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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Macrophage Functions in Psoriasis: Lessons from Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5306. [PMID: 38791342 PMCID: PMC11121292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a systemic autoimmune/autoinflammatory disease that can be well studied in established mouse models. Skin-resident macrophages are classified into epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal macrophages and are involved in innate immunity, orchestration of adaptive immunity, and maintenance of tissue homeostasis due to their ability to constantly shift their phenotype and adapt to the current microenvironment. Consequently, both macrophage populations play dual roles in psoriasis. In some circumstances, pro-inflammatory activated macrophages and Langerhans cells trigger psoriatic inflammation, while in other cases their anti-inflammatory stimulation results in amelioration of the disease. These features make macrophages interesting candidates for modern therapeutic strategies. Owing to the significant progress in knowledge, our review article summarizes current achievements and indicates future research directions to better understand the function of macrophages in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland;
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2
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Aleksic M, Rajagopal R, de-Ávila R, Spriggs S, Gilmour N. The skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway: exploring the role of mechanistic understanding for higher tier risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:69-91. [PMID: 38385441 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2308816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
For over a decade, the skin sensitization Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) has served as a useful framework for development of novel in chemico and in vitro assays for use in skin sensitization hazard and risk assessment. Since its establishment, the AOP framework further fueled the existing efforts in new assay development and stimulated a plethora of activities with particular focus on validation, reproducibility and interpretation of individual assays and combination of assay outputs for use in hazard/risk assessment. In parallel, research efforts have also accelerated in pace, providing new molecular and dynamic insight into key events leading to sensitization. In light of novel hypotheses emerging from over a decade of focused research effort, mechanistic evidence relating to the key events in the skin sensitization AOP may complement the tools currently used in risk assessment. We reviewed the recent advances unraveling the complexity of molecular events in sensitization and signpost the most promising avenues for further exploration and development of useful assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Aleksic
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Ramya Rajagopal
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Renato de-Ávila
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Sandrine Spriggs
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Nicola Gilmour
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Sharnbrook, UK
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3
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Kaur S, Verma H, Kaur S, Gangwar P, Yadav A, Yadav B, Rao R, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. Understanding the multifaceted role of miRNAs in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:217-237. [PMID: 37505443 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by binding to mRNA and mediating its degradation or inhibiting translation. Since miRNAs can regulate the expression of several genes, they have multiple roles to play in biological processes and human diseases. The majority of miRNAs are known to be expressed in the brain and are involved in synaptic functions, thus marking their presence and role in major neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are known to be the major hallmarks. The clearance of Aβ and tau is known to be associated with miRNA dysregulation. In addition, the β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE 1), which cleaves APP to form Aβ, is also found to be regulated by miRNAs, thus directly affecting Aβ accumulation. Growing evidences suggest that neuroinflammation can be an initial event in AD pathology, and miRNAs have been linked with the regulation of neuroinflammation. Inflammatory disorders have also been associated with AD pathology, and exosomes associated with miRNAs are known to regulate brain inflammation, suggesting for the role of systemic miRNAs in AD pathology. Several miRNAs have been related in AD, years before the clinical symptoms appear, most of which are associated with regulating the cell cycle, immune system, stress responses, cellular senescence, nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling, and synaptic regulation. Phytochemicals, especially polyphenols, alter the expression of various miRNAs by binding to miRNAs or binding to the transcriptional activators of miRNAs, thus control/alter various metabolic pathways. Awing to the sundry biological processes being regulated by miRNAs in the brain and regulation of expression of miRNAs via phytochemicals, miRNAs and the regulatory bioactive phytochemicals can serve as therapeutic agents in the treatment and management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhchain Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Prabhakar Gangwar
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Bharti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Rashmi Rao
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India.
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4
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Assessment of the Antigen-Binding Capacity and Separation of Extracellular Vesicles Coated with Antigen-Specific Antibody Light Chains. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2821:225-236. [PMID: 38997493 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3914-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Many researchers are interested in the possibility of manipulating the targeting specificity of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for their use as physiological delivery vehicles for drugs and bioactive molecules. Our studies demonstrated the possibility of directing EVs toward the desired acceptor cell by coating them with antigen-specific antibody light chains. Here, we describe the methods for detection of the presence of antibody light chains on the EV surface, proving their ability to specifically bind the antigen and for separating the antigen-binding EV subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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5
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Zhang WJ, Li YY, Xiang ZH, Deng J, Li W, Lin QL, Fang Y, Liu F, Bai J, Zhang L, Li J. Emerging evidence on the effects of plant-derived microRNAs in colorectal cancer: a review. Food Funct 2023; 14:691-702. [PMID: 36625207 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03477h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Food nutrition and human health are still interesting international issues. Early detection, risk assessment and diet are vital to mitigate the load of intestinal diseases and enhance the quality of life. Plant-derived microRNAs could be transferred to mammalian organisms by cross-kingdom regulation which adjusts relevant target genes for their participation in the process of carcinogenesis. But the mechanism of plant-derived microRNAs in colorectal cancer is still unclear. This review aims to summarize the current pathways of plant-derived microRNAs in colorectal cancer including intestinal bacteria, the tumor microenvironment, plant active substances and protein, discuss the direct or indirect effects of plant-derived microRNAs on the occurrence and/or progression of colorectal cancer and explain why plant-derived microRNAs can be used as a potential anti-cancer agent. Moreover, the drawbacks of plant-derived microRNAs are also discussed in terms of both edible plants and synthetic delivery vectors for RNAi interference technology for human disease treatment. This review will provide a potential way for plant-derived microRNAs to target colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jing Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Ying Yi Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhen Hang Xiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Jing Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Wen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China. .,College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Lu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Yong Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Jie Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Juan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
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6
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Srivastava A, Rathore S, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Organically derived exosomes as carriers of anticancer drugs and imaging agents for cancer treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:80-100. [PMID: 35192929 PMCID: PMC9388703 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), is the umbrella term used for different types of vesicles produced by the cells, among which exosomes form the largest group. Exosomes perform intercellular communication by carrying several biologics from donor or parental cells and delivering them to recipient cells. Their unique cargo-carrying capacity has recently been explored for use as delivery vehicles of anticancer drugs and imaging agents. Being naturally produced, exosomes have many advantages over synthetic lipid-based nanoparticles currently being used clinically to treat cancer and other diseases. The finding of the role of exosomes in human diseases has led to numerous preclinical and clinical studies exploring their use as an amenable drug delivery vehicle and a theranostic in cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, there are certain limitations associated with exosomes, with the most important being the selection of the biological source for producing highly biocompatible exosomes on a large scale. This review article explores the various sources from which therapeutically viable exosomes can be isolated for use as drug carriers for cancer treatment. The methods of exosome isolation and the process of loading them with cancer therapeutics and imaging agents are also discussed in the follow-up sections. Finally, the article concludes with future directions for exosome-based applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Shipra Rathore
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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7
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Extracellular Vesicles—Oral Therapeutics of the Future. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147554. [PMID: 35886902 PMCID: PMC9315796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Considered an artifact just after discovery, the possibility of oral delivery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their functional cargos has recently gained much research attention. EVs from various sources, including edible plants, milk, bacteria and mammalian cells, have emerged as a platform for miRNA and drug delivery that seem to induce the expected immune effects locally and in distant tissues after oral administration. Such a possibility greatly expands the clinical applicability of EVs. The present review summarizes research findings that either support or deny the biological/therapeutical activity of orally administered EVs and their role in cross-species and cross-kingdom signaling.
