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Wang X, Huang X, Chen L, Xie Z, Tan S, Qin X, Chen T, Huang Y, Xi J, Chen H, Yi K. Transcriptome Sequencing of Agave amaniensis Reveals Shoot-Related Expression Patterns of Expansin A Genes in Agave. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2020. [PMID: 37653937 PMCID: PMC10222593 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Agave species are widely planted for fiber production. However, the molecular basis of agave fiber development has not been well understood. In this study, we performed a transcriptomic analysis in A. amaniensi, a well-known variety with high-quality fiber production. Approximately 43.87 million clean reads were obtained using Illumina sequencing. The de novo assembly produced 66,746 unigrams, 54% of which were annotated in a public database. In the Nr database, 21,490 unigenes of A. amaniensis were shown to be most closely related to Asparagus officinalis. Nine expansin A orthologs with full coding regions were obtained, which were named EXP1a, EXP1b, EXP2, EXP3, EXP4a, EXP4b, EXP11, EXP12, and EXP13. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree revealed the species-specific expansion of expansin genes in Arabidopsis, rice and agave. The expression analysis suggested the negative correlation between the expression of expansin genes and the leaf growth rate, except AhEXP11. Moreover, expansin genes were differentially affected by abiotic and biotic stresses. Notably, AhEXP2 expression level was highly upgraded after the infection of Phytophthora nicotiana. Nutrient deficiency also influent expansin genes expression. Together, our research will benefit future studies related to fiber development, disease resistance and nutrient usage in agave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxia Wang
- Urban Construction College, Wuchang Shouyi University, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Lisha Chen
- Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Sisal and Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang 524022, China
| | - Zhouli Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shibei Tan
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xu Qin
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Guangxi Subtropical Crops Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yanlei Huang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingen Xi
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Helong Chen
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Kexian Yi
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 571101, China
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Crawford W, Tan DKY, Van Ogtrop F. Optimal planting density of Agave for maximising aboveground biomass: A systematic literature review. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.1039675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There are hundreds of species of Agaves found globally in natural and anthropogenic systems. Agaves are used to produce fibres, alcoholic beverages like tequila, and in biofuel production. The objectives of this study were to assess the research available into Agave planting density and to use PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) to suggest an optimum planting density for the highest dry aboveground productivity. Background research into Agave planting densities found little data on the effect of planting density on biomass production, with most studies focusing on other independent variables affecting productivity. There were 13 data points included in the analysis. The meta-analysis suggested that the optimal planting density of Agave is approximately 2,600 plants ha−1, which provides optimal dry aboveground biomass of 28.8 Mg ha−1 yr−1. These findings provide a framework for further experimentation in Australian conditions using a Nelder design density experiment to ground-truth the meta-analysis.
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Chemocatalytic Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol: A Mini-Review. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol has been widely used as a clean fuel, solvent, and hydrogen carrier. Currently, ethanol is generally produced through fermentation of starch- and sugarcane-derived sugars (e.g., glucose and sucrose) or ethylene hydration. Its production from abundant and inexpensive lignocellulosic biomass would facilitate the development of green and sustainable society. Biomass-derived carbohydrates and syngas can serve as important feedstocks for ethanol synthesis via biological and chemical pathways. Nevertheless, the biological pathway for producing ethanol through biomass-derived glucose fermentation has the disadvantages of long production period and carbon loss. These issues can be effectively mitigated by chemocatalytic methods, which can readily convert biomass to ethanol in high yields and high atomic efficiency. In this article, we review the recent advances in chemocatalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol, with a focus on analyzing the mechanism of chemocatalytic pathways and discussing the issues related to these methods. We hope this mini-review can provide new insights into the development of direct ethanol synthesis from renewable lignocellulosic biomass.
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Maceda-López LF, Góngora-Castillo EB, Ibarra-Laclette E, Morán-Velázquez DC, Girón Ramírez A, Bourdon M, Villalpando-Aguilar JL, Toomer G, Tang JZ, Azadi P, Santamaría JM, López-Rosas I, López MG, Simpson J, Alatorre-Cobos F. Transcriptome Mining Provides Insights into Cell Wall Metabolism and Fiber Lignification in Agave tequilana Weber. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11111496. [PMID: 35684270 PMCID: PMC9182668 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Resilience of growing in arid and semiarid regions and a high capacity of accumulating sugar-rich biomass with low lignin percentages have placed Agave species as an emerging bioenergy crop. Although transcriptome sequencing of fiber-producing agave species has been explored, molecular bases that control wall cell biogenesis and metabolism in agave species are still poorly understood. Here, through RNAseq data mining, we reconstructed the cellulose biosynthesis pathway and the phenylpropanoid route producing lignin monomers in A. tequilana, and evaluated their expression patterns in silico and experimentally. Most of the orthologs retrieved showed differential expression levels when they were analyzed in different tissues with contrasting cellulose and lignin accumulation. Phylogenetic and structural motif analyses of putative CESA and CAD proteins allowed to identify those potentially involved with secondary cell wall formation. RT-qPCR assays revealed enhanced expression levels of AtqCAD5 and AtqCESA7 in parenchyma cells associated with extraxylary fibers, suggesting a mechanism of formation of sclerenchyma fibers in Agave similar to that reported for xylem cells in model eudicots. Overall, our results provide a framework for understanding molecular bases underlying cell wall biogenesis in Agave species studying mechanisms involving in leaf fiber development in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. Maceda-López
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico; (L.F.M.-L.); (D.C.M.-V.); (J.L.V.-A.)
| | - Elsa B. Góngora-Castillo
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 × 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico;
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C. Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91070, Mexico;
| | - Dalia C. Morán-Velázquez
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico; (L.F.M.-L.); (D.C.M.-V.); (J.L.V.-A.)
| | - Amaranta Girón Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 × 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (A.G.R.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Matthieu Bourdon
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK;
| | - José L. Villalpando-Aguilar
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico; (L.F.M.-L.); (D.C.M.-V.); (J.L.V.-A.)
| | - Gabriela Toomer
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60616, USA;
| | - John Z. Tang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.Z.T.); (P.A.)
