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Hansman GS, Kher G, Svirina AD, Tame JRH, Hartley-Tassell L, Irie H, Haselhorst T, von Itzstein M, Rudd PA, Pancera M. Development of a broad-spectrum therapeutic Fc-nanobody for human noroviruses. J Virol 2024; 98:e0070724. [PMID: 38953655 PMCID: PMC11264634 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00707-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus was discovered more than five decades ago and is a widespread cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. There are no approved vaccines or antivirals currently available. However, norovirus inhibitors, including capsid-specific monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) and nanobodies, have recently shown promising results. Several Mabs and nanobodies were found to inhibit norovirus replication using a human intestinal enteroid (HIE) culture system and/or could block norovirus attachment to histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) co-factors. In our pursuit to develop a single broad-spectrum norovirus therapeutic, we continued our analysis and development of a cross-reactive and HBGA interfering nanobody (NB26). To improve NB26 binding capacity and therapeutic potential, we conjugated NB26 onto a human IgG Fc domain (Fc-NB26). We confirmed that Fc-NB26 cross-reacts with genetically diverse GII genotype capsid protruding (P) domains (GII.8, GII.14, GII.17, GII.24, GII.26, and GII.NA1) using a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, X-ray crystallography structures of these P domains and structures of other GII genotypes reveal that the NB26 binding site is largely conserved, validating its broad reactivity. We showed that Fc-NB26 has ~100-fold higher affinity toward the norovirus P domain compared to native NB26. We also found that both NB26 and Fc-NB26 neutralize human norovirus replication in the HIE culture system. Furthermore, the mode of inhibition confirmed that like NB26, Fc-NB26 caused norovirus particle disassembly and aggregation. Overall, these new findings demonstrate that structural modifications to nanobodies can improve their therapeutic potential.IMPORTANCEDeveloping vaccines and antivirals against norovirus remains a challenge, mainly due to the constant genetic and antigenic evolution. Moreover, re-infection with genetically related and/or antigenic variants is not uncommon. We further developed our leading norovirus nanobody (NB26) that indirectly interfered with norovirus binding to HBGAs, by converting NB26 into a dimeric Fc-linked Nanobody (Fc-NB26). We found that Fc-NB26 had improved binding affinity and neutralization capacity compared with native NB26. Using X-ray crystallography, we showed this nanobody engaged highly conserved capsid residues among genetically diverse noroviruses. Development of such broadly reactive potent therapeutic nanobodies delivered as a slow-releasing prophylactic could be of exceptional value for norovirus outbreaks, especially for the prevention or treatment of severe acute gastroenteritis in high-risk groups such as the young, elderly, and immunocompromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant S. Hansman
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gargi Kher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jeremy R. H. Tame
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Lauren Hartley-Tassell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hiro Irie
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penny A. Rudd
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Barbieri ES, Sosa-Holt C, Ibañez LI, Baztarrica J, Garaicoechea L, Gay CL, Caceres CJ, Aduriz M, Baumeister E, Escribano JA, Perez D, Wigdorovitz A, Parreño GV, Puntel M. Anti-hemagglutinin monomeric nanobody provides prophylactic immunity against H1 subtype influenza A viruses. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301664. [PMID: 38985719 PMCID: PMC11236207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses constitute a major threat to human health globally. The viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) is the immunodominant antigen, contains the site for binding to the cellular receptor (RBS), and it is the major target of neutralizing antibody responses post-infection. We developed llama-derived single chain antibody fragments (VHHs) specific for type A influenza virus. Four VHHs were identified and further characterized. VHH D81 bound residues in the proximity of the C-terminal region of HA1 of H1 and H5 subtypes, and showed weak neutralizing activity, whereas VHH B33 bound residues in the proximity of the N-terminal region of the HA's stem domain (HA2) of H1, H5, and H9 subtypes, and showed no neutralizing activity. Of most relevance, VHHs E13 and G41 recognized highly conserved conformational epitopes on the H1 HA's globular domain (HA1) and showed high virus neutralizing activity (ranging between 0.94 to 0.01μM), when tested against several human H1N1 isolates. Additionally, E13 displayed abrogated virus replication of a panel of H1N1 strains spanning over 80 years of antigenic drift and isolated from human, avian, and swine origin. Interestingly, E13 conferred protection in vivo at a dose as low as 0.05 mg/kg. Mice treated with E13 intranasally resulted in undetectable virus challenge loads in the lungs at day 4 post-challenge. The transfer of sterilizing pan-H1 immunity, by a dose in the range of micrograms given intranasally, is of major significance for a monomeric VHH and supports the further development of E13 as an immunotherapeutic agent for the mitigation of influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Susana Barbieri
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Sosa-Holt
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Itati Ibañez
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Institute of Science and Technology, Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Josefina Baztarrica
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Garaicoechea
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claire Lindsey Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Carlos Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Matias Aduriz
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa Baumeister
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Malbran Institute, Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Daniel Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrés Wigdorovitz
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gladys Viviana Parreño
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Puntel
- Virology Institute IncuINTA (IVIT-CONICET), National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Pavan MF, Bok M, Betanzos San Juan R, Malito JP, Marcoppido GA, Franco DR, Militelo DA, Schammas JM, Bari SE, Stone W, López K, Porier DL, Muller JA, Auguste AJ, Yuan L, Wigdorovitz A, Parreño VG, Ibañez LI. SARS-CoV-2 Specific Nanobodies Neutralize Different Variants of Concern and Reduce Virus Load in the Brain of h-ACE2 Transgenic Mice. Viruses 2024; 16:185. [PMID: 38399961 PMCID: PMC10892724 DOI: 10.3390/v16020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant need to develop antivirals and vaccines to combat the disease. In this work, we developed llama-derived nanobodies (Nbs) directed against the receptor binding domain (RBD) and other domains of the Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Most of the Nbs with neutralizing properties were directed to RBD and were able to block S-2P/ACE2 interaction. Three neutralizing Nbs recognized the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S-2P protein. Intranasal administration of Nbs induced protection ranging from 40% to 80% after challenge with the WA1/2020 strain in k18-hACE2 transgenic mice. Interestingly, protection was associated with a significant reduction in virus replication in nasal turbinates and a reduction in virus load in the brain. Employing pseudovirus neutralization assays, we identified Nbs with neutralizing capacity against the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants, including a Nb capable of neutralizing all variants tested. Furthermore, cocktails of different Nbs performed better than individual Nbs at neutralizing two Omicron variants (B.1.529 and BA.2). Altogether, the data suggest the potential of SARS-CoV-2 specific Nbs for intranasal treatment of COVID-19 encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Pavan
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires ZC 1428, Argentina; (M.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Marina Bok
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires ZC 1686, Argentina; (M.B.); (J.P.M.); (A.W.)
