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Padovani CM, Wilson RM, Rodriguez A, Spur BW, Yin K. Resolvin D2 attenuates LPS-induced macrophage exhaustion. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23569. [PMID: 38551610 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302521r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Early in sepsis, a hyperinflammatory response is dominant, but later, an immunosuppressive phase dominates, and the host is susceptible to opportunistic infections. Anti-inflammatory agents may accelerate the host into immunosuppression, and few agents can reverse immunosuppression without causing inflammation. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) such as resolvin D2 (RvD2) have been reported to resolve inflammation without being immunosuppressive, but little work has been conducted to examine their effects on immunosuppression. To assess the effects of RvD2 on immunosuppression, we established a model of macrophage exhaustion using two lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatments or hits. THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages were first treated with RvD2 or vehicle for 1 h. One LPS hit increased NF-κB activity 11-fold and TNF-α release 60-fold compared to unstimulated macrophages. RvD2 decreased LPS-induced NF-κB activity and TNF-α production but increased bacterial clearance. Two LPS hits reduced macrophage bacterial clearance and decreased macrophage NF-κB activity (45%) and TNF-α release (75%) compared to one LPS hit, demonstrating exhaustion. RvD2 increased NF-κB activity, TNF-α release, and bacterial clearance following two LPS hits compared to controls. TLR2 inhibition abolished RvD2-mediated changes. In a mouse sepsis model, splenic macrophage response to exogenous LPS was reduced compared to controls and was restored by in vivo administration of RvD2, supporting the in vitro results. If RvD2 was added to monocytes before differentiation into macrophages, however, RvD2 reduced LPS responses and increased bacterial clearance following both one and two LPS hits. The results show that RvD2 attenuated macrophage suppression in vitro and in vivo and that this effect was macrophage-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Padovani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virtua Health College of Life Sciences of Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rachael M Wilson
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virtua Health College of Life Sciences of Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virtua Health College of Life Sciences of Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bernd W Spur
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virtua Health College of Life Sciences of Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kingsley Yin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virtua Health College of Life Sciences of Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
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Wang B, Shao Y, Wang X, Li C. Identification and functional analysis of Toll-like receptor 2 from razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131029. [PMID: 38518946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a member of TLR family that plays important roles in the innate immune system, such as pathogen recognition and inflammation regulation. In this study, the TLR2 homologue was cloned from razor clam Sinonovacula constricta (denoted as ScTLR2) and its immune function was explored. The full-length cDNA of ScTLR2 comprised 2890 nucleotides with a 5'-UTR of 218 bp, an open reading frame of 2169 bp encoding 722 amino acids and a 3'-UTR of 503 bp. The deduced amino acid of ScTLR2 showed similar structure to TLR2 homologue with a conserved signal peptide, four LRR domains, one LRR-TYP domain, one LRR-CT domain, one transmembrane domain and a conserved TIR domain. ScTLR2 mRNA was detected in all examined tissues with the highest expression in the gill. After Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge, the mRNA expression of ScTLR2 was significantly induced both in gill and haemocytes. The recombinant ScTLR2-LRR protein could bind all tested PAMPs including LPS, PGN and MAN. Bacterial agglutination assay showed that rScTLR2 could agglutinate the six tested bacteria with a calcium dependent manner. More importantly, ScTLR2 silencing by siRNA transfection could significantly depress the mRNA expression of Myd88, NF-κB, Tollip, IRF1, and IRF8. The survival rate of S. constricta was markedly decreased after V. parahaemolyticus challenge under this condition. Our current study demonstrated that ScTLR2 served as a pattern recognition receptor to induce immune response against invasive pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yina Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Xuelei Wang
- Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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3
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Zheng Y, Gao Y, Zhu W, Bai XG, Qi J. Advances in molecular agents targeting toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways for potential treatment of sepsis. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116300. [PMID: 38452729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by an infection. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by endogenous molecules released by injured or necrotic tissues. Additionally, TLR4 is remarkably sensitive to infection of various bacteria and can rapidly stimulate host defense responses. The TLR4 signaling pathway plays an important role in sepsis by activating the inflammatory response. Accordingly, as part of efforts to improve the inflammatory response and survival rate of patients with sepsis, several drugs have been developed to regulate the inflammatory signaling pathways mediated by TLR4. Inhibition of TLR4 signal transduction can be directed toward either TLR4 directly or other proteins in the TLR4 signaling pathway. Here, we review the advances in the development of small-molecule agents and peptides targeting regulation of the TLR4 signaling pathway, which are characterized according to their structural characteristics as polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids, antibiotics, anthraquinones, inorganic compounds, and others. Therefore, regulating the expression of the TLR4 signaling pathway and modulating its effects has broad prospects as a target for the treatment of lung, liver, kidneys, and other important organs injury in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Zheng
- Medicine College of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, China
| | - Yingying Gao
- Medicine College of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, China
| | - Weiru Zhu
- Medicine College of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, China
| | - Xian-Guang Bai
- Medicine College of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, China.
| | - Jinxu Qi
- Medicine College of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, 467000, China.
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4
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Zhai Y, Yao Q, The E, Ao L, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Aging exacerbates cardiac dysfunction and mortality in sepsis through enhancing TLR2 activity. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1293866. [PMID: 38094127 PMCID: PMC10716470 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1293866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sepsis is prevalent in the elderly population with increased incidence and mortality. Currently, the mechanism by which aging increases the susceptibility to sepsis and worsens outcome is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that aging exacerbates cardiac dysfunction in sepsis through a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent mechanism. Methods Male young adult (4-6 months) and old (18-20 months) wild type (WT) and TLR2 knockout (KO) mice were subject to moderate sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture. Additional groups of young adult and old WT mice were treated with TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4. Left ventricle (LV) performance was evaluated with a pressure-volume microcatheter. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the myocardium and plasma were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Sepsis reduced LV ejection fraction and cardiac output in both young adult and old WT mice. However, identical CLP caused more severe cardiac dysfunction and high mortality in old WT mice that were accompanied by greater levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1 in the myocardium and plasma. TLR2 KO diminished aging-related difference in myocardial and systemic inflammatory response, resulting in improved cardiac function and decreased mortality in old septic mice. In addition, higher myocardial TLR2 levels in old WT mice resulted in greater myocardial inflammatory response and worse cardiac dysfunction following administration of TLR2 agonist. Conclusion Moderate sepsis results in greater cardiac dysfunction and significant mortality in old mice. Aging elevates TLR2 level/activity to exacerbate the inflammatory response to sepsis, leading to worse cardiac dysfunction and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
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5
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Meteva D, Vinci R, Seppelt C, Abdelwahed YS, Pedicino D, Nelles G, Skurk C, Haghikia A, Rauch-Kröhnert U, Gerhardt T, Straessler E, Zhao Y, Golla F, Joner M, Rai H, Kratzer A, Arnal HG, Liuzzo G, Klotsche J, Crea F, Landmesser U, Leistner DM, Kränkel N. Toll-like receptor 2, hyaluronan, and neutrophils play a key role in plaque erosion: the OPTICO-ACS study. Eur Heart J 2023; 44:3892-3907. [PMID: 37381760 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In one-third of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), thrombosis occurs despite an intact fibrous cap (IFC) (IFC-ACS, 'plaque erosion'). Recent studies emphasize neutrophils as the immediate inflammatory response in this pathology, but their exact molecular activation patterns are still poorly understood and may represent future therapeutic targets. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-two patients with IFC-ACS and matched patients with ACS with ruptured fibrous cap (RFC) (RFC-ACS) from the OPTICO-ACS study were included, and blood samples were collected from the local site of the culprit lesion and the systemic circulation. Neutrophil surface marker expression was quantified by flow cytometry. Neutrophil cytotoxicity towards endothelial cells was examined in an ex vivo co-culture assay. Secretion of active matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) by neutrophils was evaluated using zymography in supernatants and in plasma samples. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)-embedded thrombi were used for immunofluorescence analysis. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression was higher on neutrophils from IFC-ACS than RFC-ACS patients. TLR2 stimulation increased the release of active MMP9 from local IFC-ACS-derived neutrophils, which also aggravated endothelial cell death independently of TLR2. Thrombi of IFC-ACS patients exhibited more hyaluronidase 2 with concomitant increase in local plasma levels of the TLR2 ligand: hyaluronic acid. CONCLUSION The current study provides first in-human evidence for distinct TLR2-mediated neutrophil activation in IFC-ACS, presumably triggered by elevated soluble hyaluronic acid. Together with disturbed flow conditions, neutrophil-released MMP9 might be promoting endothelial cell loss-triggered thrombosis and therefore providing a potential future target for a phenotype-specific secondary therapeutic approach in IFC-ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Meteva