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8
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Weng S, Lai QL, Wang J, Zhuang L, Cheng L, Mo Y, Liu L, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Qiao S. The Role of Exosomes as Mediators of Neuroinflammation in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:899944. [PMID: 35837481 PMCID: PMC9273880 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.899944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive dementia. Accumulation of β–amyloid peptide 1–42 and phosphorylation of tau protein in the brain are the two main pathological features of AD. However, comprehensive studies have shown that neuroinflammation also plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD. Neuroinflammation is associated with neuronal death and abnormal protein aggregation and promotes the pathological process of β-amyloid peptide 1–42 and tau protein. The inflammatory components associated with AD include glial cells, complement system, cytokines and chemokines. In recent years, some researchers have focused on exosomes, a type of membrane nano vesicles. Exosomes can transport proteins, lipids, microRNAs and other signaling molecules to participate in a variety of signaling pathways for signal transmission or immune response, affecting the activity of target cells and participating in important pathophysiological processes. Therefore, exosomes play an essential role in intercellular communication and may mediate neuroinflammation to promote the development of AD. This paper reviews the occurrence and development of neuroinflammation and exosomes in AD, providing a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of AD. Furthermore, the role of exosomes in the pathogenesis and treatment of AD is further described, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic targets for neuroinflammation and AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiting Weng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Lun Lai
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liying Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yejia Mo
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zexian Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Song Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Song Qiao,
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9
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Exosome Carrier Effects; Resistance to Digestion in Phagolysosomes May Assist Transfers to Targeted Cells; II Transfers of miRNAs Are Better Analyzed via Systems Approach as They Do Not Fit Conventional Reductionist Stoichiometric Concepts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116192. [PMID: 35682875 PMCID: PMC9181154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Carrier effects of extracellular vesicles (EV) like exosomes refer to properties of the vesicles that contribute to the transferred biologic effects of their contents to targeted cells. This can pertain to ingested small amounts of xenogeneic plant miRNAs and oral administration of immunosuppressive exosomes. The exosomes contribute carrier effects on transfers of miRNAs by contributing both to the delivery and the subsequent functional intracellular outcomes. This is in contrast to current quantitative canonical rules that dictate just the minimum copies of a miRNA for functional effects, and thus successful transfers, independent of the EV carrier effects. Thus, we argue here that transfers by non-canonical minute quantities of miRNAs must consider the EV carrier effects of functional low levels of exosome transferred miRNA that may not fit conventional reductionist stoichiometric concepts. Accordingly, we have examined traditional stoichiometry vs. systems biology that may be more appropriate for delivered exosome functional responses. Exosome carrier properties discussed include; their required surface activating interactions with targeted cells, potential alternate targets beyond mRNAs, like reaching a threshold, three dimensional aspects of the RNAs, added EV kinetic dynamic aspects making transfers four dimensional, and unique intracellular release from EV that resist intracellular digestion in phagolysosomes. Together these EV carrier considerations might allow systems analysis. This can then result in a more appropriate understanding of transferred exosome carrier-assisted functional transfers. A plea is made that the miRNA expert community, in collaboration with exosome experts, perform new experiments on molecular and quantitative miRNA functional effects in systems that include EVs, like variation in EV type and surface constituents, delivery, dose and time to hopefully create more appropriate and truly current canonical concepts of the consequent miRNA functional transfers by EVs like exosomes.
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10
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Myrzabekova M, Labeit S, Niyazova R, Akimniyazova A, Ivashchenko A. Identification of Bovine miRNAs with the Potential to Affect Human Gene Expression. Front Genet 2022; 12:705350. [PMID: 35087564 PMCID: PMC8787201 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.705350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk and other products from large mammals have emerged during human evolution as an important source of nutrition. Recently, it has been recognized that exogenous miRNAs (mRNA inhibited RNA) contained in milk and other tissues of the mammalian body can enter the human body, which in turn have the ability to potentially regulate human metabolism by affecting gene expression. We studied for exogenous miRNAs from Bos taurus that are potentially contain miRNAs from milk and that could act postprandially as regulators of human gene expression. The interaction of 17,508 human genes with 1025 bta-miRNAs, including 245 raw milk miRNAs was studied. The milk bta-miR-151-5p, bta-miR-151-3p, bta-miRNA-320 each have 11 BSs (binding sites), and bta-miRNA-345-5p, bta-miRNA-614, bta-miRNA-1296b and bta-miRNA-149 has 12, 14, 15 and 26 BSs, respectively. The bta-miR-574-5p from cow’s milk had 209 human genes in mRNAs from one to 25 repeating BSs. We found 15 bta-miRNAs that have 100% complementarity to the mRNA of 13 human target genes. Another 12 miRNAs have BSs in the mRNA of 19 human genes with 98% complementarity. The bta-miR-11975, bta-miR-11976, and bta-miR-2885 BSs are located with the overlap of nucleotide sequences in the mRNA of human genes. Nucleotide sequences of BSs of these miRNAs in 5′UTR mRNA of human genes consisted of GCC repeats with a total length of 18 nucleotides (nt) in 18 genes, 21 nt in 11 genes, 24 nt in 14 genes, and 27–48 nt in nine genes. Nucleotide sequences of BSs of bta-miR-11975, bta-miR-11976, and bta-miR-2885 in CDS mRNA of human genes consisted of GCC repeats with a total length of 18 nt in 33 genes, 21 nt in 13 genes, 24 nt in nine genes, and 27–36 nt in 11 genes. These BSs encoded polyA or polyP peptides. In only one case, the polyR (SLC24A3 gene) was encoded. The possibility of regulating the expression of human genes by exogenous bovine miRNAs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moldir Myrzabekova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Siegfried Labeit
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Myomedix GmbH, Neckargemuend, Germany
| | - Raigul Niyazova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aigul Akimniyazova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Anatoliy Ivashchenko
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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11
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Increasing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Extracellular Vesicles From the Antigen-Specific Antibody and Light Chain Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:790722. [PMID: 34901032 PMCID: PMC8652241 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their exceptional properties, extracellular vesicles (EVs) receive special attention as next generation biotherapeutics and vehicles for drug delivery. However, despite having many advantages over cell-based therapies, EVs usually exert lower therapeutic efficacy. This results from a number of hurdles that are faced by the EV-based approaches. Administered EVs could be rapidly cleared by the mononuclear phagocytes as well as can randomly distribute within various tissues, making tissue penetration and cell targeting insufficient. However, recent research findings imply that these limitations could be overcome with the use of antigen-specific antibodies and light chains. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-expressing EVs have been shown to form aggregates after co-incubation with antigen-specific antibodies, which greatly enhanced their biological efficacy. On the other hand, EVs could be coated with antibody light chains of chosen specificity to direct them towards desired target cell population. Both findings open up a promising perspective to achieve the highest efficacy of the EV-based approaches. Herein we discuss the opportunities for enhancing extracellular vesicle’s biological activity by using specific antibodies and light chains in the context of the challenges faced by such therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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12
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Askenase PW. Exosomes provide unappreciated carrier effects that assist transfers of their miRNAs to targeted cells; I. They are 'The Elephant in the Room'. RNA Biol 2021; 18:2038-2053. [PMID: 33944671 PMCID: PMC8582996 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1885189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV), such as exosomes, are emerging biologic entities that mediate important newly recognized functional effects. Exosomes are intracellular endosome-originating, cell-secreted, small nano-size EV. They can transfer cargo molecules like miRNAs to act intracellularly in targeted acceptor cells, to then mediate epigenetic functional alterations. Exosomes among EV, are universal nanoparticles of life that are present across all species. Some critics mistakenly hold exosomes to concepts and standards of cells, whereas they are subcellular nanospheres that are a million times smaller, have neither nuclei nor mitochondria, are far less complex and currently cannot be studied deeply and elegantly by many and diverse technologies developed for cells over many years. There are important concerns about the seeming impossibility of biologically significant exosome transfers of very small amounts of miRNAs resulting in altered targeted cell functions. These hesitations are based on current canonical concepts developed for non-physiological application of miRNAs alone, or artificial non-quantitative genetic expression. Not considered is that the natural physiologic intercellular transit via exosomes can contribute numerous augmenting carrier effects to functional miRNA transfers. Some of these are particularly stimulated complex extracellular and intracellular physiologic processes activated in the exosome acceptor cells that can crucially influence the intracellular effects of the transferred miRNAs. These can lead to molecular chemical changes altering DNA expression for mediating functional changes of the targeted cells. Such exosome mediated molecular transfers of epigenetic functional alterations, are the most exciting and life-altering property that these nano EV bring to virtually all of biology and medicine. .Abbreviations: Ab, Antibody Ag Antigen; APC, Antigen presenting cells; CS, contact sensitivity; DC, Dendritic cells; DTH, Delayed-type hypersensitivity; EV, extracellular vesicles; EV, Extracellular vesicle; FLC, Free light chains of antibodies; GI, gastrointestinal; IP, Intraperitoneal administration; IV, intravenous administration; OMV, Outer membrane vesicles released by bacteria; PE, Phos-phatidylethanolamine; PO, oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Askenase
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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13
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Jia M, He J, Bai W, Lin Q, Deng J, Li W, Bai J, Fu D, Ma Y, Ren J, Xiong S. Cross-kingdom regulation by dietary plant miRNAs: an evidence-based review with recent updates. Food Funct 2021; 12:9549-9562. [PMID: 34664582 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01156a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As non-coding RNA molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs) are widely known for their critical role in gene regulation. Recent studies have shown that plant miRNAs obtained through dietary oral administration can survive in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, enter the circulatory system and regulate endogenous mRNAs. Diet-derived plant miRNAs have 2'-O-methylated modified 3'ends and high cytosine and guanine (GC) content, as well as exosomal packaging, which gives them high stability even in the harsh environment of the digestive system and circulatory system. The latest evidence shows that dietary plant miRNAs can not only be absorbed in the intestine, but also be absorbed and packaged by gastric epithelial cells and then secreted into the circulatory system. Alternatively, these biologically active plant-derived miRNAs may also affect the health of the host by affecting the function of the microbiome, while not need to be taken into the host's circulatory system and transferred to remote tissues. This cross-kingdom regulation of miRNAs gives us hope for exploring their therapeutic potential and as dietary supplements. However, doubts have also been raised about the cross-border regulation of miRNAs, suggesting that technical flaws in the experiments may have led to this hypothesis. In this article, we summarize the visibility of dietary plant miRNAs in the development of human health and recent research data on their use in therapeutics. The regulation of plant miRNAs across kingdoms is a novel concept. Continued efforts in this area will broaden our understanding of the biological role of plant miRNAs and will open the way for the development of new approaches to prevent or treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- MingXi Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China. .,College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - JinTao He
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - WeiDong Bai
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - QinLu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Jing Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Wen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Jie Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Da Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China. .,Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - YuShui Ma
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - JiaLi Ren
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - ShouYao Xiong
- College of Mathematics and Statistics, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
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14
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Nazimek K, Bustos-Morán E, Blas-Rus N, Nowak B, Totoń-Żurańska J, Seweryn MT, Wołkow P, Woźnicka O, Szatanek R, Siedlar M, Askenase PW, Sánchez-Madrid F, Bryniarski K. Antibodies Enhance the Suppressive Activity of Extracellular Vesicles in Mouse Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080734. [PMID: 34451831 PMCID: PMC8398949 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that mouse delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) can be antigen-specifically downregulated by suppressor T cell-derived miRNA-150 carried by extracellular vesicles (EVs) that target antigen-presenting macrophages. However, the exact mechanism of the suppressive action of miRNA-150-targeted macrophages on effector T cells remained unclear, and our current studies aimed to investigate it. By employing the DTH mouse model, we showed that effector T cells were inhibited by macrophage-released EVs in a miRNA-150-dependent manner. This effect was enhanced by the pre-incubation of EVs with antigen-specific antibodies. Their specific binding to MHC class II-expressing EVs was proved in flow cytometry and ELISA-based experiments. Furthermore, by the use of nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy, we found that the incubation of macrophage-released EVs with antigen-specific antibodies resulted in EVs’ aggregation, which significantly enhanced their suppressive activity in vivo. Nowadays, it is increasingly evident that EVs play an exceptional role in intercellular communication and selective cargo transfer, and thus are considered promising candidates for therapeutic usage. However, EVs appear to be less effective than their parental cells. In this context, our current studies provide evidence that antigen-specific antibodies can be easily used for increasing EVs’ biological activity, which has great therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Krakow, Poland; (K.N.); (B.N.)
