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Madeira D, Madeira C, Calosi P, Vermandele F, Carrier-Belleau C, Barria-Araya A, Daigle R, Findlay HS, Poisot T. Multilayer biological networks to upscale marine research to global change-smart management and sustainable resource use. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173837. [PMID: 38866145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Human activities are having a massive negative impact on biodiversity and ecological processes worldwide. The rate and magnitude of ecological transformations induced by climate change, habitat destruction, overexploitation and pollution are now so substantial that a sixth mass extinction event is currently underway. The biodiversity crisis of the Anthropocene urges scientists to put forward a transformative vision to promote the conservation of biodiversity, and thus indirectly the preservation of ecosystem functions. Here, we identify pressing issues in global change biology research and propose an integrative framework based on multilayer biological networks as a tool to support conservation actions and marine risk assessments in multi-stressor scenarios. Multilayer networks can integrate different levels of environmental and biotic complexity, enabling us to combine information on molecular, physiological and behaviour responses, species interactions and biotic communities. The ultimate aim of this framework is to link human-induced environmental changes to species physiology, fitness, biogeography and ecosystem impacts across vast seascapes and time frames, to help guide solutions to address biodiversity loss and ecological tipping points. Further, we also define our current ability to adopt a widespread use of multilayer networks within ecology, evolution and conservation by providing examples of case-studies. We also assess which approaches are ready to be transferred and which ones require further development before use. We conclude that multilayer biological networks will be crucial to inform (using reliable multi-levels integrative indicators) stakeholders and support their decision-making concerning the sustainable use of resources and marine conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Madeira
- Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources (ECOMARE), Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carolina Madeira
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Piero Calosi
- Laboratory of Marine Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, University of Quebec in Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, G5L 3A1, Québec, Canada
| | - Fanny Vermandele
- Laboratory of Marine Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, University of Quebec in Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, G5L 3A1, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Aura Barria-Araya
- Laboratory of Marine Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Geography, University of Quebec in Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, G5L 3A1, Québec, Canada
| | - Remi Daigle
- Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada; Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Timothée Poisot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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2
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Colomer J, Massei G, Roos D, Rosell C, Rodríguez-Teijeiro JD. What drives wild boar density and population growth in Mediterranean environments? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172739. [PMID: 38697537 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of fluctuations of wildlife local number of individuals is crucial for effective population management to minimise human-wildlife conflicts. Climate, habitat, food availability, and density dependence are among the main factors influencing mammalian population dynamics. In southern Europe, precipitation and temperature, particularly during summer have been suggested as key factors affecting wild boar (Sus scrofa L.). However, there is uncertainty regarding the role of these factors and the mechanisms driving population fluctuations. This study utilized long-term data of wild boar populations from 14 study sites collected for 23 years in Catalonia, Spain, to analyse the factors that drive population density and growth rate. Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) explained respectively, 94 % and 65 % of the density and growth rate variability. Spring precipitation in both current and previous year, female weight, and forest cover (particularly above 60 %) were directly associated with higher wild boar densities and population growth rates. The interaction between crop cover and total annual precipitation also played a significant role in determining population density. Higher densities were linked to lower population growth in the following year, likely due to a density-dependent process. These results suggest that the expected decrease in rainfall linked with global warming may limit the availability of natural resources and potentially slow wild boar population growth. Nevertheless, wild boar can exploit alternative anthropogenic food sources, potentially leading to an increase of human-wildlife conflicts. Therefore, incorporating management policies aimed at restricting wild boar access to human food sources is key for controlling their reproductive output. Additionally, landscape management strategies targeted at diminishing refuge and resource availability in regions experiencing high wild boar impact are essential for contributing to sustainable coexistence between wild boars and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colomer
- Minuartia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain; IRBio, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - G Massei
- Botstiber Institute for Wildlife Fertility Control Europe, UK; Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, 290 Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - D Roos
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, York, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - C Rosell
- Minuartia, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain; IRBio, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J D Rodríguez-Teijeiro
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain; IRBio, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Maletzki M, Das GN, Hajkova K, Kovarova P, Perlik M, Sbaraglia C, Spitzer L, Bartonova AS, Vrba P, Fric ZF, Konvicka M. Wetland butterfly thriving in abandoned jungle: Neptis rivularis in the Czech Republic. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2024; 111:34. [PMID: 38913166 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-024-01921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
With ongoing insect declines, species expanding in distribution and abundance deserve attention, as understanding their success may help design conservation strategies for less successful species. Common causes of these successes include warmer climates, novel resources, and exploiting land use change, including land abandonment. These factors affect the nymphalid butterfly Neptis rivularis, developing on Spiraea spp. shrubs and reaching the north-western limits of its trans-Palearctic distribution in Central Europe. We combined mark-recapture, behaviour analysis, and distribution modelling to study N. rivularis in wetlands of the Třeboňsko Protected Landscape (IUCN category V). The long-living adults (up to 4 weeks) spent a considerable amount of time searching for partners, ovipositing and nectaring at Spiraea shrubs, alternating this with stays in tree crowns, where they located cool shelters, spent nights, and presumably fed on honeydew. They formed high-density populations (310 adults/ha), exploiting high host plant abundance. They adhered to floodplains and to conditions of relatively mild winters. The ongoing Spiraea encroachment of abandoned alluvial grasslands is, thus, a transient situation, ultimately followed by forest encroachment. Rewilding the habitats by introducing native ungulates presents an opportunity to restore the disturbance regime of the sites. The increased resource supply combined with a warming climate has opened up temperate Europe to colonization by N. rivularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Maletzki
- Faculty of Nature and Technology, Hochschule Bremen - City University of Applied Sciences, Neustadtswall 30, 28199, Bremen, Germany
- Institute of Entomology, Biological Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gaurab Nandi Das
- Institute of Entomology, Biological Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Hajkova
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Kovarova
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Perlik
- Institute of Entomology, Biological Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Claudio Sbaraglia
- Institute of Entomology, Biological Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Spitzer
- Institute of Entomology, Biological Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Muzeum Regionu Valašsko, 755 01, Vsetín, Czech Republic
| | | | - Pavel Vrba
- Institute of Entomology, Biological Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Faltynek Fric
- Institute of Entomology, Biological Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchodl, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Konvicka
- Institute of Entomology, Biological Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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Davoli M, Svenning JC. Future changes in society and climate may strongly shape wild large-herbivore faunas across Europe. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230334. [PMID: 38583466 PMCID: PMC10999261 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Restoring wild communities of large herbivores is critical for the conservation of biodiverse ecosystems, but environmental changes in the twenty-first century could drastically affect the availability of habitats. We projected future habitat dynamics for 18 wild large herbivores in Europe and the relative future potential patterns of species richness and assemblage mean body weight considering four alternative scenarios of socioeconomic development in human society and greenhouse gas emissions (SSP1-RCP2.6, SSP2-RCP4.5, SSP3-RCP7.0, SSP5-RCP8.5). Under SSP1-RCP2.6, corresponding to a transition towards sustainable development, we found stable habitat suitability for most species and overall stable assemblage mean body weight compared to the present, with an average increase in species richness (in 2100: 3.03 ± 1.55 compared to today's 2.25 ± 1.31 species/area). The other scenarios are generally unfavourable for the conservation of wild large herbivores, although under the SSP5-RCP8.5 scenario there would be increase in species richness and assemblage mean body weight in some southern regions (e.g. + 62.86 kg mean body weight in Balkans/Greece). Our results suggest that a shift towards a sustainable socioeconomic development would overall provide the best prospect of our maintaining or even increasing the diversity of wild herbivore assemblages in Europe, thereby promoting trophic complexity and the potential to restore functioning and self-regulating ecosystems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ecological novelty and planetary stewardship: biodiversity dynamics in a transforming biosphere'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Davoli
- Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies ‘Charles Darwin’, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 32, 00185, Rome, Italy
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5
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Ruf T, Vetter SG, Painer-Gigler J, Stalder G, Bieber C. Thermoregulation in the wild boar (Sus scrofa). J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:689-697. [PMID: 37742299 PMCID: PMC10613136 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The wild boar (Sus scrofa) originates from warm islands but now inhabits large areas of the world, with Antarctica as the only continent not inhabited by this species. One might be tempted to think that its wide distribution results from increasing environmental temperatures. However, any effect of temperature is only indirect: Abundant availability of critical food resources can fully compensate the negative effects of cold winters on population growth. Here, we asked if temperature as a habitat factor is unimportant compared with other habitat indices, simply because wild boars are excellent thermoregulators. We found that the thermoneutral zone in summer was approximately 6-24 °C. In winter, the thermoneutral zone was lowered to 0-7 °C. The estimated increase in the heart rate and energy expenditure in the cold was less than 30% per 10 °C temperature decline. This relatively small increase of energy expenditure during cold exposure places the wild boar in the realm of arctic animals, such as the polar bear, whereas tropical mammals raise their energy expenditure several fold. The response of wild boars to high Ta was weak across all seasons. In the heat, wild boars avoid close contact to conspecifics and particularly use wallowing in mud or other wet substrates to cool and prevent hyperthermia. Wild boars also rely on daily cycles, especially of rhythms in subcutaneous temperature that enables them to cheaply build large core-shell gradients, which serve to lower heat loss. We argue it is predominantly this ability which allowed wild boars to inhabit most climatically diverse areas in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ruf
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sebastian G Vetter
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Animal Welfare Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Painer-Gigler
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabrielle Stalder
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Bieber
