1
|
Khan A, Richardson B, Roeder N, Hamilton J, Marion M, Fearby N, White O, Owada Y, Kagawa Y, Thanos PK. The role of fatty acid-binding protein 5 and 7 on locomotor, anxiety and social behavior: Interaction with NMDA signaling. Neurosci Lett 2024; 836:137862. [PMID: 38851448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has been shown to be a powerful mediator of anxiety, learning and memory, as well as nociception behaviors. Exogenous cannabinoids like delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol mimic the naturally occurring endogenous cannabinoids found in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous system. The hydrophobic properties of endocannabinoids mean that these psychoactive compounds require help with cellular transport. A family of lipid intracellular carriers called fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) can bind to endocannabinoids. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of FABP subtypes 5 and 7 elevates whole-brain anandamide (AEA) levels, a type of endocannabinoid. This study examined locomotor behavior, anxiety-like behavior, and social behavior in FABP5-/- and FABP7-/- mice. Furthermore, we measured N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor levels in the brain to help identify potential underlying mechanisms related to the behavioral findings. Results showed that both male and female FABP5-/- mice exhibited significantly lower activity when compared with both FABP5/7+/+ (control) and FABP7-/-. For social behavior, male, but not female, FABP5-/- mice spent more time interacting with novel mice compared with controls (FABP5/7+/+) and FABP7-/- mice. No significant difference was found for anxiety-like behavior. Results from the NMDA autoradiography revealed [3H] MK-801 binding to be significantly increased within sub-regions of the striatum in FABP7-/- compared with control. In summary, these results show that FABP5 deficiency plays a significant role in locomotion activity, exploratory behavior, as well as social interaction. Furthermore, FABP7 deficiency is shown to play an important role in NMDA receptor expression, while FABP5 does not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anas Khan
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Brittany Richardson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nicole Roeder
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Matthew Marion
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nathan Fearby
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Olivia White
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-cho 2-1, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Kagawa
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Seiryo-cho 2-1, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States; Department of Psychology, State University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Febo M, Mahar R, Rodriguez NA, Buraima J, Pompilus M, Pinto AM, Grudny MM, Bruijnzeel AW, Merritt ME. Age-related differences in affective behaviors in mice: possible role of prefrontal cortical-hippocampal functional connectivity and metabolomic profiles. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1356086. [PMID: 38524115 PMCID: PMC10957556 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1356086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The differential expression of emotional reactivity from early to late adulthood may involve maturation of prefrontal cortical responses to negative valence stimuli. In mice, age-related changes in affective behaviors have been reported, but the functional neural circuitry warrants further investigation. Methods We assessed age variations in affective behaviors and functional connectivity in male and female C57BL6/J mice. Mice aged 10, 30 and 60 weeks (wo) were tested over 8 weeks for open field activity, sucrose preference, social interactions, fear conditioning, and functional neuroimaging. Prefrontal cortical and hippocampal tissues were excised for metabolomics. Results Our results indicate that young and old mice differ significantly in affective behavioral, functional connectome and prefrontal cortical-hippocampal metabolome. Young mice show a greater responsivity to novel environmental and social stimuli compared to older mice. Conversely, late middle-aged mice (60wo group) display variable patterns of fear conditioning and during re-testing in a modified context. Functional connectivity between a temporal cortical/auditory cortex network and subregions of the anterior cingulate cortex and ventral hippocampus, and a greater network modularity and assortative mixing of nodes was stronger in young versus older adult mice. Metabolome analyses identified differences in several essential amino acids between 10wo mice and the other age groups. Discussion The results support differential expression of 'emotionality' across distinct stages of the mouse lifespan involving greater prefrontal-hippocampal connectivity and neurochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rohit Mahar
- Department of Chemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nicholas A. Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joy Buraima
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Marjory Pompilus
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Aeja M. Pinto
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matteo M. Grudny
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adriaan W. Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Matthew E. Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Gorman BL, Dodson H, Ramineni S, Wallace ED, Peace MR, Poklis JL, Jiang W, Fitting S. Effects of acute Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on behavior and the endocannabinoid system in HIV-1 Tat transgenic female and male mice. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148638. [PMID: 37858856 PMCID: PMC10873064 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis use is highly prevalent especially among people living with HIV (PLWH). Activation of the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective endocannabinoid system by phytocannabinoids, i.e. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has been proposed to reduce HIV symptoms. However, THC's effects on HIV-related memory deficits are unclear. Using HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice, the current study investigates acute THC effects on various behavioral outcomes and the endocannabinoid system. For the rodent tetrad model, THC doses (1, 3, 10 mg/kg) induced known antinociceptive effects, with Tat induction increasing antinociceptive THC effects at 3 and 10 mg/kg doses. Only minor or no effects were noted for acute THC on body temperature, locomotor activity, and coordination. Increased anxiety-like behavior was found for females compared to males, but acute THC had no effect on anxiety. Object recognition memory was diminished by acute THC in Tat(-) females but not Tat(+) females, without affecting males. The endocannabinoid system and related lipids were not affected by acute THC, except for THC-induced decreases in CB1R protein expression levels in the spinal cord of Tat(-) mice. Female sex and Tat induction was associated with elevated 2-AG, AEA, AA, CB1R, CB2R, FAAH and/or MAGL expression in various brain regions. Further, AEA levels in the prefrontal cortex of Tat(+) females were negatively associated with object recognition memory. Overall, findings indicate that acute THC exerts differential effects on antinociception and memory, dependent on sex and HIV Tat expression, potentially in relation to an altered endocannabinoid system, which may be of relevance in view of potential cannabis-based treatment options for PLWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barkha J Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Benjamin L Gorman
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hailey Dodson
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shreya Ramineni
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - E Diane Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michelle R Peace
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Marusich JA, Wiley JL. Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol discrimination: Effects of route of administration in mice. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2023; 9:100205. [PMID: 38045495 PMCID: PMC10690562 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Route of administration is an important pharmacokinetic variable in development of translationally relevant preclinical models. Humans primarily administer cannabis through smoking, vaping, and edibles. In contrast, preclinical research has historically utilized injected Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The present study sought to examine how route of administration affected the potency and time course of THC's discriminative stimulus properties. Methods Adult female and male C57BL/6 mice were trained to discriminate intraperitoneal (i.p.) THC from vehicle in a drug discrimination procedure. After discrimination was acquired, a dose-effect curve was determined for i.p., oral (p.o.), subcutaneous (s.c.), and aerosolized THC. Subsequently, the time course of effects of each route of administration was determined. Results THC administered i.p., p.o., s.c., or via aerosolization fully substituted for i.p. THC. The potency of THC's psychoactive effects was similar for i.p., p.o., and s.c., except that THC was more potent when administered s.c. vs p.o. in females. All routes of administration had a similar potency in both sexes. The duration of THC's psychoactive effects was similar across i.p., s.c., and p.o. routes of administration, whereas aerosolized THC produced a faster onset and shorter duration of effects compared to the other routes. Conclusion THC administered via multiple routes of administration, including those commonly used in preclinical research (i.p. and s.c.) and more translationally relevant routes (aerosol and p.o.), produced THC-like discriminative stimulus effects in mice trained to discriminate i.p. THC. More precise predictions of THC's effects in humans may result from use of these translationally relevant routes of administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Marusich
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jenny L. Wiley
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barnard IL, Onofrychuk TJ, Toderash AD, Patel VN, Glass AE, Adrian JC, Laprairie RB, Howland JG. High-THC Cannabis Smoke Impairs Incidental Memory Capacity in Spontaneous Tests of Novelty Preference for Objects and Odors in Male Rats. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0115-23.2023. [PMID: 37973381 PMCID: PMC10714893 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0115-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Working memory is an executive function that orchestrates the use of limited amounts of information, referred to as working memory capacity, in cognitive functions. Cannabis exposure impairs working memory in humans; however, it is unclear whether Cannabis facilitates or impairs rodent working memory and working memory capacity. The conflicting literature in rodent models may be at least partly because of the use of drug exposure paradigms that do not closely mirror patterns of human Cannabis use. Here, we used an incidental memory capacity paradigm where a novelty preference is assessed after a short delay in spontaneous recognition-based tests. Either object or odor-based stimuli were used in test variations with sets of identical [identical stimuli test (IST)] and different [different stimuli test (DST)] stimuli (three or six) for low-memory and high-memory loads, respectively. Additionally, we developed a human-machine hybrid behavioral quantification approach which supplements stopwatch-based scoring with supervised machine learning-based classification. After validating the spontaneous IST and DST in male rats, 6-item test versions with the hybrid quantification method were used to evaluate the impact of acute exposure to high-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or high-CBD Cannabis smoke on novelty preference. Under control conditions, male rats showed novelty preference in all test variations. We found that high-THC, but not high-CBD, Cannabis smoke exposure impaired novelty preference for objects under a high-memory load. Odor-based recognition deficits were seen under both low-memory and high-memory loads only following high-THC smoke exposure. Ultimately, these data show that Cannabis smoke exposure impacts incidental memory capacity of male rats in a memory load-dependent, and stimuli-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilne L Barnard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N5E5, Canada