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (J.Z.T.); (P.A.)
| | - Jorge M. Santamaría
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 × 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (A.G.R.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Itzel López-Rosas
- CONACYT-Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico;
| | - Mercedes G. López
- Departmento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato 36824, Mexico;
| | - June Simpson
- Departmento de Ingeniería Genetica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato 36824, Mexico;
| | - Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos
- CONACYT-Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, Campeche 24450, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
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Mondragón M, Elizalde LE, Rejón V. Biominerals in the leaves of Agave karwinskii Zucc. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Morreeuw ZP, Ríos-González LJ, Salinas-Salazar C, Melchor-Martínez EM, Ascacio-Valdés JA, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HMN, Reyes AG. Early Optimization Stages of Agave lechuguilla Bagasse Processing toward Biorefinement: Drying Procedure and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Flavonoid Extraction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237292. [PMID: 34885874 PMCID: PMC8659232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Agave lechuguilla agro-waste is a promising renewable material for biorefining purposes. The procurement of added-value co-products, such as bioactive phytochemicals, is required to improve bioprocesses and promote the bio-based economy of the productive areas of Mexico. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of post-harvest management and enzymatic pretreatment as the first stages of the A. lechuguilla valorization process. Four drying methods were compared, and enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized to obtain a flavonoid-enriched extract applying ultrasound-assisted extraction. In both experiments, the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, HPLC-UV flavonoid profiles, and radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) were considered as response variables. The results demonstrated that light exposure during the drying process particularly affected the flavonoid content, whereas oven-dehydration at 40 °C in the dark preserved the flavonoid diversity and antioxidant functionality of the extracts. Flavonoid glycoside recovery, particularly anthocyanidins, was 1.5-1.4-fold enhanced by enzymatic hydrolysis using the commercial mix Ultraflo© under optimized conditions (pH 4, 40 °C, 180 rpm, and 2.5 h) compared to the unpretreated biomass. The extraction of flavonoids from A. lechuguilla bagasse can be carried out using a scalable drying method and enzymatic pretreatment. This study confirmed the potential of this agro-waste as a source of marketable natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoé P. Morreeuw
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico;
| | - Leopoldo J. Ríos-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila (UAdeC), Blvd. V. Carranza, Republica Oriente, Saltillo 25280, Mexico;
| | - Carmen Salinas-Salazar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (C.S.-S.); (E.M.M.-M.)
| | - Elda M. Melchor-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (C.S.-S.); (E.M.M.-M.)
| | - Juan A. Ascacio-Valdés
- Bioprocess and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila (UAdeC), Republica Oriente, Saltillo 25280, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (C.S.-S.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.-S.); (H.M.N.I.); (A.G.R.)
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (C.S.-S.); (E.M.M.-M.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.-S.); (H.M.N.I.); (A.G.R.)
| | - Ana G. Reyes
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico;
- CONACYT-CIBNOR, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.P.-S.); (H.M.N.I.); (A.G.R.)
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Abstract
Fossil fuels are a major contributor to climate change, and as the demand for energy production increases, alternative sources (e.g., renewables) are becoming more attractive. Biofuels such as bioethanol reduce reliance on fossil fuels and can be compatible with the existing fleet of internal combustion engines. Incorporation of biofuels can reduce internal combustion engine (ICE) fleet carbon dioxide emissions. Bioethanol is typically produced via microbial fermentation of fermentable sugars, such as glucose, to ethanol. Traditional feedstocks (e.g., first-generation feedstock) include cereal grains, sugar cane, and sugar beets. However, due to concerns regarding food sustainability, lignocellulosic (second-generation) and algal biomass (third-generation) feedstocks have been investigated. Ethanol yield from fermentation is dependent on a multitude of factors. This review compares bioethanol production from a range of feedstocks, and elaborates on available technologies, including fermentation practices. The importance of maintaining nutrient homeostasis of yeast is also examined. The purpose of this review is to provide industrial producers and policy makers insight into available technologies, yields of bioethanol achieved by current manufacturing practices, and goals for future innovation.