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Treichler JW, VerCauteren KC, Taylor CR, Beasley JC. Changes in wild pig (Sus scrofa) relative abundance, crop damage, and environmental impacts in response to control efforts. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4765-4773. [PMID: 37462084 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the population and range of wild pigs (Sus scrofa) continue to grow across North America, there has been an increase in environmental and economic damages caused by this invasive species, and control efforts to reduce damages have increased concomitantly. Despite the expanding impacts and costs associated with population control of wild pigs, the extent to which wild pig control reduces populations and diminishes environmental and agricultural damages are rarely quantified. The goal of this study is to quantify changes in wild pig relative abundance and subsequent changes in damages caused by invasive wild pigs in response to control. RESULTS Using a combination of wild pig population surveys, agricultural damage assessments, and environmental rooting surveys across 19 mixed forest-agricultural properties in South Carolina, USA, we quantified changes in wild pig relative abundance and associated damages over a 3-year period following implementation of a professional control program. Following implementation of control efforts, both the number of wild pig detections and estimated abundance decreased markedly. Within 24 months relative abundance was reduced by an average of ~70%, which resulted in a corresponding decline in environmental rooting damage by ~99%. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that sustained wild pig control efforts can substantially reduce wild pig relative abundance, which in turn resulted in a reduction in environmental rooting damage by wild pigs. Ultimately this study will help fill critical knowledge gaps regarding the efficacy of wild pig control programs and the effort needed to reduce impacts to native ecosystems, livestock, and crops. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Treichler
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kurt C VerCauteren
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Charles R Taylor
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - James C Beasley
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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7
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Savadkoohi M, Pandolfi M, Reche C, Niemi JV, Mooibroek D, Titos G, Green DC, Tremper AH, Hueglin C, Liakakou E, Mihalopoulos N, Stavroulas I, Artiñano B, Coz E, Alados-Arboledas L, Beddows D, Riffault V, De Brito JF, Bastian S, Baudic A, Colombi C, Costabile F, Chazeau B, Marchand N, Gómez-Amo JL, Estellés V, Matos V, van der Gaag E, Gille G, Luoma K, Manninen HE, Norman M, Silvergren S, Petit JE, Putaud JP, Rattigan OV, Timonen H, Tuch T, Merkel M, Weinhold K, Vratolis S, Vasilescu J, Favez O, Harrison RM, Laj P, Wiedensohler A, Hopke PK, Petäjä T, Alastuey A, Querol X. The variability of mass concentrations and source apportionment analysis of equivalent black carbon across urban Europe. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108081. [PMID: 37451041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the variability of equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations and their sources in urban Europe to provide insights into the use of eBC as an advanced air quality (AQ) parameter for AQ standards. This study compiled eBC mass concentration datasets covering the period between 2006 and 2022 from 50 measurement stations, including 23 urban background (UB), 18 traffic (TR), 7 suburban (SUB), and 2 regional background (RB) sites. The results highlighted the need for the harmonization of eBC measurements to allow for direct comparisons between eBC mass concentrations measured across urban Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited a decreasing trend as follows: TR > UB > SUB > RB. Furthermore, a clear decreasing trend in eBC concentrations was observed in the UB sites moving from Southern to Northern Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity, including marked differences in eBC mass concentration and variable contributions of pollution sources to bulk eBC between different cities. Seasonal patterns in eBC concentrations were also evident, with higher winter concentrations observed in a large proportion of cities, especially at UB and SUB sites. The contribution of eBC from fossil fuel combustion, mostly traffic (eBCT) was higher than that of residential and commercial sources (eBCRC) in all European sites studied. Nevertheless, eBCRC still had a substantial contribution to total eBC mass concentrations at a majority of the sites. eBC trend analysis revealed decreasing trends for eBCT over the last decade, while eBCRC remained relatively constant or even increased slightly in some cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08242, Manresa, Spain.
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dennis Mooibroek
- Centre for Environmental Monitoring, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Gloria Titos
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Iasonas Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Begoña Artiñano
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Coz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Alados-Arboledas
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Joel F De Brito
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology/Saxon State Department for Agricultural and Environmental Operations, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexia Baudic
- AIRPARIF (Ile de France Air Quality Monitoring network), Paris, France
| | - Cristina Colombi
- Arpa Lombardia, Settore Monitoraggi Ambientali, Unità Operativa Qualità dell'Aria, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Costabile
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Benjamin Chazeau
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - José Luis Gómez-Amo
- Solar Radiation Group. Dept. Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Víctor Estellés
- Solar Radiation Group. Dept. Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Violeta Matos
- Solar Radiation Group. Dept. Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ed van der Gaag
- DCMR Environmental Protection Agency, Department Air and Energy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Grégory Gille
- AtmoSud, Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring of Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Krista Luoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analysis, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analysis, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Oliver V Rattigan
- Division of Air Resources, New York State Dept of Environmental Conservation, NY, USA
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Tuch
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Jeni Vasilescu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, Magurele, Romania
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paolo Laj
- Univ. Grenoble, CNRS, IRD, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Vajas P, Von Essen E, Tickle L, Gamelon M. Meeting the challenges of wild boar hunting in a modern society: The case of France. AMBIO 2023; 52:1359-1372. [PMID: 36943619 PMCID: PMC10271942 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Modern hunting is an ambivalent practice, torn between leisure and labor. Nowhere are these conflicting dimensions better manifested than for wild boar-a simultaneous game and pest species in many countries. Here, we consider the sociological, political and cultural phenomenon of wild boar hunting from a change perspective, starting at its historical roots to future implications concerning the changing demographics, drivers, needs and practices of a modernizing hunting community. Using the case context of France, we present an approach to deconstructing each component of wild boar hunting firstly, and subsequently the external forces that change the nature of hunting. The objective of this manuscript is to discuss of the wild boar optimal harvesting to be applied in changing social and ecological environment. Findings show that the challenges facing wild boar management will likely intensify in the future, especially under the spotlight of a controversial public debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vajas
- DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), IFREMER, INRAe, Institut-Agro-Agrocampus Ouest, rue de L’île d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Erica Von Essen
- Department of Social Anthropology, Stockholm University, Universitetsvägen 10 B, Socialantropologiska Institutionen, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Innlandet, Norway
| | - Lara Tickle
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Innlandet, Norway
| | - Marlène Gamelon
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Campus de la Doua, Bâtiment Gregor Mendel, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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9
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Gürtler RE, Ballari SA, Maranta AA, Cohen JE. Controlling the abundance of invasive exotic wild boar (Sus scrofa) improves palm-tree conservation in north-eastern Argentina. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-023-01668-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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10
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Arregui AG. Reversible pigs. AMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/amet.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aníbal G. Arregui
- Department of Social Anthropology University of Barcelona
- Institute of Ethnology Czech Academy of Sciences
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11
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Couriot OH, Cameron MD, Joly K, Adamczewski J, Campbell MW, Davison T, Gunn A, Kelly AP, Leblond M, Williams J, Fagan WF, Brose A, Gurarie E. Continental synchrony and local responses: Climatic effects on spatiotemporal patterns of calving in a social ungulate. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie H. Couriot
- Department of Environmental Biology State University of New York ‐ College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse New York USA
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- National Socio‐Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC) Annapolis Maryland USA
| | - Matthew D. Cameron
- National Park Service, Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Arctic Inventory and Monitoring Network Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | - Kyle Joly
- National Park Service, Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Arctic Inventory and Monitoring Network Fairbanks Alaska USA
| | - Jan Adamczewski
- Wildlife Division, Environment and Natural Resources Government of Northwest Territories Yellowknife Northwest Territories Canada
| | - Mitch W. Campbell
- Department of Environment Government of Nunavut Arviat Nunavut Canada
| | - Tracy Davison
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources Government of the Northwest Territories Inuvik Northwest Territories Canada
| | - Anne Gunn
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
- CARMA Salt Spring Island British Columbia Canada
| | - Allicia P. Kelly
- Department of Environment and Natural Resources Government of the Northwest Territories Fort Smith Northwest Territories Canada
| | - Mathieu Leblond
- Science and Technology Branch Environment and Climate Change Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Judy Williams
- Wildlife Division, Environment and Natural Resources Government of Northwest Territories Yellowknife Northwest Territories Canada
| | - William F. Fagan
- Department of Environmental Biology State University of New York ‐ College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse New York USA
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - Anna Brose
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
| | - Eliezer Gurarie
- Department of Environmental Biology State University of New York ‐ College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse New York USA
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA
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12
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Introduced, Mixed, and Peripheral: Conservation of Mitochondrial-DNA Lineages in the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa L.) Population in the Urals. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Translocations and introductions are important events that allow organisms to overcome natural barriers. The genetic background of colonization success and genetic consequences of the establishment of populations in new environments are of great interest for predicting species’ colonization success. The wild boar has been introduced into many parts of the world. We analyzed sequences of the mitochondrial-DNA control region in the wild boars introduced into the Ural region and compared them with sequences from founder populations (from Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Far East). We found that the introduced population has high genetic diversity. Haplotypes from all the major phylogenetic clades were detected in the analyzed group of the animals from the Urals. In this group, no haplotypes identical to Far Eastern sequences were detectable despite a large number of founders from that region. The contribution of lineages originating from Eastern Europe was greater than expected from the proportions (%) of European and Asian animals in the founder populations. This is the first study on the genetic diversity and structure of a wild boar population of mixed origin at the northern periphery of this species’ geographical range.