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Ramona Vinci
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Claudio Seppelt
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60598, Germany
| | - Youssef S Abdelwahed
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Daniela Pedicino
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Gregor Nelles
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Carsten Skurk
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Arash Haghikia
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauch-Kröhnert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Teresa Gerhardt
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Straessler
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Felix Golla
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Michael Joner
- Department of Cardiology and ISAR Research Centre, German Heart Centre Munich, Lazarettstrasse 36, Munich 80636, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Munich, Munich 80636, Germany
| | - Himanshu Rai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Dublin, Mater Private Network, 73 Eccles Street, Dublin D07 YH66, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 123 St. Stephan's Green, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Adelheid Kratzer
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Hector Giral Arnal
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
| | - Giovanna Liuzzo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Jens Klotsche
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) and Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economy, Charitė University Medicine Berlin, Campus Charite Mitte, Charitėplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, Berlin 10178, Germany
| | - David M Leistner
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str. 2, Berlin 10178, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt am Main 60598, Germany
| | - Nicolle Kränkel
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin 12203, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner Site Berlin, Berlin 12203, Germany
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6
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Vago JP, Zaidan I, Perucci LO, Brito LF, Teixeira LC, Silva CMS, Miranda TC, Melo EM, Bruno AS, Queiroz-Junior CM, Sugimoto MA, Tavares LP, Grossi LC, Borges IN, Schneider AH, Baik N, Schneider AH, Talvani A, Ferreira RG, Alves-Filho JC, Nobre V, Teixeira MM, Parmer RJ, Miles LA, Sousa LP. Plasmin and plasminogen prevent sepsis severity by reducing neutrophil extracellular traps and systemic inflammation. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e166044. [PMID: 36917195 PMCID: PMC10243804 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a lethal syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation and abnormal coagulation. Despite therapeutic advances, sepsis mortality remains substantially high. Herein, we investigated the role of the plasminogen/plasmin (Plg/Pla) system during sepsis. Plasma levels of Plg were significantly lower in mice subjected to severe compared with nonsevere sepsis, whereas systemic levels of IL-6, a marker of sepsis severity, were higher in severe sepsis. Plg levels correlated negatively with IL-6 in both septic mice and patients, whereas plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels correlated positively with IL-6. Plg deficiency render mice susceptible to nonsevere sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), resulting in greater numbers of neutrophils and M1 macrophages, liver fibrin(ogen) deposition, lower efferocytosis, and increased IL-6 and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release associated with organ damage. Conversely, inflammatory features, fibrin(ogen), and organ damage were substantially reduced, and efferocytosis was increased by exogenous Pla given during CLP- and LPS-induced endotoxemia. Plg or Pla protected mice from sepsis-induced lethality and enhanced the protective effect of antibiotics. Mechanistically, Plg/Pla-afforded protection was associated with regulation of NET release, requiring Pla-protease activity and lysine binding sites. Plg/Pla are important host-protective players during sepsis, controlling local and systemic inflammation and collateral organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P. Vago
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Isabella Zaidan
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
| | - Luiza O. Perucci
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa Froede Brito
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
| | - Lívia C.R. Teixeira
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
| | - Camila Meirelles Souza Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thaís C. Miranda
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
| | - Eliza M. Melo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S. Bruno
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Celso Martins Queiroz-Junior
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Michelle A. Sugimoto
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana P. Tavares
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laís C. Grossi
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
| | - Isabela N. Borges
- Hospital of Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ayda Henriques Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nagyung Baik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ayda H. Schneider
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Raphael G. Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José C. Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vandack Nobre
- Hospital of Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Robert J. Parmer
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Lindsey A. Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lirlândia P. Sousa
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, and
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7
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Toll-like Receptor 2 Mediates VEGF Overexpression and Mesothelial Hyperpermeability in Tuberculous Pleural Effusion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032846. [PMID: 36769168 PMCID: PMC9918151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) is essential for the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection. However, the mechanism whereby TLR mediates the MTB-induced pleural mesothelial hyperpermeability in tuberculous pleural effusion (TBPE) remains unclear. Pleural effusion size and pleural fluid levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and soluble TLR2 (sTLR2) in patients with TBPE (n = 36) or transudative pleural effusion (TPE, n = 16) were measured. The effects of MTB H37Ra (MTBRa) on pleural mesothelial permeability and the expression of VEGF and zonula occludens (ZO)-1 in human pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) were assessed. Levels of VEGF and sTLR2 were significantly elevated in TBPE compared to TPE. Moreover, effusion VEGF levels correlated positively, while sTLR2 values correlated negatively, with pleural effusion size in TBPE. In human PMCs, MTBRa substantially activated JNK/AP-1 signaling and upregulated VEGF expression, whereas knockdown of TLR2 remarkably inhibited MTBRa-induced JNK phosphorylation and VEGF overexpression. Additionally, both MTBRa and VEGF markedly reduced ZO-1 expression and induced pleural mesothelial permeability, while TLR2 silencing or pretreatment with anti-VEGF antibody significantly attenuated the MTBRa-triggered effects. Collectively, TLR2 mediates VEGF overproduction and downregulates ZO-1 expression in human PMCs, leading to mesothelial hyperpermeability in TBPE. Targeting TLR2/VEGF pathway may confer a potential treatment strategy for TBPE.
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Ko CN, Zang S, Zhou Y, Zhong Z, Yang C. Nanocarriers for effective delivery: modulation of innate immunity for the management of infections and the associated complications. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:380. [PMID: 35986268 PMCID: PMC9388998 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Innate immune cells can recognize invading pathogens through recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The recognition of PAMPs by PRRs triggers immune defense mechanisms and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. However, sustained and overwhelming activation of immune system may disrupt immune homeostasis and contribute to inflammatory disorders. Immunomodulators targeting PRRs may be beneficial to treat infectious diseases and their associated complications. However, therapeutic performances of immunomodulators can be negatively affected by (1) high immune-mediated toxicity, (2) poor solubility and (3) bioactivity loss after long circulation. Recently, nanocarriers have emerged as a very promising tool to overcome these obstacles owning to their unique properties such as sustained circulation, desired bio-distribution, and preferred pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. In this review, we aim to provide an up-to-date overview on the strategies and applications of nanocarrier-assisted innate immune modulation for the management of infections and their associated complications. We first summarize examples of important innate immune modulators. The types of nanomaterials available for drug delivery, as well as their applications for the delivery of immunomodulatory drugs and vaccine adjuvants are also discussed.