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Agave By-Products: An Overview of Their Nutraceutical Value, Current Applications, and Processing Methods. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides2030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Agave, commonly known as “maguey” is an important part of the Mexican tradition and economy, and is mainly used for the production of alcoholic beverages, such as tequila. Industrial exploitation generates by-products, including leaves, bagasse, and fibers, that can be re-valorized. Agave is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, fructans, and pectin, as well as simple carbohydrates. Regarding functional properties, fructans content makes agave a potential source of prebiotics with the capability to lower blood glucose and enhance lipid homeostasis when it is incorporated as a prebiotic ingredient in cookies and granola bars. Agave also has phytochemicals, such as saponins and flavonoids, conferring anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties, among other benefits. Agave fibers are used for polymer-based composite reinforcement and elaboration, due to their thermo-mechanical properties. Agave bagasse is considered a promising biofuel feedstock, attributed to its high-water efficiency and biomass productivity, as well as its high carbohydrate content. The optimization of physical and chemical pretreatments, enzymatic saccharification and fermentation are key for biofuel production. Emerging technologies, such as ultrasound, can provide an alternative to current pretreatment processes. In conclusion, agaves are a rich source of by-products with a wide range of potential industrial applications, therefore novel processing methods are being explored for a sustainable re-valorization of these residues.
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Elucidation of native California Agave americana and Agave deserti biofuel potential: Compositional analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252201. [PMID: 34043690 PMCID: PMC8158902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Because biofuels have the unique potential to be rapidly deployed in existing transportation fuel infrastructures, they should play a major role in helping California quickly meet its aggressive goals to substantially reduce greenhouse gas contributions by this major sector. Furthermore, energy crops are vital to significantly impact the State’s large and burgeoning need for sustainable fuels. Among crops amenable to be grown in California to support fuel production, agave pose a particularly promising prospect, given their drought tolerance and high productivity on marginal land in a State prone to drought and limited water resources. This study focuses on measuring compositional profiles of wild A. deserti and cultivated A. americana, two agaves native to California, to elucidate their potential for biological conversion to fuels that can help meet the huge State need for low-carbon transportation. Results from this study indicate that these two California agave species can be rich in fructans, ranging from 96–314 g/L of equivalent fructose and glucose in their leaf bases. In addition, structural and water-soluble sugar contents exceeding 63 wt.% show that these plants are amenable to fermentation to ethanol and other biofuels. Moreover, because the low K-lignin content of agave leaf bases bagasse of only about 12–18 wt.% suggests low recalcitrance and the negligible acid insoluble ash content should facilitate pretreatment prior to fermentations, the agave species native to the State hold considerable promise as potential biofuel feedstocks.
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Jiménez-Rodríguez A, Heredia-Olea E, Barba-Dávila BA, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA, Antunes-Ricardo M. Polysaccharides from Agave salmiana bagasse improves the storage stability and the cellular uptake of indomethacin nanoemulsions. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Maceda-López LF, Villalpando-Aguilar JL, García-Hernández E, Ávila de Dios E, Andrade-Canto SB, Morán-Velázquez DC, Rodríguez-López L, Hernández-Díaz D, Chablé-Vega MA, Trejo L, Góngora-Castillo E, López-Rosas I, Simpson J, Alatorre-Cobos F. Improved method for isolation of high-quality total RNA from Agave tequilana Weber roots. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:75. [PMID: 33505830 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Together with their undeniable role in the ecology of arid and semiarid ecosystems, Agave species are emerging as a model to dissect the relationships between crassulacean acid metabolism and high efficiency of light and water use, and as an energy crop for bioethanol production. Transcriptome resources from economically valuable Agaves species, such as Agave tequilana and A. salmiana, as well as hybrids for fibers, are now available, and multiple gene expression landscape analyses have been reported. Key components in molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance could be uncovered by analyzing gene expression patterns of roots. This study describes an efficient protocol for high-quality total RNA isolation from phenolic compounds-rich Agave roots. Our methodology involves suitable root handling and collecting in the field and using saving-time commercial kits available. RNA isolated from roots free of lignified out-layers and clean cortex showed high values of quality and integrity according to electrophoresis and microfluidics-based platform. Synthesis of long full-length cDNAs and PCR amplification tested the suitability for downstream applications of extracted RNA. The protocol was applied successfully to A. tequilana roots but can be used for other Agave species that also develop lignified epidermis/exodermis in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Maceda-López
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzna km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450 Campeche, Mexico
| | - José L Villalpando-Aguilar
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Chiná, Calle 11entre 22 y 28, 24050 Chiná, Mexico
| | - Eleazar García-Hernández
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzna km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450 Campeche, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel Ávila de Dios
- Departmento de Ingeniería Genetica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, 3681 Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Silvia B Andrade-Canto
- Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatan, A.C., Calle 43 No.130 x 32 y 34, Chuburna de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, Yucatan Mexico
| | - Dalia C Morán-Velázquez
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzna km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450 Campeche, Mexico
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-López
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzna km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450 Campeche, Mexico
| | - Demetrio Hernández-Díaz
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzna km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450 Campeche, Mexico
| | - Manuel A Chablé-Vega
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzna km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450 Campeche, Mexico
| | - Laura Trejo
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, 90640 Santa Cruz Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala Mexico
| | - Elsa Góngora-Castillo
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatan, A.C., Calle 43 No.130 x 32 y 34, Chuburna de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, Yucatan Mexico
| | - Itzel López-Rosas
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzna km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450 Campeche, Mexico
| | - June Simpson
- Departmento de Ingeniería Genetica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, 3681 Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzna km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450 Campeche, Mexico