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (N.B.-R.); (F.S.-M.)
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 208011, USA;
| | - Eugenio Bustos-Morán
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (N.B.-R.); (F.S.-M.)
| | - Noelia Blas-Rus
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (N.B.-R.); (F.S.-M.)
| | - Bernadeta Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Krakow, Poland; (K.N.); (B.N.)
| | - Justyna Totoń-Żurańska
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (J.T.-Ż.); (M.T.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Michał T. Seweryn
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (J.T.-Ż.); (M.T.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Paweł Wołkow
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland; (J.T.-Ż.); (M.T.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Olga Woźnicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Rafał Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (R.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Paediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (R.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Philip W. Askenase
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 208011, USA;
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de la Princesa, Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-M.); (N.B.-R.); (F.S.-M.)
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Krakow, Poland; (K.N.); (B.N.)
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 208011, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-632-58-65
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15
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Zhao L, Ye Y, Gu L, Jian Z, Stary CM, Xiong X. Extracellular vesicle-derived miRNA as a novel regulatory system for bi-directional communication in gut-brain-microbiota axis. J Transl Med 2021; 19:202. [PMID: 33975607 PMCID: PMC8111782 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain-microbiota axis (GBMAx) coordinates bidirectional communication between the gut and brain, and is increasingly recognized as playing a central role in physiology and disease. MicroRNAs are important intracellular components secreted by extracellular vesicles (EVs), which act as vital mediators of intercellular and interspecies communication. This review will present current advances in EV-derived microRNAs and their potential functional link with GBMAx. We propose that EV-derived microRNAs comprise a novel regulatory system for GBMAx, and a potential novel therapeutic target for modifying GBMAx in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Creed M Stary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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16
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Askenase PW. Ancient Evolutionary Origin and Properties of Universally Produced Natural Exosomes Contribute to Their Therapeutic Superiority Compared to Artificial Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1429. [PMID: 33572657 PMCID: PMC7866973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, are newly recognized fundamental, universally produced natural nanoparticles of life that are seemingly involved in all biologic processes and clinical diseases. Due to their universal involvements, understanding the nature and also the potential therapeutic uses of these nanovesicles requires innovative experimental approaches in virtually every field. Of the EV group, exosome nanovesicles and larger companion micro vesicles can mediate completely new biologic and clinical processes dependent on the intercellular transfer of proteins and most importantly selected RNAs, particularly miRNAs between donor and targeted cells to elicit epigenetic alterations inducing functional cellular changes. These recipient acceptor cells are nearby (paracrine transfers) or far away after distribution via the circulation (endocrine transfers). The major properties of such vesicles seem to have been conserved over eons, suggesting that they may have ancient evolutionary origins arising perhaps even before cells in the primordial soup from which life evolved. Their potential ancient evolutionary attributes may be responsible for the ability of some modern-day exosomes to withstand unusually harsh conditions, perhaps due to unique membrane lipid compositions. This is exemplified by ability of the maternal milk exosomes to survive passing the neonatal acid/enzyme rich stomach. It is postulated that this resistance also applies to their durable presence in phagolysosomes, thus suggesting a unique intracellular release of their contained miRNAs. A major discussed issue is the generally poorly realized superiority of these naturally evolved nanovesicles for therapies when compared to human-engineered artificial nanoparticles, e.g., for the treatment of diseases like cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Askenase
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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17
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Nazimek K. The complex functions of microRNA-150 in allergy, autoimmunity and immune tolerance. AIMS ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/allergy.2021016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
<abstract>
<p>At present, special efforts are being made to develop the strategies allowing for activation of long-lasting antigen-specific immune tolerance in therapy of allergic and autoimmune diseases. Some of these therapeutic approaches are aimed at modulating cell functions at genetic level by using miRNA-based and miRNA-targeting treatments. Simultaneously, the crucial role of extracellular vesicles as natural miRNA conveyors is highlighted for induction of antigen-specific immune tolerance, especially that they appear to be easily manipulatable for therapeutic applications. Among other immune-related miRNAs, miR-150 is getting special attention as it is differently expressed by immune cells at various stages of their maturation and differentiation. In addition, miR-150 is involved in different signaling cascades orchestrating humoral and cell-mediated mechanisms of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, miR-150 is considered a master regulator of immunity in mammals. Currently, physiological miR-150-dependent regulatory circuits and causes of their malfunctioning that underlie the pathogenesis of allergic and autoimmune disorders are being unraveled. Thus, present review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of miR-150 in the pathogenesis and complications of these diseases. Furthermore, the involvement of miR-150 in regulation of immune responses to allergens and self-antigens and in induction of antigen-specific immune tolerance is discussed with the special emphasis on the therapeutic potential of this miRNA.</p>
</abstract>
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18
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Askenase PW. COVID-19 therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and convalescent plasma must consider exosome involvement: Do the exosomes in convalescent plasma antagonize the weak immune antibodies? J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 10:e12004. [PMID: 33304473 PMCID: PMC7710130 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome extracellular vesicles as biologic therapy for COVID-19 are discussed for two areas. The first involves the growing use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for the profound clinical cytokine storm and severe pneumonia in COVID-19 patients. Instead, it is recommended to treat alternatively with their MSC-released exosomes. This is because many reports in the literature and our data have shown that the release of exosomes from the in vivo administered MSC is actually responsible for their beneficial effects. Further, the exosomes are superior, simpler and clinically more convenient compared to their parental MSC. Additionally, in the context of COVID-19, the known tendency of MSC to intravascularly aggregate causing lung dysfunction might synergize with the pneumonia aspects, and the tendency of MSC peripheral vascular micro aggregates might synergize with the vascular clots of the COVID-19 disease process, causing significant central or peripheral vascular insufficiency. The second exosome therapeutic area for severe COVID-19 involves use of convalescent plasma for its content of acquired immune antibodies that must consider the role in this therapy of contained nearly trillions of exosomes. Many of these derive from activated immune modulating cells and likely can function to transfer miRNAs that acting epigenetically to also influence the convalescent plasma recipient response to the virus. There is sufficient evidence, like recovery of patients with antibody deficiencies, to postulate that the antibodies actually have little effect and that immune resistance is principally due to T cell mechanisms. Further, COVID-19 convalescent plasma has remarkably weak beneficial effects if compared to what was expected from many prior studies. This may be due to the dysfunctional immune response to the infection and resulting weak Ab that may be impaired further by antagonistic exosomes in the convalescent plasma. At the least, pre selection of plasma for the best antibodies and relevant exosomes would produce the most optimum therapy for very severely affected COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Askenase
- Section of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyDepartment of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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19
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Abstract