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires ZC 1686, Argentina;
| | - Rafael Betanzos San Juan
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Departamento de Química Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires ZC 1428, Argentina;
| | - Juan Pablo Malito
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires ZC 1686, Argentina; (M.B.); (J.P.M.); (A.W.)
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires ZC 1686, Argentina;
| | - Gisela Ariana Marcoppido
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires ZC 1686, Argentina; (G.A.M.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Diego Rafael Franco
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires ZC 1686, Argentina; (G.A.M.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Daniela Ayelen Militelo
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires ZC 1428, Argentina; (M.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Juan Manuel Schammas
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires ZC 1686, Argentina;
| | - Sara Elizabeth Bari
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires ZC 1428, Argentina; (M.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.E.B.)
| | - William Stone
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (W.S.); (K.L.); (D.L.P.); (J.A.M.); (A.J.A.)
| | - Krisangel López
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (W.S.); (K.L.); (D.L.P.); (J.A.M.); (A.J.A.)
| | - Danielle LaBrie Porier
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (W.S.); (K.L.); (D.L.P.); (J.A.M.); (A.J.A.)
| | - John Anthony Muller
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (W.S.); (K.L.); (D.L.P.); (J.A.M.); (A.J.A.)
| | - Albert Jonathan Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (W.S.); (K.L.); (D.L.P.); (J.A.M.); (A.J.A.)
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Andrés Wigdorovitz
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires ZC 1686, Argentina; (M.B.); (J.P.M.); (A.W.)
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires ZC 1686, Argentina;
| | - Viviana Gladys Parreño
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires ZC 1686, Argentina; (M.B.); (J.P.M.); (A.W.)
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires ZC 1686, Argentina;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Lorena Itat Ibañez
- Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires ZC 1428, Argentina; (M.F.P.); (D.A.M.); (S.E.B.)
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4
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Salmen W, Hu L, Bok M, Chaimongkol N, Ettayebi K, Sosnovtsev SV, Soni K, Ayyar BV, Shanker S, Neill FH, Sankaran B, Atmar RL, Estes MK, Green KY, Parreño V, Prasad BVV. A single nanobody neutralizes multiple epochally evolving human noroviruses by modulating capsid plasticity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6516. [PMID: 37845211 PMCID: PMC10579229 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis caused by human noroviruses (HuNoVs) is a significant global health and economic burden and is without licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs. The GII.4 HuNoV causes most epidemics worldwide. This virus undergoes epochal evolution with periodic emergence of variants with new antigenic profiles and altered specificity for histo-blood group antigens (HBGA), the determinants of cell attachment and susceptibility, hampering the development of immunotherapeutics. Here, we show that a llama-derived nanobody M4 neutralizes multiple GII.4 variants with high potency in human intestinal enteroids. The crystal structure of M4 complexed with the protruding domain of the GII.4 capsid protein VP1 revealed a conserved epitope, away from the HBGA binding site, fully accessible only when VP1 transitions to a "raised" conformation in the capsid. Together with dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy of the GII.4 VLPs, our studies suggest a mechanism in which M4 accesses the epitope by altering the conformational dynamics of the capsid and triggering its disassembly to neutralize GII.4 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Salmen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marina Bok
- Virology Institute and Technology Innovation, IVIT, CONICET-INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natthawan Chaimongkol
- Caliciviruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stanislav V Sosnovtsev
- Caliciviruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaundal Soni
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sreejesh Shanker
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kim Y Green
- Caliciviruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Virology Institute and Technology Innovation, IVIT, CONICET-INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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5
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Guliy OI, Evstigneeva SS, Khanadeev VA, Dykman LA. Antibody Phage Display Technology for Sensor-Based Virus Detection: Current Status and Future Prospects. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:640. [PMID: 37367005 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are widespread in the environment, and many of them are major pathogens of serious plant, animal, and human diseases. The risk of pathogenicity, together with the capacity for constant mutation, emphasizes the need for measures to rapidly detect viruses. The need for highly sensitive bioanalytical methods to diagnose and monitor socially significant viral diseases has increased in the past few years. This is due, on the one hand, to the increased incidence of viral diseases in general (including the unprecedented spread of a new coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2), and, on the other hand, to the need to overcome the limitations of modern biomedical diagnostic methods. Phage display technology antibodies as nano-bio-engineered macromolecules can be used for sensor-based virus detection. This review analyzes the commonly used virus detection methods and approaches and shows the prospects for the use of antibodies prepared by phage display technology as sensing elements for sensor-based virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga I Guliy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospect Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Stella S Evstigneeva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospect Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Vitaly A Khanadeev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospect Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Lev A Dykman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospect Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia
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6
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Pavan MF, Bok M, Juan RBS, Malito JP, Marcoppido GA, Franco DR, Militello DA, Schammas JM, Bari S, Stone WB, López K, Porier DL, Muller J, Auguste AJ, Yuan L, Wigdorovitz A, Parreño V, Ibañez LI. Nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 reduced virus load in the brain of challenged mice and neutralized Wuhan, Delta and Omicron Variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532528. [PMID: 36993215 PMCID: PMC10054972 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed llama-derived nanobodies (Nbs) directed to the receptor binding domain (RBD) and other domains of the Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Nanobodies were selected after the biopanning of two VHH-libraries, one of which was generated after the immunization of a llama (lama glama) with the bovine coronavirus (BCoV) Mebus, and another with the full-length pre-fused locked S protein (S-2P) and the RBD from the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain (WT). Most of the neutralizing Nbs selected with either RBD or S-2P from SARS-CoV-2 were directed to RBD and were able to block S-2P/ACE2 interaction. Three Nbs recognized the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S-2P protein as measured by competition with biliverdin, while some non-neutralizing Nbs recognize epitopes in the S2 domain. One Nb from the BCoV immune library was directed to RBD but was non-neutralizing. Intranasal administration of Nbs induced protection ranging from 40% to 80% against COVID-19 death in k18-hACE2 mice challenged with the WT strain. Interestingly, protection was not only associated with a significant reduction of virus replication in nasal turbinates and lungs, but also with a reduction of virus load in the brain. Employing pseudovirus neutralization assays, we were able to identify Nbs with neutralizing capacity against the Alpha, Beta, Delta and Omicron variants. Furthermore, cocktails of different Nbs performed better than individual Nbs to neutralize two Omicron variants (B.1.529 and BA.2). Altogether, the data suggest these Nbs can potentially be used as a cocktail for intranasal treatment to prevent or treat COVID-19 encephalitis, or modified for prophylactic administration to fight this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Pavan
