Red Light Combined with Blue Light Irradiation Regulates Proliferation and Apoptosis in Skin Keratinocytes in Combination with Low Concentrations of Curcumin

Innovative Delivery Systems for Curcumin: Exploring Nanosized and Conventional Formulations

Curcumin, a polyphenol with a rich history spanning two centuries, has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent targeting multiple signaling pathways and exhibiting cellular-level activities that contribute to its diverse health benefits. Extensive preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated its ability to enhance the therapeutic potential of various bioactive compounds. While its reported therapeutic advantages are manifold, predominantly attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, its efficacy is hindered by poor bioavailability stemming from inadequate absorption, rapid metabolism, and elimination. To address this challenge, nanodelivery systems have emerged as a promising approach, offering enhanced solubility, biocompatibility, and therapeutic effects for curcumin. We have analyzed the knowledge on curcumin nanoencapsulation and its synergistic effects with other compounds, extracted from electronic databases. We discuss the pharmacokinetic profile of curcumin, current advancements in nanoencapsulation techniques, and the combined effects of curcumin with other agents across various disorders. By unifying existing knowledge, this analysis intends to provide insights into the potential of nanoencapsulation technologies to overcome constraints associated with curcumin treatments, emphasizing the importance of combinatorial approaches in improving therapeutic efficacy. Finally, this compilation of study data aims to inform and inspire future research into encapsulating drugs with poor pharmacokinetic characteristics and investigating innovative drug combinations to improve bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes.

Unlocking the Power of Light on the Skin: A Comprehensive Review on Photobiomodulation

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a procedure that uses light to modulate cellular functions and biological processes. Over the past decades, PBM has gained considerable attention for its potential in various medical applications due to its non-invasive nature and minimal side effects. We conducted a narrative review including articles about photobiomodulation, LED light therapy or low-level laser therapy and their applications on dermatology published over the last 6 years, encompassing research studies, clinical trials, and technological developments. This review highlights the mechanisms of action underlying PBM, including the interaction with cellular chromophores and the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. The evidence from clinical trials and experimental studies to evaluate the efficacy of PBM in clinical practice is summarized with a special emphasis on dermatology. Furthermore, advancements in PBM technology, such as novel light sources and treatment protocols, are discussed in the context of optimizing therapeutic outcomes and improving patient care. This narrative review underscores the promising role of PBM as a non-invasive therapeutic approach with broad clinical applicability. Despite the need for further research to develop standard protocols, PBM holds great potential for addressing a wide range of medical conditions and enhancing patient outcomes in modern healthcare practice.

Ear keloids: An innovative 3-steps combined treatment

INTRODUCTION

An excessive proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen synthesis after an injury may lead to a benign fibrous tumor, known as keloid, which does not regress spontaneously. Earlobes are a very frequent site of onset, since after a trauma (i.e., piercing) keloids may develop either on the helix and on the anterior or posterior lobe, from a few months up to several years after the injury.

OBJECTIVES

To report the effectiveness of a combined protocol of CO2 laser + Dye laser + a portable Blue LED Light medical device for Photobiomodulation Therapy (EmoLED®).

METHODS

Fifty-two patients with a total of 56 ear keloids have been treated in the same session with a single CO2 laser procedure + a pulsed Dye laser procedure with an adjunctive EmoLED® procedure for 3 up to 6 min. A monthly follow-up has been performed with an adjunctive EmoLED® session in case of signs of inflammation.

RESULTS

Among 56 treated keloids, 89.3% of them (50/56) did not recur during a follow-up period (from 6 up to 24 months, mean 16.3 months) while six keloids recurred (6/56, 10.7%) with mild thickening of the scar, thus requiring further treatments.

CONCLUSIONS

Even if an excellent outcome obtained by the synergistic effect of combined laser treatments has already been described (i.e., CO2 laser + Dye Laser), the present study showed the adjuvant procedure with EmoLED® can reduce significantly the risk of keloids recurrences.

Assembling AgAuSe Quantum Dots with Peptidoglycan and Neutrophils to Realize Enhanced Tumor Targeting, NIR (II) Imaging, and Sonodynamic Therapy

Significant progress is made in drug delivery systems, but they still face problems such as poor stability in vivo, off-target drugs, and difficulty in crossing biological barriers. It is urgent to realize efficient targeted delivery and precisely controlled sustained release of drugs by using the integrated nanoplatform. Theranostic nanoplatform is a new biomedical technology that combines diagnosis or monitoring of diseases with treatment. Here, an integrated strategy of diagnosis and treatment is reported for delivering NIR-II imaged and therapeutic AgAuSe quantum dots (QDs) carried by peptidoglycan multilayer networks of bacteria to hitchhike circulating neutrophils for targeting the tumor. The assembled nanomaterials have good stability, which can not only initiate endogenous cells for drug delivery and achieve efficient targeting, but also guide drug imaging with excellent fluorescence property. Meanwhile, the elimination of established solid tumor is achieved with the administration of sonodynamic therapy without recurrence. This drug system expands the application of endogenous cell to participate in drug delivery system. Thus, the assembly strategy demonstrates the potential of endogenous neutrophils in functioning as natural drug vehicles and the application of NIR-II fluorescent QDs in biomedical engineering.