| | - Timothy J Onofrychuk
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N5E5, Canada
| | - Aaron D Toderash
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N5C9, Canada
| | - Vyom N Patel
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N5C9, Canada
| | - Aiden E Glass
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N5E5, Canada
| | - Jesse C Adrian
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N5E5, Canada
| | - Robert B Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N5E5, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - John G Howland
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N5E5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leinen ZJ, Mohan R, Premadasa LS, Acharya A, Mohan M, Byrareddy SN. Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis: A Comprehensive Review of Current and Future Applications. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2630. [PMID: 37893004 PMCID: PMC10604755 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, cannabis has been valued for its pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory, and calming properties. Ancient civilizations like the Egyptians, Greeks, and Chinese medicines recognized their therapeutic potential. The discovery of the endocannabinoid system, which interacts with cannabis phytoconstituents, has scientifically explained how cannabis affects the human immune system, including the central nervous system (CNS). This review explores the evolving world of cannabis-based treatments, spotlighting its diverse applications. By researching current research and clinical studies, we probe into how cannabinoids like Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) help to manage conditions ranging from chronic pain, persistent inflammation, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders to even viral diseases such as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV), SARS-CoV-2. and the emerging monkeypox. The long-term recreational use of cannabis can develop into cannabis use disorder (CUD), and therefore, understanding the factors contributing to the development and maintenance of cannabis addiction, including genetic predisposition, neurobiological mechanisms, and environmental influences, will be timely. Shedding light on the adverse impacts of CUD underscores the importance of early intervention, effective treatment approaches, and public health initiatives to address this complex issue in an evolving landscape of cannabis policies and perceptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zach J. Leinen
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68182, USA; (Z.J.L.); (R.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Rahul Mohan
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68182, USA; (Z.J.L.); (R.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Lakmini S. Premadasa
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (L.S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68182, USA; (Z.J.L.); (R.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (L.S.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68182, USA; (Z.J.L.); (R.M.); (A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gazarov EA, Zequeira S, Senetra AS, Howard J, Sharma A, McCurdy CR, Lewis J, Bizon JL, Setlow B. Pharmacokinetics of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol following acute cannabis smoke exposure in mice; effects of sex, age, and strain. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1227220. [PMID: 37701025 PMCID: PMC10493391 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1227220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased use of cannabis and cannabinoids for recreational and medical purposes has led to a growth in research on their effects in animal models. The majority of this work has employed cannabinoid injections; however, smoking remains the most common route of cannabis consumption. To better model real-world cannabis use, we exposed mice to cannabis smoke to establish the pharmacokinetics of Δ9THC and its metabolites in plasma and brain. To determine the time course of Δ9THC and two major metabolites [11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-COOH-THC)], male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to smoke from sequentially burning 5 cannabis cigarettes. Following smoke exposure, trunk blood and brains were collected at 6 time points (10-240 min). Plasma and brain homogenates were analyzed for Δ9THC and metabolites using a validated ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. To assess effects of age, sex, and mouse strain, we exposed mice of four strains (C57BL/6J, FVB, Swiss Webster, and 129S6/SvEv, aged 4-24 months) to cannabis using the same smoke regimen. Samples were collected 10 and 40 min following exposure. Lastly, to assess effects of dose, C57BL/6J mice were exposed to smoke from burning 3 or 5 cannabis cigarettes, with samples collected 40 min following exposure. The pharmacokinetic study revealed that maximum plasma Δ9THC concentrations (Cmax) were achieved at 10 and 40 min for males and females, respectively, while Cmax for brain Δ9THC was observed at 20 and 40 min for males and females, respectively. There were no age or strain differences in plasma Δ9THC concentrations at 10 or 40 min; however, 129S6/SvEv mice had significantly higher brain Δ9THC concentrations than FVB mice. Additionally, 3 cigarettes produced significantly lower plasma 11-COOH-THC concentrations compared to 5 cigarettes, although dose differences were not evident in plasma or brain concentrations of Δ9THC or 11-OH-THC. Across all experiments, females had higher levels of 11-COOH-THC in plasma compared to males. The results reveal robust sex differences in Δ9THC pharmacokinetics, and lay the groundwork for future studies using mice to model the pharmacodynamics of smoked cannabis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emely A. Gazarov
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sabrina Zequeira
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - John Howard
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jada Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Bizon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Freeman-Striegel L, Hamilton J, Kannappan R, Bell T, Robison L, Thanos PK. Chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment has dose-dependent effects on open field exploratory behavior and [ 3H] SR141716A receptor binding in the rat brain. Life Sci 2023:121825. [PMID: 37270168 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Acute and chronic Δ9-THC exposure paradigms affect the body differently. More must be known about the impact of chronic Δ9-THC on cannabinoid-1 (CB1R) and mu-opioid (MOR) receptor levels in the brain. The present study examined chronic Δ9-THC's effects on CB1R and MOR levels and locomotor activity. MAIN METHODS Adolescent Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily intraperitoneal injections of Δ9-THC [0.75mg/kg (low dose or LD) or 2.0 mg/kg (high dose or HD)] or vehicle for 24 days, and locomotion in the open field was tested after the first and fourth weeks of chronic Δ9-THC exposure. Brains were harvested at the end of treatment. [3H] SR141716A and [3H] DAMGO autoradiography assessed CB1R and MOR levels, respectively. KEY FINDINGS Relative to each other, chronic HD rats showed reduced vertical plane (VP) entries and time, while LD rats had increased VP entries and time for locomotion, as assessed by open-field testing; no effects were found relative to the control. Autoradiography analyses showed that HD Δ9-THC significantly decreased CB1R binding relative to LD Δ9-THC in the cingulate (33%), primary motor (42%), secondary motor (33%) somatosensory (38%), rhinal (38%), and auditory (50%) cortices; LD Δ9-THC rats displayed elevated binding in the primary motor (33% increase) and hypothalamic (33 % increase) regions compared with controls. No significant differences were observed in MOR binding for the LD or HD compared to the control. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that chronic Δ9-THC dose-dependently altered CB1R levels throughout the brain and locomotor activity in the open field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily Freeman-Striegel
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Renuka Kannappan
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Tyler Bell
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Lisa Robison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States of America
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Arias-Gaguancela O, Aziz M, Chapman KD. Fatty acid amide hydrolase and 9-lipoxygenase modulate cotton seedling growth by ethanolamide oxylipin levels. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1234-1253. [PMID: 36472510 PMCID: PMC9922431 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) can be hydrolyzed by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) or oxidized by lipoxygenase (LOX). In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the 9-LOX product of linoleoylethanolamide, namely, 9-hydroxy linoleoylethanolamide (9-NAE-HOD), is reported to negatively regulate seedling development during secondary dormancy. In upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), six putative FAAH genes (from two diverged groups) and six potential 9-LOX genes are present; however, their involvement in 9-NAE-HOD metabolism and its regulation of seedling development remain unexplored. Here, we report that in cotton plants, two specific FAAH isoforms (GhFAAH Ib and GhFAAH IIb) are needed for hydrolysis of certain endogenous NAEs. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of either or both FAAHs led to reduced seedling growth and this coincided with reduced amidohydrolase activities and elevated quantities of endogenous 9-NAE-HOD. Transcripts of GhLOX21 were consistently elevated in FAAH-silenced tissues, and co-silencing of GhLOX21 and GhFAAH (Ib and/or IIb) led to reversal of seedling growth to normal levels (comparable with no silencing). This was concomitant with reductions in the levels of 9-NAE-HOD, but not of 13-NAE-HOD. Pharmacological experiments corroborated the genetic and biochemical evidence, demonstrating that direct application of 9-NAE-HOD, but not 13-NAE-HOD or their corresponding free fatty acid oxylipins, inhibited the growth of cotton seedlings. Additionally, VIGS of GhLOX21 in cotton lines overexpressing AtFAAH exhibited enhanced growth and no detectable 9-NAE-HOD. Altogether, we conclude that the growth of cotton seedlings involves fine-tuning of 9-NAE-HOD levels via FAAH-mediated hydrolysis and LOX-mediated production, expanding the mechanistic understanding of plant growth modulation by NAE oxylipins to a perennial crop species.
