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Dridi C, Millette M, Salmieri S, Aguilar Uscanga BR, Lacroix S, Venneri T, Sarmast E, Allahdad Z, Di Marzo V, Silvestri C, Lacroix M. Effect of a Probiotic Beverage Enriched with Cricket Proteins on the Gut Microbiota: Composition of Gut and Correlation with Nutritional Parameters. Foods 2024; 13:204. [PMID: 38254505 PMCID: PMC10814958 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The health and balance of the gut microbiota are known to be linked to diet composition and source, with fermented products and dietary proteins potentially providing an exceptional advantage for the gut. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein hydrolysis, using a probiotic beverage enriched with either cricket protein (CP) or cricket protein hydrolysates (CP.Hs), on the composition of the gut microbiota of rats. Taxonomic characterization of the gut microbiota in fecal samples was carried out after a 14-day nutritional study to identify modifications induced by a CP- and CP.H-enriched fermented probiotic product. The results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the diversity and richness of the gut microbiota among the groups fed with casein (positive control), CP-enriched, and fermented CP.H-enriched probiotic beverages; however, the overall composition of the microbiota was altered, with significant modifications in the relative abundance of several bacterial families and genera. In addition, fermented CP.H-enriched probiotic beverages could be related to the decrease in the number of potential pathogens such as Enterococcaceae. The association of gut microbiota with the nutritional parameters was determined and the results showed that digestibility and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) were highly associated with the abundance of several taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Dridi
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mathieu Millette
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Bio-K+, a Kerry Company, Preclinical Research Division, Laval, QC H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Stephane Salmieri
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Blanca R. Aguilar Uscanga
- Research Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico;
| | - Sebastien Lacroix
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Tommaso Venneri
- Joint International Research Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiomeand Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Elham Sarmast
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Zahra Allahdad
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Joint International Research Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiomeand Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Nutrition, Health and Society (NUTRISS) Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Monique Lacroix
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Khedre AM, Ismail TG, Hashem GA, Zakaria IM. In vitro antibacterial activity and synergetic effect of crude extract of the Wohlfahrtia nuba (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) flesh fly larvae. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1373-1385. [PMID: 37338790 PMCID: PMC10484856 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant pathogens have become ubiquitous, and effective treatment alternatives are urgently required. Maggot therapy is a promising agent that is being studied to overcome antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of the larvae extract of the Wohlfahrtia nuba (wiedmann) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) flesh fly on the growth of five pathogenic bacterial species (methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus [ATCC 29213], methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [ATCC BAA-1680], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [ATCC 27853], Escherichia coli [ATCC 25922], and Salmonella typhi [ATCC 19430]) in vitro by using different techniques. Resazurin-based turbidimetric assay demonstrated that the W. nuba maggot exosecretion (ES) was potent against all the bacterial species tested, and according to the determined minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each bacterium, gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive than gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, colony-forming unit assay showed that maggot ES was able to inhibit bacterial growth rate for all bacterial species tested, where the highest bacterial reduction was observed with methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) followed by S. typhi. Moreover, maggot ES was shown to be concentration-dependent, where 100 μL of ES at 200 mg/mL was bactericidal towards methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and P. aeruginosa compared with 100 μL at the MIC of the ES. Moreover, based on the result of agar disc diffusion assay, maggot extract was more efficient against P. aeruginosa and E. coli than the remaining reference strains tested. Furthermore, the combination between regular antibiotics with maggot ES at different concentrations indicated that ES acts synergistically with the tested antibiotics against the five bacterial models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza M. Khedre
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, P.O. Box: 82524, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Tarek G. Ismail
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, P.O. Box: 82524, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Gehad A. Hashem
- Microbiology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Islam M. Zakaria
- Bacteriology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Dallavecchia DL, Silva Filho RGDA, Silva AS, Aguiar VM. Biological behavior of Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) after refrigeration: Logistics for use in Biotherapy. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20220578. [PMID: 37255170 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320220578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of refrigeration on the post-embryonic development of Chrysomya putoria larvae was evaluated, regarding its resistance in the logistics of storage and distribution in biotherapy. Previously sterilized larvae were submitted to four periods of storage under refrigeration (T1=12 h, T2=24 h, T3=48 h and T4=72 h) and control (without sterilization and refrigeration). Newly hatched larvae (0.200 g) were stored between 3 and 9ºC. After refrigeration, 40 neo-larvae (in triplicate) were transferred to 50 g of protein diet and incubated in an acclimatized chamber. There was a significant difference in the larval body mass (T1 and T2) and in the duration of larval, pupal and total development (T3 and T4). The sex ratios found in the four treatments did not differ from what was expected. Normality rates were 100% for all treatments. There was no significant difference between the Control, T1 and T2 treatments for larval, pupal and total viability. There was a significant difference between control (C) and T4 (larval viability), between C, T3 and T4 (pupa) and between C and T4 (total). C. putoria has resistance under refrigeration and storage of up to 56 h, presenting viability above 70% for use in biotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele L Dallavecchia
- Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento (FP-I3ID), Universidade Fernando Pessoa (UFP), Escola Superior de Saúde, Praça de 9 de Abril, 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Frei Caneca, 94, Centro, 20211-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato G DA Silva Filho
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Frei Caneca, 94, Centro, 20211-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S Silva
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Departamento de Métodos Quantitativos, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, 22290-255 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valéria M Aguiar
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Frei Caneca, 94, Centro, 20211-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Scieuzo C, Giglio F, Rinaldi R, Lekka ME, Cozzolino F, Monaco V, Monti M, Salvia R, Falabella P. In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of the Peptide Fractions Extracted from the Hemolymph of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050464. [PMID: 37233092 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a chemically and structurally heterogeneous family of molecules produced by a large variety of living organisms, whose expression is predominant in the sites most exposed to microbial invasion. One of the richest natural sources of AMPs is insects which, over the course of their very long evolutionary history, have adapted to numerous and different habitats by developing a powerful innate immune system that has allowed them to survive but also to assert themselves in the new environment. Recently, due to the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, interest in AMPs has risen. In this work, we detected AMPs in the hemolymph of Hermetia illucens (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) larvae, following infection with Escherichia coli (Gram negative) or Micrococcus flavus (Gram positive) and from uninfected larvae. Peptide component, isolated via organic solvent precipitation, was analyzed by microbiological techniques. Subsequent mass spectrometry analysis allowed us to specifically identify peptides expressed in basal condition and peptides differentially expressed after bacterial challenge. We identified 33 AMPs in all the analyzed samples, of which 13 are specifically stimulated by Gram negative and/or Gram positive bacterial challenge. AMPs mostly expressed after bacterial challenge could be responsible for a more specific activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Fabiana Giglio
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Roberta Rinaldi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Marilena E Lekka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Flora Cozzolino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Monaco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Khalifah A, Abdalla S, Rageb M, Maruccio L, Ciani F, El-Sabrout K. Could Insect Products Provide a Safe and Sustainable Feed Alternative for the Poultry Industry? A Comprehensive Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091534. [PMID: 37174571 PMCID: PMC10177474 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The planet is home to more than 2000 species of edible insects, some of which have been consumed as food for many years. Recently, edible insect products have been gradually increasing in several countries, such as Italy and Egypt, as novel feed resources for humans and animals due to their availability, potential economic benefits, and high nutritive value. The insect industry can provide a new solution for livestock nutrition and offer many additional advantages, but there are obstacles to overcome, such as some nutritional organizations that forbid its usage. Nevertheless, previous research indicates that different insect species could be used safely as nutraceuticals in poultry farming to improve broiler growth performance (>3%) and layer egg production (>5%). Among these species, there are various products and extracts that can be used in poultry nutrition in a sustainable manner. This review provides an outline of insect composition, nutrient values, application in poultry feed, safety, and guidelines, and finally, the future perspectives of insects as an alternative feed source in poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Khalifah