Small RNAs (sRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), are noncoding RNA (ncRNA) molecules involved in gene regulation. sRNAs play important roles in development; however, their significance in nutritional control and as metabolic modulators is still emerging. The mechanisms by which diet impacts metabolic genes through miRNAs remain an important area of inquiry. Recent work has established how miRNAs are transported in body fluids often within exosomes, which are small cell-derived vesicles that function in intercellular communication. The abundance of other recently identified ncRNAs and new insights regarding ncRNAs as dietary bioactive compounds could remodel our understanding about how foods impact gene expression. Although controversial, some groups have shown that dietary RNAs from plants and animals (i.e., milk) are functional in consumers. In the future, regulating sRNAs either directly through dietary delivery or indirectly by altered expression of endogenous sRNA may be part of nutritional interventions for regulating metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M McNeill
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Kendal D Hirschi
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human and Molecular Genetics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;
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20
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Mar-Aguilar F, Arreola-Triana A, Mata-Cardona D, Gonzalez-Villasana V, Rodríguez-Padilla C, Reséndez-Pérez D. Evidence of transfer of miRNAs from the diet to the blood still inconclusive. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9567. [PMID: 32995073 PMCID: PMC7502231 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding, single-strand RNA molecules that act as regulators of gene expression in plants and animals. In 2012, the first evidence was found that plant miRNAs could enter the bloodstream through the digestive tract. Since then, there has been an ongoing discussion about whether miRNAs from the diet are transferred to blood, accumulate in tissues, and regulate gene expression. Different research groups have tried to replicate these findings, using both plant and animal sources. Here, we review the evidence for and against the transfer of diet-derived miRNAs from plants, meat, milk and exosome and their assimilation and putative molecular regulation role in the consuming organism. Some groups using both miRNAs from plant and animal sources have claimed success, whereas others have not shown transfer. In spite of the biological barriers that may limit miRNA transference, several diet-derived miRNAs can transfer into the circulating system and targets genes for transcription regulation, which adds arguments that miRNAs can be absorbed from the diet and target specific genes by regulating their expression. However, many other studies show that cross-kingdom transfer of exogenous miRNAs appears to be insignificant and not biologically relevant. The main source of controversy in plant studies is the lack of reproducibility of the findings. For meat-derived miRNAs, studies concluded that the miRNAs can survive the cooking process; nevertheless, our evidence shows that the bovine miRNAs are not transferred to human bloodstream. The most important contributions and promising evidence in this controversial field is the transference of milk miRNAs in exosomes and the finding that plant miRNAs in beebread regulate honeybee caste development, and cause similar changes when fed to Drosophila. MiRNAs encapsulated in exosomes ensure their stability and resistance in the harsh conditions presented in milk, bloodstream, and gastrointestinaltract to reinforce the idea of transference. Regardless of the model organism, the idea of source of miRNAs, or the approach-bioinformatics or in vivo-the issue of transfer of miRNAs from the diet remains in doubt. Our understanding of the cross-kingdom talk of miRNAs needs more research to study the transfer of "xenomiRs" from different food sources to complement and expand what we know so far regarding the interspecies transfer of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fermín Mar-Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Arreola-Triana
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Daniela Mata-Cardona
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Vianey Gonzalez-Villasana
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Padilla
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Diana Reséndez-Pérez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Inmunología y Virología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
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21
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Extracellular RNA: Emerging roles in cancer cell communication and biomarkers. Cancer Lett 2020; 495:33-40. [PMID: 32916182 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) are a type of RNA molecules that present in various biological fluids. exRNAs are heterogenous populations including small (e.g., miRNA) and long non-coding RNAs and coding RNAs (e.g., mRNA). They can exist in a free form or associate with carriers range from lipo- and ribo-proteins to extracellular vesicles such as exosomes in the extracellular fluids. exRNAs participate in cell-to-cell communication to regulate a broad array of physiological and pathological processes. exRNAs have been widely studied as a biomarker for cancer and other diseases. In this review, we will discuss the sorts of exRNAs with potential carriers as well as their roles in cancer.
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22
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Wei W, Wang ZY, Ma LN, Zhang TT, Cao Y, Li H. MicroRNAs in Alzheimer's Disease: Function and Potential Applications as Diagnostic Biomarkers. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:160. [PMID: 32973449 PMCID: PMC7471745 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Although the incidence of AD is high, the rates of diagnosis and treatment are relatively low. Moreover, effective means for the diagnosis and treatment of AD are still lacking. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are non-coding RNAs that play regulatory roles by targeting mRNAs. The expression of miRNAs is conserved, temporal, and tissue-specific. Impairment of microRNA function is closely related to AD pathogenesis, including the beta-amyloid and tau hallmarks of AD, and there is evidence that the expression of some microRNAs differs significantly between healthy people and AD patients. These properties of miRNAs endow them with potential diagnostic and therapeutic value in the treatment of this debilitating disease. This review provides comprehensive information about the regulatory function of miRNAs in AD, as well as potential applications as diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Na Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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23
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Orally Administered Exosomes Suppress Mouse Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity by Delivering miRNA-150 to Antigen-Primed Macrophage APC Targeted by Exosome-Surface Anti-Peptide Antibody Light Chains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155540. [PMID: 32748889 PMCID: PMC7432818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously discovered suppressor T cell-derived, antigen (Ag)-specific exosomes inhibiting mouse hapten-induced contact sensitivity effector T cells by targeting antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These suppressive exosomes acted Ag-specifically due to a coating of antibody free light chains (FLC) from Ag-activated B1a cells. Current studies are aimed at determining if similar immune tolerance could be induced in cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the protein Ag (ovalbumin, OVA). Intravenous administration of a high dose of OVA-coupled, syngeneic erythrocytes similarly induced CD3+CD8+ suppressor T cells producing suppressive, miRNA-150-carrying exosomes, also coated with B1a cell-derived, OVA-specific FLC. Simultaneously, OVA-immunized B1a cells produced an exosome subpopulation, originally coated with Ag-specific FLC, that could be rendered suppressive by in vitro association with miRNA-150. Importantly, miRNA-150-carrying exosomes from both suppressor T cells and B1a cells efficiently induced prolonged DTH suppression after single systemic administration into actively immunized mice, with the strongest effect observed after oral treatment. Current studies also showed that OVA-specific FLC on suppressive exosomes bind OVA peptides suggesting that exosome-coating FLC target APCs by binding to peptide-Ag-major histocompatibility complexes. This renders APCs capable of inhibiting DTH effector T cells. Thus, our studies describe a novel immune tolerance mechanism mediated by FLC-coated, Ag-specific, miRNA-150-carrying exosomes that act on the APC and are particularly effective after oral administration.
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24
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Perspectives in Manipulating EVs for Therapeutic Applications: Focus on Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134623. [PMID: 32610582 PMCID: PMC7369858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) receive special attention from oncologists due to their assumed usefulness as prognostic markers, vaccines to induce anti-cancer immune response, and physiological delivery tools. The latter application, which supports the reduction of side effects of treatment, is still fraught with many challenges, including established methods for loading EVs with selected cargo and directing them towards target cells. EVs could be loaded with selected cargo either in vitro using several physicochemical techniques, or in vivo by modification of parental cell, which may have an advantage over in vitro procedures, since some of them significantly influence EVs’ properties. Otherwise, our research findings suggest that EVs could be passively supplemented with micro RNAs (miRNAs) or miRNA antagonists to induce expected biological effect. Furthermore, our observations imply that antigen-specific antibody light chains could coat the surface of EVs to increase the specificity of cell targeting. Finally, the route of EVs’ administration also determines their bioavailability and eventually induced therapeutic effect. Besides, EV membrane lipids may possibly possess immune adjuvant activity. The review summarizes the current knowledge on the possibilities to manipulate EVs to use them as a delivery tool, with the special emphasis on anti-cancer therapy.