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Pérez-Zavala MDL, Hernández-Arzaba JC, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Agave: a natural renewable resource with multiple applications. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5324-5333. [PMID: 32535922 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Agaves are a group of succulent plants that thrive in arid or semiarid environments. Indeed, genes associated with their resilience are a potential resource for genetic engineering of other agronomically important crops grown in adverse climates. Agave is mainly used for the production of distilled (spirits) and non-distilled alcoholic beverages, including tequila, mezcal, bacanora, raicilla, and pulque, all of which have special connections to Mexican history and culture, and contribute to the Mexican economy. In recent years, there has been growing interest to maximize the use of agave plant materials for other purposes, as the bulk of their biomass pre- and post-production is wasted. In traditional practice, during the passage from fields to factories, only agave cores are used, and the leaves and bagasse are not always harnessed. To place this in perspective, during the period from 2010 to 2019, 2674.7 × 106 L of tequila was produced in Mexico, which required 9 607 400 tons of agave cores. This generated approximately the same amount of leaves and 3 842 960 tons of bagasse. The economic base of agave plants can be expanded if expended biomass could be transformed into products that are useful for applications in food, forage, ensilage, agriculture, medicine, energy, environment, textiles, cosmetics, and esthetics. This review focuses on the current utility of agave plants, as well as our perspective for future studies and uses of this formidable plant. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma de Lourdes Pérez-Zavala
- Universidad Iberoamericana Campus León, León, Mexico
- Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Agronomía, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Posgrado en Biociencias, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Agronomía, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Bouaziz MA, Bchir B, Chalbi H, Sebii H, Karra S, Smaoui S, Attia H, Besbes S. Techno-functional characterization and biological potential of Agave americana leaves: Impact on yoghurt qualities. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jones AM, Zhou Y, Held MA, Davis SC. Tissue Composition of Agave americana L. Yields Greater Carbohydrates From Enzymatic Hydrolysis Than Advanced Bioenergy Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:654. [PMID: 32595656 PMCID: PMC7300260 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Agave americana L. is a highly productive, drought-tolerant species being investigated as a feedstock for biofuel production. Some Agave spp. yield crop biomass in semi-arid conditions that are comparable to C3 and C4 crops grown in areas with high rainfall. This study evaluates the bioethanol yield potential of A. americana by (1) examining the relationship between water use efficiency (WUE) and plant carbohydrates, (2) quantifying the carbohydrate and energy content of the plant tissue, and (3) comparing the products of enzymatic hydrolysis to that of other candidate feedstocks (Miscanthus x giganteus Greef et Deuter, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, and Panicum virgatum L.). Results indicate that (1) WUE does not significantly affect soluble and insoluble (i.e., structural) carbohydrate composition per unit mass in A. americana; (2) without pretreatment, A. americana biomass had the lowest gross heat of combustion, or higher heating/calorific value, compared to high yielding C4 crops; and (3) after separation of soluble carbohydrates, A. americana cellulosic biomass was most easily hydrolyzed by enzymes with greater sugar yield per unit mass compared to the other biomass feedstocks. These results indicate that A. americana can produce substantial yields of soluble carbohydrates with minimal water inputs required for cultivation, and fiber portions of the crop can be readily deconstructed by cellulolytic enzymes for subsequent biochemical fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Jones
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Michael A. Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Sarah C. Davis
- Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
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15
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Bouaziz MA, Mokni A, Masmoudi M, Bchir B, Attia H, Besbes S. Gelling qualities of water soluble carbohydrate from Agave americana L. leaf extracts. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Agave Leaves as a Substrate for the Production of Cellulases by Penicillium sp . and the Obtainment of Reducing Sugars. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/6092165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass can be used to obtain fermentable sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis, and also it serves as a carbon source to produce cellulases by solid-state fermentation. In this study, we propose the use of leaves of Agave salmiana as a carbon source to produce cellulases by the fungus Penicillium sp., isolated from the same plant. The crude enzymatic extract was used to obtain sugars from the hydrolysis of the parenchymal cells of the leaves. The enzymes produced were characterized (endoglucanase 14.4 U/g; exoglucanase 3.5 U/g; β-glucosidase 4.14 U/g). The enzymes showed activities at elevated temperatures: 50°C for endoglucanase and exoglucanase and 70°C for β-glucosidase. Furthermore, the crude enzymatic extract obtained was able to hydrolyze the parenchyma in 51.6% in 48 h. The evidence presented in this paper shows the potential of the agave leaves as a source of carbon in the production of enzymes by fermentation with the consequent production of reducing sugars. In addition, the enzymes produced by Penicillium sp. could be used in the production of bioethanol, since they work at high temperatures.
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Marcotuli I, Colasuonno P, Hsieh YSY, Fincher GB, Gadaleta A. Non-Starch Polysaccharides in Durum Wheat: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082933. [PMID: 32331292 PMCID: PMC7215680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Durum wheat is one of most important cereal crops that serves as a staple dietary component for humans and domestic animals. It provides antioxidants, proteins, minerals and dietary fibre, which have beneficial properties for humans, especially as related to the health of gut microbiota. Dietary fibre is defined as carbohydrate polymers that are non-digestible in the small intestine. However, this dietary component can be digested by microorganisms in the large intestine and imparts physiological benefits at daily intake levels of 30–35 g. Dietary fibre in cereal grains largely comprises cell wall polymers and includes insoluble (cellulose, part of the hemicellulose component and lignin) and soluble (arabinoxylans and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans) fibre. More specifically, certain components provide immunomodulatory and cholesterol lowering activity, faecal bulking effects, enhanced absorption of certain minerals, prebiotic effects and, through these effects, reduce the risk of type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. Thus, dietary fibre is attracting increasing interest from cereal processors, producers and consumers. Compared with other components of the durum wheat grain, fibre components have not been studied extensively. Here, we have summarised the current status of knowledge on the genetic control of arabinoxylan and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis and accumulation in durum wheat grain. Indeed, the recent results obtained in durum wheat open the way for the improvement of these important cereal quality parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marcotuli
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Pasqualina Colasuonno
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Yves S. Y. Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia;
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (A.G.)