Sericin-Based Poly(Vinyl) Alcohol Relieves Plaque and Epidermal Lesions in Psoriasis; a Chance for Dressing Development in a Specific Area

The noncontagious immune-mediated skin disease known as psoriasis is regarded as a chronic skin condition with a 0.09-11.4% global prevalence. The main obstacle to the eradication of the disease continues to be insufficient treatment options. Sericin, a natural biopolymer from Bombyx mori cocoons, can improve skin conditions via its immunomodulatory effect. Many external therapeutic methods are currently used to treat psoriasis, but sericin-based hydrogel is not yet used to treat plaques of eczema. Through the use of an imiquimod rat model, this study sought to identify the physical and chemical characteristics of a silk sericin-based poly(vinyl) alcohol (SS/PVA) hydrogel and assess both its therapeutic and toxic effects on psoriasis. The cytokines, chemokines, and genes involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis were investigated, focusing on the immuno-pathological relationships. We discovered that the SS/PVA had a stable fabrication and proper release. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties of SS/PVA reduced the severity of psoriasis in both gross and microscopic skin lesions. This was demonstrated by a decrease in the epidermal histopathology score, upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and interleukin (IL)-10, and a decrease in the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-20. Moreover, the genes S100a7a and S100a14 were downregulated. Additionally, in rats given the SS/PVA treatment, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels were within normal limits. Our findings indicate that SS/PVA is safe and may be potentiated to treat psoriasis in a variety of forms and locations of plaque because of its physical, chemical, and biological characteristics.

The antibacterial activity of photodynamic agents against multidrug resistant bacteria causing wound infection

Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) of multidrug-resistant (MDR) wound pathogens was evaluated with cationic porphyrin derivatives (CPDs). MDR bacterial strains including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were used. The CPDs named PM, PE, PN, and PL were synthesized as a photosensitizer (PS). A diode laser with a wavelength of 655 nm was used as a light source. aPDI of the combinations formed with different energy densities (50, 100, and 150 J/cm²) and PS concentrations (ranging from 3.125 to 600 µM) were evaluated on each bacterial strain. Dark toxicity, cytotoxicity, and phototoxicity were determined on fibroblast cells. In the aPDI groups, survival reductions of up to 5.80 log₁₀ for E. coli, 5.90 log₁₀ for P. aeruginosa, 6.11 log₁₀ for K. pneumoniae, and 6.78 log₁₀ for A. baumannii were obtained. The cytotoxic effect of PL and PM on fibroblast cells was very limited. PN was the type of CPD with the highest dark toxicity on fibroblast cells. In terms of providing broad-spectrum aPDI without or with very limited cytotoxic effect, the best result was observed in aPDI application with PL. The other CPDs need some modifications to show bacterial selectivity for use at 50 µM and above.

Low curcumin concentrations combined with blue light inhibits cutibacterium acnes biofilm-induced inflammatory response through suppressing MAPK and NF-κB in keratinocytes

BACKGROUND

Curcumin has been employed as a photosensitizer agent during photodynamic therapy (PDT). Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) can cause an inflammatory response in human keratinocytes; however, no research has been conducted to determine whether curcumin and its photodynamic properties can prevent this inflammatory reaction.

OBJECTIVE

We hypothesized that curcumin may control the C. acnes biofilm-induced inflammatory response in keratinocytes, either alone or in combination with blue light photodynamic therapy.

METHODS

Following C. acnes biofilm stimulation, human primary keratinocytes were treated with 20 μM curcumin solution alone or 5 μM curcumin with combined blue light irradiation. The amount of secreted protein was measured using an ELISA kit. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and its downstream proteins were determined using western blot.

RESULTS

Treatment with 20 μM curcumin, but not 5 μM curcumin, reduced the inflammatory response to C. acnes biofilms in keratinocytes by blocking the TLR2/MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Interestingly, 5 μM curcumin combined with blue light also reduced the C. acnes biofilm-induced inflammation indicated above by blocking the TLR2/MAPK/NF-κB pathway.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin alone, in sufficient concentrations, or low-concentration curcumin with blue light had anti-inflammatory activity on keratinocytes stimulated by C. acnes biofilms through inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways by downregulating TLR2 expression.

Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Involves 660 nm Laser Radiation on Epithelium and Modulates Lipid Metabolism

Research has proven that light treatment, specifically red light radiation, can provide more clinical benefits to human health. Our investigation was firstly conducted to characterize the tissue morphology of mouse breast post 660 nm laser radiation with low power and long-term exposure. RNA sequencing results revealed that light exposure with a higher intervention dosage could cause a number of differentially expressed genes compared with a low intervention dosage. Gene ontology analysis, protein–protein interaction network analysis, and gene set enrichment analysis results suggested that 660 nm light exposure can activate more transcription-related pathways in HC11 breast epithelial cells, and these pathways may involve modulating critical gene expression. To consider the critical role of the Wnt/T-catenin pathway in light-induced modulation, we hypothesized that this pathway might play a major role in response to 660 nm light exposure. To validate our hypothesis, we conducted qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot assays, and relative results corroborated that laser radiation could promote expression levels of β-catenin and relative phosphorylation. Significant changes in metabolites and pathway analysis revealed that 660 nm laser could affect nucleotide metabolism by regulating purine metabolism. These findings suggest that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be the major sensor for 660 nm laser radiation, and it may be helpful to rescue drawbacks or side effects of 660 nm light exposure through relative interventional agents.

Improved cell proliferation and testosterone secretion following exposure of TM3 Leydig cells to three-dimensional scaffold and light emitting diode

Green LED and three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds have recently received extensive attentions due to their impact on cell proliferation and differentiation. Melatonin, a circadian rhythm-regulating hormone, is involved in some physiological phenomena including testosterone biosynthesis. Lower testosterone biosynthesis results in some disorders such as puberty retarding, andropause, and muscle weakness. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the proliferation of Leydig cells and their testosterone-related Gene expression and secretion under the influence of 3D scaffold, green light and melatonin. The experimental groups of TM3 cells embedded in the 3D scaffold, were exposed to green light, melatonin, both and all three factors. Expression of cell cycle genes including PCNA, CYCLIND1, CDC2 and CDKN1B, and testosterone related genes; GATA4 and RORα were also examined. 3D scaffold enhanced Leydig cells proliferation, and testosterone-related genes expression. While melatonin decreased cell proliferation and testosterone-related genes expression. Green light did not significantly change the results but slightly decreased cell proliferation and testosterone synthesis. The combination of green light with melatonin significantly reduced the proliferation rate of TM3 cells and the expression of steroidogenic genes, while the combination of green light with scaffold improved the results. In general, the use of scaffolding enhances proliferation and testosterone-related genes expression of TM3 Leydig cells. Also, application of green light and scaffolding reduces the deleterious effects of melatonin on these cells.