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25
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26
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Behrouzi A, Mazaheri H, Falsafi S, Tavassol ZH, Moshiri A, Siadat SD. Intestinal effect of the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 and its OMV. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:597-604. [PMID: 32550212 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several investigations have been conducted during the past years to examine the correlation between dysbiosis and both intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is a nonpathogenic gram-negative strain utilized in numerous gastrointestinal issues, consisting of diarrhea, uncomplicated diverticular malady, IBD and specifically UC. Many investigations have been done to examine the capability of assertive bacteria, inclusive of commensal and probiotic strains to enhance IBD in clinical testing. Bacterial secreted factors have been investigated to detect the EcN agents that facilitate the regulation of tight junction. These agents candiffuse smoothly through the mucin layer before reaching intestinal epithelial cells. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are known as intercellular communicasomes as they facilitate the distal transfer of active compounds between cells. A few investigations have detailed immune-modulatory attributes for EcN through various systems that could be liable for its clinical viability in IBD. Today, the function of gut microbiota extracellular vesicles in health and disease has become a focus of attention as they serve as vehicles for the transmission of microorganisms to distal tissues of many bacterial effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Behrouzi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoora Mazaheri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarvenaz Falsafi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hoseini Tavassol
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arfa Moshiri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Approaches to inducing antigen-specific immune tolerance in allergy and autoimmunity: Focus on antigen-presenting cells and extracellular vesicles. Scand J Immunol 2020; 91:e12881. [PMID: 32243636 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases urges clinicians and researchers to search for new and efficient treatments. Strategies that activate antigen-specific immune tolerance and simultaneously maintain immune reactivity to all other antigens deserve special attention. Accordingly, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) seem to be the best suited for orchestrating these mechanisms by directing T cell immune responses towards a tolerant subtype. Recent advances in understanding cell-to-cell communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs) make the latter promising candidates for reprogramming APCs towards a tolerant phenotype, and for mediating tolerogenic APC function. Thus, comprehensive studies have been undertaken to describe the interactions of APCs and EVs naturally occurring during immune tolerance induction, as well as to develop EV-based manoeuvres enabling the induction of immune tolerance in an antigen-specific manner. In this review, we summarize the findings of relevant studies, with a special emphasis on future perspectives on their translation to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Immunology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Immunology, Krakow, Poland
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Nazimek K, Nowak B, Wąsik M, Ptak W, Bryniarski K. Extracellular vesicles induced by intravenously administered syngeneic red blood cells modulate macrophage phagocytic activity in mouse humoral immunity*. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.5956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Phagocytosing macrophages are involved in the induction of humoral immunity to corpuscular antigens. Recently, we demonstrated that B cell response to haptenated sheep red blood cells (SRBC) could be suppressed by extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by suppressor T cells activated through intravenous administration of a high dose of syngeneic mouse red blood cells (sMRBC). However, the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of sMRBC-induced EVs on macrophages involved in activation of humoral immunity remained unclear. Thus, the current studies aimed at investigating the phagocytic and antigen-presenting activity of macrophages treated with sMRBC-induced EVs. Material/Methods: Mouse thioglycollate-induced peritoneal macrophages were treated with sMRBC-induced EVs and then pulsed with either native or fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated SRBC. Afterwards, macrophages were, respectively, administered intraperitoneally into naive recipients or subjected to flow cytometric analysis. The elicited humoral immune response was evaluated in plaque forming and haemagglutination assays. Results: Decreased number of B cells secreting SRBC-specific antibodies was shown in spleens of mouse recipients of SRBC-pulsed macrophages pretreated with sMRBC-induced EVs along with an increased ratio of IgM to IgG serum antibodies. Furthermore, pretreatment of macrophages with sMRBC-induced EVs reduced their phagocytic activity and expression of costimulatory molecules involved in antigen phagocytosis and presentation. Conclusions: Current research findings demonstrated the impaired ability of macrophages to activate B cells due to the action of sMRBC-induced EVs, which may play a role in suppressing self-reactive B cells. Thus, our results seem to have translational potential in development of therapeutic strategies to prevent the macrophage-induced humoral immunity against nonpathogenic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wąsik
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Ptak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Nazimek K, Bustos-Morán E, Blas-Rus N, Nowak B, Ptak W, Askenase PW, Sánchez-Madrid F, Bryniarski K. Syngeneic red blood cell-induced extracellular vesicles suppress delayed-type hypersensitivity to self-antigens in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:1487-1499. [PMID: 31365154 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, the role of autologous cells as antigen carriers inducing immune tolerance is appreciated. Accordingly, intravenous administration of haptenated syngeneic mouse red blood cells (sMRBC) leads to hapten-specific suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) in mice, mediated by light chain-coated extracellular vesicles (EVs). Subsequent studies suggested that mice intravenously administered with sMRBC alone may also generate regulatory EVs, revealing the possible self-tolerogenic potential of autologous erythrocytes. OBJECTIVES The current study investigated the immune effects induced by mere intravenous administration of a high dose of sMRBC in mice. METHODS The self-tolerogenic potential of EVs was determined in a newly developed mouse model of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to sMRBC. The effects of EV's action on DTH effector cells were evaluated cytometrically. The suppressive activity of EVs, after coating with anti-hapten antibody light chains, was assessed in hapten-induced CHS in wild-type or miRNA-150-/- mice. RESULTS Intravenous administration of sMRBC led to the generation of CD9 + CD81+ EVs that suppressed sMRBC-induced DTH in a miRNA-150-dependent manner. Furthermore, the treatment of DTH effector cells with sMRBC-induced EVs decreased the activation of T cells but enhanced their apoptosis. Finally, EVs coated with antibody light chains inhibited hapten-induced CHS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The current study describes a newly discovered mechanism of self-tolerance induced by the intravenous delivery of a high dose of sMRBC that is mediated by EVs in a miRNA-150-dependent manner. This mechanism implies the concept of naturally occurring immune tolerance, presumably activated by overloading of the organism with altered self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Immunology, Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Hospital de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eugenio Bustos-Morán
- Department of Immunology, Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Hospital de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Blas-Rus
- Department of Immunology, Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Hospital de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernadeta Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Ptak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Philip W Askenase
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Department of Immunology, Health Research Institute of Princesa Hospital (ISS-IP), Hospital de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Underlying Casein Allergy Is Suppressed by Extracellular Vesicles Carrying miRNA-150. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040907. [PMID: 31018604 PMCID: PMC6521277 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with non-IgE-mediated milk allergy, a cellular mechanism of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is considered. Recent findings prove that cell-mediated reactions can be antigen-specifically inhibited by extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying miRNA-150. We sought to establish a new mouse model of DTH to casein and test the possibility of antigen-specific suppression of the inflammatory reaction. To produce soluble antigenic peptides, casein was subjected to alkaline hydrolysis. DTH reaction to casein was induced in CBA, C57BL/6, and BALB/c mice by intradermal (id) injection of the antigen. Cells collected from spleens and lymph nodes were positively or negatively selected and transferred to naive recipients intravenously (iv). CBA mice were tolerized by iv injection of mouse erythrocytes conjugated with casein antigen and following id immunization with the same antigen. Suppressive EVs were harvested from cell cultures and serum of tolerized donors by means of ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation for further therapeutic utilization. The newly established mouse model of DTH to casein was mediated by CD4+ Th1 cells and macrophages, while EVs produced by casein-tolerized animals effectively suppressed effector cell response, in an miRNA-150-dependent manner. Altogether, our observations contribute to the current understanding of non-IgE-mediated allergy to casein and of the possibilities to downregulate this reaction.
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31
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Microbe-Host Communication by Small RNAs in Extracellular Vesicles: Vehicles for Transkingdom RNA Transportation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061487. [PMID: 30934547 PMCID: PMC6472211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are evolutionary well-conserved nano-sized membranous vesicles that are secreted by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Recently, they have gained great attention for their proposed roles in cell-to-cell communication, and as biomarkers for human disease. In particular, small RNAs (sRNAs) contained within EVs have been considered as candidate interspecies-communication molecules, due to their demonstrated capacity to modulate gene expression in multiple cell types and species. While research into this field is in its infancy, elucidating the mechanisms that underlie host–microbe interactions and communications promises to impact many fields of biological research, including human health and medicine. Thus, this review discussed the results of recent studies that have examined the ways in which EVs and sRNAs mediate ‘microbe–host’ and ‘host–microbe’ interspecies communication.