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE)
| | - Marina Bok
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET)
| | - Rafael Betanzos San Juan
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Malito
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET)
| | - Gisela Ariana Marcoppido
- Instituto de Investigación Patobiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
| | - Diego Rafael Franco
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
| | - Daniela Ayelen Militello
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE)
| | - Juan Manuel Schammas
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET)
| | - Sara Bari
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE)
| | - William B Stone
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Krisangel López
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Danielle L Porier
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - John Muller
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Albert J Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Andrés Wigdorovitz
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET)
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Incuinta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IVIT-CONICET)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Lorena Itatí Ibañez
- CONICET Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE)
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7
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Tohma K, Ushijima H. [Molecular epidemiology and evolution of human noroviruses]. Uirusu 2023; 73:17-32. [PMID: 39343517 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.73.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the most common viral cause of acute gastroenteritis after the introduction of rotavirus vaccines. Norovirus infection can cause severe symptoms in vulnerable populations including young children and the elderly. Thus, it is still a leading cause of death from diarrhea in children in developing countries. Recent advancement of genomics platforms facilitated understanding of the epidemiology of norovirus, while the whole picture of norovirus diversity is still undetermined. Currently, there are no approved vaccines for norovirus, but state-of-the-art norovirus cultivation systems could elucidate the antigenic diversity of this fast-evolving virus. In this review, we will summarize the historical and latest findings of norovirus epidemiology, diversity, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tohma
- Division of Viral Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, Unites States
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Artman C, Idegwu N, Brumfield KD, Lai K, Hauta S, Falzarano D, Parreño V, Yuan L, Geyer JD, Goepp JG. Feasibility of Polyclonal Avian Immunoglobulins (IgY) as Prophylaxis against Human Norovirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112371. [PMID: 36366469 PMCID: PMC9698945 DOI: 10.3390/v14112371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading viral cause of diarrhea, with GII.4 as the predominant genotype of HuNoV outbreaks globally. However, new genogroup variants emerge periodically, complicating the development of anti-HuNoV vaccines; other prophylactic or therapeutic medications specifically for HuNoV disease are lacking. Passive immunization using oral anti-HuNoV antibodies may be a rational alternative. Here, we explore the feasibility of using avian immunoglobulins (IgY) for preventing HuNoV infection in vitro in a human intestinal enteroid (HIE) model. METHODS Hens were immunized with virus-like particles (VLP) of a GII.4 HuNoV strain (GII.4/CHDC2094/1974/US) by intramuscular injection. The resulting IgY was evaluated for inhibition of binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) and viral neutralization against representative GII.4 and GII.6 clinical isolates, using an HIE model. RESULTS IgY titers were detected by three weeks following initial immunization, persisting at levels of 1:221 (1:2,097,152) from 9 weeks to 23 weeks. Anti-HuNoV IgY significantly (p < 0.05) blocked VLP adhesion to HBGA up to 1:12,048 dilution (0.005 mg/mL), and significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited replication of HuNoV GII.4[P16] Sydney 2012 in HIEs up to 1:128 dilution (0.08 mg/mL). Neutralization was not detected against genotype GII.6. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the feasibility of IgY for preventing infection of HIE by HuNoV GII.4. Clinical preparations should cover multiple circulating HuNoV genotypes for comprehensive effects. Plans for animal studies are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Artman
- Scaled Microbiomics, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21740, USA
| | | | - Kyle D. Brumfield
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park Campus, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park Campus, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ken Lai
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Shirley Hauta
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- INCUINTA, IVIT, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA, Argentina), Buenos Aires 1712, Argentina
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - James D. Geyer
- Institute for Rural Health Research, College of Community Health Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Julius G. Goepp
- Scaled Microbiomics, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21740, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-585-820-9937
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9
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Hu Y, Lin J, Wang Y, Wu S, Wu J, Lv H, Ji X, Muyldermans S, Zhang Y, Wang S. Identification of Serum Ferritin-Specific Nanobodies and Development towards a Diagnostic Immunoassay. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081080. [PMID: 36008974 PMCID: PMC9406126 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum ferritin (SF) is an iron-rich protein tightly connected with iron homeostasis, and the variations are frequently observed in diseased states, including iron-deficiency anemia, inflammation, liver disease, and tumors, which renders SF level an indicator of potential malignancies in clinical practice. Nanobodies (Nbs) have been widely explored and developed into theranostic reagents. Surprisingly, no reports stated the identification of anti-SF Nbs, nor the potential of such Nbs as a diagnostic tool. In this study, we generated SF-specific Nbs and provided novel clinical diagnostic approaches to develop an immunoassay. An immune library was constructed after immunizing an alpaca with SF, and five Nbs specifically targeting human SF were retrieved. The obtained Nbs exhibited robust properties including high stability, affinity, and specificity. Then, an ELISA-based test using a heterologous Nb-pair was developed. The calibration curve demonstrated a linear range of SF between 9.0 to 1100 ng/mL, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.01 ng/mL. The detecting recovery and coefficient variation (CV) were determined by spiking different concentrations of SF into the serum sample, to verify the successful application of our selected Nbs for SF monitoring. In general, this study generated SF-specific Nbs and demonstrated their potential as diagnostic immunoassay tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Hu
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Sihao Wu
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huan Lv
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuemeng Ji
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yan Zhang
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (S.W.); Tel.: +86-22-8535-8445 (S.W.)
| | - Shuo Wang
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (S.W.); Tel.: +86-22-8535-8445 (S.W.)