Photobiomodulation Therapy: A New Light in the Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis Skin Ulcers

INTRODUCTION

Skin ulcers (SU) represent one of the most frequent manifestations of systemic sclerosis (SSc), occurring in almost 50% of scleroderma patients. SSc-SU are often particularly difficult to treat with conventional systemic and local therapies. In this study, a preliminary evaluation of the role and effectiveness of blue light photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy with EmoLED^® in the treatment of scleroderma skin ulcers (SSc-SU) was performed.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 12 consecutive SSc patients with a total of 15 SU on finger hands. All patients were treated with adequate systemic therapy and local treatment for SU; after a standard skin ulcer bed preparation with debridement of all lesions, EmoLED^® was performed. All patients were locally treated every week during 2 months of follow-up; SU data were collected after 4 weeks (T4) and 8 weeks (T8). Eight SSc patients with comparable SU were also evaluated as controls.

RESULTS

The application of EmoLED^® in addition to debridement apparently produced faster healing of SU. Complete healing of SU was recorded in 41.6% cases during EmoLED^® treatment. Significant improvements in SU area, length, and width, wound bed, and related pain were observed in EmoLED^® patients from T0 to T8. Control subjects treated with standard systemic/local therapies merely showed an amelioration of SU area and width at the end of the follow-up. No procedural or post-procedural adverse events were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

The positive clinical results and the absence of side effects suggest that EmoLED^® could be a promising tool in the management of SSc-SU, with an interesting role to play in the healing process in addition to conventional systemic and local treatments.

Photobiomodulation Response From 660 nm is Different and More Durable Than That From 980 nm

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy uses light at various wavelengths to stimulate wound healing, grow hair, relieve pain, and more-but there is no consensus about optimal wavelengths or dosimetry. PBM therapy works through putative, wavelength-dependent mechanisms including direct stimulation of mitochondrial respiration, and/or activation of transmembrane signaling channels by changes in water activity. A common wavelength used in the visible red spectrum is ~660 nm, whereas recently ~980 nm is being explored and both have been proposed to work via different mechanisms. We aimed to gain more insight into identifying treatment parameters and the putative mechanisms involved.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fluence-response curves were measured in cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts exposed to 660 or 980 nm from LED sources. Metabolic activity was assessed using the MTT assay for reductases. ATP production, a major event triggered by PBM therapy, was assessed using a luminescence assay. To measure the role of mitochondria, we used an ELISA to measure COX-1 and SDH-A protein levels. The respective contributions of cytochrome c oxidase and ATP synthase to the PBM effects were gauged using specific inhibitors.

RESULTS

Keratinocytes and fibroblasts responded differently to exposures at 660 nm (red) and 980 nm (NIR). Although 980 nm required much lower fluence for cell stimulation, the resulting increase in ATP levels was short-term, whereas 660 nm stimulation elevated ATP levels for at least 24 hours. COX-1 protein levels were increased following 660 nm treatment but were unaffected by 980 nm. In fibroblasts, SDH-A levels were affected by both wavelengths, whereas in keratinocytes only 660 nm light impacted SDH-A levels. Inhibition of ATP synthase nearly completely abolished the effects of both wavelengths on ATP synthesis. Interestingly, inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase did not prevent the rise in ATP levels in response to PBM treatment.

CONCLUSION

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of differing kinetics in response to PBM therapy at red versus NIR wavelength. We also found cell-type-specific differences in PBM therapy response to the two wavelengths studied. These findings confirm that different response pathways are involved after 660 and 980 nm exposures and suggest that 660 nm causes a more durable response. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Blue LED causes autophagic cell death in human osteosarcoma by increasing ROS generation and dephosphorylating EGFR

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumour in adolescence. Lately, light‐emitting diodes (LED)‐based therapy has emerged as a new promising approach for several diseases. However, it remains unknown in human OS. Here, we found that the blue LED irradiation significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of human OS cells, while we observed blue LED irradiation increased ROS production through increased NADPH oxidase enzymes NOX2 and NOX4, as well as decreased Catalase (CAT) expression levels. Furthermore, we revealed blue LED irradiation‐induced autophagy characterized by alterations in autophagy protein markers including Beclin‐1, LC3‐II/LC3‐I and P62. Moreover, we demonstrated an enhanced autophagic flux. The blockage of autophagy displayed a remarkable attenuation of anti‐tumour activities of blue LED irradiation. Next, ROS scavenger N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) and NOX inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) blocked suppression of OS cell growth, indicating that ROS accumulation might play an essential role in blue LED‐induced autophagic OS cell death. Additionally, we observed blue LED irradiation decreased EGFR activation (phosphorylation), which in turn led to Beclin‐1 release and subsequent autophagy activation in OS cells. Analysis of EGFR colocalization with Beclin‐1 and EGFR‐immunoprecipitation (IP) assay further revealed the decreased interaction of EGFR and Beclin‐1 upon blue LED irradiation in OS cells. In addition, Beclin‐1 down‐regulation abolished the effects of blue LED irradiation on OS cells. Collectively, we concluded that blue LED irradiation exhibited anti‐tumour effects on OS by triggering ROS and EGFR/Beclin‐1‐mediated autophagy signalling pathway, representing a potential approach for human OS treatment.