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Wąsik M, Nazimek K, Bryniarski K. Regulatory B cell phenotype and mechanism of action: the impact of stimulating conditions. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:485-496. [PMID: 29998521 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A diverse population of regulatory B (Breg) cells reportedly exhibits significant immunomodulatory effects in various models of inflammatory responses and infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. Breg cells contribute to maintenance of homeostasis via IL-10 production and multiple IL-10-independent mechanisms. The current review describes various phenotypic and functional subsets of Breg cells in autoimmune and infectious diseases and discusses the impacts of experimental conditions that have been found to drive Breg cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wąsik
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, 18 Czysta St., 31-121 Krakow, Poland
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Nazimek K, Askenase PW, Bryniarski K. Antibody Light Chains Dictate the Specificity of Contact Hypersensitivity Effector Cell Suppression Mediated by Exosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092656. [PMID: 30205452 PMCID: PMC6163184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody light chains (LCs), formerly considered a waste product of immunoglobulin synthesis, are currently recognized as important players in the activation of the immune response. However, very little is known about the possible immune regulatory functions of LCs. Recently, we reported that hapten-specific LCs coat miRNA-150-carrying exosomes produced by CD8+ suppressor T cells downregulating the contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reaction in an antigen-specific manner, in mice tolerized by intravenous administration of a high dose of hapten-coupled syngeneic erythrocytes. Thus, the current studies aimed at investigating the role of hapten-specific LCs in antigen-specific, exosome-mediated suppression of CHS effector cells. Suppressor T cell-derived exosomes from tolerized B-cell-deficient µMT-/-, NKT-cell-deficient Jα18-/-, and immunoglobulin-deficient JH-/- mice were nonsuppressive, unless supplemented with LCs of specificity strictly respective to the hapten used for sensitization and CHS elicitation in mice. Thus, these observations demonstrate that B1-cell-derived LCs, coating exosomes in vivo and in vitro, actually ensure the specificity of CHS suppression. Our research findings substantially expand current understanding of the newly discovered, suppressor T cell-dependent tolerance mechanism by uncovering the function of antigen-specific LCs in exosome-mediated, cell⁻cell communication. This express great translational potential in designing nanocarriers for specific targeting of desired cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Philip W Askenase
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Tsilioni I, Theoharides TC. Extracellular vesicles are increased in the serum of children with autism spectrum disorder, contain mitochondrial DNA, and stimulate human microglia to secrete IL-1β. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:239. [PMID: 30149804 PMCID: PMC6112123 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been associated with brain inflammation as indicated by the activation of microglia, but the triggers are not known. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted from many cells in the blood and other biological fluids and carry molecules that could influence the function of target cells. EVs have been recently implicated in several diseases, but their presence or function in ASD has not been studied. Methods EVs were isolated from the serum of children with ASD (n = 20, 16 males and 4 females, 4–12 years old) and unrelated age and sex-matched normotypic controls (n = 8, 6 males and 2 females, 4–12 years old) using the exoEasy Qiagen kit. EVs were characterized by determining the CD9 and CD81 membrane-associated markers with Western blot analysis, while their morphology and size were assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Human microglia SV40 were cultured for 24 h and then stimulated with EVs (1 or 5 μg/mL), quantitated as total EV-associated protein, for 24 or 48 h. IL-1β secretion was measured by ELISA. The results were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test, and all statistical analyses were performed using Graph Pad Prism 5. Results EVs were isolated and shown to be spherical structures (about 100 nm) surrounded by a membrane. Total EV-associated protein was found to be significantly increased (p = 0.02) in patients as compared to normotypic controls. EVs (5 μg/mL) isolated from the serum of patients with ASD stimulated cultured human microglia to secrete significantly more of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin IL-1β (163.5 ± 13.34 pg/mL) as compared to the control (117.7 ± 3.96 pg/mL, p < 0.0001). The amount of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA7S) contained in EVs from children with ASD was found to be increased (p = 0.046) compared to the normotypic controls. Conclusions These findings provide novel information that may help explain what triggers inflammation in the brain of children with ASD and could lead to novel effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tsilioni
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite J304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Suite J304, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. .,Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Park EJ, Shimaoka M, Kiyono H. MicroRNA-mediated dynamic control of mucosal immunity. Int Immunol 2018; 29:157-163. [PMID: 28383678 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex and important physiological and immunological organ embodying the first line of defense by which mucosal immunity regulates the immense number and diversity of naturally encountered antigens and commensal microflora. Effective microRNA (miRNA) control of transcription factors or mediators in mucosal immunity is essential to host defense and homeostasis in both physiologic and pathologic states. MiRNA biology has advanced our understanding of the immune regulatory system network at the level of post-transcriptional gene modification. Increasing knowledge on circulating miRNAs could potentially enhance diagnostic techniques in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Furthermore, recent findings on the dynamic role of exosomes vis-à-vis the intercellular transportation of miRNAs may provide insights on the use of miRNA as a target for treating IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Park
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu-city, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-city, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Stremersch S, Brans T, Braeckmans K, De Smedt S, Raemdonck K. Nucleic acid loading and fluorescent labeling of isolated extracellular vesicles requires adequate purification. Int J Pharm 2017; 548:783-792. [PMID: 29031850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized vesicular structures released by cells to communicate with one another. The growing interest in the (patho)physiological function and potential pharmaceutical application of these vesicles is accompanied by a vast number of new research groups entering this research field and a plethora of different protocols to separate EVs from non-vesicular components. This lack of uniformity often generates conflicting or difficult-to-compare results. Here we provide a comparative analysis of different EV isolation strategies, discussing the purity of the final isolate and highlighting the importance of purity on downstream experimental readouts. First, we show that ultracentrifugation (UC) of B16F10 melanoma cell-derived conditioned medium co-purifies proteins or protein complexes with nuclease activity. Such contaminants should be taken into account when aiming to apply EVs as delivery carriers for exogenous nucleic acids. Second, three commonly used purification strategies (i.e. precipitation, UC and density-gradient centrifugation) were evaluated for their ability to remove non-incorporated fluorescent dye (i.e. the lipophilic PKH67 dye), important when probing EV interactions with cells. For both types of impurities, endogenous and exogenous, density gradient purification outperforms the other evaluated methods. Overall, these results demonstrate that the implementation of stringent purification protocols and adequate controls is of pivotal importance to draw reliable conclusions from downstream experiments performed with EV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Stremersch
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Nano-and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Toon Brans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Nano-and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Nano-and Biophotonics (NB-Photonics), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Chen JJ, Zhao B, Zhao J, Li S. Potential Roles of Exosomal MicroRNAs as Diagnostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Application in Alzheimer's Disease. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:7027380. [PMID: 28770113 PMCID: PMC5523215 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7027380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are bilipid layer-enclosed vesicles derived from endosomes and are released from neural cells. They contain a diversity of proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are delivered to neighboring cells and/or are transported to distant sites. miRNAs released from exosomes appear to be associated with multiple neurodegenerative conditions linking to Alzheimer's disease (AD) which is marked by hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and accumulation of Aβ plaques. Exciting findings reveal that miRNAs released from exosomes modulate the expression and function of amyloid precursor proteins (APP) and tau proteins. These open up the possibility that dysfunctional exosomal miRNAs may influence AD progression. In addition, it has been confirmed that the interaction between miRNAs released by exosomes and Toll-like receptors (TLR) initiates inflammation. In exosome support-deprived neurons, exosomal miRNAs may regulate neuroplasticity to relieve neurological damage. In this review, we summarize the literature on the function of exosomal miRNAs in AD pathology, the potential of these miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers in AD, and the use of exosomes in the delivery of miRNAs which may lead to major advances in the field of macromolecular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-jiao Chen
- Department of Physiology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province 116044, China
- Department of General Surgery, Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225000, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Technology Centre of Target-Based Nature Products for Prevention and Treatment of Aging-Related Neurodegeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province 116044, China
- Technology Centre of Target-Based Nature Products for Prevention and Treatment of Aging-Related Neurodegeneration, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Physiology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province 116044, China
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Yang J, Primo C, Elbaz-Younes I, Hirschi KD. Bioavailability of transgenic microRNAs in genetically modified plants. GENES & NUTRITION 2017; 12:17. [PMID: 29507644 PMCID: PMC5831112 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic expression of small RNAs is a prevalent approach in agrobiotechnology for the global enhancement of plant foods. Meanwhile, emerging studies have, on the one hand, emphasized the potential of transgenic microRNAs (miRNAs) as novel dietary therapeutics and, on the other, suggested potential food safety issues if harmful miRNAs are absorbed and bioactive. For these reasons, it is necessary to evaluate the bioavailability of transgenic miRNAs in genetically modified crops. RESULTS As a pilot study, two transgenic Arabidopsis lines ectopically expressing unique miRNAs were compared and contrasted with the plant bioavailable small RNA MIR2911 for digestive stability and serum bioavailability. The expression levels of these transgenic miRNAs in Arabidopsis were found to be comparable to that of MIR2911 in fresh tissues. Assays of digestive stability in vitro and in vivo suggested the transgenic miRNAs and MIR2911 had comparable resistance to degradation. Healthy mice consuming diets rich in Arabidopsis lines expressing these miRNAs displayed MIR2911 in the bloodstream but no detectable levels of the transgenic miRNAs. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results imply digestive stability and high expression levels of miRNAs in plants do not readily equate to bioavailability. This initial work suggests novel engineering strategies be employed to enhance miRNA bioavailability when attempting to use transgenic foods as a delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Cecilia Primo
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Ismail Elbaz-Younes
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Kendal D. Hirschi
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030 USA
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845 USA
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Rani P, Yenuganti VR, Shandilya S, Onteru SK, Singh D. miRNAs: The hidden bioactive component of milk. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zempleni J. Milk exosomes: beyond dietary microRNAs. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:12. [PMID: 28694874 PMCID: PMC5501576 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles deliver a variety of cargos to recipient cells, including the delivery of cargos in dietary vesicles from bovine milk to non-bovine species. The rate of discovery in this important line of research is slowed by a controversy whether the delivery and bioactivity of a single class of vesicle cargos, microRNAs, are real or not. This opinion paper argues that the evidence in support of the bioavailability of microRNAs encapsulated in dietary exosomes outweighs the evidence produced by scholars doubting that phenomenon is real. Importantly, this paper posits that the time is ripe to look beyond microRNA cargos and pursue innovative pathways through which dietary exosomes alter metabolism. Here, we highlight potentially fruitful lines of exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
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41
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Molecular mechanisms of Dicer: endonuclease and enzymatic activity. Biochem J 2017; 474:1603-1618. [PMID: 28473628 PMCID: PMC5415849 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme Dicer is best known for its role as a riboendonuclease in the small RNA pathway. In this canonical role, Dicer is a critical regulator of the biogenesis of microRNA and small interfering RNA, as well as a growing number of additional small RNAs derived from various sources. Emerging evidence demonstrates that Dicer's endonuclease role extends beyond the generation of small RNAs; it is also involved in processing additional endogenous and exogenous substrates, and is becoming increasingly implicated in regulating a variety of other cellular processes, outside of its endonuclease function. This review will describe the canonical and newly identified functions of Dicer.