Collapse
|
10
|
Stella N. THC and CBD: Similarities and differences between siblings. Neuron 2023; 111:302-327. [PMID: 36638804 PMCID: PMC9898277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its sibling, cannabidiol (CBD), are produced by the same Cannabis plant and have similar chemical structures but differ dramatically in their mechanisms of action and effects on brain functions. Both THC and CBD exhibit promising therapeutic properties; however, impairments and increased incidence of mental health diseases are associated with acute and chronic THC use, respectively, and significant side effects are associated with chronic use of high-dose CBD. This review covers recent molecular and preclinical discoveries concerning the distinct mechanisms of action and bioactivities of THC and CBD and their impact on human behavior and diseases. These discoveries provide a foundation for the development of cannabinoid-based therapeutics for multiple devastating diseases and to assure their safe use in the growing legal market of Cannabis-based products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, Department Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Cannabis Research, Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sadaka AH, Canuel J, Febo M, Johnson CT, Bradshaw HB, Ortiz R, Ciumo F, Kulkarni P, Gitcho MA, Ferris CF. Effects of inhaled cannabis high in Δ9-THC or CBD on the aging brain: A translational MRI and behavioral study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1055433. [PMID: 36819730 PMCID: PMC9930474 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1055433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the recent legalization of inhaled cannabis for medicinal and recreational use, the elderly represents one of the newest, rapidly growing cohorts of cannabis users. To understand the neurobiological effects of cannabis on the aging brain, 19-20 months old mice were divided into three groups exposed to vaporized cannabis containing ~10% Δ9-THC, ~10% CBD, or placebo for 30 min each day. Voxel based morphometry, diffusion weighted imaging, and resting state functional connectivity data were gathered after 28 days of exposure and following a two-week washout period. Tail-flick, open field, and novel object preference tests were conducted to explore analgesic, anxiolytic, and cognitive effects of cannabis, respectively. Vaporized cannabis high in Δ9-THC and CBD achieved blood levels reported in human users. Mice showed antinociceptive effects to chronic Δ9-THC without tolerance while the anxiolytic and cognitive effects of Δ9-THC waned with treatment. CBD had no effect on any of the behavioral measures. Voxel based morphometry showed a decrease in midbrain dopaminergic volume to chronic Δ9-THC followed but an increase after a two-week washout. Fractional anisotropy values were reduced in the same area by chronic Δ9-THC, suggesting a reduction in gray matter volume. Cannabis high in CBD but not THC increased network strength and efficiency, an effect that persisted after washout. These data would indicate chronic use of inhaled cannabis high in Δ9-THC can be an effective analgesic but not for treatment of anxiety or cognitive decline. The dopaminergic midbrain system was sensitive to chronic Δ9-THC but not CBD showing robust plasticity in volume and water diffusivity prior to and following drug cessation an effect possibly related to the abuse liability of Δ9-THC. Chronic inhaled CBD resulted in enhanced global network connectivity that persisted after drug cessation. The behavioral consequences of this sustained change in brain connectivity remain to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aymen H. Sadaka
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Justin Canuel
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Clare T. Johnson
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Heather B. Bradshaw
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Richard Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Federica Ciumo
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael A. Gitcho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Center for Neuroscience Research, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Craig F. Ferris
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States,Departments of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Craig F. Ferris,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sarcosine (glycine transporter inhibitor) attenuates behavioural and biochemical changes induced by ketamine, in the rat model of schizophrenia. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:451-467. [PMID: 36577922 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurological disorder that alters the behavior and affects the quality of life of a patient. It is characterized by hallucinations, disorganized behavior, cognitive dysfunction, hyperlocomotion, and loss of the reward system. Schizophrenia constitutes three symptoms' domains, viz. positive, negative and cognitive. Typical and atypical antipsychotics do not fully resolve all the symptoms' domains thus paving the way to the genesis of the glutamatergic hypothesis, i.e. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hypofunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Positive modulation of NMDA receptors by enhancing co-agonist, glycine effect is proposed to produce a therapeutic effect in schizophrenia. Hence, sarcosine (N-methyl glycine), natural amino acid, and a glycine transporter inhibitor (GlyT-1) which also acts on NMDA receptors were used in the present study. The present study unravels the role of sarcosine in the attenuation of ketamine-induced three symptom domains in a rat model through modulation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammatory pathways. The animal model of schizophrenia was established by injecting ketamine intraperitoneal (ip) at a 30 mg/kg dose for 10 consecutive days, after which sarcosine (300, 600 mg/kg, ip) as a treatment was given for 7 days followed by behavioral, biochemical, molecular, and histopathological analysis. It was revealed that sarcosine reversed ketamine-induced behavioral impairments. Moreover, sarcosine ameliorated oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation and showed protective effects in histopathological examination by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Hence, conclusively, sarcosine was regarded to attenuate the behavioural symptoms of schizophrenia by alleviating oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction established by the ketamine.
Collapse
|
13
|
Taylor A, Nweke A, Vincent V, Oke M, Kulkarni P, Ferris CF. Chronic exposure to inhaled vaporized cannabis high in Δ9-THC alters brain structure in adult female mice. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1139309. [PMID: 36950131 PMCID: PMC10025305 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1139309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The medical and recreational use of cannabis has increased in the United States. Its chronic use can have detrimental effects on the neurobiology of the brain-effects that are age-dependent. This was an exploratory study looking at the effects of chronically inhaled vaporized cannabis on brain structure in adult female mice. Methods Adult mice were exposed daily to vaporized cannabis (10.3% THC and 0.05% CBD) or placebo for 21 days. Following cessation of treatment mice were examined for changes in brain structure using voxel-based morphometry and diffusion weighted imaging MRI. Data from each imaging modality were registered to a 3D mouse MRI atlas with 139 brain areas. Results Mice showed volumetric changes in the forebrain particularly the prefrontal cortex, accumbens, ventral pallidum, and limbic cortex. Many of these same brain areas showed changes in water diffusivity suggesting alterations in gray matter microarchitecture. Discussion These data are consistent with much of the clinical findings on cannabis use disorder. The sensitivity of the dopaminergic system to the daily exposure of vaporized cannabis raises concerns for abuse liability in drug naïve adult females that initiate chronic cannabis use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Autumn Taylor
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amanda Nweke
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Veniesha Vincent
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marvellous Oke
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Craig F. Ferris
- Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Craig F. Ferris,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Penman SL, Berthold EC, Mihalkovic A, Hammond N, McCurdy CR, Blum K, Eiden RD, Sharma A, Thanos PK. Vaporized Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol Inhalation in Female Sprague Dawley Rats: A Pharmacokinetic and Behavioral Assessment. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2149-2160. [PMID: 37114788 PMCID: PMC10979821 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230419093809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychoactive component of cannabis. Historically, rodent studies examining the effects of THC have used intraperitoneal injection as the route of administration, heavily focusing on male subjects. However, human cannabis use is often through inhalation rather than injection. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize the pharmacokinetic and phenotypic profile of acutely inhaled THC in female rats, compared to intraperitoneal injection, to identify any differences in exposure of THC between routes of administration. METHODS Adult female rats were administered THC via inhalation or intraperitoneal injection. Serum samples from multiple time points were analyzed for THC and metabolites 11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Rats were similarly treated for locomotor activity analysis. RESULTS Rats treated with 2 mg/kg THC intraperitoneally reached a maximum serum THC concentration of 107.7 ± 21.9 ng/mL. Multiple THC inhalation doses were also examined (0.25 mL of 40 or 160 mg/mL THC), achieving maximum concentrations of 43.3 ± 7.2 and 71.6 ± 22.5 ng/mL THC in serum, respectively. Significantly reduced vertical locomotor activity was observed in the lower inhaled dose of THC and the intraperitoneal injected THC dose compared to vehicle treatment. CONCLUSION This study established a simple rodent model of inhaled THC, demonstrating the pharmacokinetic and locomotor profile of acute THC inhalation, compared to an i.p. injected THC dose in female subjects. These results will help support future inhalation THC rat research which is especially important when researching behavior and neurochemical effects of inhaled THC as a model of human cannabis use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Penman
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo. Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Erin C. Berthold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Abrianna Mihalkovic
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo. Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Nikki Hammond
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo. Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL USA
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Mental Health & Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Rina D. Eiden
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University. State College, PA USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL USA
- Translational Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida. Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo. Buffalo, NY USA
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo. Buffalo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bruijnzeel AW, Behnood-Rod A, Malphurs W, Chellian R, Caudle RM, Febo M, Setlow B, Neubert JK. Oxycodone decreases anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus-maze test in male and female rats. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:418-426. [PMID: 35947068 PMCID: PMC9373716 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The prescription opioid oxycodone is widely used for the treatment of pain in humans. Oxycodone misuse is more common among people with an anxiety disorder than those without one. Therefore, oxycodone might be misused for its anxiolytic properties. We investigated if oxycodone affects anxiety-like behavior in adult male and female rats. The rats were treated with oxycodone (0.178, 0.32, 0.56, or 1 mg/kg), and anxiety-like behavior was investigated in the elevated plus-maze test. Immediately after the elevated plus-maze test, a small open field test was conducted to determine the effects of oxycodone on locomotor activity. In the elevated plus-maze test, oxycodone increased the percentage of time spent on the open arms, the percentage of open arm entries, time on the open arms, open arm entries, and the distance traveled. The males treated with vehicle had a lower percentage of open arm entries than the females treated with vehicle, and oxycodone treatment led to a greater increase in the percentage of open arm entries in the males than females. Furthermore, the females spent more time on the open arms, made more open arm entries, spent less time in the closed arms, and traveled a greater distance than the males. In the small open field test, treatment with oxycodone did not affect locomotor activity or rearing. Sex differences were observed; the females traveled a greater distance and displayed more rearing than the males. In conclusion, oxycodone decreases anxiety-like behavior in rats, and oxycodone has a greater anxiolytic-like effect in males than females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan W Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida
| | | | | | | | - Robert M Caudle
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
The effects of acute Cannabis smoke or Δ9-THC injections on the trial-unique, nonmatching-to- location and five-choice serial reaction time tasks in male Long-Evans rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 192:107624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
17
|
Moore CF, Stiltner JW, Davis CM, Weerts EM. Translational models of cannabinoid vapor exposure in laboratory animals. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:63-89. [PMID: 33136615 PMCID: PMC8079522 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is one of the most frequently used psychoactive substances in the world. The most common route of administration for cannabis and cannabinoid constituents such as Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) is via smoking or vapor inhalation. Preclinical vapor models have been developed, although the vaporization devices and delivery methods vary widely across laboratories. This review examines the emerging field of preclinical vapor models with a focus on cannabinoid exposure in order to (1) summarize vapor exposure parameters and other methodological details across studies; (2) discuss the pharmacological and behavioral effects produced by exposure to vaporized cannabinoids; and (3) compare behavioral effects of cannabinoid vapor administration with those of other routes of administration. This review will serve as a guide for past and current vapor delivery methods in animals, synergize findings across studies, and propose future directions for this area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F. Moore
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeffrey W. Stiltner
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Catherine M. Davis
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Elise M. Weerts