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10
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Ottosson L, Hagbom M, Svernlöv R, Nyström S, Carlsson B, Öman M, Ström M, Svensson L, Nilsdotter-Augustinsson Å, Nordgren J. Long Term Norovirus Infection in a Patient with Severe Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081708. [PMID: 36016330 PMCID: PMC9413339 DOI: 10.3390/v14081708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the most common cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Immunocompromised patients can become chronically infected, with or without symptoms. In Europe, common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is one of the most common inborn errors of immunity. A potentially severe complication is CVID-associated enteropathy, a disorder with similar histopathology to celiac disease. Studies suggest that chronic norovirus infection may be a contributor to CVID enteropathy, and that the antiviral drug ribavirin can be effective against norovirus. Here, a patient with CVID-like disease with combined B- and T-cell deficiency, had chronic norovirus infection and enteropathy. The patient was routinely administered subcutaneous and intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy (SCIg and IVIg). The patient was also administered ribavirin for ~7.5 months to clear the infection. Stool samples (collected 2013–2016) and archived paraffin embedded duodenal biopsies were screened for norovirus by qPCR, confirming a chronic infection. Norovirus genotyping was done in 25 stool samples. For evolutionary analysis, the capsid (VP1) and polymerase (RdRp) genes were sequenced in 10 and 12 stool samples, respectively, collected before, during, and after ribavirin treatment. Secretor phenotyping was done in saliva, and serum was analyzed for histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) blocking titers. The chronic norovirus strain formed a unique variant subcluster, with GII.4 Den Haag [P4] variant, circulating around 2009, as the most recent common ancestor. This corresponded to the documented debut of symptoms. The patient was a secretor and had HBGA blocking titers associated with protection in immunocompetent individuals. Several unique amino acid substitutions were detected in immunodominant epitopes of VP1. However, HBGA binding sites were conserved. Ribavirin failed in treating the infection and no clear association between ribavirin-levels and quantity of norovirus shedding was observed. In conclusion, long term infection with norovirus in a patient with severe CVID led to the evolution of a unique norovirus strain with amino acid substitutions in immunodominant epitopes, but conservation within HBGA binding pockets. Regularly administered SCIg, IVIg, and ~7.5-month ribavirin treatment failed to clear the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loa Ottosson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
| | - Marie Hagbom
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
| | - Rikard Svernlöv
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (R.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Beatrice Carlsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
| | - Mattias Öman
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
| | - Magnus Ström
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (R.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 17111 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nilsdotter-Augustinsson
- Infectious Diseases/Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; (L.O.); (M.H.); (S.N.); (B.C.); (M.Ö.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Moliner-Morro A, McInerney GM, Hanke L. Nanobodies in the limelight: Multifunctional tools in the fight against viruses. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35579613 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are natural antivirals generated by the vertebrate immune system in response to viral infection or vaccination. Unsurprisingly, they are also key molecules in the virologist's molecular toolbox. With new developments in methods for protein engineering, protein functionalization and application, smaller antibody-derived fragments are moving in focus. Among these, camelid-derived nanobodies play a prominent role. Nanobodies can replace full-sized antibodies in most applications and enable new possible applications for which conventional antibodies are challenging to use. Here we review the versatile nature of nanobodies, discuss their promise as antiviral therapeutics, for diagnostics, and their suitability as research tools to uncover novel aspects of viral infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Moliner-Morro
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Roth KDR, Wenzel EV, Ruschig M, Steinke S, Langreder N, Heine PA, Schneider KT, Ballmann R, Fühner V, Kuhn P, Schirrmann T, Frenzel A, Dübel S, Schubert M, Moreira GMSG, Bertoglio F, Russo G, Hust M. Developing Recombinant Antibodies by Phage Display Against Infectious Diseases and Toxins for Diagnostics and Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:697876. [PMID: 34307196 PMCID: PMC8294040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.697876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are essential molecules for diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by pathogens and their toxins. Antibodies were integrated in our medical repertoire against infectious diseases more than hundred years ago by using animal sera to treat tetanus and diphtheria. In these days, most developed therapeutic antibodies target cancer or autoimmune diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic was a reminder about the importance of antibodies for therapy against infectious diseases. While monoclonal antibodies could be generated by hybridoma technology since the 70ies of the former century, nowadays antibody phage display, among other display technologies, is robustly established to discover new human monoclonal antibodies. Phage display is an in vitro technology which confers the potential for generating antibodies from universal libraries against any conceivable molecule of sufficient size and omits the limitations of the immune systems. If convalescent patients or immunized/infected animals are available, it is possible to construct immune phage display libraries to select in vivo affinity-matured antibodies. A further advantage is the availability of the DNA sequence encoding the phage displayed antibody fragment, which is packaged in the phage particles. Therefore, the selected antibody fragments can be rapidly further engineered in any needed antibody format according to the requirements of the final application. In this review, we present an overview of phage display derived recombinant antibodies against bacterial, viral and eukaryotic pathogens, as well as microbial toxins, intended for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Daniel Ralph Roth
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ruschig
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Steinke
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nora Langreder
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip Alexander Heine
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai-Thomas Schneider
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rico Ballmann
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Viola Fühner
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Dübel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Schubert
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Federico Bertoglio
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
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13
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Crowell LE, Goodwine C, Holt CS, Rocha L, Vega C, Rodriguez SA, Dalvie NC, Tracey MK, Puntel M, Wigdorovitz A, Parreño V, Love KR, Cramer SM, Love JC. Development of a platform process for the production and purification of single-domain antibodies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3348-3358. [PMID: 33624832 PMCID: PMC8451865 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Single‐domain antibodies (sdAbs) offer the affinity and therapeutic value of conventional antibodies, with increased stability and solubility. Unlike conventional antibodies, however, sdAbs do not benefit from a platform manufacturing process. While successful production of a variety of sdAbs has been shown in numerous hosts, purification methods are often molecule specific or require affinity tags, which generally cannot be used in clinical manufacturing due to regulatory concerns. Here, we have developed a broadly applicable production and purification process for sdAbs in Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) and demonstrated the production of eight different sdAbs at a quality appropriate for nonclinical studies. We developed a two‐step, integrated purification process without the use of affinity resins and showed that modification of a single process parameter, pH of the bridging buffer, was required for the successful purification of a variety of sdAbs. Further, we determined that this parameter can be predicted based only on the biophysical characteristics of the target molecule. Using these methods, we produced nonclinical quality sdAbs as few as 5 weeks after identifying the product sequence. Nonclinical studies of three different sdAbs showed that molecules produced using our platform process conferred protection against viral shedding of rotavirus or H1N1 influenza and were equivalent to similar molecules produced in Escherichia coli and purified using affinity tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Crowell