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Kim KM, Abdelmohsen K, Mustapic M, Kapogiannis D, Gorospe M. RNA in extracellular vesicles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2017; 8. [PMID: 28130830 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cells release a range of membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment. Among them, exosomes and microvesicles (collectively measuring 40-1000 nm in diameter) carry proteins, signaling lipids, and nucleic acids from donor cells to recipient cells, and thus have been proposed to serve as intercellular mediators of communication. EVs transport cellular materials in many physiologic processes, including differentiation, stem cell homeostasis, immune responses, and neuronal signaling. EVs are also increasingly recognized as having a direct role in pathologies such as cancer and neurodegeneration. Accordingly, EVs have been the focus of intense investigation as biomarkers of disease, prognostic indicators, and even therapeutic tools. Here, we review the classes of RNAs present in EVs, both coding RNAs (messenger RNAs) and noncoding RNAs (long noncoding RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs). The rising attention to EV-resident RNAs as biomarkers stems from the fact that RNAs can be detected at extremely low quantities using a number of methods. To illustrate the interest in EV biology, we discuss EV RNAs in cancer and neurodegeneration, two major age-associated disease processes. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1413. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1413 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Mi Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kotb Abdelmohsen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maja Mustapic
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zempleni J, Aguilar-Lozano A, Sadri M, Sukreet S, Manca S, Wu D, Zhou F, Mutai E. Biological Activities of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Cargos from Bovine and Human Milk in Humans and Implications for Infants. J Nutr 2017; 147:3-10. [PMID: 27852870 PMCID: PMC5177735 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.238949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in milk harbor a variety of compounds, including lipids, proteins, noncoding RNAs, and mRNAs. Among the various classes of EVs, exosomes are of particular interest, because cargo sorting in exosomes is a regulated, nonrandom process and exosomes play essential roles in cell-to-cell communication. Encapsulation in exosomes confers protection against enzymatic and nonenzymatic degradation of cargos and provides a pathway for cellular uptake of cargos by endocytosis of exosomes. Compelling evidence suggests that exosomes in bovine milk are transported by intestinal cells, vascular endothelial cells, and macrophages in human and rodent cell cultures, and bovine-milk exosomes are delivered to peripheral tissues in mice. Evidence also suggests that cargos in bovine-milk exosomes, in particular RNAs, are delivered to circulating immune cells in humans. Some microRNAs and mRNAs in bovine-milk exosomes may regulate the expression of human genes and be translated into protein, respectively. Some exosome cargos are quantitatively minor in the diet compared with endogenous synthesis. However, noncanonical pathways have been identified through which low concentrations of dietary microRNAs may alter gene expression, such as the accumulation of exosomes in the immune cell microenvironment and the binding of microRNAs to Toll-like receptors. Phenotypes observed in infant-feeding studies include higher Mental Developmental Index, Psychomotor Development Index, and Preschool Language Scale-3 scores in breastfed infants than in those fed various formulas. In mice, supplementation with plant-derived MIR-2911 improved the antiviral response compared with controls. Porcine-milk exosomes promote the proliferation of intestinal cells in mice. This article discusses the above-mentioned advances in research concerning milk exosomes and their cargos in human nutrition. Implications for infant nutrition are emphasized, where permitted, but data in infants are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ana Aguilar-Lozano
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Mahrou Sadri
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Sonal Sukreet
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Sonia Manca
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ezra Mutai
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) hybridize with complementary sequences in mRNA and silence genes by destabilizing mRNA or preventing translation of mRNA. Over 60% of human protein-coding genes are regulated by miRs, and 1881 high-confidence miRs are encoded in the human genome. Evidence suggests that miRs not only are synthesized endogenously, but also might be obtained from dietary sources, and that food compounds alter the expression of endogenous miR genes. The main food matrices for studies of biological activity of dietary miRs include plant foods and cow milk. Encapsulation of miRs in exosomes and exosome-like particles confers protection against RNA degradation and creates a pathway for intestinal and vascular endothelial transport by endocytosis, as well as delivery to peripheral tissues. Evidence suggests that the amount of miRs absorbed from nutritionally relevant quantities of foods is sufficient to elicit biological effects, and that endogenous synthesis of miRs is insufficient to compensate for dietary miR depletion and rescue wild-type phenotypes. In addition, nutrition alters the expression of endogenous miR genes, thereby compounding the effects of nutrition-miR interactions in gene regulation and disease diagnosis in liquid biopsies. For example, food components and dietary preferences may modulate serum miR profiles that may influence biological processes. The complex crosstalk between nutrition, miRs, and gene targets poses a challenge to gene network analysis and studies of human disease. Novel pipelines and databases have been developed recently, including a dietary miR database for archiving reported miRs in 15 dietary resources. miRs derived from diet and endogenous synthesis have been implicated in physiologic and pathologic conditions, including those linked with nutrition and metabolism. In fact, several miRs are actively regulated in response to overnutrition and tissue inflammation, and are involved in facilitating the development of chronic inflammation by modulating tissue-infiltrated immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cui
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering and
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Sharon A Ross
- Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE;
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Turunen TA, Ylä-Herttuala S, Turunen MP. Enhancing Angiogenesis in Mice by VEGF-Targeting Small Activating RNAs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28639201 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4310-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases is steadily increasing, and it is the leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, new treatments, such as gene therapy are needed. During the last decade, the role of small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level has been shown. Promoter-targeted small RNAs recruit histone-modifying enzymes and can either repress or induce target gene expression. As an example, we have targeted mouse VEGF-A promoter with small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) and identified two shRNAs which either repressed or induced VEGF-A expression on messenger RNA and protein level in vitro, depending on the targeted location. The changes in expression levels correlate with changes in the levels of epigenetic markers, such as histone modifications associated with repressed or active state of chromatin. In ischemic mouse hindlimbs, upregulation of VEGF-A expression increased vascularity and blood flow. When VEGF-A was upregulated in mouse myocardial infarction model, the blood vessel formation in the risk zone was observed and infarct size was significantly decreased already 2 weeks after treatment. We suggest that epigenetic upregulation of VEGF-A by ncRNAs can be transferred to clinical use for the treatment of ischemic diseases in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia A Turunen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko P Turunen
- A.I.Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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Nazimek K, Bryniarski K, Askenase PW. Functions of Exosomes and Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Allergy and Contact and Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016; 171:1-26. [PMID: 27820941 PMCID: PMC5131095 DOI: 10.1159/000449249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, are newly recognized intercellular conveyors of functional molecular mechanisms. Notably, they transfer RNAs and proteins between different cells that can then participate in the complex pathogenesis of allergic and related hypersensitivity responses and disease mechanisms, as described herein. This review highlights this important new appreciation of the in vivo participation of such extracellular vesicles in the interactions between allergy-mediating cells. We take into account paracrine epigenetic exchanges mediated by surrounding stromal cells and the endocrine receipt of exosomes from distant cells via the circulation. Exosomes are natural ancient nanoparticles of life. They are made by all cells and in some form by all species down to fungi and bacteria, and are present in all fluids. Besides a new focus on their role in the transmission of genetic regulation, exosome transfer of allergens was recently shown to induce allergic inflammation. Importantly, regulatory and tolerogenic exosomes can potently inhibit allergy and hypersensitivity responses, usually acting nonspecifically, but can also proceed in an antigen-specific manner due to the coating of the exosome surface with antibodies. Deep analysis of processes mediated by exosomes should result in the development of early diagnostic biomarkers, as well as allergen-specific, preventive and therapeutic strategies. These will likely significantly diminish the risks of current allergen-specific parenteral desensitization procedures, and of the use of systemic immunosuppressive drugs. Since extracellular vesicles are physiological, they can be fashioned for the specific delivery of therapeutic molecular instructions through easily tolerated, noninvasive routes, such as oral ingestion, nasal administration, and perhaps even inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Philip W. Askenase
