/2 adrenergic receptors (b1/2-ARs) to investigate the role of the sympathetic drive to the BM in gut and microbiota homeostasis. Fecal analyses demonstrated a shift from a dominance of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes phylum in the b1/2-ARs KO chimera, resulting in a reduction in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Meanwhile, a significant reduction in Proteobacteria phylum was determined. No changes in the abundance of acetate-, butyrate-, and lactate-producing bacteria, and colon pathology were observed in the b1/2-ARs KO chimera. Transcriptomic profiling in colon identified Killer Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily D, Member 1 (Klrd1), Membrane-Spanning 4-Domains Subfamily A Member 4A (Ms4a4b), and Casein Kinase 2 Alpha Prime Polypeptide (Csnk2a2) as main transcripts associated with the microbiota shifts in the b1/2-ARs KO chimera. Suppression of leukocyte-related transcriptome networks (i.e., function, differentiation, migration), classical compliment pathway, and networks associated with intestinal function, barrier integrity, and excretion was also observed in the colon of the KO chimera. Moreover, reduced expression of transcriptional networks related to intestinal diseases (i.e., ileitis, enteritis, inflammatory lesions, and stress) was noted. The observed suppressed transcriptome networks were associated with a reduction in NK cells, macrophages, and CD4+ T cells in the b1/2-ARs KO chimera colon. Thus, sympathetic regulation of BM-derived immune cells plays a significant role in modifying inflammatory networks in the colon and the gut microbiota composition. To our knowledge, this study is the first to suggest a key role of BM b1/2-ARs signaling in host-microbiota interactions, and reveals specific molecular mechanisms that may lead to generation of novel anti-inflammatory treatments for many immune and autonomic diseases as well as gut dysbiosis across the board.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida (UF)Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Niousha Ahmari
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida (UF)Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jordan T Schmidt
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida (UF)Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ty Redler
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida (UF)Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rebeca Arocha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida (UF)Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kevin Pacholec
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida (UF)Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kacy L Magee
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida (UF)Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wendi Malphurs
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida (UF)Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Owen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida (UF)Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gregory A Krane
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle ParkDurham, NC, USA
| | - Eric Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gary P Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas W Vickroy
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida (UF)Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida (UF)Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida (UF)Gainesville, FL, USA
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38
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Kõks S, Dogan S, Tuna BG, González-Navarro H, Potter P, Vandenbroucke RE. Mouse models of ageing and their relevance to disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 160:41-53. [PMID: 27717883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is a process that gradually increases the organism's vulnerability to death. It affects different biological pathways, and the underlying cellular mechanisms are complex. In view of the growing disease burden of ageing populations, increasing efforts are being invested in understanding the pathways and mechanisms of ageing. We review some mouse models commonly used in studies on ageing, highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the different strategies, and discuss their relevance to disease susceptibility. In addition to addressing the genetics and phenotypic analysis of mice, we discuss examples of models of delayed or accelerated ageing and their modulation by caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulev Kõks
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia and Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Soner Dogan
- Yeditepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bilge Guvenc Tuna
- Yeditepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Herminia González-Navarro
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paul Potter
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK.