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chaz Goodwine
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Carla S Holt
- Instituto de Virología, Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia Rocha
- Instituto de Virología, Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celina Vega
- Instituto de Virología, Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Rodriguez
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil C Dalvie
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mary K Tracey
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mariana Puntel
- Instituto de Virología, Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Wigdorovitz
- Instituto de Virología, Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kerry R Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven M Cramer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - J Christopher Love
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Yuki Y, Kurokawa S, Sato S, Sasou A, Matsumoto N, Suzuki A, Sakon N, Goda Y, Takeyama N, Miyoshi T, Marcotte H, Tanaka T, Hammarstrom L, Kiyono H. A Heterodimeric Antibody Fragment for Passive Immunotherapy Against Norovirus Infection. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:470-478. [PMID: 32211769 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses cause an estimated 685 million infections and 200 000 deaths annually worldwide. Although vaccines against GII.4 and GI.1 genotypes are under development, no information is available regarding vaccines or monoclonal antibodies to other noroviral genotypes. Here, we developed 2 variable-domain llama heavy-chain antibody fragment (VHHs) clones, 7C6 and 1E4, against GII.4 and GII.17 human noroviruses, respectively. Although 7C6 cross-reacted with virus-like particles (VLPs) of GII.17, GII.6, GII.3, and GII.4, it neutralized only GII.4 norovirus. In contrast, 1E4 reacted with and neutralized only GII.17 VLPs. Both VHHs blocked VLP binding to human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal epithelial cells and carbohydrate attachment factors. Using these 2 VHHs, we produced a heterodimeric VHH fragment that neutralized both GII.4 and GII.17 noroviruses. Because VHH fragments are heat- and acid-stable recombinant monoclonal antibodies, the heterodimer likely will be useful for oral immunotherapy and prophylaxis against GII.4 and GII.17 noroviruses in young, elderly, or immunocompromised persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yuki
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Kurokawa
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunology and Genomics, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ai Sasou
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Matsumoto
- BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akio Suzuki
- BIKEN Center for Innovative Vaccine Research and Development, Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naomi Sakon
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Goda
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Takeyama
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Harold Marcotte
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lennart Hammarstrom
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Mucosal Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Chiba University-University of California San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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15
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Afchangi A, Latifi T, Jalilvand S, Marashi SM, Shoja Z. Combined use of lactic-acid-producing bacteria as probiotics and rotavirus vaccine candidates expressing virus-specific proteins. Arch Virol 2021; 166:995-1006. [PMID: 33533975 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the lower efficacy of currently approved live attenuated rotavirus (RV) vaccines in developing countries, a new approach to the development of safe mucosally administered live bacterial vectors is being considered, using probiotic bacteria as an efficient delivery platform for heterologous RV antigens. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are considered food-grade bacteria and normal microbiota, have been utilized throughout history as probiotics and developed since the 1990s as a delivery system for recombinant heterologous proteins. Over the last decade, LAB have frequently been used as a platform for the delivery of various RV antigens to the mucosa. Given the appropriate safety profile for neonates and providing the benefits of probiotics, recombinant LAB-based vaccines could potentially address the need for a subunit RV vaccine. The present review focuses mainly on different recombinant LAB vaccine constructs for RV and their potential as an alternative recombinant vaccine against RV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afchangi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Ford-Siltz LA, Wales S, Tohma K, Gao Y, Parra GI. Genotype-Specific Neutralization of Norovirus Is Mediated by Antibodies Against the Protruding Domain of the Major Capsid Protein. J Infect Dis 2020; 225:1205-1214. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most common viral agents of acute gastroenteritis. Recently, human intestinal enteroids were shown to be permissive for norovirus infection. We tested their suitability as a system to study norovirus neutralization. Hyperimmune sera raised against virus-like particles (VLPs) representing different genotypes showed highly specific neutralization activity against GII.4 and GII.6 noroviruses. Carbohydrate blocking assays and neutralization exhibited similar patterns in antibody responses. Notably, sera produced against chimeric VLPs that presented swapped structural shell and protruding (P) domains, from different genotypes showed that neutralization is primarily mediated by antibodies mapping to the P domain of the norovirus capsid protein. This study provides empirical information on the antigenic differences among genotypes as measured by neutralization, which could guide vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Ford-Siltz
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Samantha Wales
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Kentaro Tohma
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Yamei Gao
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gabriel I Parra
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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17
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HBGA binding modes and selectivity in noroviruses upon mutation: a docking and molecular dynamics study. J Mol Model 2019; 25:369. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Population Genomics of GII.4 Noroviruses Reveal Complex Diversification and New Antigenic Sites Involved in the Emergence of Pandemic Strains. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02202-19. [PMID: 31551337 PMCID: PMC6759766 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02202-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are an important cause of viral gastroenteritis around the world. An obstacle delaying the development of norovirus vaccines is inadequate understanding of the role of norovirus diversity in immunity. Using a population genomics approach, we identified new residues on the viral capsid protein (VP1) from GII.4 noroviruses, the predominant genotype, that appear to be involved in the emergence and antigenic topology of GII.4 variants. Careful monitoring of the substitutions in those residues involved in the diversification and emergence of new viruses could help in the early detection of future novel variants with pandemic potential. Therefore, this novel information on the antigenic diversification could facilitate GII.4 norovirus vaccine design. GII.4 noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis. Their dominance has been partially explained by the continuous emergence of antigenically distinct variants. To gain insights into the mechanisms of viral emergence and population dynamics of GII.4 noroviruses, we performed large-scale genomics, structural, and mutational analyses of the viral capsid protein (VP1). GII.4 noroviruses exhibited a periodic replacement of predominant variants with accumulation of amino acid substitutions. Genomic analyses revealed (i) a large proportion (87%) of conserved residues; (ii) variable residues that map on the previously determined antigenic sites; and (iii) variable residues that map outside the antigenic sites. Residues in the third pattern category formed motifs on the surface of VP1, which suggested extensions of previously predicted and new uncharacterized antigenic sites. The role of two motifs (C and G) in the antigenic makeup of the GII.4 capsid protein was confirmed with monoclonal antibodies and carbohydrate blocking assays. Amino acid profiles from antigenic sites (A, C, D, E, and G) correlated with the circulation patterns of GII.4 variants, with three of them (A, C, and G) containing residues (352, 357, 368, and 378) linked with the diversifying selective pressure on the emergence of new GII.4 variants. Notably, the emergence of each variant was followed by stochastic diversification with minimal changes that did not progress toward the next variant. This report provides a methodological framework for antigenic characterization of viruses and expands our understanding of the dynamics of GII.4 noroviruses and could facilitate the design of cross-reactive vaccines.