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9
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Li Y, Ji M, Yang J. Current Understanding of Long-Term Cognitive Impairment After Sepsis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:855006. [PMID: 35603184 PMCID: PMC9120941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is recognized as a life-threatening multi-organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated host response to infection. Although the incidence and mortality of sepsis decrease significantly due to timely implementation of anti-infective and support therapies, accumulating evidence suggests that a great proportion of survivors suffer from long-term cognitive impairment after hospital discharge, leading to decreased life quality and substantial caregiving burdens for family members. Several mechanisms have been proposed for long-term cognitive impairment after sepsis, which are not mutually exclusive, including blood-brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter dysfunction, and neuronal loss. Targeting these critical processes might be effective in preventing and treating long-term cognitive impairment. However, future in-depth studies are required to facilitate preventive and/or treatment strategies for long-term cognitive impairment after sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangyin Hospital, Affiliated to Southeast University Medical School, Jiangyin, China
| | - Muhuo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Walker JM, Sundarasivarao PYK, Thornton JM, Sochacki K, Rodriguez A, Spur BW, Acharya NK, Yin K. Resolvin D2 promotes host defense in a 2 - hit model of sepsis with secondary lung infection. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2022; 159:106617. [PMID: 35007703 PMCID: PMC8920764 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2022.106617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the development of sepsis, there is early, massive inflammation which can lead to multiple organ failure. Later there is an immunosuppressed phase where the host is susceptible to secondary infections or is unable to clear existing infection. Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators (SPMs) are endogenously produced lipids which resolve infection by decreasing bacteria load and reducing systemic inflammatory response. There has been little work studying if SPMs given late, can promote host defense. We examined if an SPM, Resolvin D2 (RvD2) could promote host defense in a 2-hit mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis and secondary Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. RvD2 given 48 h after mild CLP (1st hit), increased gene expression of Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) and alveolar macrophage/monocyte phagocytic ability compared to CLP mice given saline vehicle. In this model, RvD2 did not affect plasma IL-6 or IL-10. These effects induced by RvD2, lowered lung bacterial load and decreased mortality after the secondary infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2nd hit). Splenic T-cell numbers were also increased in RvD2 treated mice compared to saline vehicle treated animals. The results suggest that RvD2 promoted mechanisms of host defense in a 2-hit model sepsis and secondary lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Walker
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University - School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - P Y Kadiyam Sundarasivarao
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University - School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - J M Thornton
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University - School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - K Sochacki
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University - School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - A Rodriguez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University - School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - B W Spur
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University - School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - N K Acharya
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University - School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute of Successful Aging, Rowan University - School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - K Yin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University - School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.
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Fisetin Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome by Suppressing TLR4/MD2-Mediated Mitochondrial ROS Production. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081215. [PMID: 34439462 PMCID: PMC8389007 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fisetin has numerous therapeutic properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anticancer effects. However, the mechanism by which fisetin inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome remains unclear. In this study, we observed that fisetin bound to TLR4 and occluded the hydrophobic pocket of MD2, which in turn inhibited the binding of LPS to the TLR4/MD2 complex. This prevented the initiation of scaffold formation by the inhibition of MyD88/IRAK4 and subsequently downregulated the NF-κB signaling pathway. The result also demonstrated that fisetin downregulated the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome induced by LPS and ATP (LPS/ATP) and the subsequent maturation of IL-1β. Fisetin also activated mitophagy and prevented the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and the excessive production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. The transient knockdown of p62 reversed the inhibitory activity of fisetin on the LPS/ATP-induced formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. This indicated that fisetin induces p62-mediated mitophagy for eliminating damaged mitochondria. Recently, the existence of inflammasomes in non-mammalian species including zebrafish have been identified. Treatment of an LPS/ATP-stimulated zebrafish model with fisetin aided the recovery of the impaired heart rate, decreased the recruitment of macrophage to the brain, and gradually downregulated the expression of inflammasome-related genes. These results indicated that fisetin inhibited the TLR4/MD2-mediated activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by eliminating damaged mitochondria in a p62-dependent manner.
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Liu F, Sheng S, Shao D, Xiao Y, Zhong Y, Zhou J, Quek CH, Wang Y, Hu Z, Liu H, Li Y, Tian H, Leong KW, Chen X. A Cationic Metal-Organic Framework to Scavenge Cell-Free DNA for Severe Sepsis Management. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2461-2469. [PMID: 33686851 PMCID: PMC8320336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) released by damaged cells causes inflammation and has been associated with the progression of sepsis. One proposed strategy to treat sepsis is to scavenge this inflammatory circulating cfDNA. Here, we develop a cfDNA-scavenging nanoparticle (NP) that consists of cationic polyethylenimine (PEI) of different molecular weight grafted to zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (PEI-g-ZIF) in a simple one-pot process. PEI-g-ZIF NPs fabricated using PEI 1800 and PEI 25k but not PEI 600 suppressed cfDNA-induced TLR activation and subsequent nuclear factor kappa B pathway activity. PEI 1800-g-ZIF NPs showed greater inhibition of cfDNA-associated inflammation and multiple organ injury than naked PEI 1800 (lacking ZIF), and had greater therapeutic efficacy in treating sepsis. These results indicate that PEI-g-ZIF NPs acts as a "nanotrap" that improves upon naked PEI in scavenging circulating cfDNA, reducing inflammation, and reversing the progression of sepsis, thus providing a novel strategy for sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10027, United States
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shu Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Shao
- Institutes for Life Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yongqiang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yiling Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10027, United States
| | - Chai Hoon Quek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yanbing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Heshi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Huayu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Federico S, Pozzetti L, Papa A, Carullo G, Gemma S, Butini S, Campiani G, Relitti N. Modulation of the Innate Immune Response by Targeting Toll-like Receptors: A Perspective on Their Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13466-13513. [PMID: 32845153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and they are involved in the regulation of innate immune system. These transmembrane receptors, localized at the cellular or endosomal membrane, trigger inflammatory processes through either myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) or TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) signaling pathways. In the last decades, extensive research has been performed on TLR modulators and their therapeutic implication under several pathological conditions, spanning from infections to cancer, from metabolic disorders to neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases. This Perspective will highlight the recent discoveries in this field, emphasizing the role of TLRs in different diseases and the therapeutic effect of their natural and synthetic modulators, and it will discuss insights for the future exploitation of TLR modulators in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Federico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzetti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papa
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Carullo
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Gemma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Relitti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Microbial Exposure Enhances Immunity to Pathogens Recognized by TLR2 but Increases Susceptibility to Cytokine Storm through TLR4 Sensitization. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1729-1743.e5. [PMID: 31412243 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial exposures can define an individual's basal immune state. Cohousing specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice with pet store mice, which harbor numerous infectious microbes, results in global changes to the immune system, including increased circulating phagocytes and elevated inflammatory cytokines. How these differences in the basal immune state influence the acute response to systemic infection is unclear. Cohoused mice exhibit enhanced protection from virulent Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection, but increased morbidity and mortality to polymicrobial sepsis. Cohoused mice have more TLR2+ and TLR4+ phagocytes, enhancing recognition of microbes through pattern-recognition receptors. However, the response to a TLR2 ligand is muted in cohoused mice, whereas the response to a TLR4 ligand is greatly amplified, suggesting a basis for the distinct response to Listeria monocytogenes and sepsis. Our data illustrate how microbial exposure can enhance the immune response to unrelated challenges but also increase the risk of immunopathology from a severe cytokine storm.