Combination treatment of dendrosomal nanocurcumin and low-level laser therapy develops proliferation and migration of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and alter TGF-β, VEGF, TNF-α and IL-6 expressions involved in wound healing process

INTRODUCTION

Pressure ulcer (PU) is known as the third most costly disorder usually caused by prolonged pressure and stagnation in various parts of the body. Although several therapeutic approaches are employing, obstacles in appropriate healing for skin lesions still exist which necessitates new practical alternative or adjunctive treatments. Low level laser therapy (LLLT) as one of the mentioned new strategies have gained attention. Besides, curcumin is an herbal medicine extracted from turmeric with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties with promising beneficial therapeutic effects in wound healing. Employing dendrosomal nanoparticles, we overcome the hydrophobicity of curcumin in the present study. We hypothesized that combination treatment of DNC+LLLT (450 nm) simultaneously may promote the wound healing process.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

MTT assay, PI staining followed by flowcytometry, scratch assay and intracellular ROS measurement were used to investigate the effects caused by DNC and LLLT (450 nm) alone and in combination, on proliferation, cell cycle, migration and oxidative stress mouse embryonic fibroblast cells, respectively. The levels of growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by qRT-PCR and ELISA.

RESULTS

Our results indicated that combination exposure with DNC and LLLT leads to increased proliferation and migration of MEFs as well as being more efficient in significantly upregulating growth factors (TGF-β, VEGF) and decline in inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6). Moreover, findings of this research provide persuasive support for the notion that DNC could reduce the LLLT-induced enhancement in intracellular ROS in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.

CONCLUSION

Concurrent exposure to anti-oxidant concentrations of DNC and LLLT enriched S phase entry and therefor increased proliferation as well as migration on MEFs through regulating the expression levels growth factors and shortening the inflammatory phase by modulating of cytokines. It should be noted that DNC were able to reduce the laser-induced oxidative stress, during wound healing, representing an informative accompaniment with LLLT.

Advances in the Application of Natural Products and the Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Psoriasis

Psoriasis, an incurable autoimmune skin disease, is one of the most common immune-mediated disorders. Presently, numerous clinical research studies are underway, and treatment options are available. However, these treatments focus on improving symptoms of the disease and fail to achieve a radical cure; they also have certain toxic side effects. In recent years, natural products have increasingly gained attention because of their high efficiency and low toxicity. Despite their obvious therapeutic effects, natural products’ biological activity was limited by their instability, poor solubility, and low bioavailability. Novel drug delivery systems, including liposomes, lipospheres, nanostructured lipid carriers, niosomes, nanoemulsions, nanospheres, microneedles, ethosomes, nanocrystals, and foams could potentially overcome the limitations of poor water solubility and permeability in traditional drug delivery systems. Thus, to achieve a therapeutic effect, the drug can reach the epidermis and dermis in psoriatic lesions to interact with the immune cells and cytokines.

Effect of Different Wavelengths of Laser Irradiation on the Skin Cells

The invention of systems enabling the emission of waves of a certain length and intensity has revolutionized many areas of life, including medicine. Currently, the use of devices emitting laser light is not only an indispensable but also a necessary element of many diagnostic procedures. It also contributed to the development of new techniques for the treatment of diseases that are difficult to heal. The use of lasers in industry and medicine may be associated with a higher incidence of excessive radiation exposure, which can lead to injury to the body. The most exposed to laser irradiation is the skin tissue. The low dose laser irradiation is currently used for the treatment of various skin diseases. Therefore appropriate knowledge of the effects of lasers irradiation on the dermal cells’ metabolism is necessary. Here we present current knowledge on the clinical and molecular effects of irradiation of different wavelengths of light (ultraviolet (UV), blue, green, red, and infrared (IR) on the dermal cells.

Visible light. Part I: Properties and cutaneous effects of visible light

Approximately 50% of the sunlight reaching the Earth's surface is visible light (400-700 nm). Other sources of visible light include lasers, light-emitting diodes, and flash lamps. Photons from visible light are absorbed by photoreceptive chromophores (e.g., melanin, heme, and opsins), altering skin function by activating and imparting energy to chromophores. Additionally, visible light can penetrate the full thickness of the skin and induce pigmentation and erythema. Clinically, lasers and light devices are used to treat skin conditions by utilizing specific wavelengths and treatment parameters. Red and blue light from light-emitting diodes and intense pulsed light have been studied as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory treatments for acne. Pulsed dye lasers are used to treat vascular lesions in adults and infants. Further research is necessary to determine the functional significance of visible light on skin health without confounding the influence of ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths.

Blue light: Friend or foe ?

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to elucidate why some potentially damaging and beneficial effects were obtained following blue light exposures on skin.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Light-emitting diode (LED) devices containing 415 and 470 nm bulbs were used on normal human keratinocytes, skin biopsies and subjects with acne. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) evaluation was performed after a course of blue LED light exposures. A comparison between very small bandwidth centered at 415 nm and a combination of (415 + 470 nm) wavelengths was also carried out regarding the effects on ROS production. The effects on other targets such as opsin1 short wavelength (OPN1 SW) photoreceptor, fibrillin-1 dermal component, LL37 antimicrobial peptide and interleukin-8 (IL-8) proinflammatory cytokine were then explored. Finally, clinical pictures of acne signs were also investigated after blue LED exposures.

RESULTS

Dose dependent increases of ROS production were obtained on keratinocytes exposed to increasing 415 nm LED exposures. However, a ROS decreasing first phase was observed on keratinocytes exposed to 415 + 470 nm LED exposures. Moreover, comparing the same doses of 415 nm wavelength and (415 + 470 nm) wavelength combination, 415 nm alone is more damaging than the 415 + 470 nm exposures. In case of increase in ROS, decrease in OPN1 SW photoreceptor and fragmentation of fibrillin-1 dermal fiber were observed. When conditions of ROS decrease were experienced, an increase in LL37 antimicrobial peptide and a modulation of IL-8 inflammatory response were noted, suggesting improvement in acne signs. Clinical results confirmed the benefits on inflammatory lesions on subjects with acne.