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdalla
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
| | - Mai Rageb
- Department of Food Technology, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab 21934, Egypt
| | - Lucianna Maruccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Karim El-Sabrout
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
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Quah Y, Tong SR, Bojarska J, Giller K, Tan SA, Ziora ZM, Esatbeyoglu T, Chai TT. Bioactive Peptide Discovery from Edible Insects for Potential Applications in Human Health and Agriculture. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031233. [PMID: 36770900 PMCID: PMC9921607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been fast-growing interest among researchers to discover bioactive peptides from edible insects and to evaluate their potential applications in the management of human, livestock, and plant health. This review summarizes current knowledge of insect-derived peptides and their potential role in tackling human health issues and solving agriculture problems by protecting crops and livestock against their pathogens. Numerous bioactive peptides have been identified from edible insect species, including peptides that were enzymatically liberated from insect proteins and endogenous peptides that occur naturally in insects. The peptides exhibited diverse bioactivities, encompassing antioxidant, anti-angiotensin-converting enzyme, anti-dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, anti-glucosidase, anti-lipase, anti-lipoxygenase, anti-cyclooxygenase, anti-obesity, and hepatoprotective activities. Such findings point to their potential contribution to solving human health problems related to inflammation, free radical damage, diabetes, hypertension, and liver damage, among others. Although most of the experiments were performed in vitro, evidence for the in vivo efficacy of some peptides is emerging. Evidence of the protective effects of insect-derived endogenous antimicrobial peptides in combating farm animal and plant pathogens is available. The ability of insect-derived endogenous neuropeptides to protect plants against herbivorous insects has been demonstrated as well. Nevertheless, the potency of peptides identified from insect protein hydrolysates in modulating livestock and plant health remains a knowledge gap to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Quah
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Ruo Tong
- Department of Physical Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katrin Giller
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sheri-Ann Tan
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia
| | - Zyta Maria Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Department of Food Development and Food Quality, Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tsun-Thai Chai
- Department of Chemical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
- Center for Agriculture and Food Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Barat, Kampar 31900, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Mikołajczak Z, Homska N, Jankowski J, Ognik K, Józefiak A, Mazurkiewicz J, Józefiak D. Available for millions of years but discovered through the last decade: Insects as a source of nutrients and energy in animal diets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 11:60-79. [PMID: 36101841 PMCID: PMC9442335 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present and discuss the most recent literature about the processing of insect biomass and its impact on nutritive value, further implementation of meals and fats derived from invertebrates to livestock (poultry and swine), aquaculture (salmonids), and companion animal diets and their impact on growth performance, metabolic response, and gastrointestinal microbiota shifts. Additionally, the most important barriers to obtaining unified products in terms of their nutritive value are considered, i.e., to define insects' nutrient requirements, including various technological groups and further biomass processing (slaughtering, drying, and storage). Due to the current limitation in the insect production process consisting of the lack of infrastructure, there is stress on the relatively small amount of insect products added to the animal diets as a functional feed additive. Currently, only in the case of pet nutrition may insects be considered a full replacement for commonly used environmentally harmful and allergenic products. Simultaneously, the least information has been published on this topic. Thus, more scientific data are needed, particularly when the pet food branch and insect-based diets are rapidly growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kierończyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Rawski
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Mikołajczak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Homska
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ognik
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Józefiak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Mazurkiewicz
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Damian Józefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Yoon KA, Kim WJ, Cho H, Yoon H, Ahn NH, Lee BH, Lee SH. Characterization of anti-microbial peptides and proteins from maggots of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae fly species (Diptera). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 259:109390. [PMID: 35661821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Removal of infected wounds using maggots has been known for centuries. Early research has shown that the maggot exosecretion, whole body, and fecal waste products of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae species contain a variety of alkaline peptides capable of inhibiting bacterial growth. Since the wide application of antibiotics such as penicillin, a number of bacterial infections have become insensitive to antibiotic treatment. In many of these instances, maggot therapy has been successfully applied for the treatment of chronic wounds. To identify and compare the expression patterns of anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) from some dipteran species, transcriptome analyses were conducted for the maggots of 11 Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae species. Species of the subfamily Calliphorinae showed relatively higher expression levels of AMPs and anti-microbial proteins compared with those of Luciliinae and Sarcophagidae species. Furthermore, among all of the dipteran species examined, Lucilia illustris exhibited the highest transcription levels of AMPs. Cecropin A2 and defensin, whose expression levels were the highest among the anti-microbial peptides, were synthesized to test their biological activity. The synthesized peptides showed anti-microbial activities without hemolytic activities. In particular, cecropin A2 of L. illustris exhibited the highest anti-microbial activity against all of the bacteria and fungi examined, thereby possessing the potential to be developed as a new alternative to antibiotics. This comparative transcriptomic study may provide new insights into anti-microbial compositions of some dipteran species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungjae Andrew Yoon
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Jin Kim
- EntoCode Co., Seoul 06028, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Cho
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeokjun Yoon
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Neung-Ho Ahn
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyeock Lee
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Together forever: Inseparable partners of the symbiotic system Paramecium multimicronucleatum/Ca. Trichorickettsia mobilis. Symbiosis 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-022-00854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Panteleev PV, Safronova VN, Kruglikov RN, Bolosov IA, Bogdanov IV, Ovchinnikova TV. A Novel Proline-Rich Cathelicidin from the Alpaca Vicugna pacos with Potency to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: Mechanism of Action and the Functional Role of the C-Terminal Region. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050515. [PMID: 35629841 PMCID: PMC9146984 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, a growing number of bacterial species have become resistant to clinically relevant antibiotics. Proline-rich antimicrobial peptides (PrAMPs) having a potent antimicrobial activity and a negligible toxicity toward mammalian cells attract attention as new templates for the development of antibiotic drugs. Here, we mined genomes of all living Camelidae species and found a novel family of Bac7-like proline-rich cathelicidins which inhibited bacterial protein synthesis. The N-terminal region of a novel peptide from the alpaca Vicugna pacos named VicBac is responsible for inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis with an IC50 value of 0.5 µM in the E. coli cell-free system whereas the C-terminal region allows the peptide to penetrate bacterial membranes effectively. We also found that the full-length VicBac did not induce bacterial resistance after a two-week selection experiment, unlike the N-terminal truncated analog, which depended on the SbmA transport system. Both pro- and anti-inflammatory action of VicBac and its N-terminal truncated variant on various human cell types was found by multiplex immunoassay. The presence of the C-terminal tail in the natural VicBac does not provide for specific immune-modulatory effects in vitro but enhances the observed impact compared with the truncated analog. The pronounced antibacterial activity of VicBac, along with its moderate adverse effects on mammalian cells, make this molecule a promising scaffold for the development of peptide antibiotics.
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11
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The possibility of using xenogeneic phagocytes in wound treatment. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263256. [PMID: 35100296 PMCID: PMC8803146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamorphosis in the insect larva is associated with disintegration, engulf and digestion of larval tissues. These processes are accompanied by a significant shift in physiological parameters like high activity of hydrolytic enzymes and decrease of pH. In the way, the metamorphosing larva resembles the processes occurring in the wound at the stage of inflammation. Based on this thesis, we put forward the idea of the possibility of using insect phagocytes in the wound treatment. The search for a suitable insect cell line and the study of its properties were the purpose of the work. The abilities of insect phagocytes to retain viability and functional activity under conditions physiological for humans were also investigated. We found that blue blowfly Calliphora vicina larvae had histolysocytes, a specialized population of professional phagocytes involved in the histolysis. In vitro, histolysocytes possess high phagocytic activity to fragments of vertebrate soft tissues and debris. These cells retain viability and functional activity for a long time under conditions that are physiological for vertebrate cells. Moreover histolysocytes can realize the humoral control over the bacteria through the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. So histolysocytes have the potential to be used as xenogeneic phagocytes in the wound treatment. The data obtained allow proceeding to experiments on laboratory animals for studying the effect of such therapy on the wound healing process.