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15
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Simpson ME, Petri WA. TLR2 as a Therapeutic Target in Bacterial Infection. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:715-717. [PMID: 32563557 PMCID: PMC7845793 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 recognizes and responds to threats early in bacterial infections and can influence the downstream immune response to the host's benefit or detriment. Therapeutic modulation of TLR2 signaling represents an underutilized opportunity to moderate the immune response to infection to promote an improved outcome for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Simpson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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16
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Wu M, Hu N, Du X, Wei J. Application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in sepsis research. Brief Funct Genomics 2020; 19:229-234. [PMID: 32058568 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9, as a new genome-editing tool, offers new approaches to understand and treat diseases, which is being rapidly applied in various areas of biomedical research including sepsis field. The type II prokaryotic CRISPR/Cas system uses a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) to target the Cas9 nuclease to a specific genomic sequence, which is introduced into disease models for functional characterization and for testing of therapeutic strategies. This incredibly precise technology can be used for therapeutic research of gene-related diseases and to program any sequence in a target cell. Most importantly, the multifunctional capacity of this technology allows simultaneous editing of several genes. In this review, we focus on the basic principles, advantages and limitations of CRISPR/Cas9 and the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system as a powerful tool in sepsis research and as a new strategy for the treatment of sepsis.
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Flórez-Álvarez L, Ruiz-Perez L, Taborda N, Hernandez JC. Toll-like receptors as a therapeutic target in cancer, infections and inflammatory diseases. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:311-322. [PMID: 32237938 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are widely expressed pattern recognition receptors that bind to conserved molecular patterns expressed by pathogens and damaged cells. After recognition, activated TLRs induce the expression of various proinflammatory and antiviral molecules. Thus, TLRs are potential targets for treatment strategies aimed at boosting the adaptive immune response to vaccines, controlling infections, enhancing immune responses during tumor treatment and attenuating immune responses in inflammatory disorders. This Special Report examines the potential of TLRs as targets for the treatment of cancer, infections and inflammatory diseases. Here, we make a particular emphasis on molecules capable of modulating TLRs and their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizdany Flórez-Álvarez
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA; Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lanie Ruiz-Perez
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Natalia Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA; Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan C Hernandez
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
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Li Y, Guo W, Cai Y. NEAT1 Promotes LPS-induced Inflammatory Injury in Macrophages by Regulating MiR-17-5p/TLR4. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:38-49. [PMID: 32099901 PMCID: PMC7026743 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The inflammatory response of macrophages is responsible for sepsis. Long noncoding RNA nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) has been reported to be involved in sepsis development. However, its underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. This study aims to investigate the effect of NEAT1 on inflammatory response of macrophages and explore the regulatory network of NEAT1/microRNA-17-5p (miR-17-5p)/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Methods The serum samples of 68 sepsis patients and 32 heathy controls were collected. THP-1 macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammatory injury model of sepsis. The expressions of NEAT1, miR-17-5p and TLR4 were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or western blot. The inflammatory response was investigated by levels of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-ɑ), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-6 as well as nitric oxide (NO) production. The interaction among NEAT1, miR-17-5p and TLR4 were investigated by bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down. Results NEAT1 expression was enhanced in patient serum and associated with severity of sepsis. Knockdown of NEAT1 inhibited levels of TNF-ɑ, IL-1β, IL-6 and NO release in LPS-treated macrophages. miR-17-5p is bound to NEAT1 and its abrogation reversed NEAT1 knockdown-mediated inhibition of inflammatory response in LPS-treated macrophages. Overexpression of miR-17-5p weakened LPS-induced inflammatory response. TLR4 as a target of miR-17-5p was regulated by NEAT1 and miR-17-5p. TLR4 res-to ration alleviated silencing NEAT1-induced inflammatory suppression. Conclusion Silence of NEAT1 suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory response of macrophages by mediating miR-17-5p and TLR4, indicating that NEAT1 might be a promising target for sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Li
- ChenZhou NO.1 People's Hospital LuoJiaJin, ChenZhou China
| | - Wei Guo
- ICU 1 Zone, ChenZhou NO.1 People's Hospital, ChenZhou, HuNan, 423000, China
| | - Yeping Cai
- ICU 1 Zone, ChenZhou NO.1 People's Hospital, ChenZhou, HuNan, 423000, China
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Abstract
Pneumonia is a highly prevalent disease with considerable morbidity and mortality. However, diagnosis and therapy still rely on antiquated methods, leading to the vast overuse of antimicrobials, which carries risks for both society and the individual. Furthermore, outcomes in severe pneumonia remain poor. Genomic techniques have the potential to transform the management of pneumonia through deep characterization of pathogens as well as the host response to infection. This characterization will enable the delivery of selective antimicrobials and immunomodulatory therapy that will help to offset the disorder associated with overexuberant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Gautam
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Center for Pulmonary Infection Research and Treatment, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, TACS441, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Center for Pulmonary Infection Research and Treatment, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, TACS441, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Center for Pulmonary Infection Research and Treatment, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, TACS441, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA.
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TLR2/4 signaling pathway mediates sperm-induced inflammation in bovine endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214516. [PMID: 30995239 PMCID: PMC6469758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that sperm attachment to bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) triggers uterine local innate immunity with induction of a pro-inflammatory response in vitro, however details of the mechanism remain unknown. Here, we investigated the involvement of Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) pathway in mediating sperm-BEECs inflammatory process. Immunohistochemistry of the uterine tissue revealed that TLR2 and TLR4 proteins were present in the luminal and glandular epithelia of bovine endometrium. Moreover, BEECs monolayers were treated with TLR2 agonist (Pam; 0, 10, 100, and 1000 ng/ml) or TLR4 agonist (LPS; 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 ng/ml) for 0, 1, 3, or 6 h, followed by evaluating mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory genes (TNFA, IL-1B, IL-8, and PGES) in BEECs using a real-time PCR. Both Pam and LPS treatments showed a dose-dependent stimulation of mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory genes. To elucidate the functional role of TLR2/4 in sperm-BEECs interaction, BEECs monolayers were incubated with either TLR2 antagonist or TLR4 antibody for 2 h prior to the co-culture with sperm for 3 h. Importantly, pre-incubation of BEECs with TLR2 antagonist or TLR4 antibody prevented the stimulatory effect of sperm on the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes in BEECs. Furthermore, sperm increased the phosphorylation levels of TLR2/4 downstream targets (p38MAPK and JNK) in BEECs within 1 h of the co-culture. Treatment of BEECs with TLR2 antagonist prior to sperm addition inhibited JNK phosphorylation, while TLR4 antibody inhibited the phosphorylation of both p38MAPK and JNK. In conclusion, the present in vitro findings strongly suggest that bovine endometrial epithelial cells respond to sperm via TLR2/4 signal transduction.