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19
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The Antigenic Topology of Norovirus as Defined by B and T Cell Epitope Mapping: Implications for Universal Vaccines and Therapeutics. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050432. [PMID: 31083353 PMCID: PMC6563215 DOI: 10.3390/v11050432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Vaccine design has been confounded by the antigenic diversity of these viruses and a limited understanding of protective immunity. We reviewed 77 articles published since 1988 describing the isolation, function, and mapping of 307 unique monoclonal antibodies directed against B cell epitopes of human and murine noroviruses representing diverse Genogroups (G). Of these antibodies, 91, 153, 21, and 42 were reported as GI-specific, GII-specific, MNV GV-specific, and G cross-reactive, respectively. Our goal was to reconstruct the antigenic topology of noroviruses in relationship to mapped epitopes with potential for therapeutic use or inclusion in universal vaccines. Furthermore, we reviewed seven published studies of norovirus T cell epitopes that identified 18 unique peptide sequences with CD4- or CD8-stimulating activity. Both the protruding (P) and shell (S) domains of the major capsid protein VP1 contained B and T cell epitopes, with the majority of neutralizing and HBGA-blocking B cell epitopes mapping in or proximal to the surface-exposed P2 region of the P domain. The majority of broadly reactive B and T cell epitopes mapped to the S and P1 arm of the P domain. Taken together, this atlas of mapped B and T cell epitopes offers insight into the promises and challenges of designing universal vaccines and immunotherapy for the noroviruses.
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20
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del Rio B, Redruello B, Fernandez M, Martin MC, Ladero V, Alvarez MA. Lactic Acid Bacteria as a Live Delivery System for the in situ Production of Nanobodies in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Microbiol 2019. [PMCID: PMC6346216 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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21
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Yildiz M, Kocak A. Molecular Dynamics Studies of Histo-Blood Group Antigen Blocking Human Immunoglobulin A Antibody and Escape Mechanism in Noroviruses Upon Mutation. J Comput Biol 2018; 26:962-974. [PMID: 30570348 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2018.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the causing agent of acute gastroenteritis disease globally. Efforts in developing therapeutics against virus infection mostly fail due to emergence of drug resistance that is a consequence of presence of high mutation rates in virus genome during virus' life cycle. In this study, we computationally analyzed the affinity of a drug target, wild type VP1 envelope protein and its three variants to a therapeutic antibody FAB5I2. We have found that mutations break important hydrogen bonds and cause high fluctuations in residues that form VP1-FAB5I2 complex interface. In addition to changes in dynamics, we also revealed that the affinity of FAB5I2 to VP1 protein drops significantly upon mutations in terms of relative binding free energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muslum Yildiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Kocak
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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22
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Ghosh S, Malik YS, Kobayashi N. Therapeutics and Immunoprophylaxis Against Noroviruses and Rotaviruses: The Past, Present, and Future. Curr Drug Metab 2018; 19:170-191. [PMID: 28901254 PMCID: PMC5971199 DOI: 10.2174/1389200218666170912161449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Noroviruses and rotaviruses are important viral etiologies of severe gastroenteritis. Noroviruses are the primary cause of nonbacterial diarrheal outbreaks in humans, whilst rotaviruses are a major cause of childhood diarrhea. Although both enteric pathogens substantially impact human health and economies, there are no approved drugs against noroviruses and rotaviruses so far. On the other hand, whilst the currently licensed rotavirus vaccines have been successfully implemented in over 100 countries, the most advanced norovirus vaccine has recently completed phase-I and II trials. Methods: We performed a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research litera-ture on advances in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis. Results: Technological advances coupled with a proper understanding of viral morphology and replication over the past decade has facilitated pioneering research on therapeutics and immunoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses, with promising outcomes in human clinical trials of some of the drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on the various developments in the fields of norovirus and rotavirus thera-peutics and immunoprophylaxis, such as potential antiviral drug molecules, passive immunotherapies (oral human immunoglobulins, egg yolk and bovine colostral antibodies, llama-derived nanobodies, and anti-bodies expressed in probiotics, plants, rice grains and insect larvae), immune system modulators, probiot-ics, phytochemicals and other biological substances such as bovine milk proteins, therapeutic nanoparti-cles, hydrogels and viscogens, conventional viral vaccines (live and inactivated whole virus vaccines), and genetically engineered viral vaccines (reassortant viral particles, virus-like particles (VLPs) and other sub-unit recombinant vaccines including multi-valent viral vaccines, edible plant vaccines, and encapsulated viral particles). Conclusions: This review provides important insights into the various approaches to therapeutics and im-munoprophylaxis against noroviruses and rotaviruses..
