1
|
Paranhos da Silva MG, Pereira Neves A, Baptaglin Montagner D, Vinhas Ítavo LC, de Nadai Bonin M, Marson B, da Costa Gomes R. Powder and agglomerated free-choice minerals for grazing cattle: animal responses and chemical and physical alterations of the mineral mixture. Arch Anim Nutr 2023; 77:403-419. [PMID: 38009002 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2023.2281809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the animal response and the chemical and physical changes of free-choice mineral mixtures fed to grazing cattle. Growing beef cattle were fed either powder (POW) or agglomerated (AGL) mineral mixtures in three different experiments (Exp.), carried out in pastures of Brachiaria grass. In Exp. 1 and 2, the mineral mixtures were disposed in unsheltered troughs (POWun vs. AGLun), being delivered once (D0, Exp.1) or twice (D0 and D8, Exp. 2), throughout 14-day periods. In Exp. 3, POWun and AGLun were additionally compared to POW in sheltered troughs (POWshe), and the mineral mixtures were disposed in D0, throughout 21-day periods. Non-consumed supplement was removed and sampled on D14 (Exp. 1 and 2) or D21 (Exp. 3). Evaluations included average daily body weight gain (ADG), daily disappearance of the supplement (DSD), penetration force of the supplement mass, faecal chemical composition and serum levels of Ca, P and Mg. In Exp. 1, no effects were observed on ADG and faecal mineral concentrations, however, changes in mineral concentrations and a 40% reduction in Na concentration in the supplement were observed, compared to the initial concentration. AGLun had a lower penetration force. In Exp. 2, there were no effects on DSD and faecal mineral concentrations. POWun showed a smaller reduction in Na content compared to AGLun, and AGLun showed lower penetration force. In Exp. 3, the treatments did not affect ADG, but there was a trend towards higher DSD and serum phosphorus (P) concentration for AGLun (p = 0.08). Higher faecal Na concentration was observed for AGLun and higher Na concentration occurred in non-consumed mixture of POWshe. Mineral supplements offered in uncovered troughs showed altered chemical and physical characteristics, with possible effects on supplement intake. However, the general changes are unlikely to alter animal performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luís Carlos Vinhas Ítavo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brasil
| | | | - Bruno Marson
- Connan Comércio de Nutrição Animal, Boituva, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Honig AC, Inhuber V, Spiekers H, Windisch W, Götz KU, Strauß G, Ettle T. Trace mineral concentrations and accretion rates in the empty body and body tissues of growing Fleckvieh (German Simmental) bulls. Arch Anim Breed 2023; 66:265-273. [PMID: 37782687 PMCID: PMC10539765 DOI: 10.5194/aab-66-265-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This research project aimed to generate basic data for specifying the trace mineral requirements of Fleckvieh (German Simmental) bulls. Hence, the concentrations of the trace minerals iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) in the empty-body and body tissue fractions of growing Fleckvieh bulls slaughtered at 120-780 kg live weight were determined. Results were used to calculate trace mineral accretion rates. Fe and Zn represented the largest shares in the animals' bodies. The Zn accretion increased, while Mn accretion steadily declined during cattle growth. Fe accretion attained a maximum at 400 kg live weight. Cu accretion declined until 600 kg live weight and then increased slightly afterwards. The provided data may be used to adjust the recommendations with respect to the trace mineral requirements of growing Fleckvieh bulls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniela C Honig
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Prof.-Duerrwaechter-Platz 3, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Vivienne Inhuber
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Hubert Spiekers
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Prof.-Duerrwaechter-Platz 3, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Windisch
- Chair of Animal Nutrition, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Kay-Uwe Götz
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Animal Breeding, Prof.-Duerrwaechter-Platz 1, 85586 Poing, Germany
| | - Gerhard Strauß
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Department of Laboratory Analytics, Lange Point 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Ettle
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Prof.-Duerrwaechter-Platz 3, 85586 Poing, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
El-Amier YA, Soufan W, Almutairi KF, Zaghloul NS, Abd-ElGawad AM. Proximate Composition, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Potential of Wild Halophytes Grown in Coastal Salt Marsh Habitats. Molecules 2021; 27:28. [PMID: 35011260 PMCID: PMC8746247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytes have been characterized as a potential resource for fiber, food, fodder, and bioactive compounds. Proximate composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of five wild dominant halophytes (Arthrocnemummacrostachyum, Halocnemumstrobilaceum, Limoniastrummonopetalum, Limoniastrumpruinosum, and Tamarix nilotica) naturally growing along the Nile Delta coast were assessed. The soil supporting these halophytes was sandy to sand-silty, alkaline, with low organic carbon, and relatively high CaCO3. H. strobilaceum attained the highest moisture content, ash, crude fiber, lipids, and total soluble sugars. L. monopetalum showed the highest content of crude protein (18.00%), while T. nilotica had the highest content of total carbohydrates. The studied halophytes can be ranked according to their nutritive value as follows: H.strobilaceum > L.monopetalum > A.macrostachyum > L.pruinosum > T. nilotica. A. macrostachyum attained the highest amount of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. A. macrostachyum showed a high content of phenolic compounds, while H.strobilaceum was rich in tannins and saponin contents. The MeOH extract of A. macrostachyum and H. strobilaceum exhibited substantial antioxidant activity. The present results showed that the studied halophytes could be considered as candidates for forage production or used as green eco-friendly natural resources for bioactive compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser A. El-Amier
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Walid Soufan
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.); (K.F.A.)