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hill KP, Gold MS, Nemeroff CB, McDonald W, Grzenda A, Widge AS, Rodriguez C, Kraguljac NV, Krystal JH, Carpenter LL. Risks and Benefits of Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:98-109. [PMID: 34875873 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The United States is in the midst of rapidly changing laws regarding cannabis. The increasing availability of cannabis for recreational and medical use requires that mental health clinicians be knowledgeable about evidence to be considered when counseling both patients and colleagues. In this review, the authors outline the evidence from randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trials for therapeutic use of cannabinoids for specific medical conditions and the potential side effects associated with acute and chronic cannabis use. METHODS Searches of PubMed and PsycInfo were conducted for articles published through July 2021 reporting on "cannabis" or "cannabinoids" or "medicinal cannabis." Additional articles were identified from the reference lists of published reviews. Articles that did not contain the terms "clinical trial" or "therapy" in the title or abstract were not reviewed. A total of 4,431 articles were screened, and 841 articles that met criteria for inclusion were reviewed by two or more authors. RESULTS There are currently no psychiatric indications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cannabinoids, and there is limited evidence supporting the therapeutic use of cannabinoids for treatment of psychiatric disorders. To date, evidence supporting cannabinoid prescription beyond the FDA indications is strongest for the management of pain and spasticity. CONCLUSIONS As cannabinoids become more available, the need for an evidence base adequately evaluating their safety and efficacy is increasingly important. There is considerable evidence that cannabinoids have a potential for harm in vulnerable populations such as adolescents and those with psychotic disorders. The current evidence base is insufficient to support the prescription of cannabinoids for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, andBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Hill);Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis (Gold);Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin (Nemeroff);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald);Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Grzenda);Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., andVeterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Kraguljac);Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal);Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, andButler Hospital, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter)
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, andBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Hill);Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis (Gold);Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin (Nemeroff);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald);Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Grzenda);Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., andVeterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Kraguljac);Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal);Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, andButler Hospital, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter)
| | - Charles B Nemeroff
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, andBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Hill);Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis (Gold);Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin (Nemeroff);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald);Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Grzenda);Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., andVeterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Kraguljac);Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal);Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, andButler Hospital, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter)
| | - William McDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, andBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Hill);Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis (Gold);Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin (Nemeroff);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald);Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Grzenda);Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., andVeterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Kraguljac);Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal);Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, andButler Hospital, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter)
| | - Adrienne Grzenda
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, andBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Hill);Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis (Gold);Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin (Nemeroff);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald);Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Grzenda);Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., andVeterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Kraguljac);Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal);Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, andButler Hospital, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter)
| | - Alik S Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, andBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Hill);Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis (Gold);Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin (Nemeroff);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald);Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Grzenda);Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., andVeterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Kraguljac);Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal);Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, andButler Hospital, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter)
| | - Carolyn Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, andBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Hill);Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis (Gold);Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin (Nemeroff);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald);Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Grzenda);Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., andVeterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Kraguljac);Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal);Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, andButler Hospital, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter)
| | - Nina V Kraguljac
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, andBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Hill);Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis (Gold);Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin (Nemeroff);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald);Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Grzenda);Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., andVeterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Kraguljac);Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal);Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, andButler Hospital, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter)
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, andBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Hill);Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis (Gold);Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin (Nemeroff);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald);Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Grzenda);Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., andVeterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Kraguljac);Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal);Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, andButler Hospital, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter)
| | - Linda L Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, andBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (Hill);Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis (Gold);Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin (Nemeroff);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (McDonald);Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Grzenda);Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (Widge);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., andVeterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif. (Rodriguez);Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Kraguljac);Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Krystal);Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, andButler Hospital, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Klein KP, Guastaldi FPS, Pereira HSG, He Y, Lukas SE. Dronabinol inhibits alveolar bone remodeling in tooth movement of rats. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 161:e215-e222. [PMID: 34924285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orthodontic tooth movement is reliant on the process of bone remodeling, and a variety of medications impact the ability of teeth to move through bone. Marijuana is the most widely used recreational drug in the world, and early studies suggest the drug impacts bone remodeling as tetrahydrocannabinol binds to cannabinoid receptors which play a role in bone homeostasis. This study aimed to assess the impact of dronabinol on alveolar bone remodeling in rats with otherwise healthy tissue when subjected to orthodontic forces. METHODS Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were equally allocated into 2 groups. Orthodontic appliances were placed in all animals, which consisted of a nickel-titanium coil ligated from the maxillary first molar to the central incisor. The appliance was activated to deliver a force to move teeth together. Over 21 days, daily injections of either dronabinol or the control (solvent) were given to the rats. Cephalometric analysis, histology, and bone remodeling profiles of both groups were analyzed and compared. RESULTS Teeth moved in both the dronabinol and control groups (P <0.05). Tooth movement in the control group followed the typical process of orthodontic tooth movement: periodontal width narrowing and bone resorption on the compression side of the tooth, with an overall decrease in the height of the alveolar bone. In contrast, the dronabinol group showed an abnormal response to tooth movement: no bone resorption on the compression side of the tooth, increased bone formation on the tension side, and the maintenance of the height of the alveolar crest. In the dronabinol group, there were also significantly more osteoclasts and osteoblasts in the alveolar bone than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that dronabinol attenuates orthodontic tooth movement by decreasing bone resorption, which could have implications for other bone-related recovery processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine P Klein
- Director of Orthodontics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Assistant Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass.
| | - Fernando P S Guastaldi
- Skeletal Biology Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Halissa S G Pereira
- Skeletal Biology Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Yan He
- Skeletal Biology Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass
| | - Scott E Lukas
- Behavioral Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, McLean Hospital, and McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hua DYH, Lees R, Brosnan M, Freeman TP. Cannabis and cannabidiol use among autistic and non-autistic adults in the UK: a propensity score-matched analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e053814. [PMID: 34916323 PMCID: PMC8685162 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether autistic and non-autistic adults differ in their cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD) use, their perceptions of cannabinoid products and their cannabinoid-related support-seeking behaviours. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS Respondents to an online survey, who self-reported an autism-spectrum disorder diagnosis (autistic participants) or no issues relating to autism (controls). Exclusion criteria were: related/subclinical issues relating to autism, non-UK residence, under 16 years old. Propensity score matching was used to match autistic participants and controls on age, gender and ethnicity. The full-sample analysis included 269 participants and the propensity-matched sample analysis included 166 participants. Propensity-matched analysis was used for primary analysis and was considered robust if supported by triangulation with full-sample analysis. RESULTS Autistic participants were more likely to have used CBD in the past 12 months compared with controls (OR=3.52, 95% CI 1.57 to 7.87, p=0.002). They used CBD on more days in the past 12 months (M=34, SD=93) compared with controls (M=17, SD=69, p=0.002). Autistic participants reported trusting the news and doctors less as sources of cannabinoid-related information than controls (p=0.024 and p=0.003, respectively). Autistic participants endorsed the following barriers to cannabinoid-related support seeking more than controls: 'worrying they won't understand me' (OR=3.25, 95% CI 1.67 to 6.33, p<0.001), 'going somewhere unfamiliar' (OR=5.29, 95% CI 2.62 to 10.67, p<0.001) and 'being in a crowded or chaotic place' (OR=9.79, 95% CI 4.18 to 22.89, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Results indicate a higher prevalence and frequency of CBD use, but not cannabis use, among autistic individuals compared with controls. Findings also suggest appropriate methods to disseminate cannabinoid-related support to autistic individuals, and indicate differences in the potential barriers autistic and non-autistic individuals may face when seeking cannabinoid-related support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ying-Heng Hua
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Rachel Lees
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Mark Brosnan
- Centre for Applied Autism Research, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mohammed AM, Khardali IA, Oraiby ME, Hakami AF, Shaheen ES, Ageel IM, Abutawil EH, Abu-Taweel GM. Anxiety, depression-like behaviors and biochemistry disorders induced by cannabis extract in female mice. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6097-6111. [PMID: 34764743 PMCID: PMC8570964 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is an annual herbaceous plant sometimes grown for decoration and used as bird food that looks like flax. The study wanted to determine if a Cannabis extract may have an effect on how anxious and depressed the female mice behaved. forty healthy female mice were divided into four groups. Tap water was administered to the first group (control). Ethanol was administered to second group (positive control). The third and four groups were given 1 and 2 mg/kg cannabis extract respectively. Treatment continued for 14 days. After therapy, the light–dark chamber, forced swimming, tail suspension, plus lamb and open field tests were done to assess anxiety and depressive behavior. The results indicated that the anxiety and depression were increased in treated females significantly compared to control. Biochemical results showed that DA,5-HT, AChE, GSH, GST, CAT and SOD were decreased while TBARS, corticosterone and cortisol were increased. In conclusion, cannabis effects this kind of females’ behavior but the mechanisms are not clear yet. We need more researches on this trend.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atheer M Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Jazan University, P.O. Box 2079, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Magbool E Oraiby