CONCLUSION

Blue lights can induce beneficial and adverse effects, depending on the dose and on the spectrum width of the exposure.

18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces human HaCaT keratinocytes apoptosis through ROS-mediated PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and ameliorates IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice

Background

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting 2–3% of the population worldwide. Hyperproliferative keratinocytes were thought to be an amplifier of inflammatory response, thereby sustaining persistence of psoriasis lesions. Agents with the ability to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation or induce apoptosis are potentially useful for psoriasis treatment. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), an active metabolite of glycyrrhizin, exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-bacteria and anti-proliferation. The current study aims to evaluate the effects of GA on the proliferation and apoptosis of human HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro and investigate the effects of GA on the skin lesions of imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like mouse model in vivo.

Methods

Cell viability was assayed by CCK-8. Flow cytometry was performed to measure apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS), with Annexin V-FITC/PI detection kit and DCFH-DA probe respectively. Caspase 9/3 activities were measured using caspase activity assay kits. The protein levels of Akt and p-Akt were determined using Western blotting. IMQ was applied to induce psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice. The histological change in mouse skin lesions was detected using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The severity of skin lesions was scored based on Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI). RT-PCR was employed to examine the relative expression of TNF-α, IL-22 and IL-17A in mouse skin lesions.

Results

GA decreased HaCaT keratinocytes viability and induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of GA, intracellular ROS levels were significantly elevated. NAC, a ROS inhibitor, attenuated GA-mediated HaCaT keratinocytes growth inhibition and apoptosis. In addition, GA treatment remarkably decreased p-Akt protein level, which could be restored partially when cells were co-treated with GA and NAC. LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) treatment significantly enhanced GA-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, GA ameliorated IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice.

Conclusions

GA inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in HaCaT keratinocytes through ROS-mediated inhibition of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and ameliorates IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions in mice.

Phototherapy alters the oncogenic metabolic activity of breast cancer cells

BACKGROUND

Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells is a strategy to attain a high proliferation rate, invasion, and metastasis. In this study, the effects of phototherapy at different wavelengths were investigated on the metabolic activity of breast cancer cells.

METHODS

The states of the MCF7 cells proliferation and viability were measured by the MTT assay. Glucose consumption and the lactate formation in the LED-irradiated cells culture were analyzed by biochemical assay kits. The Amino acid concentration in the culture media of the MCF7 cells was analyzed using HPLC. Moreover, the gene expression of some glycolytic, TCA cycle and pentose phosphate cycleenzymes were assessed by real time PCR.

RESULTS

Phototherapy at wavelength of 435 nm decreased the cell viability by 23 % when the energy dose was 17.5 J/cm² compared to the control group. The expression of the LDHA and GLS was up-regulated in 629 nm-treated cells while the expression of these genes was down-regulated in the MCF7 cells irradiated at 435 nm in comparison with the control group. Consequently, the glucose consumption and the lactate formation were diminished respectively by 22 % and 15 % in the 435 nm-irradiated cells while the glucose consumption and the lactate formation were increased in the 629 nm-irradiated cells by 112 % and 107 % in comparison with the control group. In addition, the analysis of the glutamine concentration by the HPLC indicated that the blue light irradiation decreased the glutamine consumption while the red light increased it in comparison with the control group.

Low Dosed Curcumin Combined with Visible Light Exposure Inhibits Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastatic Behavior In Vitro

Recent documentation shows that a curcumin-induced growth arrest of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells can be amplified by visible light. This study was designed to investigate whether this strategy may also contribute to blocking metastatic progression of RCC. Low dosed curcumin (0.2 µg/mL; 0.54 µM) was applied to A498, Caki1, or KTCTL-26 cells for 1 h, followed by exposure to visible light for 5 min (400–550 nm, 5500 lx). Adhesion to human vascular endothelial cells or immobilized collagen was then evaluated. The influence of curcumin on chemotaxis and migration was also investigated, as well as curcumin induced alterations of α and β integrin expression. Curcumin without light exposure or light exposure without curcumin induced no alterations, whereas curcumin plus light significantly inhibited RCC adhesion, migration, and chemotaxis. This was associated with a distinct reduction of α3, α5, β1, and β3 integrins in all cell lines. Separate blocking of each of these integrin subtypes led to significant modification of tumor cell adhesion and chemotactic behavior. Combining low dosed curcumin with light considerably suppressed RCC binding activity and chemotactic movement and was associated with lowered integrin α and β subtypes. Therefore, curcumin combined with visible light holds promise for inhibiting metastatic processes in RCC.

Under the spotlight: mechanisms of photobiomodulation concentrating on blue and green light

Photobiomodulation (PBM) describes the application of light at wavelengths ranging from 400-1100 nm to promote tissue healing, reduce inflammation and promote analgesia. Traditionally, red and near-infra red (NIR) light have been used therapeutically, however recent studies indicate that other wavelengths within the visible spectrum could prove beneficial including blue and green light. This review aims to evaluate the literature surrounding the potential therapeutic effects of PBM with particular emphasis on the effects of blue and green light. In particular focus is on the possible primary and secondary molecular mechanisms of PBM and also evaluation of the potential effective parameters for application both in vitro and in vivo. Studies have reported that PBM affects an array of molecular targets, including chromophores such as signalling molecules containing flavins and porphyrins as well as components of the electron transport chain. However, secondary mechanisms tend to converge on pathways induced by increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Systematic evaluation of the literature indicated 72% of publications reported beneficial effects of blue light and 75% reported therapeutic effects of green light. However, of the publications evaluating the effects of green light, reporting of treatment parameters was uneven with 41% failing to report irradiance (mW cm-2) and 44% failing to report radiant exposure (J cm-2). This review highlights the potential of PBM to exert broad effects on a range of different chromophores within the body, dependent upon the wavelength of light applied. Emphasis still remains on the need to report exposure and treatment parameters, as this will enable direct comparison between different studies and hence enable the determination of the full potential of PBM.