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13
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Fedele E, Mori E, Giampaoli Rustichelli M, Del Sala F, Giannini F, Meriggi M, Santini G, Zaccaroni M. Alien versus alien: spatiotemporal overlaps among introduced ungulates in a Mediterranean island ecosystem. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-022-00313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAssessing the spatiotemporal behaviour of alien species is pivotal to designing effective management plans. Interspecific niche partitioning among ungulates is reported as a strategy to avoid direct interactions. The Mediterranean mouflon and wild boar are two ungulates introduced to Elba island for hunting and aesthetic purposes. We used intensive camera trapping to test whether species occupancy and temporal activity rhythms would vary in response to the presence or absence of the co-occurring species through multi-species occupancy modelling. Our findings report a lack of spatial and temporal segregation between the two species for the late spring–summer and late summer–autumn seasons. In contrast, results for the winter–early spring period suggest that spatial partitioning between wild boar and mouflon is present in areas with high artificial cover (e.g., paved roads). Animals may indeed exploit roads to move more rapidly in search of food; however, their occurrence in these areas seems to be influenced by the presence of the other species.
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14
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Snow NP, Glow MP, Lavelle MJ, Fischer JW, Cook SM, Lutman M, Foster JA, VerCauteren KC. Dry and Unwary are Best Conditions for Baiting Wild Pigs (Sus scrofa). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Changes in the Genetic Structure of Lithuania’s Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Population Following the Outbreak of African Swine Fever. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091561. [PMID: 36140730 PMCID: PMC9498859 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of African swine fever (ASF) in Lithuania and its subsequent persistence has led to a decline in the population of wild boar (Sus scrofa). ASF has been spreading in Lithuania since its introduction, therefore it is important to understand any genetic impact of ASF outbreaks on wild boar populations. The aim of this study was to assess how the propensity for an outbreak has shaped genetic variation in the wild boar population. A total of 491 wild boar samples were collected and genotyped using 16 STR markers. Allele richness varied between 15 and 51, and all SSR loci revealed a significant deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Fixation indices indicated a significant reduction in heterozygosity within and between subpopulations. PCoA and STRUCTURE analysis demonstrated genetic differences between the western region which had had no outbreaks (restricted zone I) and the region with ASF infection (restricted zones II and III). It is concluded that environmental factors may play a particular role in shaping the regional gene flow and influence the genetic structure of the wild boar population in the region with ASF outbreaks.
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16
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Markov N, Economov A, Hjeljord O, Rolandsen CM, Bergqvist G, Danilov P, Dolinin V, Kambalin V, Kondratov A, Krasnoshapka N, Kunnasranta M, Mamontov V, Panchenko D, Senchik A. The wild boar
Sus scrofa
in northern Eurasia: a review of range expansion history, current distribution, factors affecting the northern distributional limit, and management strategies. Mamm Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niсkolay Markov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences 620144 Marta Str. 202 Ekaterinburg Russia
| | - Alexander Economov
- Russian Research Institute of Game Management and Fur Farming 610000 Preobrazhenskaya str. 79 Kirov Russia
| | - Olav Hjeljord
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15 1430 Ås Norway
| | - Christer M. Rolandsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research P.O. Box 5685 Torgarden NO‐7485 Trondheim Norway
| | - Göran Bergqvist
- Swedish Association for Hunting and Wildlife Management Öster Malma SE‐611 91 Nyköping Sweden
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences PO Box 49 SE‐230 53 Alnarp Sweden
| | - Pjotr Danilov
- Institute of Biology of Karelian Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences 185910, 11 Pushkinskaya Street Petrozavodsk Karelia Russia
| | - Vadim Dolinin
- Far Eastern Branch of Russian Research Institute of Game Management and Fur Farming 680000 L. Tolstogo str. 15a Khabarovsk Russia
| | - Victor Kambalin
- Irkutsk State Agrarian University 664038, Irkutsk region, Irkutsk district Molodezhny Russia
| | - Alexander Kondratov
- Irkutsk State Agrarian University 664038, Irkutsk region, Irkutsk district Molodezhny Russia
| | - Nikolay Krasnoshapka
- West‐Siberian Branch of Russian Research Institute of Game Management and Fur Farming 630108, Parkhomenko str., 26 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Mervi Kunnasranta
- Natural Resources Institute Finland Yliopistokatu 6 80130 Joensuu Finland
| | - Victor Mamontov
- Laboratory for Biological Resources and Ethnography Institute of Biogeography and Genetic Resources, FECIAR Ural Branch RAS 163000 Arkhangelsk Russia
| | - Danila Panchenko
- Institute of Biology of Karelian Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences 185910, 11 Pushkinskaya Street Petrozavodsk Karelia Russia
| | - Alexander Senchik
- OOO “Amuskaya Promislovaya Kompania” 675000, Gorkogo, 252 Blagoveschensk Amurskaya Oblast Russia
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17
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Abstract
The recent and ever-growing problem of boar (Sus scrofa forms including wild boar, hybrid and feral pig) expansion is a very complex issue in wildlife management. The damages caused to biodiversity and the economies are addressed in different ways by the various countries, but research is needed to shed light on the causal factors of this emergency before defining a useful collaborative management policy. In this review, we screened more than 280 references published between 1975–2022, identifying and dealing with five hot factors (climate change, human induced habitat modifications, predator regulation on the prey, hybridization with domestic forms, and transfaunation) that could account for the boar expansion and its niche invasion. We also discuss some issues arising from this boar emergency, such as epizootic and zoonotic diseases or the depression of biodiversity. Finally, we provide new insights for the research and the development of management policies.