- Poison Control and Medical Forensic Chemistry, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman F Hakami
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Jazan University, P.O. Box 2079, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ibrahim M Ageel
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Jazan University, P.O. Box 2079, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eyas H Abutawil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gasem M Abu-Taweel
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Jazan University, P.O. Box 2079, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Coronado-Álvarez A, Romero-Cordero K, Macías-Triana L, Tatum-Kuri A, Vera-Barrón A, Budde H, Machado S, Yamamoto T, Imperatori C, Murillo-Rodríguez E. The synthetic CB 1 cannabinoid receptor selective agonists: Putative medical uses and their legalization. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 110:110301. [PMID: 33741446 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More than 500 molecules have been identified as components of Cannabis sativa (C. sativa), of which the most studied is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). Several studies have suggested that Δ9-THC exerts diverse biological effects, ranging from fragmentation of DNA to behavioral disruptions. Currently, it is accepted that most of the pharmacological properties of Δ9-THC engage the activation of the cannabinoid receptors, named CB1 and CB2. Interestingly, multiple pieces of evidence have suggested that the cannabinoid receptors play an active role in the modulation of several diseases leading to the design of synthetic cannabinoid-like compounds. Advances in the development of synthetic CB1 cannabinoid receptor selective agonists as therapeutical approaches are, however, limited. This review focuses on available evidence searched in PubMed regarding the synthetic CB1 cannabinoid receptor selective agonists such as AM-1235, arachidonyl-2' chloroethylamide (ACEA), CP 50,556-1 (Levonantradol), CP-55,940, HU-210, JWH-007, JWH-018, JWH-200 (WIN 55,225), methanandamide, nabilone, O-1812, UR-144, WIN 55,212-2, nabiximols, and dronabinol. Indeed, it would be ambitious to describe all available evidence related to the synthetic CB1 cannabinoid receptor selective agonists. However, and despite the positive evidence on the positive results of using these compounds in experimental models of health disturbances and preclinical trials, we discuss evidence in regards some concerns due to side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Coronado-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Karen Romero-Cordero
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Lorena Macías-Triana
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Agnes Tatum-Kuri
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Alba Vera-Barrón
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Henning Budde
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Claudio Imperatori
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Smiley CE, Saleh HK, Nimchuk KE, Garcia-Keller C, Gass JT. Adolescent exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and ethanol heightens sensitivity to fear stimuli. Behav Brain Res 2021; 415:113517. [PMID: 34389427 PMCID: PMC8404161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis use disorder (CUD) has doubled in prevalence over the past decade as a nation-wide trend toward legalization allows for increased drug accessibility. As a result, marijuana has become the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States particularly among the adolescent population. This is especially concerning since there is greater risk for the harmful side effects of drug use during this developmental period due to ongoing brain maturation. Increasing evidence indicates that CUD often occurs along with other debilitating conditions including both alcohol use disorder (AUD) and anxiety disorders such post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Additionally, exposure to cannabis, alcohol, and stress can induce alterations in glutamate regulation and homeostasis in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that may lead to impairments in neuronal functioning and cognition. Therefore, in order to study the relationship between drug exposure and the development of PTSD, these studies utilized rodent models to determine the impact of adolescent exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and ethanol on responses to fear stimuli during fear conditioning and used calcium imaging to measure glutamate activity in the prelimbic cortex during this behavioral paradigm. The results from these experiments indicate that adolescent exposure to THC and ethanol leads to enhanced sensitivity to fear stimuli both behaviorally and neuronally. Additionally, these effects were attenuated when animals were treated with the glutamatergic modulator N-acetylcysteine (NAC). In summary, these studies support the hypothesis that adolescent exposure to THC and ethanol leads to alterations in fear stimuli processing through glutamatergic reliant modifications in PFC signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cora E Smiley
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Basic Science Building, 173 Ashley Avenue, Room 403, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States.
| | - Heyam K Saleh
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Basic Science Building, 173 Ashley Avenue, Room 403, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Katherine E Nimchuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Basic Science Building, 173 Ashley Avenue, Room 403, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Constanza Garcia-Keller
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Basic Science Building, 173 Ashley Avenue, Room 403, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| | - Justin T Gass
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Basic Science Building, 173 Ashley Avenue, Room 403, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wiley JL, Taylor SI, Marusich JA. Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol discrimination: Effects of route of administration in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 225:108827. [PMID: 34186444 PMCID: PMC8282763 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis users typically smoke or vape cannabis or ingest it in edibles, whereas cannabinoids are typically administered via injection in rodent research. The present study examined the effects of route of administration (ROA) of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis. Adult female and male Long Evans rats were trained to discriminate intraperitoneal (i.p.) THC from vehicle in a drug discrimination procedure. Following acquisition, dose-effect curves were determined with THC using i.p., oral (p.o.), and subcutaneous (s.c.) injection in both sexes and aerosol exposure in males only, followed by a time course with one dose for each ROA. Both sexes acquired THC discrimination in a similar number of sessions, although baseline response rates were significantly lower in females than males. THC fully substituted for the 3 mg/kg i.p. training dose across all ROA. While potencies were similar for ROA involving first-pass metabolism (i.p. and p.o.), THC potency was lower with s.c. administration. During the time course analysis, aerosol administration had the shortest latency to onset of discriminative stimulus effects and the shortest duration of effect, whereas s.c. administration had the longest duration. The results of this examination of the effects of ROA on an abuse-related effect of THC provide an empirical foundation to facilitate choice of ROA for mechanistic investigation of THC's pharmacology. Further, animal models using translationally relevant ROA may facilitate more accurate predictions of their effects in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Shanequa I Taylor
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Julie A Marusich
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fantauzzi MF, Cass SP, McGrath JJC, Thayaparan D, Wang P, Stampfli MR, Hirota JA. Development and validation of a mouse model of contemporary cannabis smoke exposure. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00107-2021. [PMID: 34291110 PMCID: PMC8287133 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00107-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is widely used for both recreational and medicinal purposes. Inhalation of combusted cannabis smoke is the most common mode of drug consumption, exposing the lungs to the pharmacologically active ingredients, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). While the relationship between cannabis smoke exposure and compromised respiratory health has yet to be sufficiently defined, previous investigations suggest that cannabis smoke may dysregulate pulmonary immunity. Presently, there exist few preclinical animal models that have been extensively validated for contemporary cannabis smoke exposure. To address this need, we developed a mouse model with readouts of total particulate matter, serum cannabinoid and carboxyhaemoglobin levels, lung cellular responses, and immune-mediator production. Using a commercially available smoke exposure system and a cannabis source material of documented THC/CBD composition, we exposed mice to a mean±sd total particulate matter of 698.89±66.09 µg·L−1 and demonstrate increases in serum cannabinoids and carboxyhaemoglobin. We demonstrate that cannabis smoke modulates immune cell populations and mediators in both male and female BALB/c mice. This modulation is highlighted by increases in airway and lung tissue macrophage populations, including tissue-resident alveolar macrophages, monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages, and interstitial macrophage subpopulations. No changes in airway or lung tissue infiltration of neutrophils were observed. Immune-mediator analysis indicated significant upregulation of macrophage-derived chemokine, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, and vascular endothelial growth factor within the lung tissue of cannabis smoke-exposed mice. This accessible and reproducible smoke-exposure model provides a foundation to explore the impact of chronic cannabis exposures and/or co-exposures with pathogens of clinical relevance, such as influenza. Validation of the use of contemporary cannabis available on the legal market of known THC/CBD composition in a mouse model of smoke exposure with readouts of lung inflammationhttps://bit.ly/3okHWS4
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Fantauzzi
- Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Steven P Cass
- Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua J C McGrath
- Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Danya Thayaparan
- Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Peiyao Wang
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin R Stampfli
- Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, Dept of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hernandez CM, Orsini CA, Blaes SL, Bizon JL, Febo M, Bruijnzeel AW, Setlow B. Effects of repeated adolescent exposure to cannabis smoke on cognitive outcomes in adulthood. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:848-863. [PMID: 33295231 PMCID: PMC8187454 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120965931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis (marijuana) is the most widely used illicit drug in the USA, and consumption among adolescents is rising. Some animal studies show that adolescent exposure to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol or synthetic cannabinoid receptor 1 agonists causes alterations in affect and cognition that can persist into adulthood. It is less clear, however, whether similar alterations result from exposure to cannabis via smoke inhalation, which remains the most frequent route of administration in humans. AIMS To begin to address these questions, a rat model was used to determine how cannabis smoke exposure during adolescence affects behavioral and cognitive outcomes in adulthood. METHODS Adolescent male Long-Evans rats were assigned to clean air, placebo smoke, or cannabis smoke groups. Clean air or smoke exposure sessions were conducted daily during adolescence (from P29-P49 days of age ) for a total of 21 days, and behavioral testing began on P70. RESULTS Compared to clean air and placebo smoke conditions, cannabis smoke significantly attenuated the normal developmental increase in body weight, but had no effects on several measures of either affect/motivation (open field activity, elevated plus maze, instrumental responding under a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement) or cognition (set shifting, reversal learning, intertemporal choice). Surprisingly, however, in comparison to clean air controls rats exposed to either cannabis or placebo smoke in adolescence exhibited enhanced performance on a delayed response working memory task. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with a growing body of evidence for limited long-term adverse cognitive and affective consequences of adolescent exposure to relatively low levels of cannabinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caesar M Hernandez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA,Department of Cellular, Development, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Caitlin A Orsini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA,Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Shelby L Blaes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Jennifer L Bizon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Adriaan W Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA,Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Adolescent nicotine treatment causes robust locomotor sensitization during adolescence but impedes the spontaneous acquisition of nicotine intake in adult female Wistar rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 207:173224. [PMID: 34197844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Very few people are able to quit smoking, and therefore it is essential to know which factors contribute to the development of compulsive nicotine use. These studies aimed to investigate if early-adolescent nicotine exposure causes locomotor sensitization and affects anxiety-like behavior and the spontaneous acquisition of intravenous nicotine self-administration. Early-adolescent male and female rats were treated with nicotine from postnatal (P) days 24 to 42, and anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity were investigated one day after the cessation of nicotine treatment and in adulthood (>P75). The spontaneous acquisition of nicotine self-administration was also investigated in adulthood. The rats self-administered 0.03 mg/kg/infusion of nicotine for six days under a fixed-ratio (FR) 1 schedule and four days under an FR2 schedule (3-h sessions). Repeated nicotine administration increased locomotor activity, rearing, and stereotypies in a small open field in adolescent male and female rats. One day after the last nicotine injection, the percentage of open arm entries in the elevated plus-maze test was decreased in the males and increased in the females. However, locomotor activity in the small open field was unaffected. Adolescent nicotine treatment did not affect anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity in adulthood. During the 10-day nicotine self-administration period, the females had a higher level of nicotine intake than the males. Adolescent nicotine treatment decreased nicotine intake in the females. In conclusion, these findings indicate that repeated nicotine administration during adolescence causes robust behavioral sensitization and leads to lower nicotine intake in females throughout the acquisition period in adulthood in rats.