Apoptotic or Antiproliferative Activity of Natural Products against Keratinocytes for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Natural products or herbs can be used as an effective therapy for treating psoriasis, an autoimmune skin disease that involves keratinocyte overproliferation. It has been demonstrated that phytomedicine, which is used for psoriasis patients, provides some advantages, including natural sources, a lower risk of adverse effects, and the avoidance of dissatisfaction with conventional therapy. The herbal products’ structural diversity and multiple mechanisms of action have enabled the synergistic activity to mitigate psoriasis. In recent years, the concept of using natural products as antiproliferative agents in psoriasis treatment has attracted increasing attention in basic and clinical investigations. This review highlights the development of an apoptotic or antiproliferatic strategy for natural-product management in the treatment of psoriasis. We systematically introduce the concepts and molecular mechanisms of keratinocyte-proliferation inhibition by crude extracts or natural compounds that were isolated from natural resources, especially plants. Most of these studies focus on evaluation through an in vitro keratinocyte model and an in vivo psoriasis-like animal model. Topical delivery is the major route for the in vivo or clinical administration of these natural products. The potential use of antiproliferative phytomedicine on hyperproliferative keratinocytes suggests a way forward for generating advances in the field of psoriasis therapy.

Illumination with 630 nm Red Light Reduces Oxidative Stress and Restores Memory by Photo-Activating Catalase and Formaldehyde Dehydrogenase in SAMP8 Mice

AIMS

Pharmacological treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have not resulted in desirable clinical efficacy over 100 years. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a reactive and the most stable compound of reactive oxygen species, contributes to oxidative stress in AD patients. In this study, we designed a medical device to emit red light at 630 ± 15 nm from a light-emitting diode (LED-RL) and investigated whether the LED-RL reduces brain H₂O₂ levels and improves memory in senescence-accelerated prone 8 mouse (SAMP8) model of age-related dementia.

RESULTS

We found that age-associated H₂O₂ directly inhibited formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH). FDH inactivity and semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) disorder resulted in endogenous formaldehyde (FA) accumulation. Unexpectedly, excess FA, in turn, caused acetylcholine (Ach) deficiency by inhibiting choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the 630 nm red light can penetrate the skull and the abdomen with light penetration rates of ∼49% and ∼43%, respectively. Illumination with LED-RL markedly activated both catalase and FDH in the brains, cultured cells, and purified protein solutions, all reduced brain H₂O₂ and FA levels and restored brain Ach contents. Consequently, LED-RL not only prevented early-stage memory decline but also rescued late-stage memory deficits in SAMP8 mice.

INNOVATION

We developed a phototherapeutic device with 630 nm red light, and this LED-RL reduced brain H₂O₂ levels and reversed age-related memory disorders.

CONCLUSIONS

The phototherapy of LED-RL has low photo toxicity and high rate of tissue penetration and noninvasively reverses aging-associated cognitive decline. This finding opens a promising opportunity to translate LED-RL into clinical treatment for patients with dementia. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.

Synergistic Effects of Photo-Irradiation and Curcumin-Chitosan/Alginate Nanoparticles on Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha-Induced Psoriasis-Like Proliferation of Keratinocytes

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by hyperproliferation of the epidermal cells and is clinically presented as thick, bright red to pink plaques with a silvery scale. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using visible light has become of increasing interest in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. In this study, we demonstrate that a combination of curcumin-loaded chitosan/alginate nanoparticles (Cur-CS/Alg NPs) and blue light emitting diodes (LED) light irradiation effectively suppressed the hyperproliferation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced cultured human kerlatinocyte (HaCaT) cells. The Cur-CS/Alg NPs were fabricated by emulsification of curcumin in aqueous sodium alginate solution and ionotropic gelation with calcium chloride and chitosan using an optimized formulation derived from a Box-Behnken design. The fabricated Cur-CS/Alg NPs were characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity. The surrogate 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, to measure the relative number of viable cells, showed that the CS/Alg NPs were nontoxic to normal HaCaT cells, while 0.05 µg/mL and 0.1 µg/mL of free curcumin and Cur-CS/Alg NPs inhibited the hyperproliferation of HaCaT cells induced by TNF-α. However, the Cur-CS/Alg NPs demonstrated a stronger effect than the free curcumin, especially when combined with blue light irradiation (10 J/cm²) from an LED-based illumination device. Therefore, the Cur-CS/Alg NPs with blue LED light could be potentially developed into an effective PDT system for the treatment of psoriasis.

Growth and Proliferation of Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells Is Blocked by Low Curcumin Concentrations Combined with Visible Light Irradiation

The anti-cancer properties of curcumin in vitro have been documented. However, its clinical use is limited due to rapid metabolization. Since irradiation of curcumin has been found to increase its anti-cancer effect on several tumor types, this investigation was designed to determine whether irradiation with visible light may enhance the anti-tumor effects of low-dosed curcumin on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell growth and proliferation. A498, Caki1, and KTCTL-26 cells were incubated with curcumin (0.1–0.4 µg/mL) and irradiated with 1.65 J/cm² visible light for 5 min. Controls were exposed to curcumin or light alone or remained untreated. Curcumin plus light, but not curcumin or light exposure alone altered growth, proliferation, and apoptosis of all three RCC tumor cell lines. Cells were arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Phosphorylated (p) CDK1 and pCDK2, along with their counter-receptors Cyclin B and A decreased, whereas p27 increased. Akt-mTOR-signaling was suppressed, the pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 became elevated, and the anti-apoptotic protein Bax diminished. H3 acetylation was elevated when cells were treated with curcumin plus light, pointing to an epigenetic mechanism. The present findings substantiate the potential of combining low curcumin concentrations and light as a new therapeutic concept to increase the efficacy of curcumin in RCC.