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12
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Liang X, Liu K, Zhao P, Zhou J, Zhang F, He Y, Zhang H, Fareed MS, Lu Y, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Yan W, Wang K. The effects of incorporation of the counterparts and mimics of L-lysine on the antimicrobial activity, hemolytic activity, cytotoxicity and tryptic stability of antimicrobial peptide polybia-MPII. Amino Acids 2021; 54:123-135. [PMID: 34825276 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limited effects of conventional antibiotics on the increasing emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and fungi, novel antimicrobial agents were urgently needed to alleviate this phenomenon. Nowadays, antimicrobial peptides are believed to be a promising candidate for a new generation of antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial peptide polybia-MPII (MPII) was first isolated from the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In the present study, the counterparts and mimics of cationic amino acids of Lys, such as Arg, His, Orn, Dab and Dap were employed to substitute Lys in the sequence of MPII. The effects of the incorporation of these amino acids on its antimicrobial activity, hemolytic activity, cytotoxicity, enzyme stability and therapeutic potential were explored. Our results showed that although the incorporation of Arg could improve its antimicrobial activity, there is no improvement in enzyme stability. The incorporation of His makes MPII exert its antimicrobial activity in a pH-dependent manner. Notably, incorporating Dap could effectively decrease its hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity and enhance its enzyme stability against trypsin. In conclusion, this study would provide an effective strategy to improve the bioavailability and metabolic stability of AMPs while decrease their hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory for Gynecologic Oncology of Gansu Province, Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 1, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | | | - Fangfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory for Gynecologic Oncology of Gansu Province, Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 1, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuhang He
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hanru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, North Road 143, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Muhammad Subaan Fareed
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yaqi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yue Xu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Cuiyingmen 82, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhewen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenjin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Kairong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, West Donggang Road 199, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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13
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Mastore M, Quadroni S, Caramella S, Brivio MF. The Silkworm as a Source of Natural Antimicrobial Preparations: Efficacy on Various Bacterial Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1339. [PMID: 34827277 PMCID: PMC8614882 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of multi-resistant pathogens responsible for infections, which cannot be treated with existing drugs such as antibiotics, is of particular concern. Antibiotics are becoming increasingly ineffective and drug resistance is leading to more difficult-to-treat infections; therefore, new bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity are needed and new alternative sources should be found. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are synthesized by processes typical of the innate immune system and are present in almost all organisms. Insects are extremely resistant to bacterial infections as they can produce a wide range of AMPs, providing an effective first line of defense. The AMPs produced by insects therefore represent a possible source of natural antimicrobial molecules. In this paper, the possibility of using plasma preparations from silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae as a source of antimicrobials was evaluated. After simple purification steps, insect plasma was analyzed and tested on different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. The results obtained are encouraging as the assays on Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae showed significant decrease in the growth of these Gram-negative bacteria. Similar results were obtained on Gram-positive bacteria, such as Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis, which showed strong susceptibility to the silkworm AMPs pool. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus displayed high resistance to Bombyx mori plasma. Finally, the tested plasma formulations were assessed for possible storage not only at 4 °C, but also above room temperature. In conclusion, partially purified plasma from silkworm could be a promising source of AMPs which could be used in formulations for topical applications, without additional and expensive purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Mastore
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Silvia Quadroni
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Sara Caramella
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Maurizio Francesco Brivio
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.M.); (S.C.)
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14
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Rodrigues ACJ, Bortoleti BTDS, Carloto ACM, Silva TF, Concato VM, Gonçalves MD, Tomiotto-Pelissier F, Detoni MB, Diaz-Roa A, Júnior PIDS, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Bidoia DL, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR. Larval excretion/secretion of dipters of Lucilia cuprina species induces death in promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6339274. [PMID: 34347083 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people around the world. Larval excretion/secretion (ES) of the larvae of flies of the Calliphoridae family has microbicidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in addition to some species of Leishmania. Our study aimed at assessing the in vitro efficacy of Lucilia cuprina larval ES against the promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis, elucidating possible microbicidal mechanisms and routes of death involved. Larval ES was able to inhibit the viability of L. amazonensis at all concentrations, induce morphological and ultrastructural changes in the parasite, retraction of the cell body, roughness of the cytoplasmic membrane, leakage of intracellular content, ROS production increase, induction of membrane depolarization, and mitochondrial swelling, the formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets and phosphatidylserine exposure, thus indicating the possibility of apoptosis-like death. To verify the efficacy of larval ES on amastigote forms, we performed a phagocytic assay, measurement of total ROS, and NO. Treatment using larval ES reduced the percentage of infection and the number of amastigotes per macrophage of lineage J774A.1 at all concentrations, increasing the production of ROS and TNF-α, thus indicating possible pro-inflammatory immunomodulation and oxidative damage. Therefore, treatment using larval ES is effective at inducing the death of promastigotes and amastigotes of L. amazonensis even at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Jacob Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Cristina Machado Carloto
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Taylon Felipe Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Márcia Concato
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Biotransformation and Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Exact Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pelissier
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute, (ICC/Fiocruz/PR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariana Barbosa Detoni
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrea Diaz-Roa
- Special Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Instituto Butantan, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin Bidoia
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
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15
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Xia J, Ge C, Yao H. Antimicrobial Peptides from Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) as Potential Antimicrobial Factors Representing an Alternative to Antibiotics in Livestock Farming. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1937. [PMID: 34209689 PMCID: PMC8300228 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important class of effector molecules of innate host immune defense against pathogen invasion. Inability of microorganisms to develop resistance against the majority of AMPs has made them alternatives to antibiotics, contributing to the development of a new generation of antimicrobials. Due to extensive biodiversity, insects are one of the most abundant sources of novel AMPs. Notably, black soldier fly insect (BSF; Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)) feeds on decaying substrates and displays a supernormal capacity to survive under adverse conditions in the presence of abundant microorganisms, therefore, BSF is one of the most promising sources for identification of AMPs. However, discovery, functional investigation, and drug development to replace antibiotics with AMPs from Hermetia illucens remain in a preliminary stage. In this review, we provide general information on currently verified AMPs of Hermetia illucens, describe their potential medical value, discuss the mechanism of their synthesis and interactions, and consider the development of bacterial resistance to AMPs in comparison with antibiotics, aiming to provide a candidate for substitution of antibiotics in livestock farming or, to some extent, for blocking the horizontal transfer of resistance genes in the environment, which is beneficial to human and animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China;
| | - Chaorong Ge
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China;
| | - Huaiying Yao
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China;
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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16
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Ratcliffe NA, Castro HC, Paixão IC, Mello CB. COVID-19: Innovative Antiviral Drugs Required for Long-Term Prevention and Control of Coronavirus Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3554-3567. [PMID: 33109030 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201027152400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had global catastrophic effects on financial markets, jobs and peoples' lives. Future prevention/therapy of COVID-19 will rely heavily on vaccine development and attempts to repurpose drugs previously used for other microbial diseases. Little attention, however, has been paid to possible difficulties and delays in producing these drugs. Sometimes, unfortunately, these endeavours have been politicized and if these two approaches founder in any way or resistance subsequently occurs, then the world will be left once again to the mercy of these devastating viral pandemics. This review, therefore, briefly outlines the challenges in the development of vaccines and repurposed antiviral drugs, which will hopefully lead to new treatments for COVID-19. It also concludes, however, that the armoury against COVID-19 urgently needs to be enlarging due to the potential severity and likely future reoccurrence of new emergent viruses. Therefore, serious consideration is given to alternative ways of preventing and controlling these pathogens that have received scant attention from the media in the present pandemic. The development of innovative, broad-spectrum, antiviral drugs from natural products is therefore particularly advocated with the challenges involved by new regulatory and scientific initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman A Ratcliffe
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias e Biotecnologia, IB, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Helena C Castro