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18
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Lecis R, Dondina O, Orioli V, Biosa D, Canu A, Fabbri G, Iacolina L, Cossu A, Bani L, Apollonio M, Scandura M. Main roads and land cover shaped the genetic structure of a Mediterranean island wild boar population. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8804. [PMID: 35414901 PMCID: PMC8986547 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patterns of genetic differentiation within and among animal populations might vary due to the simple effect of distance or landscape features hindering gene flow. An assessment of how landscape connectivity affects gene flow can help guide management, especially in fragmented landscapes. Our objective was to analyze population genetic structure and landscape genetics of the native wild boar (Sus scrofa meridionalis) population inhabiting the island of Sardinia (Italy), and test for the existence of Isolation-by-Distance (IBD), Isolation-by-Barrier (IBB), and Isolation-by-Resistance (IBR). A total of 393 Sardinian wild boar samples were analyzed using a set of 16 microsatellite loci. Signals of genetic introgression from introduced non-native wild boars or from domestic pigs were revealed by a Bayesian cluster analysis including 250 reference individuals belonging to European wild populations and domestic breeds. After removal of introgressed individuals, genetic structure in the population was investigated by different statistical approaches, supporting a partition into five discrete subpopulations, corresponding to five geographic areas on the island: north-west (NW), central west (CW), south-west (SW), north-central east (NCE), and south-east (SE). To test the IBD, IBB, and IBR hypotheses, we optimized resistance surfaces using genetic algorithms and linear mixed-effects models with a maximum likelihood population effects parameterization. Landscape genetics analyses revealed that genetic discontinuities between subpopulations can be explained by landscape elements, suggesting that main roads, urban settings, and intensively cultivated areas are hampering gene flow (and thus individual movements) within the Sardinian wild boar population. Our results reveal how human-transformed landscapes can affect genetic connectivity even in a large-sized and highly mobile mammal such as the wild boar, and provide crucial information to manage the spread of pathogens, including the African Swine Fever virus, endemic in Sardinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Lecis
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Olivia Dondina
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Milano BicoccaMilanoItaly
| | - Valerio Orioli
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Milano BicoccaMilanoItaly
| | - Daniela Biosa
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Antonio Canu
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Giulia Fabbri
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Laura Iacolina
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information TechnologiesUniversity of PrimorskaKoperSlovenia
- Department of Chemistry and BioscienceAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Luciano Bani
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Milano BicoccaMilanoItaly
| | - Marco Apollonio
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Massimo Scandura
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
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19
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Amado MEV, Carmo LP, Berezowski J, Fischer C, Santos MJ, Grütter G. Towards risk-based surveillance of African Swine Fever in Switzerland. Prev Vet Med 2022; 204:105661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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The effect of hunter-wild boar interactions and landscape heterogeneity on wild boar population size: A simulation study. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Habitat model for wild boar ( Sus scrofa) in Bukhansan National Park, Seoul. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jue/juac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Since the first known sighting in 2004, wild boar have frequently appeared in Seoul causing increased human–wildlife conflicts. Although South Korea designated wild boar as a ‘pest’ species, limited ecological information exists concerning habitat preference and use of the largest wild mammal in the country. Based on 213 presence points, we modeled wild boar habitat preference in Bukhansan National Park, Seoul and validated the model. We analyzed boar presence with 25 raster datasets using MaxEnt, software for species distribution model using maximum entropy modeling algorithm. Slope (23.4%) was the greatest contributing factor for the habitat model, followed by Temperature seasonality (20.4%) and forest type (16.9%), while Precipitation of driest quarter (37.6%) was the most important factor (normalized contribution) of the model, followed by Temperature seasonality (18.9%) and slope (15.4%). Field verification of the model confirmed that the density of boar signs and rooting are twice as high in the area with high MaxEnt values (over 0.7). The habitat model of wild boar will assist habitat management and further our understanding of how to mitigate human–wild boar conflict.
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22
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Adavoudi R, Pilot M. Consequences of Hybridization in Mammals: A Systematic Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:50. [PMID: 35052393 PMCID: PMC8774782 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridization, defined as breeding between two distinct taxonomic units, can have an important effect on the evolutionary patterns in cross-breeding taxa. Although interspecific hybridization has frequently been considered as a maladaptive process, which threatens species genetic integrity and survival via genetic swamping and outbreeding depression, in some cases hybridization can introduce novel adaptive variation and increase fitness. Most studies to date focused on documenting hybridization events and analyzing their causes, while relatively little is known about the consequences of hybridization and its impact on the parental species. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review of studies on hybridization in mammals published in 2010-2021, and identified 115 relevant studies. Of 13 categories of hybridization consequences described in these studies, the most common negative consequence (21% of studies) was genetic swamping and the most common positive consequence (8%) was the gain of novel adaptive variation. The total frequency of negative consequences (49%) was higher than positive (13%) and neutral (38%) consequences. These frequencies are biased by the detection possibilities of microsatellite loci, the most common genetic markers used in the papers assessed. As negative outcomes are typically easier to demonstrate than positive ones (e.g., extinction vs hybrid speciation), they may be over-represented in publications. Transition towards genomic studies involving both neutral and adaptive variation will provide a better insight into the real impacts of hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Pilot
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Nadwiślańska 108, 80-680 Gdańsk, Poland;
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23
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Broz L, Arregui AG, O'Mahony K. Wild Boar Events and the Veterinarization of Multispecies Coexistence. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.711299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By considering the emergence and threat of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Europe, this paper demonstrates the growing role of veterinary rationales in reframing contemporary human-wild boar coexistence. Through comparative ethnographies of human-wild boar relations in the Czech Republic, Spain and England, it shows that coexistence is not a predictable and steady process but is also demarked by points of radical change in form, course and atmosphere. Such moments, or wild boar events, can lead to the (re-)formation or magnified influence of certain discourses, practices and power relations in determining strategies of bio-governance. Specifically, this paper highlights how the spread of ASF in Europe has accelerated an already ongoing process of veterinarization, understood as the growing prominence of veterinary sciences in the mediation and reorganization of contemporary socioecologies. This example highlights how veterinary logics increasingly influence localized human-wildlife relations and, through analogous practices of biosecurity and control, also connect different places and geographic contexts.
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24
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Reinke H, König HJ, Keuling O, Kuemmerle T, Kiffner C. Zoning has little impact on the seasonal diel activity and distribution patterns of wild boar ( Sus scrofa) in an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17091-17105. [PMID: 34938495 PMCID: PMC8668749 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the spatio-temporal distribution of ungulates is important for effective wildlife management, particularly for economically and ecologically important species such as wild boar (Sus scrofa). Wild boars are generally considered to exhibit substantial behavioral flexibility, but it is unclear how their behavior varies across different conservation management regimes and levels of human pressure. To analyze if and how wild boars adjust their space use or their temporal niche, we surveyed wild boars across the core and buffer zones (collectively referred to as the conservation zone) and the transition zone of a biosphere reserve. These zones represent low and high levels of human pressure, respectively. Specifically, we employed a network of 53 camera traps distributed in the Schaalsee UNESCO Biosphere Reserve over a 14-month period (19,062 trap nights) and estimated circadian activity patterns, diel activity levels, and occupancy of wild boars in both zones. To account for differences in environmental conditions and day length, we estimated these parameters separately for seven 2-month periods. Our results showed that the wild boars were primarily nocturnal, with diurnal activity occurring dominantly during the summer months. The diel activity patterns in the two zones were very similar overall, although the wild boars were slightly less active in the transition zone than in the conservation zone. Diel activity levels also varied seasonally, ranging from 7.5 to 11.0 h day-1, and scaled positively with the length of the night (R 2 = 0.66-0.67). Seasonal occupancy estimates were exceptionally high (point estimates ranged from 0.65 to 0.99) and similar across zones, suggesting that the wild boars used most of the biosphere reserve. Overall, this result suggests that different conservation management regimes (in this case, the zoning of a biosphere reserve) have little impact on wild boar behavior. This finding is relevant for wildlife management in protected areas where possibly high wild boar densities could interfere with conservation goals within these areas and those of agricultural land use in their vicinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Reinke
- Junior Research Group Human‐Wildlife Conflict & CoexistenceLeibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)MünchebergGermany
- Geography DepartmentHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Hannes J. König
- Junior Research Group Human‐Wildlife Conflict & CoexistenceLeibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)MünchebergGermany
| | - Oliver Keuling
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW)University of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography DepartmentHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human‐Environment Systems IRI THESysBerlinGermany
| | - Christian Kiffner
- Junior Research Group Human‐Wildlife Conflict & CoexistenceLeibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF)MünchebergGermany
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25
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Khwarahm NR, Ararat K, HamadAmin BA, Najmaddin PM, Rasul A, Qader S. Spatial distribution modeling of the wild boar (Sus scrofa) under current and future climate conditions in Iraq. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Torre I, Cahill S, Grajera J, Raspall A, Raspall A, Vilella M. Small mammal sampling incidents related to wild boar (Sus scrofa) in natural peri–urban areas. ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.32800/abc.2022.45.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The wild boar (Sus scrofa) has recently shown continuous population increases in many countries, leading to a rise in conflicts with human activities, including habituation to people and urban areas. Wild boar can disrupt the sampling of small mammals by reducing the number of potential captures. In this study we analysed whether sampling incidents recorded within a small mammal monitoring programme (SEMICE, www.semice.org) might be related to the density of wild boar in a network of protected parks. Our results suggested a peri–urban effect that was independent of wild boar densities in the protected parks; the number of damaged traps increased (rendering them inoperable for captures) and potentially resulted in underestimates of small mammals due to fewer functioning traps in the study area. We hypothesised that this high rate of damage to traps in a small and localised area in a peri–urban park could be related to wild boar associating human presence with greater opportunities to obtain food items of anthropogenic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Torre