Synergistic anti-tumor effects of arsenic trioxide and blue LED irradiation on human osteosarcoma

Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been well recognized as an anti-tumor agent for various human cancers. Recently, the blue light emitting diodes (LEDs)-based therapy has also been demonstrated to be potential therapeutic strategies for several cancers. However, the combination effects of ATO and blue LED on tumor suppression are still unclear. In this study, we determined whether combination of ATO and blue LED irradiation at 470 nm in wavelength exhibited superior anti-tumor activity in human osteosarcoma (OS). We observed that combination treatments of ATO and blue LED much more significantly decreased the percentages of proliferative cells, and increased apoptotic rate compared with any single treatments in U-2 OS cells. Furthermore, we found suppression of cell migration and invasion were much more pronounced in ATO plus blue LED treated group than single treated groups. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay and immunostaining of γ-H2A.X and p53 indicated that the combined treatments resulted in further markedly increases in ROS accumulation, DNA damage and p53 activity. Taken together, our study demonstrated synergistical anti-tumor effects of combined treatments of ATO and blue LED on human OS cells, which were associated with an increased ROS accumulation, DNA damaged mediated p53 activation.

Yes-associated protein promotes the abnormal proliferation of psoriatic keratinocytes via an amphiregulin dependent pathway

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with high morbidity, poor treatment methods and high rates of relapse. Keratinocyte hyperproliferation and shortened cell cycles are important pathophysiological features of psoriasis. As a known oncogene, Yes-associated protein (YAP) plays a role in promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting cell apoptosis; however, whether YAP is involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis remains to be determined. Amphiregulin (AREG), a transcriptional target of YAP, was found to be upregulated in psoriasis, and overexpression of AREG promoted keratinocyte proliferation. In the present study, immunohistochemistry showed that YAP expression was elevated in the skin of psoriasis patients and in the Imiquimod (IMQ) mouse model of psoriasis. Knockdown of YAP in HaCaT cells inhibited cell proliferation, caused cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and promoted apoptosis. These changes in YAP-knockdown HaCaT cells were related to changes in AREG expression. We concluded that YAP may play an important role in the regulation of abnormal keratinocyte proliferation via an AREG-dependent pathway and that YAP could be a new target in the treatment of psoriasis.

Design and validation of an open-source modular Microplate Photoirradiation System for high-throughput photobiology experiments

Research in photobiology is currently limited by a lack of devices capable of delivering precise and tunable irradiation to cells in a high-throughput format. This limits researchers to using expensive commercially available or custom-built light sources which make it difficult to replicate, standardize, optimize, and scale experiments. Here we present an open-source Microplate Photoirradiation System (MPS) developed to enable high-throughput light experiments in standard 96 and 24-well microplates for a variety of applications in photobiology research. This open-source system features 96 independently controlled LEDs (4 LEDs per well in 24-well), Wi-Fi connected control and programmable graphical user interface (GUI) for control and programming, automated calibration GUI, and modular control and LED boards for maximum flexibility. A web-based GUI generates light program files containing irradiation parameters for groups of LEDs. These parameters are then uploaded wirelessly, stored and used on the MPS to run photoirradiation experiments inside any incubator. A rapid and semi-quantitative porphyrin metabolism assay was also developed to validate the system in wild-type fibroblasts. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence accumulation was induced by incubation with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a photosensitization method leveraged clinically to destroy malignant cell types in a process termed photodynamic therapy (PDT), and cells were irradiated with 405nm light with varying irradiance, duration and pulsation parameters. Immediately after light treatment with the MPS, subsequent photobleaching was measured in live, adherent cells in both 96-well and a 24-well microplates using a microplate reader. Results demonstrate the utility and reliability of the Microplate Photoirradiation System to irradiate cells with precise irradiance and timing parameters in order to measure PpIx photobleaching kinetics in live adherent cells and perform comparable experiments with both 24 and 96 well microplate formats. The high-throughput capability of the MPS enabled measurement of enough irradiance conditions in a single microplate to fit PpIX fluorescence to a bioexponential decay model of photobleaching, as well as reveal a dependency of photobleaching on duty-cycle-but not frequency-in a pulsed irradiance regimen.

MiR-876-5p suppresses cell proliferation by targeting Angiopoietin-1 in the psoriasis

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease characterized by abnormal differentiation and hyper-proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes. The object of the study is to investigate the role of miRNA-876-5p in psoriasis. It reported that MicroRNAs (miRNAs) played roles in the malignant progression in psoriasis development. The expression of miR-876-5p was found to be down-regulated in psoriasic tissue and blood of patients. The luciferase assay verified the targeting role of miR-876-5p to 3'UTR of Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1). Proliferation of psoriasic cells were inhibited by miR-876-5p and hold on G0/G1 phase. Further studies showed that miR-876-5p suppressed proliferation by restraining the expression of Ang-1, which would regulate the phosphorylation level of PI3K, AKT, mTOR and ERK in psoriasic cells. Invasion and adhesion, serving as important behavioral traits of epidermal keratinocytes cells, were suppressed by excessive miR-876-5p in psoriasic cells also. MiR-876-5p would be expected to be biomarker and potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of psoriasis.