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias e Biotecnologia, IB, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Izabel C Paixão
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias e Biotecnologia, IB, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Cicero B Mello
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias e Biotecnologia, IB, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
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17
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Dallavecchia DL, Ricardo E, da Silva AS, Rodrigues AG. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of excretions and secretions of Calliphora vicina. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:225-229. [PMID: 33063897 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a major threat to global health in the 21st century, requiring a quick, cheap and effective response from public health officials. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of native excretions/secretions (NES) produced by third instar (3 days old) larvae of Calliphora vicina using a protocol adapted from the Institute of Clinical and Laboratory Standards (CLSI). The microorganisms tested were: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and the fungus Candida albicans. After the incubation period, the suspensions were diluted and spread on nutrient agar plates to count the colony-forming units. A turbidimetric test also was carried out to test the action of the NES of C. vicina against S. aureus, a very common bacterial species, with an enormous capacity for adaption and resistance, being one of the bacteria of medical importance that causes the most hospital and community infections in the world. According to our results, the NES of C. vicina exhibits antimicrobial activity at different dilutions, being most effective against the gram-negative bacteria E. coli and K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Dallavecchia
- Microbiology Division, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto - Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - E Ricardo
- Microbiology Division, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto - Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research - CINTESIS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A S da Silva
- Department of Quantitative Methods, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro - UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A G Rodrigues
- Microbiology Division, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto - Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research - CINTESIS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Burn Unit, São João Hospital Center, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Kett S, Pathak A, Turillazzi S, Cavalieri D, Marvasi M. Antifungals, arthropods and antifungal resistance prevention: lessons from ecological interactions. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202716. [PMID: 33529557 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropods can produce a wide range of antifungal compounds, including specialist proteins, cuticular products, venoms and haemolymphs. In spite of this, many arthropod taxa, particularly eusocial insects, make use of additional antifungal compounds derived from their mutualistic association with microbes. Because multiple taxa have evolved such mutualisms, it must be assumed that, under certain ecological circumstances, natural selection has favoured them over those relying upon endogenous antifungal compound production. Further, such associations have been shown to persist versus specific pathogenic fungal antagonists for more than 50 million years, suggesting that compounds employed have retained efficacy in spite of the pathogens' capacity to develop resistance. We provide a brief overview of antifungal compounds in the arthropods' armoury, proposing a conceptual model to suggest why their use remains so successful. Fundamental concepts embedded within such a model may suggest strategies by which to reduce the rise of antifungal resistance within the clinical milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Kett
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University London, London, UK
| | - Ayush Pathak
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Turillazzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.,Insect Pharma Entomotherapy S.r.l, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Duccio Cavalieri
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Marvasi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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19
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20
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Remizov EK, Larionova O. Insect antimicrobial peptides: isolation, separation and antimicrobial activity. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213700154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern conditions of intensification of agriculture the industrial animal breeding involves the use of antibacterial drugs aimed at the prevention of infectious diseases. However, uncontrolled use of antibiotics leads to the selection of antibiotic-resistant strains, it should be noted that the treatment of diseases caused by these strains is difficult. Insect peptides have a barrier function and are able to protect the macroorganism from various pathogenic agents. In this study the original method of isolating protein fractions from the biomass of insect G. mellonella and M. domestica larvae was developed. The 19 protein fractions (PF) were obtained and their antimicrobial activity was studied as related to S. aureus ATCC 6538 (209-P), S. typhimurium 1626, C. albicans РКПГY –401/NCTC–885-653, B. cereus ATCC 10702. It was found that protein fractions No. 2, 2.3, 2.6, 3.4, 3.6 had antimicrobial activity as related to S. aureus ATCC 6538 (209-P); protein fractions No. 2, 2.6, 3.2, 3.6 inhibited the growth of S. typhimurium 1626; protein fractions No. 2, 2.3, 2.6, 3.3, 3.6 had an inhibiting effect on C. albicans РКПГY-401/NCTC-885-653, PF 2, 2.6, 3.2, 3.6, 3.7 had antimicrobial activity as related to B. cereus ATCC 10702.
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21
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Surendra KC, Tomberlin JK, van Huis A, Cammack JA, Heckmann LHL, Khanal SK. Rethinking organic wastes bioconversion: Evaluating the potential of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.)) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (BSF). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 117:58-80. [PMID: 32805602 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Population growth and unprecedented economic growth and urbanization, especially in low- and middle-income countries, coupled with extreme weather patterns, the high-environmental footprint of agricultural practices, and disposal-oriented waste management practices, require significant changes in the ways we produce food, feed and fuel, and manage enormous amounts of organic wastes. Farming insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) on diverse organic wastes provides an opportunity for producing nutrient-rich animal feed, fuel, organic fertilizer, and biobased products with concurrent valorization of wastes. Inclusion of BSF larvae/pupae in the diets of poultry, fish, and swine has shown promise as a potential substitute of conventional feed ingredients such as soybean meal and fish meal. Moreover, the bioactive compounds such as antimicrobial peptides, medium chain fatty acids, and chitin and its derivatives present in BSF larvae/pupae, could also add values to the animal diets. However, to realize the full potential of BSF-based biorefining, more research and development efforts are necessary for scaling up the production and processing of BSF biomass using more mechanized and automated systems. More studies are also needed to ensure the safety of the BSF biomass grown on various organic wastes for animal feed (also food) and legalizing the feed application of BSF biomass to wider categories of animals. This critical review presents the current status of the BSF technology, identifies the research gaps, highlights the challenges towards industrial scale production, and provides future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Surendra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Jeffery K Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan A Cammack
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Samir Kumar Khanal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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22
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Li J, Fernández-Millán P, Boix E. Synergism between Host Defence Peptides and Antibiotics Against Bacterial Infections. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1238-1263. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200303122626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background:Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to conventional antibiotics is becoming one of the main global health threats and novel alternative strategies are urging. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), once forgotten, are coming back into the scene as promising tools to overcome bacterial resistance. Recent findings have attracted attention to the potentiality of AMPs to work as antibiotic adjuvants.Methods:In this review, we have tried to collect the currently available information on the mechanism of action of AMPs in synergy with other antimicrobial agents. In particular, we have focused on the mechanisms of action that mediate the inhibition of the emergence of bacterial resistance by AMPs.Results and Conclusion:We find in the literature many examples where AMPs can significantly reduce the antibiotic effective concentration. Mainly, the peptides work at the bacterial cell wall and thereby facilitate the drug access to its intracellular target. Complementarily, AMPs can also contribute to permeate the exopolysaccharide layer of biofilm communities, or even prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm growth. Secondly, we find other peptides that can directly block the emergence of bacterial resistance mechanisms or interfere with the community quorum-sensing systems. Interestingly, the effective peptide concentrations for adjuvant activity and inhibition of bacterial resistance are much lower than the required for direct antimicrobial action. Finally, many AMPs expressed by innate immune cells are endowed with immunomodulatory properties and can participate in the host response against infection. Recent studies in animal models confirm that AMPs work as adjuvants at non-toxic concentrations and can be safely administrated for novel combined chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández-Millán
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Ester Boix
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
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Spencer P, Ye Q, Song L, Parthasarathy R, Boone K, Misra A, Tamerler C. Threats to adhesive/dentin interfacial integrity and next generation bio-enabled multifunctional adhesives. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2673-2683. [PMID: 30895695 PMCID: PMC6754319 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 100 million of the 170 million composite and amalgam restorations placed annually in the United States are replacements for failed restorations. The primary reason both composite and amalgam restorations fail is recurrent decay, for which composite restorations experience a 2.0-3.5-fold increase compared to amalgam. Recurrent decay is a pernicious problem-the standard treatment is replacement of defective composites with larger restorations that will also fail, initiating a cycle of ever-larger restorations that can lead to root canals, and eventually, to tooth loss. Unlike amalgam, composite lacks the inherent capability to seal discrepancies at the restorative material/tooth interface. The low-viscosity adhesive that bonds the composite to the tooth is intended to seal the interface, but the adhesive degrades, which can breach the composite/tooth margin. Bacteria and bacterial by-products such as acids and enzymes infiltrate the marginal gaps and the composite's inability to increase the interfacial pH facilitates cariogenic and aciduric bacterial outgrowth. Together, these characteristics encourage recurrent decay, pulpal damage, and composite failure. This review article examines key biological and physicochemical interactions involved in the failure of composite restorations and discusses innovative strategies to mitigate the negative effects of pathogens at the adhesive/dentin interface. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B:2466-2475, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette Spencer