Collapse
|
28
|
Petrie GN, Nastase AS, Aukema RJ, Hill MN. Endocannabinoids, cannabinoids and the regulation of anxiety. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108626. [PMID: 34116110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for hundreds of years, with its ability to dampen feelings of anxiety often reported as a primary reason for use. Only recently has the specific role cannabinoids play in anxiety been thoroughly investigated. Here we discuss the body of evidence describing how endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids are capable of regulating the generation and termination of anxiety states. Disruption of the endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) system following genetic manipulation, pharmacological intervention or stress exposure reliably leads to the generation of an anxiety state. On the other hand, upregulation of eCB signaling is capable of alleviating anxiety-like behaviors in multiple paradigms. When considering exogenous cannabinoid administration, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonists have a biphasic, dose-dependent effect on anxiety such that low doses are anxiolytic while high doses are anxiogenic, a phenomenon that is evident in both rodent models and humans. Translational studies investigating a loss of function mutation in the gene for fatty acid amide hydrolase, the enzyme responsible for metabolizing AEA, have also shown that AEA signaling regulates anxiety in humans. Taken together, evidence reviewed here has outlined a convincing argument for cannabinoids being powerful regulators of both the manifestation and amelioration of anxiety symptoms, and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting the eCB system for the development of novel classes of anxiolytics. This article is part of the special issue on 'Cannabinoids'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin N Petrie
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Education and Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andrei S Nastase
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Education and Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Robert J Aukema
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Education and Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Education and Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lima KSB, Silva MEGDC, Araújo TCDL, Silva CPDF, Santos BL, Ribeiro LADA, Menezes PMN, Silva MG, Lavor ÉM, Silva FS, Nunes XP, Rolim LA. Cannabis roots: Pharmacological and toxicological studies in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 271:113868. [PMID: 33503453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE There are many studies and therapeutic properties attributed to the flowers and leaves of the Cannabis species, but even with few pharmacological studies, Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) roots presents several therapeutic indications in folk medicine. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic effects as well as the toxicological profile of the aqueous extract of Cannabis sativa roots (CsAqEx) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed the anti-inflammatory effect with carrageenan-induced leukocyte migration assay, and carrageenan and histamine-induced paw edema methods; The spasmolytic effect was assessed through in vitro assays with isolated mice trachea. To assess motor coordination and mobility, mice went through the rotarod and open field tests, respectively. For the single-dose toxicity study, we administered CsAqEx at the dose of 1000 mg/kg by gavage. In a repeated dose toxicity study, animals received CsAqEx at doses of 25 mg or 100 mg/kg for 28 days. RESULTS The CsAqEx inhibited the migration of leukocytes at the doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. The CsAqEx showed anti-inflammatory activity after the intraplantar injection of carrageenan, presenting a reduction in edema formation at all tested doses (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg). The dose of 12.5 mg/kg of CsAqEx prevented edema formation after intraplantar injection of histamine. In an organ bath, 729 μg/mL of CsAqEx did not promote spasmolytic effect on isolated mice tracheal rings contracted by carbachol (CCh) or potassium chloride (KCl). We did not observe clinical signs of toxicity in the animals after acute treatment with CsAqEx, which suggested that the median lethal dose (LD50) is greater than 1000 mg/kg. Repeated dose exposure to the CsAqEx did not produce significant changes in hematological, biochemical, or organ histology parameters. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of CsAqEx is related to the reduction of vascular extravasation and migration of inflammatory cells, without effects on the central nervous system. Moreover, there was no spasmolytic effect on airway smooth muscle and no toxicity was observed on mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Simoni Bezerra Lima
- Universidade Federal Do Vale Do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil; Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xirley Pereira Nunes
- Universidade Federal Do Vale Do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil; Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Brazil.
| | - Larissa Araújo Rolim
- Universidade Federal Do Vale Do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil; Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sex differences in the elevated plus-maze test and large open field test in adult Wistar rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 204:173168. [PMID: 33684454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing need for a better understanding of sex differences in animal models of psychiatric disorders. The elevated plus-maze (EPM) test and large open field (LOF) test are widely used to study anxiety-like behavior in rodents. Our studies explored sex differences in anxiety and activity parameters in the LOF and EPM and determined whether these parameters correlate within and between tests. Drug naïve adult male and female Wistar rats (n = 47/sex) were used for the studies, and the rats were tested for 5 min in the EPM and 10 min in the LOF. The females spent more time on the open arms of the EPM and made more open arms entries than the males. The females also spent more time in the center zone of the LOF and made more center zone entries. The females traveled a greater distance in the LOF and EPM. There was a moderate positive correlation between time on the open arms of the EPM and time in the center zone of the LOF. There was also a moderate positive correlation between open arms entries in the EPM and center zone entries in the LOF. A hierarchical cluster analysis revealed one cluster with LOF parameters, one cluster with EPM parameters, and one cluster with parameters related to the avoidance of open spaces. In conclusion, these findings indicate that female rats display less anxiety-like behavior in the EPM and LOF. Furthermore, there are sex differences for almost all behavioral parameters in these anxiety tests.
Collapse
|
31
|
Martín Giménez VM, Mocayar Marón FJ, García S, Mazzei L, Guevara M, Yunes R, Manucha W. Central nervous system, peripheral and hemodynamic effects of nanoformulated anandamide in hypertension. Adv Med Sci 2021; 66:72-80. [PMID: 33388673 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypertensive lesions induce alterations at hemodynamic, peripheral, and central levels. Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine; AEA) protects neurons from inflammatory damage, but its free administration may cause central adverse effects. AEA controlled release by nanoformulations could reduce/eliminate its side effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of nanoformulated AEA (nf-AEA) on systolic blood pressure (SBP), behavior, and central/peripheral inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic state in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). MATERIALS/METHODS Male rats were used, both Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and SHR (n = 10 per group), with/without treatment with nf-AEA (obtained by electrospraying) at a weekly dose of 5 mg/kg IP for 4 weeks. SBP was measured and behavioral tests were performed. Inflammatory/oxidative markers were quantified at the central (brain cortex) and peripheral (serum) level. RESULTS SHR showed hyperactivity, low anxiety, and high concentrations of central/peripheral inflammatory/oxidative markers, also higher apoptosis of brain cortical cells compared to WKY. As opposed to this group, treatment with nf-AEA in SHR significantly reduced SBP, peripheral/central inflammatory/oxidative makers, and central apoptosis. Nf-AEA also increased neuroprotective mechanisms mediated by intracellular heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), which were attenuated in untreated SHR. Additionally, nf-AEA reversed the abnormal behaviors observed in SHR without producing central adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest protective properties of nf-AEA, both peripherally and centrally, through a signaling pathway that would involve the type I angiotensin II receptor, Wilms tumor transcription factor 1, Hsp70, and iNOS. Considering non-nf-AEA limitations, this nanoformulation could contribute to the development of new antihypertensive and behavioral disorder treatments associated with neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virna Margarita Martín Giménez
- Research Institute in Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, Catholic Cuyo University, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Feres José Mocayar Marón
- Laboratory of Basic and Translational Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo (IMBECU-CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sebastián García
- Cuyo Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology, National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (IMBECU-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Luciana Mazzei
- Laboratory of Basic and Translational Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo (IMBECU-CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina; Cuyo Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology, National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (IMBECU-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Manuel Guevara
- Laboratory of Basic and Translational Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo (IMBECU-CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Roberto Yunes
- Cuyo Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology, National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (IMBECU-CONICET), Argentina; Institute of Biomedical Research (INBIOMED)-IMBECU-CONICET, Mendoza University, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Walter Manucha
- Laboratory of Basic and Translational Experimental Pharmacology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cuyo (IMBECU-CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina; Cuyo Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology, National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (IMBECU-CONICET), Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Smetana GW, Tetrault JM, Hill KP, Burns RB. Should You Recommend Cannabinoids for This Patient With Painful Neuropathy? : Grand Rounds Discussion From Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174:237-246. [PMID: 33556279 DOI: 10.7326/m20-7945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis includes 140 active cannabinoid compounds, the most important of which are tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol (CBD). Tetrahydrocannabinol is primarily responsible for the intoxicating effects of cannabis; CBD has potential therapeutic effects, including reduction in chronic pain. Recent legislative changes have resulted in the legal availability of cannabinoids in all 50 states, as well as a marked increase in patients' interest in their use. Despite an abundance of data, albeit of varied quality, clinicians may feel poorly prepared to counsel patients seeking advice on the suitability of CBD products for various indications, particularly chronic neuropathic pain. In 2018, on the basis of a systematic review of the literature, a Canadian Evidence Review Group published a guideline with recommendations for clinicians on prescribing cannabinoids in primary care practice. The overall quality of evidence was low to very low. In a meta-analysis of 15 randomized trials of medical cannabis for treating chronic pain, 39% of patients achieved at least a 30% reduction in pain. The corresponding value for placebo-treated patients was 30%; the number needed to treat was 11. More evidence exists for neuropathic pain than for other types of noncancer pain. Here, a general internist with a focus on addiction medicine and an addiction psychiatrist discuss how they would apply the literature to make recommendations for a patient with painful diabetic neuropathy, including counseling on both potential benefits and harms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Smetana
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (G.W.S., K.P.H., R.B.B.)