GSK126 (EZH2 inhibitor) interferes with ultraviolet A radiation-induced photoaging of human skin fibroblast cells

Polycomb group genes (PcG) encode chromatin modification proteins that are involved in the epigenetic regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation and the aging processes. The key subunit of the PcG complex, enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2), has a central role in a variety of mechanisms, such as the formation of chromatin structure, gene expression regulation and DNA damage. In the present study, ultraviolet A (UVA) was used to radiate human dermal fibroblasts in order to construct a photo-aged cell model. Subsequently, the cell viability assay, Hoechst staining, apoptosis detection using flow cytometry, senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining and erythrocyte exclusion experiments were performed. GSK126, a histone methylation enzyme inhibitor of EZH2, was used as an experimental factor. Results suggested that GSK126 downregulated the mRNA expression levels of EZH2 and upregulated the mRNA expression levels of BMI-1. Notably, GSK126 affected the transcription of various photoaging-related genes and thus protected against photoaging induced by UVA radiation.

A clinical review of phototherapy for psoriasis

Psoriasis is an autoimmune inflammatory skin disease. In the past several decades, phototherapy has been widely used to treat stable psoriatic lesions, including trunk, scalp, arms and legs, and partial nail psoriasis. A variety of light/lasers with different mechanisms of action have been developed for psoriasis including ultraviolet B (UVB), psoralen ultraviolet A (PUVA), pulsed dye laser (PDL), photodynamic therapy (PDT), intense pulsed light (IPL), light-emitting diodes (LED), and so on. Because light/laser each has specific therapeutic and adverse effects, it is important to adequately choose the sources and parameters in management of psoriasis with different pathogenic sites, severities, and duration of the disorder. This review aims at providing most updated clinic information to physicians about how to select light/laser sources and individual therapeutic regimens. To date, UV light is primarily for stable plaque psoriasis and PDL for topical psoriatic lesions with small area, both of which are safe and effective. On the other hand, PUVA has better curative effects than UVB for managing refractory psoriasis plaques, if its side effects can be better controlled. PDL provides optimal outcomes on nail psoriasis compared with other lasers. Although the trails of low-level light/laser therapy (LLLT) are still small, the near infrared (NIR) and visible red light with low energy show promise for treating psoriasis due to its strong penetration and encouraging photobiomodulation. IPL is rarely reported for psoriasis treatment, but PDT-IPL has been found to offer a moderate effect on nail psoriasis. In brief, various phototherapies have been used either in different combinations or as monotherapy. The modality has become a mainstay in the treatment of mild-to-moderate psoriasis without systemic adverse events in today's clinical practice.

Polycomb group proteins: Novel molecules associated with ultraviolet A-induced photoaging of human skin

Epigenetic repressor polycomb group (PcG) proteins are thought to serve a role in a number of cellular processes, including carcinogenesis, senescence, apoptosis and DNA repair. In the present study, long-wave ultraviolet A (UVA) was used to irradiate human skin fibroblasts (HSFs) and embryonic skin fibroblasts (ESFs) in order to simulate photoaging of the skin. The results of cell proliferation, apoptosis, hyaluronic acid (HA) content and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays revealed that the expression levels of genes encoding key PcG proteins (BMI-1 and EZH2) were altered. In addition, the expression levels of these genes were associated with the expression of enzymes that regulate HA synthesis. Furthermore, the expression levels of PcG proteins differed between HSFs and ESFs, suggesting that PcG proteins serve a role in altering HA synthesis during the UVA-induced fibroblast aging process. This signaling pathway may represent a novel molecular mechanism regulating the photoaging of the skin. The findings of the present study provide important insights into the underlying mechanisms of photoaging of the human skin. Further studies are required to clarify the molecular mechanisms underling skin aging and to identify targets for the clinical treatment of photoaging.

Inhibition of Autophagy Enhances Curcumin United light irradiation-induced Oxidative Stress and Tumor Growth Suppression in Human Melanoma Cells

Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin carcinoma, which possesses fast propagating and highly invasive characteristics. Curcumin is a natural phenol compound that has various biological activities, such as anti-proliferative and apoptosis-accelerating impacts on tumor cells. Unfortunately, the therapeutical activities of Cur are severely hindered due to its extremely low bioavailability. In this study, a cooperative therapy of low concentration Cur combined with red united blue light irradiation was performed to inspect the synergistic effects on the apoptosis, proliferation and autophagy in human melanoma A375 cell. The results showed that red united blue light irradiation efficaciously synergized with Cur to trigger oxidative stress-mediated cell death, induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation. Meanwhile, Western blotting revealed that combined disposure induced the formation of autophagosomes. Conversely, inhibition of the autophagy enhanced apoptosis, obstructed cell cycle arrest and induced reversible proliferation arrest to senescence. These findings suggest that Cur combined with red united blue light irradiation could generate photochemo-preventive effects via enhancing apoptosis and triggering autophagy, and pharmacological inhibition of autophagy convert reversible arrested cells to senescence, therefore reducing the possibility that damaged cells might escape programmed death.

Photobiomodulation devices for hair regrowth and wound healing: a therapy full of promise but a literature full of confusion

Photobiomodulation is reported to positively influence hair regrowth, wound healing, skin rejuvenation and psoriasis. Despite rapid translation of this science to commercial therapeutic solutions, significant gaps in our understanding of the underlying processes remain. The aim of this review was to seek greater clarity and rationality specifically for the selection of optical parameters for studies on hair regrowth and wound healing. Our investigation of 90 reports published between 1985 and 2015 revealed major inconsistencies in optical parameters selected for clinical applications. Moreover, poorly understood photoreceptors expressed in skin such as cytochrome c oxidase, cryptochromes, opsins etc. may trigger different molecular mechanisms. All this could explain the plethora of reported physiological effects of light. To derive parameters for optimal clinical efficacy of photobiomodulation, we recommend a more rational approach to underpin clinical studies, with research on molecular targets and pathways using well-defined biological model systems to enable translation of optical parameters from in vitro to in vivo. Furthermore, special attention needs to be paid when conducting studies for hair regrowth, aiming for double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials as the gold standard for quantifying hair growth.