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas,1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA
| | - Qiang Ye
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA
| | - Linyong Song
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA
| | - Ranganathan Parthasarathy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Kyle Boone
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA
| | - Anil Misra
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA
| | - Candan Tamerler
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, School of Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas,1530 W. 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7609, USA
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24
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Yakovlev AY, Kruglikova AA, Chernysh SI. Calliphoridae Flies in Medical Biotechnology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0013873819030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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El Shazely B, Urbański A, Johnston PR, Rolff J. In vivo exposure of insect AMP resistant Staphylococcus aureus to an insect immune system. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 110:60-68. [PMID: 31051236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important immune effectors in insects. Bacteria have a limited number of ways to resist AMPs, and AMP-resistance is often costly. Recently, it has become clear that AMP activities in vitro and in vivo differ. Although some studies have followed the in vivo survival of AMP resistant pathogens, studying a pathogen resistant to the AMPs of that particular host has never been reported. Here, we infected the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor with Staphylococcus aureus strains that were evolved in vitro in the presence of one or two antimicrobial peptides from T. molitor. We found that the Tenebrio immune system could clear mutant Tenecin resistant strains at least as efficiently as sensitive controls. The bacterial load of Tenecin resistant S. aureus segregated by mutation. Strains with mutations in both the pmt and rpo operons showed the highest in vivo survival and therefore showed the lowest fitness cost amongst the evolved resistance mutations. In contrast, Tenecin resistant strains with mutations in the nsa and rpo operons showed much lower survival within the hosts. Our study shows that Tenecin resistant strains are phagocytosed at a lower rate. The nsa/rpo mutants were phagocytosed at a higher rate than other Tenecin resistant S. aureus strains. The differences in resistance against AMPs and phagocytosis did not translate into changes in virulence. AMP resistance, while a prerequisite for an infection in vertebrates, does not provide a survival advantage to S. aureus in a host environment that is dominated by AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baydaa El Shazely
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Arkadiusz Urbański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
| | - Paul R Johnston
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Rolff
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Díaz-Roa A, Espinoza-Culupú A, Torres-García O, Borges MM, Avino IN, Alves FL, Miranda A, Patarroyo MA, da Silva PI, Bello FJ. Sarconesin II, a New Antimicrobial Peptide Isolated from Sarconesiopsis magellanica Excretions and Secretions. Molecules 2019; 24:E2077. [PMID: 31159162 PMCID: PMC6600161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is at dangerous levels and increasing worldwide. The search for new antimicrobial drugs to counteract this problem is a priority for health institutions and organizations, both globally and in individual countries. Sarconesiopsis magellanica blowfly larval excretions and secretions (ES) are an important source for isolating antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). This study aims to identify and characterize a new S. magellanica AMP. RP-HPLC was used to fractionate ES, using C18 columns, and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated. The peptide sequence of the fraction collected at 43.7 min was determined by mass spectrometry (MS). Fluorescence and electronic microscopy were used to evaluate the mechanism of action. Toxicity was tested on HeLa cells and human erythrocytes; physicochemical properties were evaluated. The molecule in the ES was characterized as sarconesin II and it showed activity against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli MG1655, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, P. aeruginosa PA14) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Micrococcus luteus A270) bacteria. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration obtained was 1.9 μM for M. luteus A270; the AMP had no toxicity in any cells tested here and its action in bacterial membrane and DNA was confirmed. Sarconesin II was documented as a conserved domain of the ATP synthase protein belonging to the Fli-1 superfamily. The data reported here indicated that peptides could be alternative therapeutic candidates for use in infections against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and eventually as a new resource of compounds for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Díaz-Roa
- Special Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA), Butantan Institute, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
- PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | - Abraham Espinoza-Culupú
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Monamaris M Borges
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ivan N Avino
- Special Laboratory of Cell Cycle (LECC), Butantan Institute, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Flávio L Alves
- Biophysics Department, UNIFESP, São Paulo CEP 04023-062, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Miranda
- Biophysics Department, UNIFESP, São Paulo CEP 04023-062, Brazil.
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá 111321, Colombia.
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 112111, Colombia.
| | - Pedro I da Silva
- Special Laboratory for Applied Toxinology (LETA), Butantan Institute, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, SP, Brazil.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo CEP 05508-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Felio J Bello
- Faculty of Agricultural and Livestock Sciences, Veterinary Medicine Programme, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá 110141, Colombia.
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Rabani V, Cheatsazan H, Davani S. Proteomics and Lipidomics of Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and Blow Fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5523071. [PMID: 31237955 PMCID: PMC6592434 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Farming insects has recently emerged as a new source of protein and lipid production. To date, research has mostly focused on food applications of insects. Focusing on nonfood potential of oil and proteins of insects, high-throughput studies of insect lipids and proteins are needed. We performed proteomics and lipidomics investigation on black soldier fly (Hermitia illucens) and blow fly (Lucilia sericata) larvae to investigate new potential and applications. We used mass spectrometry for proteomics and lipidomics analysis of control and treated larvae. Treatment was performed by incubation with a biological decomposer. We provide the list of all fatty acids with their concentration in control and treated larvae. This result showed high levels of lauric acid in black soldier fly, which could even increase after biological decomposition. Proteomics analysis showed the presence of proteins like collagen of cosmetic interest, and proteins with antimicrobial properties such as phenoloxidases and enzymatic activities, such as amylase and trypsin. Insects harbor high potential for nonfood usage as additives, antimicrobial effects, and even pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. These data open avenues for future research in pharmacological and cosmetic approaches to find new molecules of interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Rabani
- UBFC, EA 3920 UFR Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
| | - Hamed Cheatsazan
- UBFC, EA 3920 UFR Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
| | - Siamak Davani
- UBFC, EA 3920 UFR Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Clinique et Toxicologie, CHU de Besançon, Boulevard Fleming, Besançon, France
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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28
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Meng E, Li J, Tang B, Hu Y, Qiao T, Hou Y, Lin Y, Chen Z. Alteration of the phagocytosis and antimicrobial defense of Octodonta nipae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) pupae to Escherichia coli following parasitism by Tetrastichus brontispae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 109:248-256. [PMID: 30514411 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485318000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although parasites and microbial pathogens are both detrimental to insects, little information is currently available on the mechanism involved in how parasitized hosts balance their immune responses to defend against microbial infections. We addressed this in the present study by comparing the immune response between unparasitized and parasitized pupae of the chrysomelid beetle, Octodonta nipae (Maulik), to Escherichia coli invasion. In an in vivo survival assay, a markedly reduced number of E. coli colony-forming units per microliter was detected in parasitized pupae at 12 and 24 h post-parasitism, together with decreased phagocytosis and enhanced bactericidal activity at 12 h post-parasitism. The effects that parasitism had on the mRNA expression level of selected antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of O. nipae pupae showed that nearly all transcripts of AMPs examined were highly upregulated during the early and late parasitism stages except defensin 2B, whose mRNA expression level was downregulated at 24 h post-parasitism. Further elucidation on the main maternal fluids responsible for alteration of the primary immune response against E. coli showed that ovarian fluid increased phagocytosis at 48 h post-injection. These results indicated that the enhanced degradation of E. coli in parasitized pupae resulted mainly from the elevated bactericidal activity without observing the increased transcripts of target AMPs. This study contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the immune responses of a parasitized host to bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China
| | - J Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China
| | - B Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China
| | - Y Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China
| | - T Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China
| | - Y Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China
| | - Y Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,China
| | - Z Chen
- Fuzhou Entry-Exit Inspection & Quarantine Bureau of P.R.C,Fuzhou 350002,China
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29