| | | | - Kevin P Hill
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (G.W.S., K.P.H., R.B.B.)
| | - Risa B Burns
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts (G.W.S., K.P.H., R.B.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
D'Aquila PS. Microstructure analysis of the effects of the cannabinoid agents HU-210 and rimonabant in rats licking for sucrose. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 887:173468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
34
|
Nguyen JD, Creehan KM, Grant Y, Vandewater SA, Kerr TM, Taffe MA. Explication of CB 1 receptor contributions to the hypothermic effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) when delivered by vapor inhalation or parenteral injection in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 214:108166. [PMID: 32717503 PMCID: PMC7423642 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by inhalation using e-cigarette technology grows increasingly popular for medical and recreational purposes. This has led to development of e-cigarette based techniques to study the delivery of THC by inhalation in laboratory rodents. Inhaled THC reliably produces hypothermic and antinociceptive effects in rats, similar to effects of parenteral injection of THC. This study was conducted to determine the extent to which the hypothermic response depends on interactions with the CB1 receptor, using pharmacological antagonist (SR141716, AM-251) approaches. Groups of rats were implanted with radiotelemetry devices capable of reporting activity and body temperature, which were assessed after THC inhalation or injection. SR141716 (4 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked or attenuated antinociceptive effects of acute THC inhalation in male and female rats. SR141716 was unable to block the initial hypothermia caused by THC inhalation, but temperature was restored to normal more quickly. Alterations in antagonist pre-treatment time, dose and the use of a rat strain with less sensitivity to THC-induced hypothermia did not change this pattern. Pre-treatment with SR141716 (4 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked hypothermia induced by i.v. THC and reversed hypothermia when administered 45 or 90 min after THC (i.p.). SR141716 and AM-251 (4 mg/kg, i.p.) sped recovery from, but did not block, hypothermia caused by vapor THC in female rats made tolerant by prior repeated THC vapor inhalation. The CB2 antagonist AM-630, had no effect. These results suggest that hypothermia consequent to THC inhalation is induced by other mechanisms in addition to CB1 receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques D. Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - K. M. Creehan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Yanabel Grant
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | | | - Tony M. Kerr
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Michael A. Taffe
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cannabinoids for People with ASD: A Systematic Review of Published and Ongoing Studies. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090572. [PMID: 32825313 PMCID: PMC7563787 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains largely unclear. Among other biological hypotheses, researchers have evidenced an imbalance in the endocannabinoid (eCB) system, which regulates some functions typically impaired in ASD, such as emotional responses and social interaction. Additionally, cannabidiol (CBD), the non-intoxicating component of Cannabis sativa, was recently approved for treatment-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy represents a common medical condition in people with ASD. Additionally, the two conditions share some neuropathological mechanisms, particularly GABAergic dysfunctions. Hence, it was hypothesized that cannabinoids could be useful in improving ASD symptoms. Our systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines and aimed to summarize the literature regarding the use of cannabinoids in ASD. After searching in Web of KnowledgeTM, PsycINFO, and Embase, we included ten studies (eight papers and two abstracts). Four ongoing trials were retrieved in ClinicalTrials.gov. The findings were promising, as cannabinoids appeared to improve some ASD-associated symptoms, such as problem behaviors, sleep problems, and hyperactivity, with limited cardiac and metabolic side effects. Conversely, the knowledge of their effects on ASD core symptoms is scarce. Interestingly, cannabinoids generally allowed to reduce the number of prescribed medications and decreased the frequency of seizures in patients with comorbid epilepsy. Mechanisms of action could be linked to the excitatory/inhibitory imbalance found in people with ASD. However, further trials with better characterization and homogenization of samples, and well-defined outcomes should be implemented.
Collapse
|
36
|
Chellian R, Behnood-Rod A, Wilson R, Wilks I, Knight P, Febo M, Bruijnzeel AW. Exposure to smoke from high- but not low-nicotine cigarettes leads to signs of dependence in male rats and potentiates the effects of nicotine in female rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172998. [PMID: 32681850 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is only mildly rewarding, but after becoming dependent, it is difficult to quit smoking. The goal of these studies was to determine if low-nicotine cigarettes are less likely to cause dependence and enhance the reinforcing effects of nicotine than regular high-nicotine cigarettes. Male and female rats were exposed to tobacco smoke with a low or high nicotine level for 35 days. It was investigated if smoke exposure affects the development of dependence, anxiety- and depressive-like behavior, and nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization. Smoke exposure did not affect locomotor activity in a small open field or sucrose preference. Mecamylamine precipitated somatic withdrawal signs in male rats exposed to smoke with a high level of nicotine, but not in male rats exposed to smoke with a low level of nicotine or in females. After cessation of smoke exposure, there was a small decrease in sucrose preference in the male rats, which was not observed in the females. Cessation of smoke exposure did not affect anxiety-like behavior in the large open field or the elevated plus maze test. Female rats displayed less anxiety-like behavior in both these tests. Repeated treatment with nicotine increased locomotor activity, rearing, and stereotypies. Prior exposure to smoke with a high level of nicotine increased nicotine-induced rearing in the females. These findings indicate that exposure to smoke with a low level of nicotine does not lead to dependence and does not potentiate the effects of nicotine. Exposure to smoke with a high level of nicotine differently affects males and females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Azin Behnood-Rod
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ryann Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Isaac Wilks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Parker Knight
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Adriaan W Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Farra YM, Eden MJ, Coleman JR, Kulkarni P, Ferris CF, Oakes JM, Bellini C. Acute neuroradiological, behavioral, and physiological effects of nose-only exposure to vaporized cannabis in C57BL/6 mice. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:200-217. [PMID: 32475185 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1767237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The rapid increase of cannabis consumption reinforces the need to elucidate the health hazards of this practice. The presence of fine particulate matter in cannabis smoke and vapor poses a major concern, as it may contribute to cardiopulmonary disease. To facilitate the assessment of risks associated with cannabis inhalation, we developed and characterized a method for exposing mice to cannabis in a way that mimics the delivery of the drug to the airways of smokers. Materials and Methods: Cannabis (10.3% THC, 0.05% CBD) was vaporized to generate aerosols with a reproducible particle profile. Aerosols were acutely delivered to male, adult C57BL/6 mice via a nose-only exposure system. Serum THC levels were measured for increasing cannabis doses. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at baseline and following exposure. Behavioral response to cannabis inhalation in the open field was documented. Awake neurological activity upon cannabis exposure was monitored using BOLD fMRI.Results and Discussion: Cannabis aerosols contained particles with count median diameter of 243 ± 39 nm and geometric standard deviation of 1.56 ± 0.06. Blood serum THC levels increased linearly with aerosolized mass and peaked at 136 ± 5 ng/mL. Cannabis inhalation decreased heart rate and blood pressure but promoted anxiety-like behavior. Observed differences in BOLD activation volumes linked cannabis to increased awareness to sensory stimuli and reduced behavioral arousal.Conclusions: Quantified physiological, behavioral, and neurological responses served as validation for our mouse model of cannabis inhalation. Animal models of aerosol exposure will be instrumental for uncovering the health outcomes of chronic cannabis use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen M Farra
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Eden
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James R Coleman
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Praveen Kulkarni
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig F Ferris
- Department of Psychology, Center for Translational NeuroImaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica M Oakes
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chiara Bellini
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Deconstructing the neurobiology of cannabis use disorder. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:600-610. [PMID: 32251385 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There have been dramatic changes worldwide in the attitudes toward and consumption of recreational and medical cannabis. Cannabinoid receptors, which mediate the actions of cannabis, are abundantly expressed in brain regions known to mediate neural processes underlying reward, cognition, emotional regulation and stress responsivity relevant to addiction vulnerability. Despite debates regarding potential pathological consequences of cannabis use, cannabis use disorder is a clinical diagnosis with high prevalence in the general population and that often has its genesis in adolescence and in vulnerable individuals associated with psychiatric comorbidity, genetic and environmental factors. Integrated information from human and animal studies is beginning to expand insights regarding neurobiological systems associated with cannabis use disorder, which often share common neural characteristics with other substance use disorders, that could inform prevention and treatment strategies.