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Ortega Z, Castellano J, Suárez L, Paz R, Díaz N, Benítez AN, Marrero MD. Characterization of Agave americana L. plant as potential source of fibres for composites obtaining. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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19
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Patil UP, Patil RC, Patil SS. An Eco‐friendly Catalytic System for One‐pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Diverse and Densely Functionalized Pyranopyrazole and Benzochromene Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. P. Patil
- Department of ChemistryACS College (Affiliated to Shivaji University) Palus Sangli Maharashtra 416310 India
| | - Rupesh C. Patil
- Green Chemistry Research LaboratorySMDBS College (Affiliated to Shivaji University) Miraj Sangli Maharashtra 416410 India
| | - Suresh S. Patil
- Green Chemistry Research LaboratorySMDBS College (Affiliated to Shivaji University) Miraj Sangli Maharashtra 416410 India
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Chávez-Guerrero L, Silva-Mendoza J, Sepúlveda-Guzmán S, Medina-Aguirre NA, Vazquez-Rodriguez S, Cantú-Cárdenas ME, García-Gómez NA. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose nanoplatelets as a source of sugars with the concomitant production of cellulose nanofibrils. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 210:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schmitz K, Protzko R, Zhang L, Benz JP. Spotlight on fungal pectin utilization-from phytopathogenicity to molecular recognition and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2507-2524. [PMID: 30694345 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pectin is a complex polysaccharide with D-galacturonic acid as its main component that predominantly accumulates in the middle lamella of the plant cell wall. Integrity and depolymerization of pectic structures have long been identified as relevant factors in fungal phytosymbiosis and phytopathogenicity in the context of tissue penetration and carbon source supply. While the pectic content of a plant cell wall can vary significantly, pectin was reported to account for up to 20-25% of the total dry weight in soft and non-woody tissues with non- or mildly lignified secondary cell walls, such as found in citrus peel, sugar beet pulp, and apple pomace. Due to their potential applications in various industrial sectors, pectic sugars from these and similar agricultural waste streams have been recognized as valuable targets for a diverse set of biotechnological fermentations.Recent advances in uncovering the molecular regulation mechanisms for pectinase expression in saprophytic fungi have led to a better understanding of fungal pectin sensing and utilization that could help to improve industrial, pectin-based fermentations. Related research in phytopathogenic fungi has furthermore added to our knowledge regarding the relevance of pectinases in plant cell wall penetration during onset of disease and is therefore highly relevant for agricultural sciences and the agricultural industry. This review therefore aims at summarizing (i) the role of pectinases in phytopathogenicity, (ii) the global regulation patterns for pectinase expression in saprophytic filamentous fungi as a highly specialized class of pectin degraders, and (iii) the current industrial applications in pectic sugar fermentations and transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schmitz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Ryan Protzko
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - J Philipp Benz
- Holzforschung München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
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22
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Huang X, Wang B, Xi J, Zhang Y, He C, Zheng J, Gao J, Chen H, Zhang S, Wu W, Liang Y, Yi K. Transcriptome Comparison Reveals Distinct Selection Patterns in Domesticated and Wild Agave Species, the Important CAM Plants. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:5716518. [PMID: 30596084 PMCID: PMC6282153 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5716518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Agave species are an important family of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants with remarkable tolerance to heat and drought stresses (Agave deserti) in arid regions and multiple agricultural applications, such as spirit (Agave tequilana) and fiber (Agave sisalana) production. The agave genomes are commonly too large to sequence, which has significantly restricted our understanding to the molecular basis of stress tolerance and economic traits in agaves. In this study, we collected three transcriptome databases for comparison to reveal the phylogenic relationships and evolution patterns of the three agave species. The results indicated the close but distinctly domesticated relations between A. tequilana and A. sisalana. Natural abiotic and biotic selections are very important factors that have contributed to distinct economic traits in agave domestication together with artificial selection. Besides, a series of candidate unigenes regulating fructan, fiber, and stress response-related traits were identified in A. tequilana, A. sisalana, and A. deserti, respectively. This study represents the first transcriptome comparison within domesticated and wild agaves, which would serve as a guidance for further studies on agave evolution, environmental adaptation, and improvement of economically important traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Bo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jingen Xi
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | | | - Chunping He
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jinlong Zheng
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jianming Gao
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Helong Chen
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Weihuai Wu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yanqiong Liang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Kexian Yi
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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23
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Jin J, Lao J, Zhou R, He W, Qin Y, Zhong C, Xie J, Liu H, Wan D, Zhang S, Qin Y. Simultaneous Identification and Dynamic Analysis of Saccharides during Steam Processing of Rhizomes of Polygonatum cyrtonema by HPLC⁻QTOF⁻MS/MS. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112855. [PMID: 30400172 PMCID: PMC6278431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sweet rhizomes of Polygonatum cyrtonema are widely used as a tonic and functional food. A sensitive and rapid analytical method was developed for simultaneous identification and dynamic analysis of saccharides during steam processing in P. cyrtonema using HPLC–QTOF–MS/MS. Fructose, sorbitol, glucose, galactose, sucrose, and 1-kestose were identified, as well as a large number of oligosaccharides constituted of fructose units through β-(2→1) or β-(2→6). Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides were decomposed to monosaccharides during a steaming process, since the contents of glucose, galactose, and fructose were increased, while those of sucrose, 1-kestose, and polysaccharides were decreased. The high content of fructose was revealed to be the main determinant for increasing the level of sweetness after steaming. The samples of different repeated steaming times were shown to be well grouped and gradually shift along the PC1 (72.4%) axis by principal component analysis. The small-molecule saccharides, especially fructose, could be considered as markers for the steaming process of rhizomes of P. cyrtonema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, China.