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Sharifi L, Moshiri M, Dallal MM, Asgardoon MH, Nourizadeh M, Bokaie S, Mirshafiey A. The Inhibitory Role of M2000 (β-D-Mannuronic Acid) on Expression of Toll-like Receptor 2 and 4 in HT29 Cell Line. RECENT PATENTS ON INFLAMMATION & ALLERGY DRUG DISCOVERY 2019; 13:57-65. [PMID: 30539708 PMCID: PMC6778985 DOI: 10.2174/1872213x13666181211160238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Anti-inflammatory agents play a crucial role in controlling inflammatory diseases such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) but their use is restricted due to their vast side effects. M2000 (β-D-mannuronic acid) is a new immunomodulatory drug. According to the capacity of M2000 in suppressing some molecules involved in Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) signaling and reducing oxidative stress we hypothesize that, this molecule may have a potential role in decreasing inflammatory responses in IBD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of M2000 and its effect on the gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4. METHODS HEK293 cell line was grown and divided into 96-well cell plate and MTT assay was performed. HT29 cells were cultured and treated with low and high doses of M2000. Total RNA was extracted and cDNA synthesized and quantitative real-time PCR was done to quantify the TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression. RESULTS We found that M2000 at the concentration of ≤ 1000µg/ml had no obvious cytotoxicity effect on the HEK293 cells. Also, low and high doses of M2000 could significantly down-regulate both TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression. Moreover, a significant reduction in gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in an inflammatory condition resulted in high doses of M2000 in the presence of LPS. CONCLUSION Our study which was conducted in colonic epithelial cell model, shows that M2000 can be considered as a new anti-inflammatory agent in IBD. However, more comprehensive experimental and clinical studies are required to recognize the molecular mechanism of M2000 and also its safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Tel/Fax: +98 (21) 88954913; E-mail:
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22
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Raby AC, Labéta MO. Preventing Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Fibrosis by Therapeutic Blunting of Peritoneal Toll-Like Receptor Activity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1692. [PMID: 30538643 PMCID: PMC6277495 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an essential daily life-saving treatment for end-stage renal failure. PD therapy is limited by peritoneal inflammation, which leads to peritoneal membrane failure as a result of progressive fibrosis. Peritoneal infections, with the concomitant acute inflammatory response and membrane fibrosis development, worsen PD patient outcomes. Patients who remain infection-free, however, also show evidence of inflammation-induced membrane damage and fibrosis, leading to PD cessation. In this case, uraemia, prolonged exposure to bio-incompatible PD solutions and surgical catheter insertion have been reported to induce sterile peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis as a result of cellular stress or tissue injury. Attempts to reduce inflammation (either infection-induced or sterile) and, thus, minimize fibrosis development in PD have been hampered because the immunological mechanisms underlying this PD-associated pathology remain to be fully defined. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are central to mediating inflammatory responses by recognizing a wide variety of microorganisms and endogenous components released following cellular stress or generated as a consequence of extracellular matrix degradation during tissue injury. Given the close link between inflammation and fibrosis, recent investigations have evaluated the role that TLRs play in infection-induced and sterile peritoneal fibrosis development during PD. Here, we review the findings and discuss the potential of reducing peritoneal TLR activity by using a TLR inhibitor, soluble TLR2, as a therapeutic strategy to prevent PD-associated peritoneal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Raby
- The Wales Kidney Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mario O Labéta
- The Wales Kidney Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Anwar MA, Shah M, Kim J, Choi S. Recent clinical trends in Toll-like receptor targeting therapeutics. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1053-1090. [PMID: 30450666 PMCID: PMC6587958 DOI: 10.1002/med.21553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are germline‐encoded receptors that are central to innate and adaptive immune responses. Owing to their vital role in inflammation, TLRs are rational targets in clinics; thus, many ligands and biologics have been reported to overcome the progression of various inflammatory and malignant conditions and support the immune system. For each TLR, at least one, and often many, drug formulations are being evaluated. Ligands reported as stand‐alone drugs may also be reported based on their use in combinatorial therapeutics as adjuvants. Despite their profound efficacy in TLR‐modulation in preclinical studies, multiple drugs have been terminated at different stages of clinical trials. Here, TLR modulating drugs that have been evaluated in clinical trials are discussed, along with their mode of action, suggestive failure reasons, and ways to improve the clinical outcomes. This review presents recent advances in TLR‐targeting drugs and provides directions for more successful immune system manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Masaud Shah
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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24
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Targeting Toll-like receptors with soluble Toll-like receptor 2 prevents peritoneal dialysis solution-induced fibrosis. Kidney Int 2018; 94:346-362. [PMID: 29861057 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal membrane failure due to fibrosis limits the use of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Peritoneal fibrosis may potentially be induced by sterile inflammation caused by ongoing cellular stress due to prolonged exposure to PD solutions (PDS). Effective therapies to prevent this process remain to be developed. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate sterile inflammation by recognizing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released by cellular stress. We evaluated the involvement of TLRs and DAMPs in PDS-induced fibrosis models and the therapeutic potential of TLR-DAMP targeting for preventing fibrosis. A range of PDS elicited pro-inflammatory and fibrotic responses from PD patient peritoneal leukocytes, mesothelial cells and mouse peritoneal leukocytes. TLR2/4 blockade of human peritoneal cells or TLR2/4 knockouts inhibited these effects. PDS did not induce rapid ERK phosphorylation or IκB-α degradation, suggesting that they do not contain components capable of direct TLR activation. However, PDS increased the release of Hsp70 and hyaluronan, both TLR2/4 DAMP ligands, by human and mouse peritoneal cells, and their blockade decreased PDS-driven inflammation. Soluble TLR2, a TLR inhibitor, reduced PDS-induced pro-inflammatory and fibrotic cytokine release ex vivo. Daily catheter infusion of PDS in mice caused peritoneal fibrosis, but co-administration of soluble TLR2 prevented fibrosis, suppressed pro-fibrotic gene expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, reduced leukocyte/neutrophil recruitment, recovered Treg cell levels and increased the Treg:Th17 ratio. Thus, TLR2/4, Hsp70 and hyaluronan showed major roles in PDS-induced peritoneal inflammation and fibrosis. The study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of a TLR-DAMP targeting strategy to prevent PDS-induced fibrosis.
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25
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Effects of Glycyrrhizin on the Differentiation of Myeloid Cells of the Heart and Lungs in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Septic Mice. Shock 2018; 48:371-376. [PMID: 28221243 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effects of glycyrrhizin (GR) on the ratio of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to cluster of differentiation (CD)11b+Gr1 myeloid cells in the heart and lungs in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic mice. METHODS Mice were divided into three groups: Control, LPS, and LPS+GR. After intraperitoneal injection of phosphate-buffered saline for the Control group, LPS for the LPS group, and a combination of LPS and GR for the LPS+GR group, fluorescence-activated cell sorting was utilized to evaluate cytokines and immune cells in the blood, heart, and lungs. Histopathologic analysis of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 was also performed. RESULTS The cytokine amounts in the LPS and LPS+GR groups were significantly higher than in the Control group; however, that in the LPS+GR group was significant lower than in the LPS group. The ratio of MDSCs to CD11b+Gr1 myeloid cells in the LPS+GR group was significantly higher than in the LPS group but was significantly lower than in the Control group. The staining intensity of TLR4 showed the same pattern as that of cytokines in the heart and lungs. TLR4 staining was significantly lower in the LPS+GR group than in the LPS group but was higher than that in the Control group. CONCLUSION GR exhibited protective effects on the heart and lungs in LPS-induced septic mice. The effects were associated with an elevated ratio of MDSCs to CD11b+Gr1 myeloid cells and the inhibition of cytokine release and TLR4 expression after GR injection.