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Xie SX, Boone K, VanOosten SK, Yuca E, Song L, Ge X, Ye Q, Spencer P, Tamerler C. Peptide Mediated Antimicrobial Dental Adhesive System. APPLIED SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019. [PMID: 33542835 DOI: 10.3390/a9030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The most common cause for dental composite failures is secondary caries due to invasive bacterial colonization of the adhesive/dentin (a/d) interface. Innate material weakness often lead to an insufficient seal between the adhesive and dentin. Consequently, bacterial by-products invade the porous a/d interface leading to material degradation and dental caries. Current approaches to achieve antibacterial properties in these materials continue to raise concerns regarding hypersensitivity and antibiotic resistance. Herein, we have developed a multi-faceted, bio-functionalized approach to overcome the vulnerability of such interfaces. An antimicrobial adhesive formulation was designed using a combination of antimicrobial peptide and a ε-polylysine resin system. Effector molecules boasting innate immunity are brought together with a biopolymer offering a two-fold biomimetic design approach. The selection of ε-polylysine was inspired due to its non-toxic nature and common use as food preservative. Biomolecular characterization and functional activity of our engineered dental adhesive formulation were assessed and the combinatorial formulation demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Our antimicrobial peptide-hydrophilic adhesive hybrid system design offers advanced, biofunctional properties at the critical a/d interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Xue Xie
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Kyle Boone
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Bioengineering Program, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Sarah Kay VanOosten
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Bioengineering Program, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Esra Yuca
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Yildiz Technical University, 34210 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Linyong Song
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Xueping Ge
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Qiang Ye
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Paulette Spencer
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Bioengineering Program, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Candan Tamerler
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Bioengineering Program, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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30
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Xie SX, Boone K, VanOosten SK, Yuca E, Song L, Ge X, Ye Q, Spencer P, Tamerler C. Peptide Mediated Antimicrobial Dental Adhesive System. APPLIED SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:557. [PMID: 33542835 PMCID: PMC7857482 DOI: 10.3390/app9030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The most common cause for dental composite failures is secondary caries due to invasive bacterial colonization of the adhesive/dentin (a/d) interface. Innate material weakness often lead to an insufficient seal between the adhesive and dentin. Consequently, bacterial by-products invade the porous a/d interface leading to material degradation and dental caries. Current approaches to achieve antibacterial properties in these materials continue to raise concerns regarding hypersensitivity and antibiotic resistance. Herein, we have developed a multi-faceted, bio-functionalized approach to overcome the vulnerability of such interfaces. An antimicrobial adhesive formulation was designed using a combination of antimicrobial peptide and a ε-polylysine resin system. Effector molecules boasting innate immunity are brought together with a biopolymer offering a two-fold biomimetic design approach. The selection of ε-polylysine was inspired due to its non-toxic nature and common use as food preservative. Biomolecular characterization and functional activity of our engineered dental adhesive formulation were assessed and the combinatorial formulation demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Our antimicrobial peptide-hydrophilic adhesive hybrid system design offers advanced, biofunctional properties at the critical a/d interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Xue Xie
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Kyle Boone
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Bioengineering Program, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Sarah Kay VanOosten
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Bioengineering Program, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Esra Yuca
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Yildiz Technical University, 34210 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Linyong Song
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Xueping Ge
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Qiang Ye
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Paulette Spencer
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Bioengineering Program, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Candan Tamerler
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, 1530 W. 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Bioengineering Program, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1530 W. 15th St., University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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31
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de Souza-Vilela J, Andrew NR, Ruhnke I. Insect protein in animal nutrition. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an19255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Global meat consumption per capita is expected to increase ~40% from 2019 to 2050. Over 30% of the total cropland worldwide is currently being used to produce either livestock and poultry feed or silage to meet the demand. One solution to reduce cropland use for animal feed is to increase the production of alternative protein sources. The primary protein sources for animal nutrition, including soybeans, peas and fish meal, are of increasing demand and are subsequently becoming more expensive, making their long-term use unsustainable. Insects such as the black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), crickets (Gryllus testaceus Walker) or mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) offer a viable addition to the feed sources and can provide valuable, high-quality energy, protein and fat to an animal’s diet. Here, we review the environmental benefits of insect feedstuff, current research findings related to the use of insects for animal nutrition, and outline additional products that can generate benefits to insect producers.
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32
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Andoh M, Ueno T, Kawasaki K. Tissue-dependent induction of antimicrobial peptide genes after body wall injury in house fly ( Musca domestica) larvae. Drug Discov Ther 2018; 12:355-362. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2018.01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minako Andoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
| | - Takayuki Ueno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
| | - Kiyoshi Kawasaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts
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33
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De Mol ML, Snoeck N, De Maeseneire SL, Soetaert WK. Hidden antibiotics: Where to uncover? Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2201-2218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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34
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Panteleev PV, Bolosov IA, Kalashnikov AÀ, Kokryakov VN, Shamova OV, Emelianova AA, Balandin SV, Ovchinnikova TV. Combined Antibacterial Effects of Goat Cathelicidins With Different Mechanisms of Action. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2983. [PMID: 30555455 PMCID: PMC6284057 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Being essential components of innate immune system, animal antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) also known as host-defense peptides came into sharp focus as possible alternatives to conventional antibiotics due to their high efficacy against a broad range of MDR pathogens and low rate of resistance development. Mammalian species can produce a set of co-localized AMPs with different structures and mechanisms of actions. Here we examined the combined antibacterial effects of cathelicidins, structurally diverse family of host-defense peptides found in vertebrate species. As a model we have used structurally distinct cathelicidins expressed in the leukocytes of goat Capra hircus. The recombinant analogs of natural peptides were obtained by heterologous expression in bacterial system and biological activities as well as the major mechanisms of antibacterial action of the peptides were investigated. As the result, the marked synergistic effect against wide panel of bacterial strains including extensively drug-resistant ones was observed for the pair of membranolytic α-helical amphipathic peptide ChMAP-28 and Pro-rich peptide mini-ChBac7.5Nα targeting a bacterial ribosome. ChMAP-28 was shown to damage the outer bacterial membrane at sub-inhibitory concentrations that could facilitate Pro-rich peptide translocation into the cell. Finally, resistance changes under a long-term continuous selective pressure of each individual peptide and the synergistic combination of both peptides were tested against Escherichia coli strains. The combination was shown to keep a high activity after the 26-days selection experiment in contrast to mini-ChBac7.5Nα used alone and the reference antibiotic polymyxin B. We identified the point mutation leading to amino acid substitution V102E in the membrane transport protein SbmA of the mini-ChBac7.5Nα-resistant strain obtained by selection. The experiments revealed that the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of ChMAP-28 restored the activity of mini-ChBac7.5Nα against this strain and clinical isolate with a weak sensitivity to mini-ChBac7.5Nα. The obtained results suggest a potential medical application of synergistic combinations of natural cathelicidins, which allows using a lower therapeutic dose and minimizes the risk of resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Panteleev
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilia A Bolosov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander À Kalashnikov
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Olga V Shamova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna A Emelianova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Balandin
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Ovchinnikova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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35
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Wu Q, Patočka J, Kuča K. Insect Antimicrobial Peptides, a Mini Review. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110461. [PMID: 30413046 PMCID: PMC6267271 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are crucial effectors of the innate immune system. They provide the first line of defense against a variety of pathogens. AMPs display synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics, and thus present the potential for combined therapies. Insects are extremely resistant to bacterial infections. Insect AMPs are cationic and comprise less than 100 amino acids. These insect peptides exhibit an antimicrobial effect by disrupting the microbial membrane and do not easily allow microbes to develop drug resistance. Currently, membrane mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial effects of AMPs are proposed by different modes: the barrel-stave mode, toroidal-pore, carpet, and disordered toroidal-pore are the typical modes. Positive charge quantity, hydrophobic property and the secondary structure of the peptide are important for the antibacterial activity of AMPs. At present, several structural families of AMPs from insects are known (defensins, cecropins, drosocins, attacins, diptericins, ponericins, metchnikowins, and melittin), but new AMPs are frequently discovered. We reviewed the biological effects of the major insect AMPs. This review will provide further information that facilitates the study of insect AMPs and shed some light on novel microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Patočka