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
- 2011 Collaboration and Innovation Center for Digital Chinese Medicine in Hunan, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Jia Lao
- Resgreen Group International Inc., Changsha 410329, China.
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Wei He
- Resgreen Group International Inc., Changsha 410329, China.
| | - You Qin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, China.
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Can Zhong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, China.
- 2011 Collaboration and Innovation Center for Digital Chinese Medicine in Hunan, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, China.
- 2011 Collaboration and Innovation Center for Digital Chinese Medicine in Hunan, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Hao Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, China.
- 2011 Collaboration and Innovation Center for Digital Chinese Medicine in Hunan, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Dan Wan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, China.
- 2011 Collaboration and Innovation Center for Digital Chinese Medicine in Hunan, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Shuihan Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, China.
- 2011 Collaboration and Innovation Center for Digital Chinese Medicine in Hunan, Changsha 410208, China.
| | - Yuhui Qin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, China.
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
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24
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Duarte EAA, Damasceno CL, de Oliveira TAS, Barbosa LDO, Martins FM, de Queiroz Silva JR, de Lima TEF, da Silva RM, Kato RB, Bortolini DE, Azevedo V, Góes-Neto A, Soares ACF. Putting the Mess in Order: Aspergillus welwitschiae (and Not A. niger) Is the Etiological Agent of Sisal Bole Rot Disease in Brazil. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1227. [PMID: 29942289 PMCID: PMC6004399 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 75% of the worldwide production of hard natural fibers originates from sisal, an industrial crop from arid and semiarid tropical regions. Brazil is the world's largest producer of sisal fiber, accounting for more than 40% of the worldwide production, and sisal bole rot disease has been the main phytosanitary problem of this crop. All previous studies reporting Aspergillus niger as the causal agent of the disease were based on the morphological features of fungal isolates from infected plant tissues in pure cultures. Black aspergilli are one of the most complex and difficult groups to classify and identify. Therefore, we performed an integrative analysis of this disease based on the isolation of black aspergilli from the endospheres and soils in the root zones of symptomatic adult plants, in vivo pathogenicity tests, histopathology of symptomatic plants, and molecular phylogeny and worldwide genetic variability of the causal agent. All sisal isolates were pathogenic and unequivocally produced symptoms of bole rot disease in healthy plants. In all tree-based phylogenetic methods used, a monophyletic group formed by A. welwitschiae along with all sisal isolates was retrieved. Ten A. welwitschiae haplotypes have been identified in the world, and three occur in the largest sisal-producing area. Most of the isolates are from a unique haplotype, present in only the sisal-producing region. A. welwitschiae destroyed parenchymatic and vascular cylinder cells and induced the necrosis of internal stem tissues. Therefore, sisal bole disease is probably the consequence of a saprotrophic fungus that opportunistically invades sisal plants and behaves as a typical necrotrophic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A A Duarte
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Caroline L Damasceno
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGBiotec), State University of Feira of Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Thiago A S de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira of Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Leonardo de Oliveira Barbosa
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Fabiano M Martins
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Jurema Rosa de Queiroz Silva
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Thais E F de Lima
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Rafael M da Silva
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Dener E Bortolini
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana C F Soares
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
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González-Llanes MD, Hernández-Calderón OM, Rios-Iribe EY, Alarid-García C, Castro Montoya AJ, Escamilla-Silva EM. Fermentable sugars production by enzymatic processing of agave leaf juice. CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos D. González-Llanes
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya; Av. Tecnológico y Antonio García Cubas S/N, 38010; Celaya Guanajuato México
| | - Oscar M. Hernández-Calderón
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas; Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa; Av. de las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios; Ciudad Universitaria; 80013 Culiacán Sinaloa México
| | - Erika Y. Rios-Iribe
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas; Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa; Av. de las Américas y Blvd. Universitarios; Ciudad Universitaria; 80013 Culiacán Sinaloa México
| | - Cristian Alarid-García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya; Av. Tecnológico y Antonio García Cubas S/N, 38010; Celaya Guanajuato México
| | - Agustín J. Castro Montoya
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo; Francisco J. Mújica s/n Col. Felicitas del Río CP 58060 Morelia Michoacán México
| | - Eleazar M. Escamilla-Silva
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya; Av. Tecnológico y Antonio García Cubas S/N, 38010; Celaya Guanajuato México
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Alemán-Nava GS, Gatti IA, Parra-Saldivar R, Dallemand JF, Rittmann BE, Iqbal HM. Biotechnological revalorization of Tequila waste and by-product streams for cleaner production – A review from bio-refinery perspective. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.07.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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27
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Pérez-Pimienta JA, Vargas-Tah A, López-Ortega KM, Medina-López YN, Mendoza-Pérez JA, Avila S, Singh S, Simmons BA, Loaces I, Martinez A. Sequential enzymatic saccharification and fermentation of ionic liquid and organosolv pretreated agave bagasse for ethanol production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 225:191-198. [PMID: 27889478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Agave bagasse (AGB) has gained recognition as a drought-tolerant biofuel feedstock with high productivity in semiarid regions. A comparative analysis of ionic liquid (IL) and organosolv (OV) pretreatment technologies in AGB was performed using a sequential enzymatic saccharification and fermentation (SESF) strategy with cellulolytic enzymes and the ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain MS04. After pretreatment, 86% of xylan and 45% of lignin were removed from OV-AGB, whereas IL-AGB reduced lignin content by 28% and xylan by 50% when compared to the untreated biomass. High glucan (>90%) and xylan (>83%) conversion was obtained with both pretreated samples. During the fermentation stage (48h), 12.1 and 12.7kg of ethanol were produced per 100kg of untreated AGB for IL and OV, respectively. These comparative analyses showed the advantages of SESF using IL and OV in a biorefinery configuration where a better understanding of AGB recalcitrance is key for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Vargas-Tah
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Karla M López-Ortega
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicos y Farmacéuticos, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Mexico
| | - Yessenia N Medina-López
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicos y Farmacéuticos, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Mexico
| | - Jorge A Mendoza-Pérez
- Department of Engineering in Environmental Systems, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sayeny Avila
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Seema Singh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States; Sandia National Laboratories, Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States; Sandia National Laboratories, Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Inés Loaces
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Martinez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico.