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Rabat A, Gomez-Merino D, Roca-Paixao L, Bougard C, Van Beers P, Dispersyn G, Guillard M, Bourrilhon C, Drogou C, Arnal PJ, Sauvet F, Leger D, Chennaoui M. Differential Kinetics in Alteration and Recovery of Cognitive Processes from a Chronic Sleep Restriction in Young Healthy Men. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:95. [PMID: 27242464 PMCID: PMC4876616 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep restriction (CSR) induces neurobehavioral deficits in young and healthy people with a morning failure of sustained attention process. Testing both the kinetic of failure and recovery of different cognitive processes (i.e., attention, executive) under CSR and their potential links with subject's capacities (stay awake, baseline performance, age) and with some biological markers of stress and anabolism would be useful in order to understand the role of sleep debt on human behavior. Twelve healthy subjects spent 14 days in laboratory with 2 baseline days (B1 and B2, 8 h TIB) followed by 7 days of sleep restriction (SR1-SR7, 4 h TIB), 3 sleep recovery days (R1-R3, 8 h TIB) and two more ones 8 days later (R12-R13). Subjective sleepiness (KSS), maintenance of wakefulness latencies (MWT) were evaluated four times a day (10:00, 12:00 a.m. and 2:00, 4:00 p.m.) and cognitive tests were realized at morning (8:30 a.m.) and evening (6:30 p.m.) sessions during B2, SR1, SR4, SR7, R2, R3 and R13. Saliva (B2, SR7, R2, R13) and blood (B1, SR6, R1, R12) samples were collected in the morning. Cognitive processes were differently impaired and recovered with a more rapid kinetic for sustained attention process. Besides, a significant time of day effect was only evidenced for sustained attention failures that seemed to be related to subject's age and their morning capacity to stay awake. Executive processes were equally disturbed/recovered during the day and this failure/recovery process seemed to be mainly related to baseline subject's performance and to their capacity to stay awake. Morning concentrations of testosterone, cortisol and α-amylase were significantly decreased at SR6-SR7, but were either and respectively early (R1), tardily (after R2) and not at all (R13) recovered. All these results suggest a differential deleterious and restorative effect of CSR on cognition through biological changes of the stress pathway and subject's capacity (ClinicalTrials-NCT01989741).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Rabat
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Danielle Gomez-Merino
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Laura Roca-Paixao
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; University of Paris 11Orsay, France
| | - Clément Bougard
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Pascal Van Beers
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Garance Dispersyn
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Mathias Guillard
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Cyprien Bourrilhon
- Department of Operational Environments, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA) Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Catherine Drogou
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Pierrick J Arnal
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Fabien Sauvet
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Damien Leger
- VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France; Alertness and Sleep Center, Hôtel Dieu de Paris, Public Assistance of Paris Hospitals, University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
| | - Mounir Chennaoui
- Fatigue and Vigilance Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Operational Constraints, Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute (IRBA)Brétigny-sur-Orge, France; VIFASOM team (EA 7330), University of Paris 5 DescartesParis, France
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Jones A, Pruessner JC, McMillan MR, Jones RW, Kowalik GT, Steeden JA, Williams B, Taylor AM, Muthurangu V. Physiological adaptations to chronic stress in healthy humans - why might the sexes have evolved different energy utilisation strategies? J Physiol 2016; 594:4297-307. [PMID: 27027401 DOI: 10.1113/jp272021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The human stress response activates the autonomic nervous system and endocrine systems to increase performance during environmental challenges. This response is usually beneficial, improving the chance of overcoming environmental challenges, but costs resources such as energy. Humans and other animals are known to adapt their responses to acute stress when they are stimulated chronically, presumably to optimise resource utilisation. Characterisation of these adaptations has been limited. Using advanced imaging techniques, we show that cardiovascular and endocrine physiology, reflective of energy utilisation during acute stress, and energy storage (fat) differ between the sexes when they are exposed to chronic stress. We examine possible evolutionary explanations for these differences, related to energy use, and point out how these physiological differences could underpin known disparities between the sexes in their risk of important cardiometabolic disorders such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. ABSTRACT Obesity and associated diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, are the dominant human health problems in the modern era. Humans develop these conditions partly because they consume excess energy and exercise too little. Stress might be one of the factors contributing to these disease-promoting behaviours. We postulate that sex-specific primordial energy optimisation strategies exist, which developed to help cope with chronic stress but have become maladaptive in modern societies, worsening health. To demonstrate the existence of these energy optimisation strategies, we recruited 88 healthy adults with varying adiposity and chronic stress exposure. Cardiovascular physiology at rest and during acute stress (Montreal Imaging Stress Task), and body fat distribution were measured using advanced magnetic resonance imaging methods, together with endocrine function, cardiovascular energy use and cognitive performance. Potential confounders such as lifestyle, social class and employment were accounted for. We found that women exposed to chronic stress had lower adiposity, greater acute stress cardiovascular responses and better cognitive performance. Conversely, chronic stress-exposed men had greater adiposity and lower cardiovascular responses to acute stress. These results provide initial support for our hypothesis that differing sex-specific energy conservation strategies exist. We propose that these strategies have initially evolved to benefit humans but are now maladaptive and increase the risk of disorders such as obesity, especially in men exposed to chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Jones
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK
| | - Jens C Pruessner
- Douglas Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Merlin R McMillan
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK
| | - Russell W Jones
- Chorleywood Health Centre, Chorleywood, UK.,Department of Information Systems and Computing, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Grzegorz T Kowalik
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK
| | - Jennifer A Steeden
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew M Taylor
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK
| | - Vivek Muthurangu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK
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