| | - Khalid F. Almutairi
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.); (K.F.A.)
| | - Nouf S. Zaghloul
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1FD, UK;
| | - Ahmed M. Abd-ElGawad
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (W.S.); (K.F.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yanti G, Jamarun N, Suyitman S, Satria B, Sari RWW. Mineral status of soil, sea water, and mangrove ( Avicennia marina) forages in several coastal areas of West Sumatra. Vet World 2021; 14:1594-1601. [PMID: 34316208 PMCID: PMC8304423 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1594-1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The availability of minerals in the soil affect the mineral content of mangrove leaves. This study aimed to determine the macro- and micromineral contents in the environment and mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) as animal feed in the coastal areas of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Materials and Methods In this study, soil, water, and mangrove leaves were extracted from the mangrove plant's environment. The mineral contents were determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer of Beijing Rayleigh Analytical Instrument Corporation (make and country of origin). The total phenol and tannin contents were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and hide-powder methods, respectively. Results The mineral content of the soil affected the mineral content of the plants. The soil and leaves of A. marina in the Pariaman area were richer in terms of macro- and microminerals. The soil had pH value, organic carbon content, leaf nitrogen content, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium of 5.65, 4.21%, 3.39%, 0.17%, 1.99%, and 0.54%, respectively. A. marina leaves had a total phenol and tannin contents of 24.51 mg GAE/g check the unit and 4.09%, respectively. Conclusion This research showed that the mineral content in the soil in several mangrove areas in West Sumatra has a positive correlation with the mineral content in the leaves of A. marina, which have a complete mineral content. Therefore, A. marina leaves could be recommended as a mineral source for ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gusri Yanti
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Kampus Limau Manis, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Novirman Jamarun
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Kampus Limau Manis, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Suyitman Suyitman
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Kampus Limau Manis, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Benni Satria
- Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Andalas University, Kampus Limau Manis, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Rani Winardi Wulan Sari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Kampus Limau Manis, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Silva FADS, Valadares Filho SDC, Costa e Silva LF, Fernandes JG, Lage BC, Chizzotti ML, Felix TL. Nutrient requirements and evaluation of equations to predict chemical body composition of dairy crossbred steers. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:558-566. [PMID: 32819069 PMCID: PMC7961289 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Objectives were to estimate energy and protein requirements of dairy crossbred steers, as well as to evaluate equations previously described in the literature (HH46 and CS16) to predict the carcass and empty body chemical composition of crossbred dairy cattle. Methods Thirty-three Holstein×Zebu steers, aged 19±1 months old, with an initial shrunk body weight (BW) of 324±7.7 kg, were randomly divided into three groups: reference group (n = 5), maintenance level (1.17% BW; n = 4), and the remaining 24 steers were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments were: intake restricted to 85% of ad libitum feed intake for either 0, 28, 42, or 84 d of an 84-d finishing period. Results The net energy and the metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance were 0.083 Mcal/EBW0.75/d and 4.40 g/EBW0.75, respectively. The net energy (NEG) and protein (NPG) requirements for growth can be estimated with the following equations: NEG (Mcal/kg EBG) = 0.2973(±0.1212) ×EBW0.4336(±0.1002) and NPG (g/d) = 183.6(±22.5333)×EBG−2.0693(±4.7254)×RE, where EBW, empty BW; EBG, empty body gain; and RE, retained energy. Crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) chemical contents in carcass, and all the chemical components in the empty body were precisely and accurately estimated by CS16 equations. However, water content in carcass was better predicted by HH46 equation. Conclusion The equations proposed in this study can be used for estimating the energy and protein requirements of crossbred dairy steers. The CS16 equations were the best estimator for CP and EE chemical contents in carcass, and all chemical components in the empty body of crossbred dairy steers, whereas water in carcass was better estimated using the HH46 equations.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang H, Zhang Y, Peng A, Nie H, Wang F, Elsabagh M, Loor JJ, Amini NC. Determination of the trace minerals requirements for maintenance and growth of 35–50 kg Dorper × Hu crossbred ram lambs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1719910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Along Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Nie