- Natural Sciences Musem of Granollers, Spain
| | - S. Cahill
- Consorci del Parc Natural de la Serra de Collserola, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Grajera
- Natural Sciences Musem of Granollers, Spain
| | | | - A. Raspall
- Consorci del Parc Natural de la Serra de Collserola, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Vilella
- Natural Sciences Musem of Granollers, Spain
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27
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Ferretti F, Lazzeri L, Mori E, Cesaretti G, Calosi M, Burrini L, Fattorini N. Habitat correlates of wild boar density and rooting along an environmental gradient. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In wild ungulates, habitat choice usually is influenced by foraging constraints and predator avoidance, potentially leading to spatial variation of population density (e.g., greater densities in food rich or safer habitats). Assessing habitat-correlates of abundance and foraging activity in turn is important in understanding determinants of distribution. We assessed habitat correlates of presence, density, and rooting, for wild boar Sus scrofa, the most widespread ungulate in the world, in six protected areas of central Italy. We worked along an altitudinal gradient ranging from the coast to mountains, in late spring-summer 2019. We surveyed 617 sampling plots randomly placed onto study areas with tessellation stratified sampling, where we used fecal counts to estimate wild boar density and visually estimated the proportion of rooted area. Overall estimates of density and rooting (± standard error) varied from 3.5 ± 2.0 to 17.9 ± 5.4 individuals/km2 and from 1.4 ± 0.8% to 10.9 ± 1.1% of rooted ground. Density and rooting showed a moderate yet nonsignificant correlation across sites. Probability of presence, abundance, and rooting in sampling plots were higher in ecotone habitats (transition habitats between wooded and open areas). Topography did not influence boar presence or local abundance. Rooting increased with decreasing slope and rock cover, as well as increasing elevation, possibly due to soil supporting forage of higher nutritional quality. Our results support the importance of ecotone habitats for wild boar, emphasizing the role of these transitional areas in the period of nursing/weaning of offspring, as well as when crops are actively growing. Differences in overall estimates of rooting across study sites may depend on site-specific features (soil moisture and availability of alternative food resources). Future studies should test the correlation between inter-annual differences of rooting and changes in population density. Notwithstanding the latter, we identified significant ecological drivers of wild boar density and rooting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferretti
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology, and Wildlife Management, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lazzeri
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology, and Wildlife Management, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Emiliano Mori
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology, and Wildlife Management, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche—Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri—Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Gloria Cesaretti
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology, and Wildlife Management, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Martina Calosi
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology, and Wildlife Management, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Burrini
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology, and Wildlife Management, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Niccolò Fattorini
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Unit of Behavioural Ecology, Ethology, and Wildlife Management, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
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Brogi R, Merli E, Grignolio S, Chirichella R, Bottero E, Apollonio M. It is time to mate: population-level plasticity of wild boar reproductive timing and synchrony in a changing environment. Curr Zool 2021; 68:371-380. [PMID: 36090138 PMCID: PMC9450171 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
On a population level, individual plasticity in reproductive phenology can provoke either anticipations or delays in the average reproductive timing in response to environmental changes. However, a rigid reliance on photoperiodism can constraint such plastic responses in populations inhabiting temperate latitudes. The regulation of breeding season length may represent a further tool for populations facing changing environments. Nonetheless, this skill was reported only for equatorial, nonphotoperiodic populations. Our goal was to evaluate whether species living in temperate regions and relying on photoperiodism to trigger their reproduction may also be able to regulate breeding season length. During 10 years, we collected 2,500 female reproductive traits of a mammal model species (wild boar Sus scrofa) and applied a novel analytical approach to reproductive patterns in order to observe population-level variations of reproductive timing and synchrony under different weather and resources availability conditions. Under favorable conditions, breeding seasons were anticipated and population synchrony increased (i.e., shorter breeding seasons). Conversely, poor conditions induced delayed and less synchronous (i.e., longer) breeding seasons. The potential to regulate breeding season length depending on environmental conditions may entail a high resilience of the population reproductive patterns against environmental changes, as highlighted by the fact that almost all mature females were reproductive every year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Brogi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Enrico Merli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Stefano Grignolio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Roberta Chirichella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Elisa Bottero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Marco Apollonio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, Sassari I-07100, Italy
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Atypical for northern ungulates, energy metabolism is lowest during summer in female wild boars (Sus scrofa). Sci Rep 2021; 11:18310. [PMID: 34526603 PMCID: PMC8443605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97825-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Typically, large ungulates show a single seasonal peak of heart rate, a proxy of energy expenditure, in early summer. Different to other large ungulates, wild boar females had peak heart rates early in the year (at ~ April, 1), which likely indicates high costs of reproduction. This peak was followed by a trough over summer and a secondary summit in autumn/early winter, which coincided with the mast seeding of oak trees and the mating season. Wild boars counteracted the effects of cold temperatures by decreasing subcutaneous body temperature by peripheral vasoconstriction. They also passively gained solar radiation energy by basking in the sun. However, the shape of the seasonal rhythm in HR indicates that it was apparently not primarily caused by thermoregulatory costs but by the costs of reproduction. Wild boar farrow early in the year, visible in high HRs and sudden changes in intraperitoneal body temperature of females. Arguably, a prerequisite for this early reproduction as well as for high energy metabolism over winter is the broad variety of food consumed by this species, i.e., the omnivorous lifestyle. Extremely warm and dry summers, as experienced during the study years (2017, 2018), may increasingly become a bottleneck for food intake of wild boar.
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Keuling O, Strauß E, Siebert U. How Do Hunters Hunt Wild Boar? Survey on Wild Boar Hunting Methods in the Federal State of Lower Saxony. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092658. [PMID: 34573623 PMCID: PMC8468578 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary High wild boar population densities lead to human–wildlife conflicts. For proper wildlife management, knowledge of wildlife biology as well as human attitudes is needed. We conducted inquiries on hunting methods and on hunters’ attitudes in the German Federal State of Lower Saxony to better understand hunting strategies. Single hunt, especially at bait, is still the most widely used method for hunting wild boar. The proportion of drive hunts within the hunting bag is increasing. The proportions of hunting methods vary regionally due to wild boar densities, geographical conditions and hunters’ practices. Private hunting is important for wild boar management, although it is just insufficient. Besides promoting more efficient hunting methods and motivating hunters, in the future, additionally, administrative wildlife managers could be established as coordinators of wild boar management, and as such, could manage hunting, the incorporation of regional conditions and investigating hunters’ attitudes and abilities. Abstract High wild boar population densities lead to demands for a population reduction to avoid crop damages or epidemic diseases. Along with biological studies, a better understanding of the human influence on wildlife and on wildlife management is important. We conducted inquiries on hunting methods and on hunters’ attitudes in the Federal State of Lower Saxony, Germany, to better understand hunting strategies and the influence on increasing wild boar population, as well as to underpin game management concepts. Single hunt, especially at bait, is still the most widely used method for hunting wild boar. The proportion of drive hunts within the hunting bag is increasing. The proportions of hunting methods vary regionally due to wild boar densities, geographical features (vegetation, terrain, etc.) and hunters’ practices. Hunters increased the proportion of conjoint hunts on wild boar. Baiting remains an important hunting method in wild boar management and the proportion of drive hunts should be fostered. Private hunting is important for wild boar management, although it is just insufficient. Additionally, administrative wildlife managers are recommended for the near future as coordinators of wild boar management, and as such, could manage hunting, the incorporation of regional conditions and investigating hunters’ attitudes and abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Keuling
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (E.S.); (U.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-856-7396
| | - Egbert Strauß
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (E.S.); (U.S.)
- Hunting Association of Lower Saxony, Landesjägerschaft Niedersachsen e.V., 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany; (E.S.); (U.S.)
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt C, Herskin M, Michel V, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Winckler C, Blome S, Boklund A, Bøtner A, Dhollander S, Rapagnà C, Van der Stede Y, Miranda Chueca MA. Research priorities to fill knowledge gaps in wild boar management measures that could improve the control of African swine fever in wild boar populations. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06716. [PMID: 34354769 PMCID: PMC8319816 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to provide study designs for the investigation of four research domains (RDs) according to major gaps in knowledge identified by EFSA in a report published in 2019: (RD 1) African swine fever (ASF) epidemiology in wild boar; (RD 2) ASF transmission by vectors; (RD 3) African swine fever virus (ASFV) survival in the environment, and (RD 4) the patterns of seasonality of ASF in wild boar and domestic pigs in the EU. In this Scientific Opinion, the second RD on ASF epidemiology in wild boar is addressed. Twenty-nine research objectives were proposed by the working group and broader ASF expert networks and 23 of these research objectives met a prespecified inclusion criterion. Fourteen of these 23 research objectives met the predefined threshold for selection and so were prioritised based on the following set of criteria: (1) the impact on ASF management; (2) the feasibility or practicality to carry out the study; (3) the potential implementation of study results in practice; (4) a possible short time-frame study (< 1 year); (5) the novelty of the study; and (6) if it was a priority for risk managers. Finally, after further elimination of three of the proposed research objectives due to overlapping scope of studies published during the development of this opinion, 11 research priorities were elaborated into short research proposals, considering the potential impact on ASF management and the period of one year for the research activities.