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Hernández-Hernández HM, Chanona-Pérez JJ, Vega A, Ligero P, Farrera-Rebollo RR, Mendoza-Pérez JA, Calderón-Domínguez G, Vera NG. Spectroscopic and Microscopic Study of Peroxyformic Pulping of Agave Waste. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2016; 22:1084-1097. [PMID: 27786154 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616011818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The peroxyformic process is based on the action of a carboxylic acid (mainly formic acid) and the corresponding peroxyacid. The influences of processing time (60-180 min), formic acid concentration (80-95%), temperature (60-80°C), and hydrogen peroxide concentration (2-4%) on peroxyformic pulping of agave leaves were studied by surface response methodology using a face-centered factorial design. Empirical models were obtained for the prediction of yield, κ number (KN) and pulp viscosity as functions of the aforementioned variables. Mathematical optimization enabled us to select a set of operational variables that produced the best fractionation of the material with the following results: pulp yield (26.9%), KN (3.6), and pulp viscosity (777 mL/g). Furthermore, this work allowed the description and evaluation of changes to the agave fibers during the fractionation process using different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, and provided a comprehensive and qualitative view of the phenomena occurring in the delignification of agave fibers. The use of confocal and scanning electron microscopy provided a detailed understanding of the microstructural changes to the lignin and cellulose in the fibers throughout the process, whereas Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that cellulose in the pulp after treatment was mainly of type I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda M Hernández-Hernández
- 1Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo,Av. Universidad Km 1,Tulancingo,C.P. 43600,Hidalgo,México
| | - Jorge J Chanona-Pérez
- 2Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n,Col. Santo Tomas,C.P. 11340,MéxicoD.F
| | - Alberto Vega
- 3Research Group EnQA,Department of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA),Faculty of Science,Universidade da Coruña,15071 A Coruña.Spain
| | - Pablo Ligero
- 3Research Group EnQA,Department of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA),Faculty of Science,Universidade da Coruña,15071 A Coruña.Spain
| | - Reynold R Farrera-Rebollo
- 2Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n,Col. Santo Tomas,C.P. 11340,MéxicoD.F
| | - Jorge A Mendoza-Pérez
- 4Departamento Ingeniería en Sistemas Ambientales,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Wilfrido Massieu s/n U,Profesor Adolfo López Mateos,Gustavo A. Madero,C.P. 07738,MéxicoD.F
| | - Georgina Calderón-Domínguez
- 2Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica,Instituto Politécnico Nacional,Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas,Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n,Col. Santo Tomas,C.P. 11340,MéxicoD.F
| | - Norma Güemes Vera
- 1Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias,Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo,Av. Universidad Km 1,Tulancingo,C.P. 43600,Hidalgo,México
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Perez-Pimienta JA, Flores-Gómez CA, Ruiz HA, Sathitsuksanoh N, Balan V, da Costa Sousa L, Dale BE, Singh S, Simmons BA. Evaluation of agave bagasse recalcitrance using AFEX™, autohydrolysis, and ionic liquid pretreatments. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 211:216-23. [PMID: 27017132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of the response of agave bagasse (AGB) to pretreatment by ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX™), autohydrolysis (AH) and ionic liquid (IL) was performed using 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, wet chemistry, enzymatic saccharification and mass balances. It has been found that AFEX pretreatment preserved all carbohydrates in the biomass, whereas AH removed 62.4% of xylan and IL extracted 25% of lignin into wash streams. Syringyl and guaiacyl lignin ratio of untreated AGB was 4.3, whereas for the pretreated biomass the ratios were 4.2, 5.0 and 4.7 for AFEX, AH and IL, respectively. Using NMR spectra, the intensity of β-aryl ether units in aliphatic, anomeric, and aromatic regions decreased in all three pretreated samples when compared to untreated biomass. Yields of glucose plus xylose in the major hydrolysate stream were 42.5, 39.7 and 26.9kg per 100kg of untreated AGB for AFEX, IL and AH, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos A Flores-Gómez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Héctor A Ruiz
- Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Leonardo da Costa Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Bruce E Dale
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Seema Singh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States; Sandia National Laboratories, Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, United States; Sandia National Laboratories, Biological and Engineering Sciences Center, Livermore, CA, United States
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30
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Hartwell J, Dever LV, Boxall SF. Emerging model systems for functional genomics analysis of Crassulacean acid metabolism. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 31:100-8. [PMID: 27082281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is one of three main pathways of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation found in higher plants. It stands out for its ability to underpin dramatic improvements in plant water use efficiency, which in turn has led to a recent renaissance in CAM research. The current ease with which candidate CAM-associated genes and proteins can be identified through high-throughput sequencing has opened up a new horizon for the development of diverse model CAM species that are amenable to genetic manipulations. The adoption of these model CAM species is underpinning rapid advances in our understanding of the complete gene set for CAM. We highlight recent breakthroughs in the functional characterisation of CAM genes that have been achieved through transgenic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hartwell