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Mutton Sheep and Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Mutton Sheep and Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mabrouk Elsabagh
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nthanda C. Amini
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lima LDO, Souza VCD, Messana JD, Castagnino PDS, Lima ARC, Berchielli TT. Phosphorus supplementation does not affect the intake, digestibility, and meat quality of Nellore young bulls fed with high-grain diets. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.50347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of phosphorus (P) supplementation on the intake, digestibility, and quality of aged meat from Nellore young bulls fed on high-grain diets finished in feedlot. Forty young bulls (30 months old) with an initial body weight (IBW) of 296 ± 25 kg were used. It was distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. The treatments were: without P supplementation (CO), commercial mineral supplement (CM), and supplementation with dicalcium phosphate (DP) with 2.4, 4.2, or 5.0 g of P per kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. Diets were composed of sugarcane bagasse (200 g kg-1) plus concentrate (800 g kg-1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The meat quality parameters analyzed were pH, color, cooking losses, shear force, and water-holding capacity. P supplementation did not affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients There was no interaction (p > 0.05%) between diets and the aging time for the meat quality parameters. However, bulls fed with DP exhibited lower pH (5.98) compared to CO and CM (6.19 and 6.14, respectively). The longer aging time increased the cooking losses and intensity of yellow (b*). Under Brazilian conditions, feedlot Nellore cattle fed with high-grain diets do not require additional mineral supplements.
Collapse
|
8
|
Silva FAS, Valadares Filho SC, Godoi LA, Silva BC, Pacheco MVC, Zanetti D, Benedeti PDB, Silva FF, Felix TL. Effect of duration of restricted-feeding on nutrient excretion, animal performance, and carcass characteristics of Holstein × Zebu finishing steers. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an18300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Restricted-feeding may be a useful management tool available to reduce environmental impact in feedlots. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to determine the effects of the duration of restricted-feeding on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretion, growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing steers. Twenty-five Holstein × Zebu steers (average initial bodyweight (BW) = 319 ± 16.2 kg; age = 19 ± 1 months) were used. Five steers were slaughtered to provide baseline empty BW (EBW) and empty body composition at Day 0. The remaining steers were randomly allotted to four groups of five steers, which were restricted to 85% ad libitum feed intake for either 0 (R0), 28 (R28), 42 (R42) or 84 (R84) days of an 84-day finishing period. All steers were fed a diet of 40% corn silage and 60% concentrate (DM basis) for 84 days. Total excretion of faeces and urine were collected during two periods: Days 25 to 27 (period 1) and Days 73 to 75 (period 2). The DM intake, average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were evaluated in three blocks, Days 0 to 28, Days 28 to 42 and Days 42 to 84. As expected, DM, N and P intakes were greater (P < 0.05) for R0 steers than R28, R42 and R84 steers when steers in R28, R42 and R84 treatments were restricted. When transitioned to ad libitum feeding, R28 and R42 steers had similar (P > 0.05) DM, N and P intakes compared with R0 steers. Faecal N and urinary P excretions did not differ (P ≥ 0.40) among restricted and ad libitum-fed steers in either period evaluated. However, greater (P < 0.05) faecal P excretions were observed in steers fed ad libitum intake in period 2 (R0). Phosphorus retention in period 2, and whole-body N retention were greatest (P < 0.05) in steers fed R28 and least (P < 0.05) in steers fed R84, steers fed R0 and steers fed R42 were intermediate and not different (P > 0.05). Final BW, overall ADG, G:F and carcass characteristics were not affected (P ≥ 0.11) by treatments. Restricted-feeding Holstein × Zebu steers to 85% of ad libitum intake for 84 days in the feedlot reduced DM intake and P excretion, without impairing steer growth performance or carcass characteristics. Nevertheless, it is important to highlight that the small sample size was one limitation of this present experiment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Castro MMD, Silva AL, Costa E Silva LF, Rotta PP, Engle TE, Marcondes MI. Determination of macromineral requirements for preweaned dairy calves in tropical conditions. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2973-2984. [PMID: 30738689 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