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König HJ, Ceaușu S, Reed M, Kendall H, Hemminger K, Reinke H, Ostermann‐Miyashita E, Wenz E, Eufemia L, Hermanns T, Klose M, Spyra M, Kuemmerle T, Ford AT. Integrated framework for stakeholder participation: Methods and tools for identifying and addressing human–wildlife conflicts. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes J. König
- Junior Research Group Human–Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg Germany
| | - Silvia Ceaușu
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research University College London London UK
| | - Mark Reed
- Centre for Rural Economy School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University Newcastle upon‐Tyne UK
| | - Helen Kendall
- Centre for Rural Economy School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University Newcastle upon‐Tyne UK
| | - Karoline Hemminger
- Junior Research Group Human–Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences Thaer‐Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Henrik Reinke
- Junior Research Group Human–Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg Germany
- Geography Department Humboldt University Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Emu‐Felicitas Ostermann‐Miyashita
- Junior Research Group Human–Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences Thaer‐Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Elena Wenz
- Junior Research Group Human–Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg Germany
| | - Luca Eufemia
- Junior Research Group Human–Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences Thaer‐Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Till Hermanns
- Junior Research Group Human–Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Müncheberg Germany
| | - Moritz Klose
- World Wide Fund For Nature WWF Deutschland Berlin Germany
| | - Marcin Spyra
- Department of Sustainable Landscape Development Martin‐Luther‐University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle Germany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department Humboldt University Berlin Berlin Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations in Human‐Environment Systems (IRI THESys) Humboldt University Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Adam T. Ford
- Department of Biology University of British Columbia Kelowna British Columbia Canada
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Fuller A, Mitchell D, Maloney SK, Hetem RS, Fonsêca VFC, Meyer LCR, van de Ven TMFN, Snelling EP. How dryland mammals will respond to climate change: the effects of body size, heat load and a lack of food and water. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/Suppl_1/jeb238113. [PMID: 33627465 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mammals in drylands are facing not only increasing heat loads but also reduced water and food availability as a result of climate change. Insufficient water results in suppression of evaporative cooling and therefore increases in body core temperature on hot days, while lack of food reduces the capacity to maintain body core temperature on cold nights. Both food and water shortage will narrow the prescriptive zone, the ambient temperature range over which body core temperature is held relatively constant, which will lead to increased risk of physiological malfunction and death. Behavioural modifications, such as shifting activity between night and day or seeking thermally buffered microclimates, may allow individuals to remain within the prescriptive zone, but can incur costs, such as reduced foraging or increased competition or predation, with consequences for fitness. Body size will play a major role in predicting response patterns, but identifying all the factors that will contribute to how well dryland mammals facing water and food shortage will cope with increasing heat loads requires a better understanding of the sensitivities and responses of mammals exposed to the direct and indirect effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fuller
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa .,Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.,Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.,School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Shane K Maloney
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.,School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Robyn S Hetem
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.,School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Vinicius F C Fonsêca
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.,Innovation Group of Biometeorology and Animal Welfare (INOBIO-MANERA), Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, 58397000, Brazil
| | - Leith C R Meyer
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.,Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.,Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Tanja M F N van de Ven
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Edward P Snelling
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown 2193, South Africa.,Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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Using Landscape Change Analysis and Stakeholder Perspective to Identify Driving Forces of Human–Wildlife Interactions. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human–wildlife interactions (HWI) were frequent in the post-socialist period in the mountain range of Central European countries where forest habitats suffered transitions into built-up areas. Such is the case of the Upper Prahova Valley from Romania. In our study, we hypothesized that the increasing number of HWI after 1990 could be a potential consequence of woodland loss. The goal of our study was to analyse the effects of landscape changes on HWI. The study consists of the next steps: (i) applying 450 questionnaires to local stakeholders (both citizens and tourists) in order to collect data regarding HWI temporal occurrences and potential triggering factors; (ii) investigating the relation between the two variables through the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA); (iii) modelling the landscape spatial changes between 1990 and 2018 for identifying areas with forest loss; (iv) overlapping the distribution of both the households affected by HWI and areas with loss of forested ecosystems. The local stakeholders indicate that the problematic species are the brown bear (Ursus arctos), the wild boar (Sus scrofa), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the grey wolf (Canis lupus). The number of animal–human interactions recorded an upward trend between 1990 and 2018, and the most significant driving factors were the regulation of hunting practices, the loss of habitats, and artificial feeding. The landscape change analysis reveals that between 1990 and 2018, the forest habitats were replaced by built-up areas primarily on the outskirts of settlements, these areas coinciding with frequent HWI. The results are valid for both forest ecosystems conservation in the region, wildlife management, and human infrastructures durable spatial planning.
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Doyle S, Cabot D, Walsh A, Inger R, Bearhop S, McMahon BJ. Temperature and precipitation at migratory grounds influence demographic trends of an Arctic-breeding bird. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5447-5458. [PMID: 32677737 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate disruption, including temperature and precipitation regime shifts, has been linked to animal population declines since the mid-20th century. However, some species, such as Arctic-breeding geese, have thrived during this period. An increased understanding of how climate disruption might link to demographic rates in thriving species is an important perspective in quantifying the impact of anthropogenic climate disruption on the global state of nature. The Greenland barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) population has increased tenfold in abundance since the mid-20th century. A concurrent weather regime shift towards warmer, wetter conditions occurred throughout its range in Greenland (breeding), Ireland and Scotland (wintering) and Iceland (spring and autumn staging). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between weather and demographic rates of Greenland barnacle geese to discern the role of climate shifts in the population trend. We quantified the relationship between temperature and precipitation and Greenland barnacle goose survival and productivity over a 50 year period from 1968 to 2018. We detected significant positive relationships between warmer, wetter conditions on the Icelandic spring staging grounds and survival. We also detected contrasting relationships between warmer, wetter conditions during autumn staging and survival and productivity, with warm, dry conditions being the most favourable for productivity. Survival increased in the latter part of the study period, supporting the possibility that spring weather regime shifts contributed to the increasing population trend. This may be related to improved forage resources, as warming air temperatures have been shown to improve survival rates in several other Arctic and northern terrestrial herbivorous species through indirect bottom-up effects on forage availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Doyle
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Cabot
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alyn Walsh
- Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Scientific Unit, Wildfowl Reserve, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Richard Inger
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - Stuart Bearhop
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - Barry J McMahon
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Touzot L, Schermer É, Venner S, Delzon S, Rousset C, Baubet É, Gaillard JM, Gamelon M. How does increasing mast seeding frequency affect population dynamics of seed consumers? Wild boar as a case study. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02134. [PMID: 32299142 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mast seeding in temperate oak populations shapes the dynamics of seed consumers and numerous communities. Mast seeding responds positively to warm spring temperatures and is therefore expected to increase under global warming. We investigated the potential effects of changes in oak mast seeding on wild boar population dynamics, a widespread and abundant consumer species. Using long-term monitoring data, we showed that abundant acorn production enhances the proportion of breeding females. With a body-mass-structured population model and a fixed hunting rate of 0.424, we showed that high acorn production over time would lead to an average wild boar population growth rate of 1.197 whereas non-acorn production would lead to a stable population. Finally, using climate projections and a mechanistic model linking weather data to oak reproduction, we predicted that mast seeding frequency might increase over the next century, which would lead to increase in both wild boar population size and the magnitude of its temporal variation. Our study provides rare evidence that some species could greatly benefit from global warming thanks to higher food availability and therefore highlights the importance of investigating the cascading effects of changing weather conditions on the dynamics of wild animal populations to reliably assess the effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Touzot
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Éliane Schermer
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Samuel Venner
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | | | - Cyril Rousset
- Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique - Unité Ongulés Sauvages, Office Français de la Biodiversité, 2 bis rue des Religieuses, Châteauvillain, 52120, France
| | - Éric Baubet
- Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique - Unité Ongulés Sauvages, Office Français de la Biodiversité, Birieux, 01330, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Marlène Gamelon
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