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Louisa V Dever
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Susanna F Boxall
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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31
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Byrt CS, Betts NS, Tan HT, Lim WL, Ermawar RA, Nguyen HY, Shirley NJ, Lahnstein J, Corbin K, Fincher GB, Knauf V, Burton RA. Prospecting for Energy-Rich Renewable Raw Materials: Sorghum Stem Case Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156638. [PMID: 27232754 PMCID: PMC4883800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum vegetative tissues are becoming increasingly important for biofuel production. The composition of sorghum stem tissues is influenced by genotype, environment and photoperiod sensitivity, and varies widely between varieties and also between different stem tissues (outer rind vs inner pith). Here, the amount of cellulose, (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, arabinose and xylose in the stems of twelve diverse sorghum varieties, including four photoperiod-sensitive varieties, was measured. At maturity, most photoperiod-insensitive lines had 1% w/w (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in stem pith tissue whilst photoperiod-sensitive varieties remained in a vegetative stage and accumulated up to 6% w/w (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in the same tissue. Three sorghum lines were chosen for further study: a cultivated grain variety (Sorghum bicolor BTx623), a sweet variety (S. bicolor Rio) and a photoperiod-sensitive wild line (S. bicolor ssp. verticilliflorum Arun). The Arun line accumulated 5.5% w/w (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan and had higher SbCslF6 and SbCslH3 transcript levels in pith tissues than did photoperiod-insensitive varieties Rio and BTx623 (<1% w/w pith (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan). To assess the digestibility of the three varieties, stem tissue was treated with either hydrolytic enzymes or dilute acid and the release of fermentable glucose was determined. Despite having the highest lignin content, Arun yielded significantly more glucose than the other varieties, and theoretical calculation of ethanol yields was 10 344 L ha-1 from this sorghum stem tissue. These data indicate that sorghum stem (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content may have a significant effect on digestibility and bioethanol yields. This information opens new avenues of research to generate sorghum lines optimised for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S. Byrt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Natalie S. Betts
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hwei-Ting Tan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wai Li Lim
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Riksfardini A. Ermawar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hai Yen Nguyen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kendall Corbin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vic Knauf
- Arcadia Biosciences, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
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32
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Tan HT, Corbin KR, Fincher GB. Emerging Technologies for the Production of Renewable Liquid Transport Fuels from Biomass Sources Enriched in Plant Cell Walls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1854. [PMID: 28018390 PMCID: PMC5161040 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are composed predominantly of cellulose, a range of non-cellulosic polysaccharides and lignin. The walls account for a large proportion not only of crop residues such as wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse, but also of residues of the timber industry and specialist grasses and other plants being grown specifically for biofuel production. The polysaccharide components of plant cell walls have long been recognized as an extraordinarily large source of fermentable sugars that might be used for the production of bioethanol and other renewable liquid transport fuels. Estimates place annual plant cellulose production from captured light energy in the order of hundreds of billions of tons. Lignin is synthesized in the same order of magnitude and, as a very large polymer of phenylpropanoid residues, lignin is also an abundant, high energy macromolecule. However, one of the major functions of these cell wall constituents in plants is to provide the extreme tensile and compressive strengths that enable plants to resist the forces of gravity and a broad range of other mechanical forces. Over millions of years these wall constituents have evolved under natural selection to generate extremely tough and resilient biomaterials. The rapid degradation of these tough cell wall composites to fermentable sugars is therefore a difficult task and has significantly slowed the development of a viable lignocellulose-based biofuels industry. However, good progress has been made in overcoming this so-called recalcitrance of lignocellulosic feedstocks for the biofuels industry, through modifications to the lignocellulose itself, innovative pre-treatments of the biomass, improved enzymes and the development of superior yeasts and other microorganisms for the fermentation process. Nevertheless, it has been argued that bioethanol might not be the best or only biofuel that can be generated from lignocellulosic biomass sources and that hydrocarbons with intrinsically higher energy densities might be produced using emerging and continuous flow systems that are capable of converting a broad range of plant and other biomasses to bio-oils through so-called 'agnostic' technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction. Continued attention to regulatory frameworks and ongoing government support will be required for the next phase of development of internationally viable biofuels industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-Ting Tan
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, BrisbaneQLD, Australia
| | - Kendall R. Corbin
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford ParkSA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey B. Fincher,
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