- Department of Radiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Sun Q, Li J, Le T. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle as a Novel Class of Antifungal Agents: Current Advances and Future Perspectives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11209-11220. [PMID: 30299956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Certain types of nanoparticles, especially zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), are widely reported to be capable of the inhibition of harmful bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi. The unique physicochemical and biological properties of ZnONPs also make them attractive to the food industry for use as a promising antifungal agent. This Review thoroughly introduces the preparation methods and antifungal properties of ZnONPs and analyzes their possible antifungal mechanisms. The applicability of ZnONPs in food packaging and nutritional supplements and as an antimicrobial additive is also documented. Moreover, evaluations for biological safety of ZnONPs are objectively reviewed in this paper. The discussions addressed in this Review not only have theoretical significance but also are conducive to the development of food safety, nutrition, and human health. The summarized knowledge and future perspectives outlined here are expected to promote and guide new research toward developing and optimizing the application of ZnONPs as a novel class of antifungal agents to help improve food quality as well as food safety in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- College of Life Sciences , Chongqing Normal University , No. 37 Chengzhong Road , Chongqing 401331 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Li
- College of Life Sciences , Chongqing Normal University , No. 37 Chengzhong Road , Chongqing 401331 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Le
- College of Life Sciences , Chongqing Normal University , No. 37 Chengzhong Road , Chongqing 401331 , People's Republic of China
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Díaz-Roa A, Patarroyo MA, Bello FJ, Da Silva PI. Sarconesin: Sarconesiopsis magellanica Blowfly Larval Excretions and Secretions With Antibacterial Properties. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2249. [PMID: 30323791 PMCID: PMC6172317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Larval therapy (LT) is an alternative treatment for healing chronic wounds; its action is based on debridement, the removal of bacteria, and stimulating granulation tissue. The most important mechanism when using LT for combating infection depends on larval excretions and secretions (ES). Larvae are protected against infection by a spectrum of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs); special interest in AMPs has also risen regarding understanding their role in wound healing since they degrade necrotic tissue and kill different bacteria during LT. Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a promising medically-important necrophagous fly. This article reports a small AMP being isolated from S. magellanica ES products for the first time; these products were obtained from third-instar larvae taken from a previously-established colony. ES were fractionated by RP-HPLC using C18 columns for the first analysis; the products were then lyophilised and their antimicrobial activity was characterized by incubation with different bacterial strains. These fractions' primary sequences were determined by mass spectrometry and de novo sequencing; five AMPs were obtained, the Sarconesin fraction was characterized and antibacterial activity was tested in different concentrations with minimum inhibitory concentrations starting at 1.2 μM. Potent inhibitory activity was shown against Gram-negative (Escherichia coli D31, E. coli DH5α, Salmonella enterica ATCC 13314, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, Micrococcus luteus A270) bacteria. Sarconesin has a significant similarity with Rho-family GTPases which are important in organelle development, cytoskeletal dynamics, cell movement, and wound repair. The data reported here indicated that Sarconesin could be an alternative candidate for use in therapeutics against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infections. Our study describes one peptide responsible for antibacterial activity when LT is being used. The results shown here support carrying out further experiments aimed at validating S. magellanica AMPs as novel resources for combating antibacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Díaz-Roa
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Felio J Bello
- Faculty of Agricultural and Livestock Sciences, Program of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia.,Medicine Faculty, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pedro I Da Silva
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil.,Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Mosaheb MUWFZ, Khan NA, Siddiqui R. Cockroaches, locusts, and envenomating arthropods: a promising source of antimicrobials. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 21:873-877. [PMID: 30524685 PMCID: PMC6272074 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.30442.7339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present a brief overview of various natural sources of antimicrobials with the aim of highlighting invertebrates living in polluted environments as additional sources of antimicrobials. MATERIALS AND METHODS A PubMed search using antibacterials, antimicrobials, invertebrates, and natural products as keywords was carried out. In addition, we consulted conference proceedings, original unpublished research undertaken in our laboratories, and discussions in specific forums. RESULTS Representative of a stupefying 95% of the fauna, invertebrates are fascinating organisms which have evolved strategies to survive germ-infested environments, yet they have largely been ignored. Since invertebrates such as cockroaches inhabit hazardous environments which are rampant with pathogens, they must have developed defense mechanisms to circumvent infections. This is corroborated by the presence of antimicrobial molecules in the nervous systems and hemolymph of cockroaches. Antimicrobial compounds have also been unraveled from the nervous, adipose, and salivary glandular tissues of locusts. Interestingly, the venoms of arthropods including ants, scorpions, and spiders harbor toxins, but also possess multiple antimicrobials. CONCLUSION These findings have rekindled the hopes for newer and enhanced therapeutic agents derived from a plentiful and diverse resource to combat fatal infectious diseases. Such antimicrobials from unusual sources can potentially be translated into clinical practice, however intensive research is needed over the next several years to realize these expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
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Inhibition of tumour and non-tumour cell proliferation by pygidial gland secretions of four ground beetle species (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-0082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Qu S, Wang S. Interaction of entomopathogenic fungi with the host immune system. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:96-103. [PMID: 29355579 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi can invade wide range of insect hosts in the natural world and have been used as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides for pest control. Studies of host-pathogen interactions provide valuable insights into the coevolutionay arms race between fungal pathogens and their hosts. Entomopathogenic fungi have evolved a series of sophisticated strategies to counter insect immune defenses. In response to fungal infection, insect hosts rely on behavior avoidance, physical barrier and innate immune defenses in the fight against invading pathogens. The insect cuticle acts as the first physical barrier against pathogens. It is an inhospitable physiological environment that contains chemicals (e.g., antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species), which inhibit fungal growth. In addition, innate immune responses, including cellular immunity and humoral immunity, play critical roles in preventing fungal infection. In this review, we outline the current state of our knowledge of insect defenses to fungal infection and discuss the strategies by which entomopathogenic fungi counter the host immune system. Increased knowledge regarding the molecular interactions between entomopathogenic fungi and the insect host could provide new strategies for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sibao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Chernysh S, Gordya N, Tulin D, Yakovlev A. Biofilm infections between Scylla and Charybdis: interplay of host antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:501-514. [PMID: 29674848 PMCID: PMC5898886 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s157847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to improve the anti-biofilm activity of antibiotics. We hypothesized that the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) complex of the host’s immune system can be used for this purpose and examined the assumption on model biofilms. Methods FLIP7, the AMP complex of the blowfly Calliphora vicina containing a combination of defensins, cecropins, diptericins and proline-rich peptides was isolated from the hemolymph of bacteria-challenged maggots. The complex interaction with antibiotics of various classes was studied in biofilm and planktonic cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii by the checkerboard method using trimethyl tetrazolium chloride cell viability and crystal violet biofilm eradication assays supplemented with microscopic analysis. Results We found that FLIP7 demonstrated: high synergy (fractional inhibitory concentration index <0.25) with meropenem, amikacin, kanamycin, ampicillin, vancomycin and cefotaxime; synergy with clindamycin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol; additive interaction with oxacillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin; and no interaction with polymyxin B. The interaction in planktonic cell models was significantly weaker than in biofilms of the same strains. The analysis of the dose–effect curves pointed to persister cells as a likely target of FLIP7 synergistic effect. The biofilm eradication assay showed that the effect also caused total destruction of S. aureus and E. coli biofilm materials. The effect allowed reducing the effective anti-biofilm concentration of the antibiotic to a level well below the one clinically achievable (2–3 orders of magnitude in the case of meropenem, ampicillin, cefotaxime and oxacillin). Conclusion FLIP7 is a highly efficient host antimicrobial system helping antibiotics to overcome biofilm barriers through persisters’ sensitization and biofilm material destruction. It is promising for the treatment of biofilm infections as an adjuvant of various small-molecule antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Chernysh
- Laboratory of Insect Biopharmacology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Gordya
- Laboratory of Insect Biopharmacology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Tulin
- Laboratory of Insect Biopharmacology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Yakovlev
- Laboratory of Insect Biopharmacology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Hirt H, Hall JW, Larson E, Gorr SU. A D-enantiomer of the antimicrobial peptide GL13K evades antimicrobial resistance in the Gram positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus gordonii. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194900. [PMID: 29566082 PMCID: PMC5864073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides represent an alternative to traditional antibiotics that may be less susceptible to bacterial resistance mechanisms by directly attacking the bacterial cell membrane. However, bacteria have a variety of defense mechanisms that can prevent cationic antimicrobial peptides from reaching the cell membrane. The L- and D-enantiomers of the antimicrobial peptide GL13K were tested against the Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus gordonii to understand the role of bacterial proteases and cell wall modifications in bacterial resistance. GL13K was derived from the human salivary protein BPIFA2. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined by broth dilution and a serial assay used to determine bacterial resistance. Peptide degradation was determined in a bioassay utilizing a luminescent strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to detect peptide activity. Autolysis and D-alanylation-deficient strains of E. faecalis and S. gordonii were tested in autolysis assays and peptide activity assays. E. faecalis protease inactivated L-GL13K but not D-GL13K, whereas autolysis did not affect peptide activity. Indeed, the D-enantiomer appeared to kill the bacteria prior to initiation of autolysis. D-alanylation mutants were killed by L-GL13K whereas this modification did not affect killing by D-GL13K. The mutants regained resistance to L-GL13K whereas bacteria did not gain resistance to D-GL13K after repeated treatment with the peptides. D-alanylation affected the hydrophobicity of bacterial cells but hydrophobicity alone did not affect GL13K activity. D-GL13K evades two resistance mechanisms in Gram-positive bacteria without giving rise to substantial new resistance. D-GL13K exhibits attractive properties for further antibiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Hirt