International committees that have published nutrient requirements for dairy cattle have used data from mineral studies conducted in the 1920s to 1970s, and no study has reported data from animals less than 100 kg; therefore, there is a need to update mineral requirements for preweaned dairy calves. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to estimate the mineral requirements of Ca, P, K, Mg, and Na for Holstein and Holstein × Gyr crossbred preweaned dairy calves using data from 5 studies developed at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Viçosa, MG, Brazil). A total of 210 calves were separated into 2 breeds: purebred Holstein calves (animals with a Holstein pedigree higher than 87.5%) and Holstein × Gyr crossbred calves (animals with a Holstein pedigree lower than 87.5%). The comparative slaughter technique was used to estimate animal body composition and empty body weight (EBW). Mineral requirements for maintenance were estimated by the regression between retained mineral and mineral intake, whereas mineral requirements for gain were obtained from the first derivative of the mineral content in the animal's body. In addition, breed effect was tested on the intercept and slope of the models. The effect of breed was not observed for all analyzed variables. Thus, net requirements for maintenance were 12.73, 11.81, 20.28, 3.50, and 6.37 mg/kg of EBW per day for Ca, P, K, Mg, and Na, respectively. Retention coefficients were 73.18, 65.20, 13.16, 29.55, and 24.28% for Ca, P, K, Mg, and Na, respectively. The following equations were determined to estimate net requirements for gain (NRG, g/d): NRG for Ca = 14.402 × EBW-0.139 × empty body gain (EBG); NRG for P = 5.849 × EBW-0.027 × EBG; NRG for K = 1.140 × EBW-0.048 × EBG; NRG for Mg = 0.603 × EBW-0.036 × EBG; and NRG for Na = 1.508 × EBW-0.045 × EBG. Due to the high variation between the data found in this study and in the available literature, we suggest that further studies should be conducted to evaluate the estimates of this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M D Castro
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A L Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L F Costa E Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - P P Rotta
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - T E Engle
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - M I Marcondes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Souza VC, Malafaia P, Vieira BR, Granja-Salcedo YT, Berchielli TT. Phosphorus supplementation with or without other minerals, ionophore and antibiotic did not affect performance of Nellore bulls receiving high-grain diets, but increased phosphorus excretion and dietary costs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of phosphorus (P) supplementation, with or without addition of other minerals, ionophore and antibiotic, on performance, P utilisation and profitability in finishing Nellore bulls in a feedlot. Forty-two animals, with an initial bodyweight of 296 ± 25 kg, were distributed in a completely randomised design consisting of three treatments and 14 replicates. The treatments were without P supplementation (T1), commercial mineral supplement specific for feedlot cattle (T2) and supplementation with dicalcium phosphate (T3). The T3 was formulated to achieve a P concentration similar to that of T2, but without adding other additives (e.g. vitamins, ionophores, yeast and chelates) in the mineral mix. The P concentrations were 2.4, 4.2 or 5.0 g P/kg of dry matter (DM), respectively, for T1, T2 and T3. The diet, on a DM basis, comprised sugarcane bagasse (200 g/kg) plus concentrate (800 g/kg). The DM, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre intakes and apparent DM digestibility were similar among the three treatments (P > 0.05). Despite the numerical difference on P concentration in T2 and T3 treatments, P intakes were similar in these treatments. The addition of commercial mineral supplement specific for feedlot cattle or dicalcium phosphate in diets increased P excretion in the faeces and urine, increased P retention and reduced the profitability of the feedlot. Performance and carcass traits were not affected by diet P concentrations (P > 0.05). The profit per head in T1 treatment was US$13.7 and the addition of the dicalcium phosphate and mineral mix in T2 and T3 did not result in profit, these treatments gave economic losses of US$6.80 and US$6.20 per head, respectively. Under Brazilian conditions, feedlot Nellore cattle fed high-grain diets do not require any additional mineral supplements. P concentration of 2.4 g/kg DM, as used in the control diet, was adequate to ensure animal performance and reduce faecal P excretion, which is in agreement with NRC and CSIRO recommendations. Lower values may also be appropriate, but were not tested here.