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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Hosokawa K, Kajigaya S, Feng X, Desierto MJ, Fernandez Ibanez MDP, Rios O, Weinstein B, Scheinberg P, Townsley DM, Young NS. A plasma microRNA signature as a biomarker for acquired aplastic anemia. Haematologica 2016; 102:69-78. [PMID: 27658437 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.151076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aplastic anemia is an acquired bone marrow failure characterized by marrow hypoplasia, a paucity of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and pancytopenia of the peripheral blood, due to immune attack on the bone marrow. In aplastic anemia, a major challenge is to develop immune biomarkers to monitor the disease. We measured circulating microRNAs in plasma samples of aplastic anemia patients in order to identify disease-specific microRNAs. A total of 179 microRNAs were analyzed in 35 plasma samples from 13 aplastic anemia patients, 11 myelodysplastic syndrome patients, and 11 healthy controls using the Serum/Plasma Focus microRNA Polymerase Chain Reaction Panel. Subsequently, 19 microRNAs from the discovery set were investigated in the 108 plasma samples from 41 aplastic anemia patients, 24 myelodysplastic syndrome patients, and 43 healthy controls for validation, confirming that 3 microRNAs could be validated as dysregulated (>1.5-fold change) in aplastic anemia, compared to healthy controls. MiR-150-5p (induction of T-cell differentiation) and miR-146b-5p (involvement in the feedback regulation of innate immune response) were elevated in aplastic anemia plasma, whereas miR-1 was decreased in aplastic anemia. By receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we developed a logistic model with these 3 microRNAs that enabled us to predict the probability of a diagnosis of aplastic anemia with an area under the curve of 0.86. Dysregulated expression levels of the microRNAs became normal after immunosuppressive therapy at 6 months. Specifically, miR-150-5p expression was significantly reduced after successful immunosuppressive therapy, but did not change in non-responders. We propose 3 novel plasma biomarkers in aplastic anemia, in which miR-150-5p, miR-146b-5p, and miR-1 can serve for diagnosis and miR-150-5p for disease monitoring. Clinicaltrials.gov identifiers:00260689, 00217594, 00961064.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Hosokawa
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Sachiko Kajigaya
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Xingmin Feng
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Marie J Desierto
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | | | - Olga Rios
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Barbara Weinstein
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Phillip Scheinberg
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Danielle M Townsley
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, MA, USA
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48
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Stremersch S, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K. Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of extracellular vesicles. J Control Release 2016; 244:167-183. [PMID: 27491882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as important mediators of intercellular communication, enabling the functional transfer of bioactive molecules from one cell to another. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly clear that these vesicles are involved in many (patho)physiological processes, providing opportunities for therapeutic applications. Moreover, it is known that the molecular composition of EVs reflects the physiological status of the producing cell and tissue, rationalizing their exploitation as biomarkers in various diseases. In this review the composition, biogenesis and diversity of EVs is discussed in a therapeutic and diagnostic context. We describe emerging therapeutic applications, including the use of EVs as drug delivery vehicles and as cell-free vaccines, and reflect on future challenges for clinical translation. Finally, we discuss the use of EVs as a biomarker source and highlight recent studies and clinical successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Stremersch
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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49
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Fritz JV, Heintz-Buschart A, Ghosal A, Wampach L, Etheridge A, Galas D, Wilmes P. Sources and Functions of Extracellular Small RNAs in Human Circulation. Annu Rev Nutr 2016; 36:301-36. [PMID: 27215587 PMCID: PMC5479634 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Various biotypes of endogenous small RNAs (sRNAs) have been detected in human circulation, including microRNAs, transfer RNAs, ribosomal RNA, and yRNA fragments. These extracellular sRNAs (ex-sRNAs) are packaged and secreted by many different cell types. Ex-sRNAs exhibit differences in abundance in several disease states and have, therefore, been proposed for use as effective biomarkers. Furthermore, exosome-borne ex-sRNAs have been reported to elicit physiological responses in acceptor cells. Exogenous ex-sRNAs derived from diet (most prominently from plants) and microorganisms have also been reported in human blood. Essential issues that remain to be conclusively addressed concern the (a) presence and sources of exogenous ex-sRNAs in human bodily fluids, (b) detection and measurement of ex-sRNAs in human circulation, (c) selectivity of ex-sRNA export and import, (d) sensitivity and specificity of ex-sRNA delivery to cellular targets, and (e) cell-, tissue-, organ-, and organism-wide impacts of ex-sRNA-mediated cell-to-cell communication. We survey the present state of knowledge of most of these issues in this review.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biological Transport
- Biomarkers/blood
- Cell Communication
- Diet
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- MicroRNAs/blood
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- RNA, Bacterial/blood
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/blood
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/blood
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/blood
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Small Untranslated/blood
- RNA, Small Untranslated/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer/blood
- RNA, Transfer/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/blood
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle V Fritz
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; ,
| | - Anna Heintz-Buschart
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; ,
| | - Anubrata Ghosal
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Linda Wampach
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; ,
| | - Alton Etheridge
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98122
| | - David Galas
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; ,
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98122
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; ,
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50
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Ilekis JV, Tsilou E, Fisher S, Abrahams VM, Soares MJ, Cross JC, Zamudio S, Illsley NP, Myatt L, Colvis C, Costantine MM, Haas DM, Sadovsky Y, Weiner C, Rytting E, Bidwell G. Placental origins of adverse pregnancy outcomes: potential molecular targets: an Executive Workshop Summary of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 215:S1-S46. [PMID: 26972897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although much progress is being made in understanding the molecular pathways in the placenta that are involved in the pathophysiology of pregnancy-related disorders, a significant gap exists in the utilization of this information for the development of new drug therapies to improve pregnancy outcome. On March 5-6, 2015, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health sponsored a 2-day workshop titled Placental Origins of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Potential Molecular Targets to begin to address this gap. Particular emphasis was given to the identification of important molecular pathways that could serve as drug targets and the advantages and disadvantages of targeting these particular pathways. This article is a summary of the proceedings of that workshop. A broad number of topics were covered that ranged from basic placental biology to clinical trials. This included research in the basic biology of placentation, such as trophoblast migration and spiral artery remodeling, and trophoblast sensing and response to infectious and noninfectious agents. Research findings in these areas will be critical for the formulation of the development of future treatments and the development of therapies for the prevention of a number of pregnancy disorders of placental origin that include preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and uterine inflammation. Research was also presented that summarized ongoing clinical efforts in the United States and in Europe that has tested novel interventions for preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction, including agents such as oral arginine supplementation, sildenafil, pravastatin, gene therapy with virally delivered vascular endothelial growth factor, and oxygen supplementation therapy. Strategies were also proposed to improve fetal growth by the enhancement of nutrient transport to the fetus by modulation of their placental transporters and the targeting of placental mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress to improve placental health. The roles of microRNAs and placental-derived exosomes, as well as messenger RNAs, were also discussed in the context of their use for diagnostics and as drug targets. The workshop discussed the aspect of safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of potential existing and new therapeutics that will need to be determined, especially in the context of the unique pharmacokinetic properties of pregnancy and the hurdles and pitfalls of the translation of research findings into practice. The workshop also discussed novel methods of drug delivery and targeting during pregnancy with the use of macromolecular carriers, such as nanoparticles and biopolymers, to minimize placental drug transfer and hence fetal drug exposure. In closing, a major theme that developed from the workshop was that the scientific community must change their thinking of the pregnant woman and her fetus as a vulnerable patient population for which drug development should be avoided, but rather be thought of as a deprived population in need of more effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Ilekis
- Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Ekaterini Tsilou
- Obstetric and Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Susan Fisher
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Vikki M Abrahams
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine; New Haven, CT
| | - Michael J Soares
- Institute of Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - James C Cross
- Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stacy Zamudio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - Nicholas P Illsley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Christine Colvis
- Therapeutics Discovery Program, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Maged M Costantine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - David M Haas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Carl Weiner
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Erik Rytting
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Gene Bidwell
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
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