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Hall
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Elliot Larson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sven-Ulrik Gorr
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Guo G, Tao R, Li Y, Ma H, Xiu J, Fu P, Wu J. Identification and characterization of a novel antimicrobial protein from the housefly Musca domestica. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [PMID: 28645609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides/proteins are immune-related molecules that are widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, plants, invertebrates and higher animals. They have exhibited great potential to be developed into antimicrobial drugs. The housefly, Musca domestica, lives in a highly contaminated environment and has adapted a robust immune system against various pathogens. As an effort to search for new antimicrobial molecules in the housefly, we investigated the function of an uncharacterized gene firstly by confirming that its expression was induced by infection in M. domestica. The corresponding protein was then shown to have potent antimicrobial activity. Scanning Electron Microscopy data showed that treatment of C. albicans cells with the protein caused cell size decreasing and cell elongation. The results here suggest the protein a novel class of antimicrobial protein and provide new insights into the immunological mechanisms by which M. domestica combats invading C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Ruyu Tao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Department of Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, 556000, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Huiling Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiangfan Xiu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ping Fu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jianwei Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Józefiak A, Engberg R. Insect proteins as a potential source of antimicrobial peptides in livestock production. A review. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/69998/2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Natural antimicrobial peptide complexes in the fighting of antibiotic resistant biofilms: Calliphora vicina medicinal maggots. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173559. [PMID: 28278280 PMCID: PMC5344439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms, sedimented microbial communities embedded in a biopolymer matrix cause vast majority of human bacterial infections and many severe complications such as chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Biofilms’ resistance to the host immunity and antibiotics makes this kind of infection particularly intractable. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a ubiquitous facet of innate immunity in animals. However, AMPs activity was studied mainly on planktonic bacteria and little is known about their effects on biofilms. We studied structure and anti-biofilm activity of AMP complex produced by the maggots of blowfly Calliphora vicina living in environments extremely contaminated by biofilm-forming germs. The complex exhibits strong cell killing and matrix destroying activity against human pathogenic antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii biofilms as well as non-toxicity to human immune cells. The complex was found to contain AMPs from defensin, cecropin, diptericin and proline-rich peptide families simultaneously expressed in response to bacterial infection and encoded by hundreds mRNA isoforms. All the families combine cell killing and matrix destruction mechanisms, but the ratio of these effects and antibacterial activity spectrum are specific to each family. These molecules dramatically extend the list of known anti-biofilm AMPs. However, pharmacological development of the complex as a whole can provide significant advantages compared with a conventional one-component approach. In particular, a similar level of activity against biofilm and planktonic bacteria (MBEC/MIC ratio) provides the complex advantage over conventional antibiotics. Available methods of the complex in situ and in vitro biosynthesis make this idea practicable.
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Screening, Expression, Purification and Functional Characterization of Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Genes from Hermetia illucens (L.). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169582. [PMID: 28056070 PMCID: PMC5215879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides from a wide spectrum of insects possess potent microbicidal properties against microbial-related diseases. In this study, seven new gene fragments of three types of antimicrobial peptides were obtained from Hermetia illucens (L), and were named cecropinZ1, sarcotoxin1, sarcotoxin (2a), sarcotoxin (2b), sarcotoxin3, stomoxynZH1, and stomoxynZH1(a). Among these genes, a 189-basepair gene (stomoxynZH1) was cloned into the pET32a expression vector and expressed in the Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with thioredoxin. Results show that Trx-stomoxynZH1 exhibits diverse inhibitory activity on various pathogens, including Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, fungus Rhizoctonia solani Khün (rice)-10, and fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary-14. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Trx-stomoxynZH1 is higher against Gram-positive bacteria than against Gram-negative bacteria but similar between the fungal strains. These results indicate that H. illucens (L.) could provide a rich source for the discovery of novel antimicrobial peptides. Importantly, stomoxynZH1 displays a potential benefit in controlling antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
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Fat body and hemocyte contribution to the antimicrobial peptide synthesis in Calliphora vicina R.-D. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 53:33-42. [PMID: 27586266 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides accumulated in the hemolymph in response to infection are a key element of insect innate immunity. The involvement of the fat body and hemocytes in the antimicrobial peptide synthesis is widely acknowledged, although release of the peptides present in the hemolymph from the immune cells was not directly verified so far. Here, we studied the presence of antimicrobial peptides in the culture medium of fat body cells and hemocytes isolated from the blue blowfly Calliphora vicina using complex of liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and antimicrobial activity assays. Both fat body and hemocytes are shown to synthesize and release to culture medium defensin, cecropin, diptericins, and proline-rich peptides. The spectra of peptide antibiotics released by the fat body and hemocytes partially overlap. Thus, the results suggest that insect fat body and blood cells are capable of releasing mature antimicrobial peptides to the hemolymph. It is notable that the data obtained demonstrate dramatic difference in the functioning of insect antimicrobial peptides and their mammalian counterparts localized into blood cells' phagosomes where they exert their antibacterial activity.
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Ulm H, Schneider T. Targeting bactoprenol-coupled cell envelope precursors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7815-25. [PMID: 27495122 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the bactoprenol-coupled cell wall precursor lipid II is a validated antibacterial strategy. In this review, selected prototype lipid II-binding antibiotics of different chemical classes are discussed. Although these compounds attack the same molecular target, they trigger nuanced and diverse cellular effects. Consequently, the mechanisms of antibacterial resistance and the likelihood of resistance development may vary substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ulm
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 168, 53105, Bonn, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
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Fleitas O, Franco OL. Induced Bacterial Cross-Resistance toward Host Antimicrobial Peptides: A Worrying Phenomenon. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:381. [PMID: 27047486 PMCID: PMC4806371 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics has reached alarming levels, threatening to return to the pre-antibiotic era. Therefore, the search for new antimicrobial compounds that overcome the resistance phenomenon has become a priority. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) appear as one of the most promising antibiotic medicines. However, in recent years several AMP-resistance mechanisms have been described. Moreover, the AMP-resistance phenomenon has become more complex due to its association with cross-resistance toward AMP effectors of the host innate immune system. In this context, the use of AMPs as a therapeutic option could be potentially hazardous, since bacteria could develop resistance toward our innate immune system. Here, we review the findings of major studies that deal with the AMP cross-resistance phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmel Fleitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
| | - Octávio L Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, S-Inova Biotech,Universidade Católica Dom BoscoCampo Grande, Brazil
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Butt TM, Coates CJ, Dubovskiy IM, Ratcliffe NA. Entomopathogenic Fungi: New Insights into Host-Pathogen Interactions. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 94:307-64. [PMID: 27131329 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although many insects successfully live in dangerous environments exposed to diverse communities of microbes, they are often exploited and killed by specialist pathogens. Studies of host-pathogen interactions (HPI) provide valuable insights into the dynamics of the highly aggressive coevolutionary arms race between entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and their arthropod hosts. The host defenses are designed to exclude the pathogen or mitigate the damage inflicted while the pathogen responds with immune evasion and utilization of host resources. EPF neutralize their immediate surroundings on the insect integument and benefit from the physiochemical properties of the cuticle and its compounds that exclude competing microbes. EPF also exhibit adaptations aimed at minimizing trauma that can be deleterious to both host and pathogen (eg, melanization of hemolymph), form narrow penetration pegs that alleviate host dehydration and produce blastospores that lack immunogenic sugars/enzymes but facilitate rapid assimilation of hemolymph nutrients. In response, insects deploy an extensive armory of hemocytes and macromolecules, such as lectins and phenoloxidase, that repel, immobilize, and kill EPF. New evidence suggests that immune bioactives work synergistically (eg, lysozyme with antimicrobial peptides) to combat infections. Some proteins, including transferrin and apolipophorin III, also demonstrate multifunctional properties, participating in metabolism, homeostasis, and pathogen recognition. This review discusses the molecular intricacies of these HPI, highlighting the interplay between immunity, stress management, and metabolism. Increased knowledge in this area could enhance the efficacy of EPF, ensuring their future in integrated pest management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Butt
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - C J Coates
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | - N A Ratcliffe
- Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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