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26
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Uchino K, Mizuno S, Sato-Otsubo A, Nannya Y, Mizutani M, Horio T, Hanamura I, Espinoza JL, Onizuka M, Kashiwase K, Morishima Y, Fukuda T, Kodera Y, Doki N, Miyamura K, Mori T, Ogawa S, Takami A. Toll-like receptor genetic variations in bone marrow transplantation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:45670-45686. [PMID: 28484092 PMCID: PMC5542217 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor family mediates the innate immune system through recognizing the molecular patterns of microorganisms and self-components and leading the synthesis of the inflammatory mediators. We retrospectively examined whether or not genetic variations in toll-like receptor 1 (rs5743551, -7202GQ>A), toll-like receptor 2 (rs7656411, 22215G>T), and toll-like receptor 4 (rs11536889, +3725G>C) affected transplant outcomes in a cohort of 365 patients who underwent unrelated HLA-matched bone marrow transplantation (for hematologic malignancies through the Japan Marrow Donor Program. Only donor toll-like receptor 4 variation significantly improved the survival outcomes. A multivariate analysis showed that the donor toll-like receptor 4 +3725G/G genotype was significantly associated with a better 5-year progression-free survival and a lower 5-year transplant-related mortality than other variations. Furthermore, the donor toll-like receptor 4 +3725G/G genotype was associated with a significantly lower incidence of fatal infections than other variations. The validation study of 502 patients confirmed that the donor toll-like receptor 4 +3725G/G genotype was associated with better survival outcomes. Toll-like receptor4 genotyping in transplant donors may therefore be a useful tool for optimizing donor selection and evaluating pretransplantation risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Uchino
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shohei Mizuno
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Aiko Sato-Otsubo
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Nannya
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motonori Mizutani
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Horio
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hanamura
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - J Luis Espinoza
- Cellular Transplantation Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Onizuka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Koichi Kashiwase
- Japanese Red Cross Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Morishima
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kodera
- Department of Promotion for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Noriko Doki
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Miyamura
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya First Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Takami
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
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27
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Yang D, Zheng X, Wang N, Fan S, Yang Y, Lu Y, Chen Q, Liu X, Zheng J. Kukoamine B promotes TLR4-independent lipopolysaccharide uptake in murine hepatocytes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57498-57513. [PMID: 27542278 PMCID: PMC5295368 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Free bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is generally removed from the bloodstream through hepatic uptake via TLR4, the LPS pattern recognition receptor, but mechanisms for internalization and clearance of conjugated LPS are less clear. Kukoamine B (KB) is a novel cationic alkaloid that interferes with LPS binding to TLR4. In this study, KB accelerated blood clearance of LPS. KB also enhanced LPS distribution in the hepatic tissues of C57 BL/6 mice, along with LPS uptake in primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. By contrast, KB inhibited LPS internalization in Kupffer and RAW 264.7 cells. Loss of TLR4 did not affect LPS uptake into KB-treated hepatocytes. We also detected selective upregulation of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) upon KB treatment, and ASGPR colocalized with KB in cultured hepatocytes. Molecular docking showed that KB bound to ASGPR in a manner similar to GalNAc, a known ASGPR agonist. GalNAc dose-dependently reduced KB internalization, suggesting it competes with KB for ASGPR binding, and ASGPR knockdown also impaired LPS uptake into hepatocytes. Finally, while KB enhanced LPS uptake, it was protective against LPS-induced inflammation and hepatocyte injury. Our study provides a new mechanism for conjugated LPS hepatic uptake induced by the LPS neutralizer KB and mediated by membrane ASGPR binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinchuan Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shijun Fan
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjun Yang
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongling Lu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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28
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Eppensteiner J, Davis RP, Barbas AS, Kwun J, Lee J. Immunothrombotic Activity of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Extracellular Vesicles in Secondary Organ Failure Induced by Trauma and Sterile Insults. Front Immunol 2018; 9:190. [PMID: 29472928 PMCID: PMC5810426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant improvements in injury prevention and emergency response, injury-related death and morbidity continues to increase in the US and worldwide. Patients with trauma, invasive operations, anti-cancer treatment, and organ transplantation produce a host of danger signals and high levels of pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic mediators, such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs). DAMPs (e.g., nucleic acids, histone, high-mobility group box 1 protein, and S100) are molecules released from injured, stressed, or activated cells that act as endogenous ligands of innate immune receptors, whereas EVs (e.g., microparticle and exosome) are membranous vesicles budding off from plasma membranes and act as messengers between cells. DAMPs and EVs can stimulate multiple innate immune signaling pathways and coagulation cascades, and uncontrolled DAMP and EV production causes systemic inflammatory and thrombotic complications and secondary organ failure (SOF). Thus, DAMPs and EVs represent potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers for SOF. High plasma levels of DAMPs and EVs have been positively correlated with mortality and morbidity of patients or animals with trauma or surgical insults. Blocking or neutralizing DAMPs using antibodies or small molecules has been demonstrated to ameliorate sepsis and SOF in animal models. Furthermore, a membrane immobilized with nucleic acid-binding polymers captured and removed multiple DAMPs and EVs from extracellular fluids, thereby preventing the onset of DAMP- and EV-induced inflammatory and thrombotic complications in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge of DAMPs, EVs, and SOF and discuss potential therapeutics and preventive intervention for organ failure secondary to trauma, surgery, anti-cancer therapy, and allogeneic transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew S Barbas
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jean Kwun
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jaewoo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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29
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Toll-Like Receptor Ligand-Induced Liver Injury in D-Galactosamine-Sensitized Mice: Differences between TLR7/8 and TLR9 Ligands, Cytokine Patterns, and Cross-Tolerance Induction by TLR2 Ligand Pretreatment. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:9653793. [PMID: 29181417 PMCID: PMC5664326 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9653793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of Toll-like receptor ligands (TLRLs) is known to cause liver injury in D-galN-sensitized mice. In the present study, we aimed to complement preceding reports on the TLRL/D-galN system by analyzing comparisons among TLRLs, mouse strain dependence, effects on serum levels of cytokines, and effects of sequential administrations of different TLRLs. In a preliminary set of analyses, we first confirmed that liver failure can be induced by diverse TLRLs, including LTA and R848 in combination with D-galN. Analysis using TLR4-deficient mice excluded potential confounding effects of endogenous TLR4Ls that include those referred to as DAMPs in CpG DNA/D-galN hepatotoxicity. Subsequently, we showed that LTA pretreatment could prevent mortality in both CpG DNA/D-galN- and R848/D-galN-treated mice compared to without pretreatment. Incidentally, we observed that without the LTA pretreatment, CpG DNA/D-galN showed relatively higher liver-specific toxicity whereas R848/D-galN showed more symptoms of multiple organ failure. These findings suggest that, in D-galN-sensitized mice, different TLRLs not only show similarity in the ability to induce hepatic injury but also exhibit distinctive abilities in inducing systemic inflammation and multiple organ failure. These findings also suggest the potential usefulness of cross-tolerance induction using LTA in the prevention of organ failure in TLRL-mediated acute inflammation.