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies.,Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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23
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Bányai K, Estes MK, Martella V, Parashar UD. Viral gastroenteritis. Lancet 2018; 392:175-186. [PMID: 30025810 PMCID: PMC8883799 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteric viruses, particularly rotaviruses and noroviruses, are a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Rotaviruses primarily affect young children, accounting for almost 40% of hospital admissions for diarrhoea and 200 000 deaths worldwide, with the majority of deaths occurring in developing countries. Two vaccines against rotavirus were licensed in 2006 and have been implemented in 95 countries as of April, 2018. Data from eight high-income and middle-income countries showed a 49-89% decline in rotavirus-associated hospital admissions and a 17-55% decline in all-cause gastroenteritis-associated hospital admissions among children younger than 5 years, within 2 years of vaccine introduction. Noroviruses affect people of all ages, and are a leading cause of foodborne disease and outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. Prevention of norovirus infection relies on frequent hand hygiene, limiting contact with people who are infected with the virus, and disinfection of contaminated environmental surfaces. Norovirus vaccine candidates are in clinical trials; whether vaccines will provide durable protection against the range of genetically and antigenically diverse norovirus strains remains unknown. Treatment of viral gastroenteritis is based primarily on replacement of fluid and electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Provincial Road to Casamassima, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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24
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Iezzi ME, Policastro L, Werbajh S, Podhajcer O, Canziani GA. Single-Domain Antibodies and the Promise of Modular Targeting in Cancer Imaging and Treatment. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29520274 PMCID: PMC5827546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies and their fragments have significantly changed the outcome of cancer in the clinic, effectively inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, triggering antibody-dependent immune effector cell activation and complement mediated cell death. Along with a continued expansion in number, diversity, and complexity of validated tumor targets there is an increasing focus on engineering recombinant antibody fragments for lead development. Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), in particular those engineered from the variable heavy-chain fragment (VHH gene) found in Camelidae heavy-chain antibodies (or IgG2 and IgG3), are the smallest fragments that retain the full antigen-binding capacity of the antibody with advantageous properties as drugs. For similar reasons, growing attention is being paid to the yet smaller variable heavy chain new antigen receptor (VNAR) fragments found in Squalidae. sdAbs have been selected, mostly from immune VHH libraries, to inhibit or modulate enzyme activity, bind soluble factors, internalize cell membrane receptors, or block cytoplasmic targets. This succinct review is a compilation of recent data documenting the application of engineered, recombinant sdAb in the clinic as epitope recognition “modules” to build monomeric, dimeric and multimeric ligands that target, tag and stall solid tumor growth in vivo. Size, affinity, specificity, and the development profile of sdAbs drugs are seemingly consistent with desirable clinical efficacy and safety requirements. But the hepatotoxicity of the tetrameric anti-DR5-VHH drug in patients with pre-existing anti-drug antibodies halted the phase I clinical trial and called for a thorough pre-screening of the immune and poly-specific reactivities of the sdAb leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Iezzi
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Policastro
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio Nanomedicina, Gerencia de Desarrollo Tecnológico y Proyectos Especiales, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Santiago Werbajh
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo Podhajcer
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Alicia Canziani
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Motoya T, Nagasawa K, Matsushima Y, Nagata N, Ryo A, Sekizuka T, Yamashita A, Kuroda M, Morita Y, Suzuki Y, Sasaki N, Katayama K, Kimura H. Molecular Evolution of the VP1 Gene in Human Norovirus GII.4 Variants in 1974-2015. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2399. [PMID: 29259596 PMCID: PMC5723339 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, of which GII.4 is the most predominant genotype. Unlike other genotypes, GII.4 has created various variants that escaped from previously acquired immunity of the host and caused repeated epidemics. However, the molecular evolutionary differences among all GII.4 variants, including recently discovered strains, have not been elucidated. Thus, we conducted a series of bioinformatic analyses using numerous, globally collected, full-length GII.4 major capsid (VP1) gene sequences (466 strains) to compare the evolutionary patterns among GII.4 variants. The time-scaled phylogenetic tree constructed using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method showed that the common ancestor of the GII.4 VP1 gene diverged from GII.20 in 1840. The GII.4 genotype emerged in 1932, and then formed seven clusters including 14 known variants after 1980. The evolutionary rate of GII.4 strains was estimated to be 7.68 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year. The evolutionary rates probably differed among variants as well as domains [protruding 1 (P1), shell, and P2 domains]. The Osaka 2007 variant strains probably contained more nucleotide substitutions than any other variant. Few conformational epitopes were located in the shell and P1 domains, although most were contained in the P2 domain, which, as previously established, is associated with attachment to host factors and antigenicity. We found that positive selection sites for the whole GII.4 genotype existed in the shell and P1 domains, while Den Haag 2006b, New Orleans 2009, and Sydney 2012 variants were under positive selection in the P2 domain. Amino acid substitutions overlapped with putative epitopes or were located around the epitopes in the P2 domain. The effective population sizes of the present strains increased stepwise for Den Haag 2006b, New Orleans 2009, and Sydney 2012 variants. These results suggest that HuNoV GII.4 rapidly evolved in a few decades, created various variants, and altered its evolutionary rate and antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Motoya
- Ibaraki Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Mito, Japan.,Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Koo Nagasawa
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsushima
- Division of Virology, Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Ibaraki Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Mito, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Akifumi Yamashita
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Yukio Morita
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Tokyo Kasei University, Itabashi-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuya Sasaki
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan.,Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki, Japan
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26