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Oss DB, Machado FS, Tomich TR, Pereira LGR, Campos MM, Castro MMD, da Silva TE, Marcondes MI. Energy and protein requirements of crossbred (Holstein × Gyr) growing bulls. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:2603-2613. [PMID: 28161164 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the energy and protein requirements of crossbred (Holstein × Gyr) growing bulls. Twenty-four 10-mo-old bulls [initial body weight (BW) = 184 ± 23.4 kg] were used in a comparative slaughter trial. Six bulls were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment as the reference group, to estimate initial empty body weight (EBW) and energy and protein contents of the remaining animals. The remaining bulls were assigned to a completely randomized design with 3 levels of dry matter intake and 6 replicates. The levels of dry matter intake were 1.2% of BW, 1.8% of BW, and ad libitum to target orts equal to 5% of the total amount that was fed. The remaining bulls were slaughtered at the end of the experiment. The bulls were fed a diet consisting of 59.6% corn silage and 40.4% concentrate on a dry matter basis. The equation that determined the relationship between EBW and BW was EBW = (0.861 ± 0.0031) × BW. The relationship between empty body gain (EBG) and average daily gain (ADG) was demonstrated by the following equation: EBG = (0.934 ± 0.0111) × ADG. Net energy for maintenance (NEM) was 74.8 ± 2.89 kcal/kg of EBW0.75 per day, and metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEM) was 120.8 kcal/kg of EBW0.75 per day. The detected efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance (km) was 61.9%. The equation used to estimate net energy for gain (NEG) was as follows: NEG = (0.049 ± 0.0011) × EBW0.75 × EBG0.729 ± 0.0532. The efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for gain (kg) was 35.7%. The metabolizable protein for maintenance (MPM) was 3.05 g/kg of BW0.75. The equation used to estimate net protein requirements for gain (NPG) = (87.138 ± 65.1378 × EBG) + [(40.436 ± 21.3640) × NEG]. The efficiency of use of metabolizable protein for gain (k) was 35.7%. We concluded that the estimates of energy and protein requirements presented herein are more appropriate than the National Research Council dairy cattle model and the Brazilian BR-CORTE system to balance the diets of crossbred (Holstein × Gyr) growing bulls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Oss
- Federal University of Viçosa, Animal Science Department, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 36570-900
| | - F S Machado
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - T R Tomich
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - L G R Pereira
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - M M Campos
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - M M D Castro
- Federal University of Viçosa, Animal Science Department, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 36570-900
| | - T E da Silva
- Federal University of Viçosa, Animal Science Department, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 36570-900
| | - M I Marcondes
- Federal University of Viçosa, Animal Science Department, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 36570-900.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Oss DB, Marcondes MI, Machado FS, Tomich TR, Chizzotti ML, Campos MM, Pereira LGR. Technical note: Assessment of the oxygen pulse and heart rate method using respiration chambers and comparative slaughter for measuring heat production of cattle. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:8885-8890. [PMID: 27544858 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the oxygen pulse and heart rate (O2P-HR) technique using the respiration chamber (RC) and comparative slaughter (CS) methods for measuring the heat production (HP) of crossbred (Holstein × Gyr) yearling bulls. Twenty-four bulls were used. Six bulls were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment as a reference group to estimate the initial empty body weight (BW) and energy content of the remaining animals. The remaining bulls were assigned to a completely randomized design with 3 levels of dry matter intake, with 6 replicates. The levels of dry matter intake were 1.2% of BW, 1.8% of BW and ad libitum, with target orts of 5%. The bulls were fed a diet consisting of 59.6% corn silage and 40.4% concentrate on a dry matter basis. The HP (kcal/BW0.75) was measured using 3 techniques, first using O2P-HR, followed by the RC and CS methods. The HP did not differ among assessed techniques, averaging 162.7kcal/BW0.75. The intercepts of the linear regressions (mean ± SE) were 64.82±25.515 (H0: intercept=0; P=0.024), 33.77±13.418 (H0: intercept=0), and 50.02±27.495 (H0: intercept=0) for O2P-HR versus RC, CS versus RC, and O2P-HR versus CS, respectively. The slopes of the linear regressions were 0.59±0.153 (H0: slope=1), 0.88±0.081 (H0: slope=1), and 0.62±0.155 (H0: slope=1) for O2P-HR versus RC, CS versus RC, and O2P-HR versus CS, respectively. The coefficients of determination were 0.52, 0.90, and 0.52 for O2P-HR versus RC, CS versus RC, and O2P-HR versus CS, respectively. The concordance correlation coefficients, 0.70 and 0.68, were moderate for O2P-HR versus RC and O2P-HR versus CS, respectively, but high, 0.90, for CS versus RC. The between-animal coefficient of variation was greater for the O2P-HR method (16.6%) compared with RC (7.7%) or CS (6.7%). We conclude that there was an agreement among the HP measurements detected using the assessed methods and that O2P-HR is able to predict HP in cattle with great accuracy but only moderate precision. Therefore, the O2P-HR method may have limitations in terms of assessing HP in low numbers of replications due to greater between-animal coefficient of variation than either the RC or CS methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Oss
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 36570-900; CAPES, Ministério da Educação, Brasília, DF, Brazil, 70040-020
| | - M I Marcondes
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 36570-900.
| | - F S Machado
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - T R Tomich
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - M L Chizzotti
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil, 36570-900
| | - M M Campos
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 36038-330
| | - L G R Pereira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil, 36038-330
| |
Collapse
|