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30
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Zettel K, Korff S, Zamora R, Morelli AE, Darwiche S, Loughran PA, Elson G, Shang L, Salgado-Pires S, Scott MJ, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. Toll-Like Receptor 4 on both Myeloid Cells and Dendritic Cells Is Required for Systemic Inflammation and Organ Damage after Hemorrhagic Shock with Tissue Trauma in Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1672. [PMID: 29234326 PMCID: PMC5712321 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma combined with hemorrhagic shock (HS/T) leads to systemic inflammation, which results in organ injury. Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4)-signaling activation contributes to the initiation of inflammatory pathways following HS/T but its cell-specific roles in this setting are not known. We assessed the importance of TLR4 on leukocytes of myeloid lineage and dendritic cells (DCs) to the early systemic inflammatory response following HS/T. Mice were subjected to HS/T and 20 inflammatory mediators were measured in plasma followed by Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) Analysis. Organ damage was assessed by histology and plasma ALT levels. The role of TLR4 was determined using TLR4−/−, MyD88−/−, and Trif−/− C57BL/6 (B6) mice, and by in vivo administration of a TLR4-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb). The contribution of TLR4 expressed by myeloid leukocytes and DC was determined by generating cell-specific TLR4−/− B6 mice, including Lyz-Cre × TLR4loxP/loxP, and CD11c-Cre × TLR4loxP/loxP B6 mice. Adoptive transfer of bone marrow-derived TLR4+/+ or TLR4−/− DC into TLR4−/− mice confirmed the contribution of TLR4 on DC to the systemic inflammatory response after HS/T. Using both global knockout mice and the TLR4-blocking mAb 1A6 we established a central role for TLR4 in driving systemic inflammation. Using cell-selective TLR4−/− B6 mice, we found that TLR4 expression on both myeloid cells and CD11chigh DC is required for increases in systemic cytokine levels and organ damage after HS/T. We confirmed the capacity of TLR4 on CD11chigh DC to promote inflammation and liver damage using adoptive transfer of TLR4+/+ conventional (CD11chigh) DC into TLR4−/− mice. DBN inference identified CXC chemokines as proximal drivers of dynamic changes in the circulating levels of cytokines/chemokines after HS/T. TLR4 on DC was found to contribute selectively to the elevations in these proximal drivers. TLR4 on both myeloid cells and conventional DC is required for the initial systemic inflammation and organ damage in a mouse model of HS/T. This includes a role for TLR4 on DC in promoting increases in the early inflammatory networks identified in HS/T. These data establish DC along with macrophages as essential to the recognition of tissue damage and stress following tissue trauma with HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Zettel
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sebastian Korff
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruben Zamora
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sophie Darwiche
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Patricia A Loughran
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Greg Elson
- Novimmune SA, Geneva, Switzerland.,Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA, La-Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Melanie J Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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31
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Jiang M, Taghizadeh F, Steyger PS. Potential Mechanisms Underlying Inflammation-Enhanced Aminoglycoside-Induced Cochleotoxicity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:362. [PMID: 29209174 PMCID: PMC5702304 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics remain widely used for urgent clinical treatment of life-threatening infections, despite the well-recognized risk of permanent hearing loss, i.e., cochleotoxicity. Recent studies show that aminoglycoside-induced cochleotoxicity is exacerbated by bacteriogenic-induced inflammation. This implies that those with severe bacterial infections (that induce systemic inflammation), and are treated with bactericidal aminoglycosides are at greater risk of drug-induced hearing loss than previously recognized. Incorporating this novel comorbid factor into cochleotoxicity risk prediction models will better predict which individuals are more predisposed to drug-induced hearing loss. Here, we review the cellular and/or signaling mechanisms by which host-mediated inflammatory responses to infection could enhance the trafficking of systemically administered aminoglycosides into the cochlea to enhance the degree of cochleotoxicity over that in healthy preclinical models. Once verified, these mechanisms will be potential targets for novel pharmacotherapeutics that reduce the risk of drug-induced hearing loss (and acute kidney damage) without compromising the life-saving bactericidal efficacy of aminoglycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Jiang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Farshid Taghizadeh
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Peter S Steyger
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
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32
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Quero L, Hanser E, Manigold T, Tiaden AN, Kyburz D. TLR2 stimulation impairs anti-inflammatory activity of M2-like macrophages, generating a chimeric M1/M2 phenotype. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:245. [PMID: 29096690 PMCID: PMC5667453 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and macrophages play an important role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Currently, it is not clear whether inflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 predominate among the resident macrophages in the synovium. In the present study, we set out to investigate the impact of TLR stimulation on monocyte-derived M1 and M2 macrophage function and phenotype by mimicking the exposure to abundant TLR agonists as occurs in the context of RA. The response of macrophage subsets to TLR2 and TLR4 activation was evaluated on cluster of differentiation (CD) marker profile; cytokine secretion; gene expression; and NF-κB, interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 (IRF3/7), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. Methods Human monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy individuals and patients with RA and differentiated into M1-like and M2-like macrophages by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), respectively. Cells were either (1) stimulated with TLR ligands Pam3 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or (2) classically activated via interferon (IFN)-γ/LPS. Cytokine production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and gene expression was measured by qPCR. Cells were stained for CD markers and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. NF-κB, IRF3/7, and MAPKs were detected by Western blotting. Results Monocyte-derived macrophages of healthy donors (HD) or patients with RA displayed comparable subset-specific phenotypes upon exposure to TLR agonists. CD14 and CD163 marker expression on M2 macrophages did not change upon TLR2 and TLR4 engagement. By contrast, M2 gene markers HMOX1, FOLR2, and SLC40A1 were decreased. Importantly, M2 macrophages derived from HD or patients with RA showed both a decreased ratio of interleukin (IL)-10/IL-6 and IL-10/IL-8 upon stimulation with TLR2 ligand Pam3 compared with TLR4 ligand LPS. Gene expression of TLR2 was increased, whereas TLR4 expression was decreased, by TLR ligand stimulation. MAPKs p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase were activated more strongly in M2 than in M1 macrophages by Pam3 or LPS. Conclusions We show that the anti-inflammatory activity of M2 macrophages is reduced in the presence of abundant TLR2 ligands without significant changes in cell surface markers. Thus, the classical M1/M2 paradigm based on cellular markers does not apply to macrophage functions in inflammatory conditions such as RA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1447-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Quero
- Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Edveena Hanser
- Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Manigold
- Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André N Tiaden
- Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Kyburz
- Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
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TLR4 Signaling Pathway Modulators as Potential Therapeutics in Inflammation and Sepsis. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5040034. [PMID: 28976923 PMCID: PMC5748601 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) signal pathway plays an important role in initiating the innate immune response and its activation by bacterial endotoxin is responsible for chronic and acute inflammatory disorders that are becoming more and more frequent in developed countries. Modulation of the TLR4 pathway is a potential strategy to specifically target these pathologies. Among the diseases caused by TLR4 abnormal activation by bacterial endotoxin, sepsis is the most dangerous one because it is a life-threatening acute system inflammatory condition that still lacks specific pharmacological treatment. Here, we review molecules at a preclinical or clinical phase of development, that are active in inhibiting the TLR4-MyD88 and TLR4-TRIF pathways in animal models. These are low-molecular weight compounds of natural and synthetic origin that can be considered leads for drug development. The results of in vivo studies in the sepsis model and the mechanisms of action of drug leads are presented and critically discussed, evidencing the differences in treatment results from rodents to humans.