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Drimaj J, Kamler J, Hošek M, Plhal R, Mikulka O, Zeman J, Drápela K. Reproductive potential of free-living wild boar in Central Europe. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-020-01416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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Morelle K, Bubnicki J, Churski M, Gryz J, Podgórski T, Kuijper DPJ. Disease-Induced Mortality Outweighs Hunting in Causing Wild Boar Population Crash After African Swine Fever Outbreak. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:378. [PMID: 32850993 PMCID: PMC7399055 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has been spreading in the Eurasian continent for more than 10 years now. Although the course of ASF in domestic pigs and its negative economic impact on the pork industry are well-known, we still lack a quantitative assessment of the impact of ASF on wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations under natural conditions. Wild boar is not only a reservoir for ASF; it is also one of the key wildlife species affecting structure and functioning of ecosystems. Therefore, knowledge on how ASF affects wild boar populations is crucial to better predict ecosystem response and for the design of scientific-based wild boar management to control ASF. We used a long-term camera trap survey (2012-2017) from the Białowieza Primeval Forest (BPF, Poland), where an ASF outbreak occurred in 2015, to investigate the impact of the disease on wild boar population dynamics under two contrasting management regimes (hunted vs. non-hunted). In the hunted part of BPF ("managed area"), hunting was drastically increased prior and after the first ASF case occurred (March 2015), whereas inside the National Park, hunting was not permitted ("unmanaged area," first detected case in June 2015). Using a random encounter model (REM), we showed that the density and abundance of wild boar dropped by 84 and 95% within 1 year following ASF outbreak in the unmanaged and managed area, respectively. In the managed area, we showed that 11-22% additional mortality could be attributed to hunting. Our study suggests that ASF-induced mortality, by far, outweighs hunting-induced mortality in causing wild boar population decline and shows that intensified hunting in newly ASF-infected areas does not achieve much greater reduction of population size than what is already caused by the ASF virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Morelle
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland.,Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jakub Bubnicki
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland
| | - Marcin Churski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland
| | - Jakub Gryz
- Department of Forest Ecology, Forest Research Institute (IBL), Raszyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland.,Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Dries P J Kuijper
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieza, Poland
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Veylit L, Sæther B, Gaillard J, Baubet E, Gamelon M. How do conditions at birth influence early‐life growth rates in wild boar? Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Veylit
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology TrondheimNO‐7491Norway
| | - Bernt‐Erik Sæther
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology TrondheimNO‐7491Norway
| | - Jean‐Michel Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive (UMR 5558) Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918 Villeurbanne Cedex69622France
| | - Eric Baubet
- Unité Ongulés Sauvages Office Français de la Biodiversité Montfort BirieuxF‐01330France
| | - Marlène Gamelon
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology TrondheimNO‐7491Norway
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41
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Fattorini N, Ferretti F. Estimating wild boar density and rooting activity in a Mediterranean protected area. Mamm Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-020-00030-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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How climate change and wildlife management affect population structure in wild boars. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7298. [PMID: 32350377 PMCID: PMC7190818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Global climate change affects many species and contributes to the exceptional population growth of wild boar populations and thus to increasing human-wildlife conflicts. To investigate the impact of climate change on wild boar populations we extended existing models on population dynamics. We included for the first time different juvenile conditions to account for long-lasting effects of juvenile body mass on adult body mass and reproductive success. Our analysis shows that incorporating phenotypes, like body mass differences within age classes, has strong effects on projected population growth rates, population structures and the relative importance of certain vital rates. Our models indicated that an increase in winter temperatures and food availability will cause a decrease in mean body mass and litter size within Central European wild boar populations. We further analysed different hunting regimes to identify their effects on the population structure as well as their efficiency in limiting population growth. While targeting juveniles had the lowest effect on population structure, such strategies are, however, rather ineffective. In contrast, culling predominantly yearlings seems very effective. Despite being equally effective, only focusing on adults will not result in a reduction of population size due to their low proportion within populations.
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Johann F, Handschuh M, Linderoth P, Heurich M, Dormann CF, Arnold J. Variability of daily space use in wild boar Sus scrofa. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franz Johann
- F. Johann (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3056-0298) ✉ and C. F. Dormann, Dept of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwigs-Univ. Freiburg i. Br., Tennenb
| | - Markus Handschuh
- M. Handschuh and M. Heurich, Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwigs-Univ., Freiburg i. Br., Germany. M. Heurich also at: Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Peter Linderoth
- FJ, P. Linderoth and J. Arnold, Agricultural Centre Baden-Württemberg, Wildlife Research Unit, Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- M. Handschuh and M. Heurich, Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwigs-Univ., Freiburg i. Br., Germany. M. Heurich also at: Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Carsten F. Dormann
- F. Johann (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3056-0298) ✉ and C. F. Dormann, Dept of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Albert-Ludwigs-Univ. Freiburg i. Br., Tennenb
| | - Janosch Arnold
- FJ, P. Linderoth and J. Arnold, Agricultural Centre Baden-Württemberg, Wildlife Research Unit, Aulendorf, Germany
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44
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Trimmel NE, Walzer C. Infectious Wildlife Diseases in Austria-A Literature Review From 1980 Until 2017. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:3. [PMID: 32154271 PMCID: PMC7046627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This literature review examines infectious wildlife disease research in Austria. We analyzed 226 research papers, published between 1980 and 2017. We determined that wildlife disease papers increased significantly from 0.8 ± 0.8 publications per year in the first decade (1980–1989) when compared to 2008–2017 with an average of 12.9 ± 4.1 publications per year. We illustrate information about the most investigated diseases and highlight the lack of research into certain wildlife pathogens. A special emphasis was given to diseases with zoonotic potential. The review showed that research focused on a few select species like the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa), all game species. Moreover, diseases affecting livestock and human health were seen more often. The review also found that only a low number of publications actually stated disease prevalence and confidence interval data. The reported diseases identified were classified according to their notifiable status and the distribution at the wildlife–human and wildlife–livestock interface. Furthermore, we try to argue why research into some diseases is prioritized, and why other diseases are underrepresented in current Austrian research. While spatiotemporal indicators could not be assessed due to the variability in methodologies and objectives of various studies, the information provided by this review offers the first comprehensive evaluation of the status of infectious wildlife disease research in Austria. Therefore, this study could assist investigators to identify further areas of priorities for research and conservation efforts and for wildlife management professionals to inform policy and funding strategies. With this review, we want to encourage research in the field of wildlife diseases in Austria to enhance current knowledge in the prevention of further loss in biodiversity and to find new measures to promote “One Health” on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Eva Trimmel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris Walzer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, United States
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45
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Johann F, Handschuh M, Linderoth P, Dormann CF, Arnold J. Adaptation of wild boar (Sus scrofa) activity in a human-dominated landscape. BMC Ecol 2020; 20:4. [PMID: 31918698 PMCID: PMC6953143 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-019-0271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) are globally widely distributed, and their populations have increased in Europe during recent decades. Encounters between humans and wild boars are rare because of the predominantly nocturnal lifestyle of the latter, and wild boar management by hunting is a challenging task. Animal activity patterns are important for understanding the behaviour of a species. However, knowledge of detailed temporal patterns and an understanding of the drivers of wild boar activity at a fine temporal scale are lacking. Of special relevance for human–wild boar interactions (e.g., encounters, conflicts, and management) is the question of whether nocturnal activity depends on anthropogenic factors and, particularly, how local hunting regimes may affect activity patterns. We used GPS telemetry and acceleration measurements to shed light on this part of wild boar behaviour, observing 34 animals in Central Europe. Animals were tracked along a gradient of hunting pressure from hunting-free areas to areas with low or high hunting pressure. Fitted generalised additive models allowed predicting the probability of active behaviour under differing disturbance regimes precisely to day of year and time of day. Results The wild boars were predominantly nocturnal, with peak activity at approximately midnight. However, the data showed increased activity during daylight for wild boars that used no-hunting zones or reduced-hunting zones. Large areas with low disturbance levels promoted activity during daylight more than smaller areas with an intermediate disturbance regime. High air temperatures and locations within forests reduced the probability of active behaviour, whereas proximity to tracks used for forestry or agriculture was accompanied by a higher probability of activity. Conclusions We conclude that wild boars flexibly adjust their activity to their local environmental conditions, considering disturbances at the scale of long-term home ranges as well as actual small-scale landscape quality. Entire wild boar home ranges should be covered in the delineation of reserves intending to stimulate activity during daylight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Johann
- Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg i. Br., Germany. .,Wildlife Research Unit, Agricultural Centre Baden-Württemberg, Aulendorf, Germany.