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Koromyslova AD, Hansman GS. Nanobodies targeting norovirus capsid reveal functional epitopes and potential mechanisms of neutralization. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006636. [PMID: 29095961 PMCID: PMC5667739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Despite recent developments in norovirus propagation in cell culture, these viruses are still challenging to grow routinely. Moreover, little is known on how norovirus infects the host cells, except that histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are important binding factors for infection and cell entry. Antibodies that bind at the HBGA pocket and block attachment to HBGAs are believed to neutralize the virus. However, additional neutralization epitopes elsewhere on the capsid likely exist and impeding the intrinsic structural dynamics of the capsid could be equally important. In the current study, we investigated a panel of Nanobodies in order to probe functional epitopes that could trigger capsid rearrangement and/ or interfere with HBGA binding interactions. The precise binding sites of six Nanobodies (Nano-4, Nano-14, Nano-26, Nano-27, Nano-32, and Nano-42) were identified using X-ray crystallography. We showed that these Nanobodies bound on the top, side, and bottom of the norovirus protruding domain. The impact of Nanobody binding on norovirus capsid morphology was analyzed using electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. We discovered that distinct Nanobody epitopes were associated with varied changes in particle structural integrity and assembly. Interestingly, certain Nanobody-induced capsid morphological changes lead to the capsid protein degradation and viral RNA exposure. Moreover, Nanobodies employed multiple inhibition mechanisms to prevent norovirus attachment to HBGAs, which included steric obstruction (Nano-14), allosteric interference (Nano-32), and violation of normal capsid morphology (Nano-26 and Nano-85). Finally, we showed that two Nanobodies (Nano-26 and Nano-85) not only compromised capsid integrity and inhibited VLPs attachment to HBGAs, but also recognized a broad panel of norovirus genotypes with high affinities. Consequently, Nano-26 and Nano-85 have a great potential to function as novel therapeutic agents against human noroviruses. We determined the binding sites of six novel human norovirus specific Nanobodies (Nano-4, Nano-14, Nano-26, Nano-27, Nano-32, and Nano-42) using X-ray crystallography. The unique Nanobody recognition epitopes were correlated with their potential neutralizing capacities. We showed that one Nanobody (Nano-26) bound numerous genogroup II genotypes and interacted with highly conserved capsid residues. Four Nanobodies (Nano-4, Nano-26, Nano-27, and Nano-42) bound to occluded regions on the intact particles and impaired normal capsid morphology and particle integrity. One Nanobody (Nano-14) bound contiguous to the HBGA pocket and interacted with several residues involved in binding HBGAs. We found that the Nanobodies delivered multiple inhibition mechanisms, which included steric obstruction, allosteric interference, and disruption of the capsid stability. Our data suggested that the HBGA pocket might not be an ideal target for drug development, since the surrounding region is highly variable and inherently suffers from lack of conservation among the genetically diverse genotypes. Instead, we showed that the capsid contained other highly susceptible regions that could be targeted for virus inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D. Koromyslova
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (ADK); (GSH)
| | - Grant S. Hansman
- Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (ADK); (GSH)
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27
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Brown LAK, Clark I, Brown JR, Breuer J, Lowe DM. Norovirus infection in primary immune deficiency. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27:e1926. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Clark
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Julianne R. Brown
- Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and University College; London UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity; University College London; London UK
| | - David M. Lowe
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation; University College London, Royal Free Campus; London UK
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28
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Steeland S, Vandenbroucke RE, Libert C. Nanobodies as therapeutics: big opportunities for small antibodies. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1076-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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29
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Antiviral targets of human noroviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 18:117-25. [PMID: 27318434 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses are major causative agents of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis both in children and adults. Currently there are no licensed therapeutic intervention measures either in terms of vaccines or drugs available for these highly contagious human pathogens. Genetic and antigenic diversity of these viruses, rapid emergence of new strains, and their ability to infect a broad population by using polymorphic histo-blood group antigens for cell attachment, pose significant challenges for the development of effective antiviral agents. Despite these impediments, there is progress in the design and development of therapeutic agents. These include capsid-based candidate vaccines, and potential antivirals either in the form of glycomimetics or designer antibodies that block HBGA binding, as well as those that target essential non-structural proteins such as the viral protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In addition to these classical approaches, recent studies suggest the possibility of interferons and targeting host cell factors as viable approaches to counter norovirus infection. This review provides a brief overview of this progress.
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Parra GI, Sosnovtsev SV, Abente EJ, Sandoval-Jaime C, Bok K, Dolan MA, Green KY. Mapping and modeling of a strain-specific epitope in the Norwalk virus capsid inner shell. Virology 2016; 492:232-41. [PMID: 26971245 PMCID: PMC11036327 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are diverse positive-strand RNA viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis. Cross-reactive epitopes have been mapped primarily to conserved sequences in the capsid VP1 Shell (S) domain, and strain-specific epitopes to the highly variable Protruding (P) domain. In this work, we investigated a strain-specific linear epitope defined by MAb NV10 that was raised against prototype (Genogroup I.1) strain Norwalk virus (NV). Using peptide scanning and mutagenesis, the epitope was mapped to amino acids 21-32 (LVPEVNASDPLA) of the NV S domain, and its specificity was verified by epitope transfer and reactivity with a recombinant MAb NV10 single-chain variable fragment (scFv). Comparative structural modeling of the NV10 strain-specific and the broadly cross-reactive TV20 epitopes identified two internal non-overlapping sites in the NV shell, corresponding to variable and conserved amino acid sequences among strains, respectively. The S domain, like the P domain, contains strain-specific epitopes that contribute to the antigenic diversity among the noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I Parra
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stanislav V Sosnovtsev
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eugenio J Abente
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos Sandoval-Jaime
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karin Bok
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael A Dolan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kim Y Green
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Infectious Diseases in Transplantation--Report of the 20th Nantes Actualités Transplantation Meeting. Transplantation 2016; 99:2444-7. [PMID: 26627674 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The 20th Nantes Actualités Transplantation (NAT) meeting was held on June 11, 2015, and June 12, 2015. This year, the local organizing committee selected an update on infectious diseases in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. With an attendance of close to 170 clinicians, researchers, students, engineers, technicians, invited speakers, and guests from North and South America, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, and France, the meeting was well attended. Invited speakers' expertise covered basic as well as translational microbiology, immunology, transplantation, and intensive care medicine. This report identifies a number of advances presented during the meeting in the care and management of infectious diseases in transplantation and immunocompromised patients. New antiviral immune responses and their modulation by pathogens in addition to novel antimicrobial therapeutic strategies, cell therapies, and genomic analysis were discussed.
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