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34
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Gao W, Xiong Y, Li Q, Yang H. Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling as a Promising Therapy for Inflammatory Diseases: A Journey from Molecular to Nano Therapeutics. Front Physiol 2017; 8:508. [PMID: 28769820 PMCID: PMC5516312 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of invading pathogens and endogenous molecules from damaged tissues by toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers protective self-defense mechanisms. However, excessive TLR activation disrupts the immune homeostasis by sustained pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production and consequently contributes to the development of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), infection-associated sepsis, atherosclerosis, and asthma. Therefore, inhibitors/antagonists targeting TLR signals may be beneficial to treat these disorders. In this article, we first briefly summarize the pathophysiological role of TLRs in the inflammatory diseases. We then focus on reviewing the current knowledge in both preclinical and clinical studies of various TLR antagonists/inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases. These compounds range from conventional small molecules to therapeutic biologics and nanodevices. In particular, nanodevices are emerging as a new class of potent TLR inhibitors for their unique properties in desired bio-distribution, sustained circulation, and preferred pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. More interestingly, the inhibitory activity of these nanodevices can be regulated through precise nano-functionalization, making them the next generation therapeutics or “nano-drugs.” Although, significant efforts have been made in developing different kinds of new TLR inhibitors/antagonists, only limited numbers of them have undergone clinical trials, and none have been approved for clinical uses to date. Nevertheless, these findings and continuous studies of TLR inhibition highlight the pharmacological regulation of TLR signaling, especially on multiple TLR pathways, as future promising therapeutic strategy for various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
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Nemati M, Larussa T, Khorramdelazad H, Mahmoodi M, Jafarzadeh A. Toll-like receptor 2: An important immunomodulatory molecule during Helicobacter pylori infection. Life Sci 2017; 178:17-29. [PMID: 28427896 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are an essential subset of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) which identify the microbial components and contribute in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses against the infectious agents. The TLRs, especially TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9, participate in the induction of immune response against H. pylori. TLR2 is expressed on a number of immune and non-immune cells and recognizes a vast broad of microbial components due to its potential to form heterodimers with other TLRs, including TLR1, TLR6 and TLR10. A number of H. pylori-related molecules may contribute to TLR2-dependent responses, including HP-LPS, HP-HSP60 and HP-NAP. TLR2 plays a pivotal role in regulation of immune response to H. pylori through activation of NF-κB and induction of cytokine expression in epithelial cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and B cells. The TLR2-related immune response that is induced by H. pylori-derived components may play an important role regarding the outcome of the infection toward bacterial elimination, persistence or pathological reactions. The immunomodulatory and immunoregulatory roles of TLR2 during H. pylori infection were considered in this review. TLR2 could be considered as an interesting therapeutic target for treatment of H. pylori-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nemati
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Branch of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Merat Mahmoodi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Lawrence H, Mawdesley AE, Holland JP, Kirby JA, Deehan DJ, Tyson-Capper AJ. Targeting Toll-like receptor 4 prevents cobalt-mediated inflammation. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7578-85. [PMID: 26840091 PMCID: PMC4884939 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt-chrome alloy is a widely used biomaterial in joint replacements, dental implants and spinal rods. Although it is an effective and biocompatible material, adverse reactions to metal debris (ARMD) have arisen in a minority of patients, particularly in those with metal-on-metal bearing hip replacements. There is currently no treatment for ARMD and once progressive, early revision surgery of the implant is necessary. Therapeutic agents to prevent, halt or reverse ARMD would therefore be advantageous. Cobalt ions activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), an innate immune receptor responsible for inflammatory responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. We hypothesised that anti-TLR4 neutralising antibodies, reported to inhibit TLR4-mediated inflammation, could prevent the inflammatory response to cobalt ions in an in vitro macrophagecell culture model. This study shows that a monoclonal anti-TLR4 antibody inhibited cobalt-mediated increases in pro-inflammatory IL8, CCL20 and IL1A expression, as well as IL-8 secretion. In contrast, a polyclonal antibody did not prevent the effect of cobalt ions on either IL-8 or IL1A expression, although it did have a small effect on the CCL20 response. Interestingly, both antibodies inhibited cobalt-mediated neutrophil migration although the greater effect was observed with the monoclonal antibody. In summary our data shows that a monoclonal anti-TLR4 antibody can inhibit cobalt-mediated inflammatory responses while a polyclonal antibody only inhibits the effect of specific cytokines. Anti-TLR4 antibodies have therapeutic potential in ARMD although careful antibody design is required to ensure that the LPS response is preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Lawrence
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - John Andrew Kirby
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David John Deehan
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Musculoskeletal Services, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Raby AC, Colmont CS, Kift-Morgan A, Köhl J, Eberl M, Fraser D, Topley N, Labéta MO. Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4 Are Potential Therapeutic Targets in Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:461-478. [PMID: 27432741 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015080923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains limited by dialysis failure due to peritoneal membrane fibrosis driven by inflammation caused by infections or sterile cellular stress. Given the fundamental role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and complement in inflammation, we assessed the potential of peritoneal TLR2, TLR4 and C5a receptors, C5aR and C5L2, as therapeutic targets in PD-associated fibrosis. We detected TLR2-, TLR4-, and C5aR-mediated proinflammatory and fibrotic responses to bacteria that were consistent with the expression of these receptors in peritoneal macrophages (TLR2/4, C5aR) and mesothelial cells (TLR2, C5aR). Experiments in knockout mice revealed a major role for TLR2, a lesser role for TLR4, a supplementary role for C5aR, and no apparent activity of C5L2 in infection-induced peritoneal fibrosis. Similarly, antibody blockade of TLR2, TLR4, or C5aR differentially inhibited bacteria-induced profibrotic and inflammatory mediator production by peritoneal leukocytes isolated from the peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE) of noninfected uremic patients. Additionally, antibodies against TLR2, TLR4, or the coreceptor CD14 reduced the profibrotic responses of uremic leukocytes to endogenous components present in the PDE of noninfected patients. Enhancing TLR2-mediated inflammation increased fibrosis in vivo Furthermore, soluble TLR2 (sTLR2), a negative modulator of TLRs that we detected in PDE, inhibited PDE-induced, TLR2- or TLR4-mediated profibrotic responses. Notably, sTLR2 treatment markedly reduced Gram-positive and -negative bacteria-induced fibrosis in vivo, inhibiting proinflammatory and fibrotic genes without affecting infection clearance. These findings reveal the influence of peritoneal TLR2 and TLR4 on PD-associated fibrosis and describe a therapeutic strategy against fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Catherine Raby
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom;
| | - Chantal S Colmont
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Kift-Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lubeck, Germany; and.,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Donald Fraser
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mario O Labéta
- Division of Infection and Immunity and The Wales Kidney Research Unit, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom;
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Lakshmikanth CL, Jacob SP, Chaithra VH, de Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Marathe GK. Sepsis: in search of cure. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:587-602. [PMID: 26995266 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis is a complex inflammatory disorder believed to originate from an infection by any types of microbes and/or their products. It is the leading cause of death in intensive care units (ICUs) throughout the globe. The mortality rates depend both on the severity of infection and the host's response to infection. METHODS Literature survey on pathobiology of sepsis in general and failure of more than hundred clinical trials conducted so far in search of a possible cure for sepsis resulted in the preparation of this manuscript. FINDINGS Sepsis lacks a suitable animal model that mimics human sepsis. However, based on the results obtained in animal models of sepsis, clinical trials conducted so far have been disappointing. Although involvement of multiple mediators and pathways in sepsis has been recognized, only few components are being targeted and this could be the major reason behind the failure of clinical trials. CONCLUSION Inability to recognize a single critical mediator of sepsis may be the underlying cause for the poor therapeutic intervention of sepsis. Therefore, sepsis is still considered as a disease-in search of cure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, 570 006, India
| | | | | | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, 570 006, India.
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Rasid O, Cavaillon JM. Recent developments in severe sepsis research: from bench to bedside and back. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:293-314. [PMID: 26849633 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe sepsis remains a worldwide threat, not only in industrialized countries, due to their aging population, but also in developing countries where there still are numerous cases of neonatal and puerperal sepsis. Tools for early diagnosis, a prerequisite for rapid and appropriate antibiotic therapy, are still required. In this review, we highlight some recent developments in our understanding of the associated systemic inflammatory response that help deciphering pathophysiology (e.g., epigenetic, miRNA, regulatory loops, compartmentalization, apoptosis and synergy) and discuss some of the consequences of sepsis (e.g., immune status, neurological and muscular alterations). We also emphasize the challenge to better define animal models and discuss past failures in clinical investigations in order to define new efficient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Rasid
- Unit Cytokines & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue Dr. Roux, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Cavaillon
- Unit Cytokines & Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue Dr. Roux, Paris, France
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