| | - Markus Handschuh
- Wildlife Research Unit, Agricultural Centre Baden-Württemberg, Aulendorf, Germany.,Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Peter Linderoth
- Wildlife Research Unit, Agricultural Centre Baden-Württemberg, Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Carsten F Dormann
- Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Janosch Arnold
- Wildlife Research Unit, Agricultural Centre Baden-Württemberg, Aulendorf, Germany
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46
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Vajas P, Calenge C, Richard E, Fattebert J, Rousset C, Saïd S, Baubet E. Many, large and early: Hunting pressure on wild boar relates to simple metrics of hunting effort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134251. [PMID: 31783467 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wild boar populations have increased dramatically over the last decades throughout Europe and in France in particular. While hunting is considered the most efficient way to control game populations, many local conflicts persist after the hunting period due to remaining high densities of wild boar despite the large number of animals culled every year. Therefore, increasing the efficiency of hunting is a timely issue. Herein, we assessed how hunting effort can be measured, and we determined whether the hunting effort carried out by hunters explains the observed hunting pressure. We measured the characteristics and results of all hunts that occurred in the experimental forest of Châteauvillain-Arc-en-Barrois (Northeastern France), and we modelled the number of animals culled as a function of the hunting effort, measured by the number of beaters, hunters, and dogs, as well as the size of the hunting area. We also accounted for variables suspected to affect the hunting efficiency achieved with a given effort, such as time of day (AM/PM), the month during which hunting occurred. We found that more posted hunters, larger hunted areas, and hunts carried out early in the season, i.e. before February, increased the number of culled animals. Our model can be used by wildlife managers to adjust hunting effort in order to reach the hunting pressure expected to meet management objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vajas
- Fondation François Sommer, Pôle Nature, 60 rue des archives, 75003 Paris, France; Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune sauvage, DRE-Unité Ongulés Sauvages, Monfort 01330, Birieux, France.
| | - Clément Calenge
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune sauvage, DRE-Cellule d'Appui Méthodologique, 5 rue Saint Thibault, Saint Benoist, BP 20, 78612 Le Perray en Yvelines Cedex, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Richard
- Fondation François Sommer, Pôle Nature, 60 rue des archives, 75003 Paris, France.
| | - Julien Fattebert
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Cyril Rousset
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune sauvage, DRE-Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 2 bis rue des religieuses, 52120 Châteauvillain, France.
| | - Sonia Saïd
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune sauvage, DRE-Unité Ongulés Sauvages, Monfort 01330, Birieux, France.
| | - Eric Baubet
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune sauvage, DRE-Unité Ongulés Sauvages, Monfort 01330, Birieux, France.
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47
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McCain CM. Assessing the risks to United States and Canadian mammals caused by climate change using a trait-mediated model. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A set of 182 populations of 76 mammal species in the United States and Canada, examined in natural conditions with minimized disturbances or management effects, shows that responses to climate change include negative responses, such as elevational range contractions, upward shifts and decreases in abundance, positive responses, such as range expansions, and no detectable responses. Responses vary among and within mammal species but many are correlated with species traits, particularly the responses linked to high extinction risks (= climate change risk: decreases in population sizes, range contractions, local extirpations). The traits showing the strongest links to differential responses to climate change are 1) body size—large mammals respond more often and most negatively to climate change, 2) activity times—few mammals with flexible active times respond to climate change, and 3) spatial distribution—high-latitude and high-elevation mammals responded more often to climate change. Using these traits and two approaches to trait weighting, I modeled the relative climate change risk for all 328 terrestrial, nonvolant mammal species in the United States and Canada across 10 levels of risk (low = 1–2, moderate = 3–4, moderate-high = 5–6, high = 7–8, very high = 9–10). The models predicted that 15% of these mammalian species are in the high- and very high-risk categories, including species from most orders. Many mammal populations and species listed as of conservation concern due to other human impacts by national or international agencies are also predicted by my models to be in the higher categories of climate change risk. My intention for these models is to clarify for managers and researchers which, where, and how mammals are responding to climate change relatively independent of other anthropogenic stressors (e.g., large-scale habitat change, overhunting) and to provide a preliminary assessment of species most in need of careful monitoring for climate change impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy M McCain
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and CU Museum of Natural History, 265 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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48
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout D, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Michel V, Miranda MA, Roberts H, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Boklund A, Bøtner A, Gonzales Rojas JL, More SJ, Thulke HH, Antoniou SE, Cortinas Abrahantes J, Dhollander S, Gogin A, Papanikolaou A, Gonzalez Villeta LC, Gortázar Schmidt C. Risk assessment of African swine fever in the south-eastern countries of Europe. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05861. [PMID: 32626162 PMCID: PMC7008867 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested EFSA to estimate the risk of spread of African swine fever (ASF) and to identify potential risk factors (indicators) for the spread of ASF, given introduction in the south-eastern countries of Europe (region of concern, ROC), namely Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia. Three EU Member States (MS) - Croatia, Greece and Slovenia - were included in the ROC due to their geographical location and ASF-free status. Based on collected information on potential risk factors (indicators) for each country and the relevant EU regulations in force, the estimated probability of spread of ASF within the ROC within one year after introduction into the ROC was assessed to be very high (from 66% to 100%). This estimate was determined after considering the high number of indicators present in most of the countries in the ROC and the known effect that these indicators can have on ASF spread, especially those related to the structure of the domestic pig sector, the presence of wild boar and social factors. The presence of indicators varies between countries in the ROC. Each country is at risk of ASF spread following introduction; however, some countries may have a higher probability of ASF spread following introduction. In addition, the probability of ASF spread from the ROC to EU MSs outside the ROC within one year after introduction of ASF in the ROC was estimated to be very low to low (from 0% to 15%). This estimate was based on the comparison of the indicators present in the ROC and the already affected countries in south-eastern Europe, such as Bulgaria and Romania, where there was no evidence of ASF spread to other EU MS within one year.
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49
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Markov N, Pankova N, Morelle K. Where winter rules: Modeling wild boar distribution in its north-eastern range. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:1055-1064. [PMID: 31412443 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wild boars are distributed almost all over the Earth. Though, Northern Asia remained not inhabited by the species until the end of the 20th century. In the last two decades slowly but surely the wild boar has expanded the northeastern edge of its range to the northern border of the taiga. Investigating environmental factors that underlie range expansions is crucial for understanding its mechanism and predict future changes in species distribution and biodiversity. Here we investigated the distribution of wild boar in its northeastern range, comparing the role of habitat and climate variables at three spatial scales: the permanently occupied area, the area of potential expansion and the total area. We have shown that along the gradient of wild boar occupancy (from permanently to sporadically occupied to presently unoccupied) the importance of habitat variables decreases while importance of climatic variables increases. Our analysis suggests that the potential range increase of the species results from the combined effect of habitat and climatic variables. A possibility for future expansion, however, is rather related to climate change (particularly to the increase of temperature at high latitudes) than to the alteration of habitat or shifts in resource use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolay Markov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda Pankova
- Oksky Biosphere Nature Reserve, Brykin Bor, Ryazanskaya Oblast, Russia 391072
| | - Kevin Morelle
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bialowieza, Poland
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50
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Khederzadeh S, Kusza S, Huang C, Markov N, Scandura M, Babaev E, Šprem N, Seryodkin IV, Paule L, Esmailizadeh A, Xie H, Zhang Y. Maternal genomic variability of the wild boar ( Sus scrofa) reveals the uniqueness of East-Caucasian and Central Italian populations. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9467-9478. [PMID: 31534669 PMCID: PMC6745674 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylogeography of the European wild boar was mainly determined by postglacial recolonization patterns from Mediterranean refugia after the last ice age. Here we present the first analysis of SNP polymorphism within the complete mtDNA genome of West Russian (n = 8), European (n = 64), and North African (n = 5) wild boar. Our analyses provided evidence of unique lineages in the East-Caucasian (Dagestan) region and in Central Italy. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that these lineages are basal to the other European mtDNA sequences. We also show close connection between the Western Siberian and Eastern European populations. Also, the North African samples were clustered with the Iberian population. Phylogenetic trees and migration modeling revealed a high proximity of Dagestan sequences to those of Central Italy and suggested possible gene flow between Western Asia and Southern Europe which was not directly related to Northern and Central European lineages. Our results support the presence of old maternal lineages in two Southern glacial refugia (i.e., Caucasus and the Italian peninsula), as a legacy of an ancient wave of colonization of Southern Europe from an Eastern origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Khederzadeh
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
- Kunming College of Life ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Szilvia Kusza
- Animal Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental ManagementUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Cui‐Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
- Kunming College of Life ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Nickolay Markov
- Department of Game Animals' Ecology, Institute of Plant and Animal EcologyUral Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesYekaterinburgRussia
| | - Massimo Scandura
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Elmar Babaev
- Caspian Institute of Biological ResourcesMakhachkalaRussia
| | - Nikica Šprem
- Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Game Management and Special Zoology, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Ivan V. Seryodkin
- Pacific Geographical Institute FEB RASVladivostokRussia
- Far Eastern Federal UniversityVladivostokRussia
| | - Ladislav Paule
- Faculty of ForestryTechnical University in ZvolenZvolenSlovakia
| | - Ali Esmailizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of AgricultureShahid Bahonar University of KermanKermanIran
| | - Hai‐Bing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Ya‐Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
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