Collapse
|
39
|
Ravula A, Chandasana H, Jagnarine D, Wall SC, Setlow B, Febo M, Bruijnzeel AW, Derendorf H. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Characterization of Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Cannabinoid Dependence After Chronic Passive Cannabis Smoke Exposure in Rats. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2019; 4:240-254. [PMID: 32042924 DOI: 10.1089/can.2019.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the US, and cannabis use among young adults continues to rise. Previous studies have shown that chronic administration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis, induces dependence in animal models. Because smoking is the most frequent route of THC self-administration, it is critical to investigate the effects of cannabis smoke inhalation. The goal of the current study was to develop a rat model to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of THC after cannabis smoke inhalation, and to determine if chronic cannabis smoke inhalation leads to the development of cannabis dependence. Materials and Methods: For the PK study, male Wistar rats were administered THC intravenously (1 mg/kg) or exposed to smoke from 5 or 10 sequentially smoked cannabis cigarettes (5.3% THC) in an automated smoking machine. Plasma samples were collected from 10 min to 10 hours post smoke exposure (or intravenous administration) and analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to characterize the PK of THC. A three-compartment PK model was used to characterize the PKs. In a separate study, three groups of male Wistar rats were trained in an intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure, and exposed to smoke from burning 5 or 10 cannabis cigarettes (or clean air control conditions), 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Discussion and Conclusions: Across exposure days, the change from baseline in ICSS thresholds for cannabis smoke-exposed groups was significantly lower and response latencies were significantly faster in the cannabis smoke-exposed groups compared to controls, suggesting that chronic cannabis smoke exposure has rewarding properties. Acute administration of the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant (0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent increase in ICSS thresholds in the smoke-exposed rats, suggestive of dependence and withdrawal. Finally, an effect compartment PK-pharmacodynamic model was used to describe the relationship between THC concentrations and changes in ICSS thresholds after cannabis smoke exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhigyan Ravula
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hardik Chandasana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Darin Jagnarine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Shannon C Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Hartmut Derendorf
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vapor Cannabis Exposure Promotes Genetic Plasticity in the Rat Hypothalamus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16866. [PMID: 31728018 PMCID: PMC6856070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that cannabis use promotes appetite. However, how cannabis interacts with the brain’s appetite center, the hypothalamus, to stimulate feeding behavior is unknown. A growing body of evidence indicates that the hypothalamic transcriptome programs energy balance. Here, we tested the hypothesis that cannabis targets alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites within hypothalamic transcripts to regulate transcriptomic function. To do this, we used a novel cannabis vapor exposure model to characterize feeding in adult male Long Evans rats and aligned this behavioral response with APA events using a Whole Transcriptome Termini Sequencing (WTTS-Seq) approach as well as functional RNA abundance measurements with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions. We found that vapor cannabis exposure promoted food intake in free-feeding and behaviorally sated rats, validating the appetite stimulating properties of cannabis. Our WTTS-Seq analysis mapped 59 unique cannabis-induced hypothalamic APAs that occurred primarily within exons on transcripts that regulate synaptic function, excitatory synaptic transmission, and dopamine signaling. Importantly, APA insertions regulated RNA abundance of Slc6a3, the dopamine transporter, suggesting a novel genetic link for cannabis regulation of brain monoamine function. Collectively, these novel data indicate that a single cannabis exposure rapidly targets a key RNA processing mechanism linked to brain transcriptome function.
Collapse
|
41
|
Borgan F, Beck K, Butler E, McCutcheon R, Veronese M, Vernon A, Howes OD. The effects of cannabinoid 1 receptor compounds on memory: a meta-analysis and systematic review across species. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:3257-3270. [PMID: 31165913 PMCID: PMC6828623 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE While cannabis-based medicinal products have been shown to be effective for numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, the evidence base regarding their adverse cognitive effects is poorly understood. The cannabinoid 1 receptor modulates memory performance via intracellular and extracellular mechanisms that alter synaptic transmission and plasticity. While previous literature has consistently shown that chronic cannabis users exhibit marked cognitive impairments, mixed findings have been reported in the context of placebo-controlled experimental trials. It is therefore unclear whether these compounds inherently alter cognitive processes or whether individuals who are genetically predisposed to use cannabis may have underlying cognitive deficits. OBJECTIVE We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of full and partial cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) agonists, antagonists, and negative allosteric modulators on non-spatial and spatial memory. METHODS In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, the EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched for studies examining the effects of CB1R agonists, antagonists, and negative allosteric modulators on memory performance. RESULTS We systematically reviewed 195 studies investigating the effects of cannabinoid compounds on memory. In humans (N = 35 studies, comprising N = 782 subjects), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (1.5-5 mg/kg) relative to placebo impaired performance on non-spatial memory tests, whereas only high THC doses (67 mg/kg) impaired spatial memory. Similarly, THC (0.2-4 mg/kg) significantly impaired visuospatial memory in monkeys and non-human primates (N = 8 studies, comprising N = 71 subjects). However, acute THC (0.002-10 mg/kg) had no effect on non-spatial (N = 6 studies, comprising 117 subjects; g = 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) - 0.18 to 3.63, p = 0.08) or spatial memory (9 studies, comprising 206 subjects; g = 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) - 1.09 to 2.58, p = 0.43). However, acute, full CB1R agonists significantly impaired non-spatial memory (N = 23 studies, 519 subjects; g = - 1.39, 95% CI - 2.72 to - 0.06, p = 0.03). By contrast, the chronic administration of CB1R agonists had no effect on non-spatial memory (N = 5 studies, comprising 146 subjects; g = - 0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) - 1.32 to 1.22, p = 0.94). Moreover, the acute administration of CB1R antagonists had no effect on non-spatial memory in rodents (N = 9 studies, N = 149 subjects; g = 0.40, 95% CI - 0.11 to 0.92, p = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS The acute administration of THC, partial CB1R agonist, significantly impaired non-spatial memory in humans, monkeys, and non-human primates but not rodents. However, full CB1R agonists significantly impaired non-spatial memory in a dose-dependent manner but CB1R antagonists had no effect on non-spatial memory in rodents. Moreover, chronic THC administration did not significantly impair spatial or non-spatial memory in rodents, and there is inconclusive evidence on this in humans. Our findings highlight species differences in the effects of cannabinoid compounds on memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith Borgan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park Road, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Katherine Beck
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park Road, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Emma Butler
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park Road, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Robert McCutcheon
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park Road, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park Road, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, Faculty of Medicine, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences (LMS), Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nguyen JD, Creehan KM, Kerr TM, Taffe MA. Lasting effects of repeated ∆ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol vapour inhalation during adolescence in male and female rats. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 177:188-203. [PMID: 31478558 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adolescents are regularly exposed to ∆9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) via smoking and, more recently, vaping cannabis extracts. Growing legalization of cannabis for medical and recreational purposes, combined with decreasing perceptions of harm, makes it increasingly important to determine the consequences of frequent adolescent exposure for motivated behaviour and lasting tolerance in response to THC. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES Male and female rats inhaled THC vapour, or that from the propylene glycol (PG) vehicle, twice daily for 30 min from postnatal day (PND) 35-39 and PND 42-46 using an e-cigarette system. Thermoregulatory responses to vapour inhalation were assessed by radio-telemetry during adolescence and from PND 86-94. Chow intake was assessed in adulthood. Blood samples were obtained from additional adolescent groups following initial THC inhalation and after 4 days of twice daily exposure. Additional groups exposed repeatedly to THC or PG during adolescence were evaluated for intravenous self-administration of oxycodone as adults. KEY RESULTS Female, not male, adolescents developed tolerance to the hypothermic effects of THC inhalation in the first week of repeated exposure despite similar plasma THC levels. Each sex exhibited tolerance to THC hypothermia in adulthood after repeated adolescent THC. However, enhanced potency was found in females. Repeated THC male rats consumed more food than their PG-treated control group, without significant bodyweight differences. Adolescent THC did not alter oxycodone self-administration in either sex but increased fentanyl self-administration in females. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Repeated THC vapour inhalation in adolescent rats has lasting consequences observable in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques D Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin M Creehan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, California
| | - Tony M Kerr
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael A Taffe
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mondino A, Fernández S, Garcia-Carnelli C, Castro MJ, Umpierrez E, Torterolo P, Falconi A, Agrati D. Vaporized Cannabis differentially modulates sexual behavior of female rats according to the dose. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 187:172814. [PMID: 31644886 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies exploring the effect of compounds that modulate the endocannabinoid system on sexual behavior have yielded contradictory results. However, the effect of smoked Cannabis in women has been consistently associated with an increase in sexual drive. Therefore, it can be speculated that vaporized Cannabis will augment sexually motivated components of the sexual behavior of female rats. To test this hypothesis, we compared the sexual behavior of late-proestrous female rats in a bilevel chamber after vaporizing 0, 200 or 400 mg of Cannabis flowers (containing 18% of delta-9-THC and undetectable levels of cannabidiol) during 10 min. We found that both doses of Cannabis increased the duration of the lordosis response, whereas the highest dose also reduced the lordosis quotient of females. The lowest dose of Cannabis augmented the display of hops and darts without altering the expression of sexual solicitations of females, while the highest one did not affect the expression of hops and darts but reduced sexual solicitations. These effects were not accompanied by alterations of females' ambulatory behavior. The increment of the duration of lordosis response produced by both doses of Cannabis could be associated to a general effect of this drug in sensory processing, as can be an enhancement of females' sensory reactivity to male's stimulation. However, the reduction in the display of solicitations and lordosis in response to mounting observed in females exposed to the highest dose when compared to control and 200 mg of Cannabis groups indicates a reduction of sexual receptivity and motivation. This differential effect of vaporized Cannabis according to the dose employed, suggests that it modulates sexual behavior in a complex way, impacting neural circuits that control different aspects of this social behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Mondino
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Santiago Fernández
- Laboratorio de Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Garcia-Carnelli
- Laboratorio de Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María José Castro
- Unidad de Medioambiente, Drogas y Doping, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Camino Aparicio Saravia S/N, Bypass ruta 8, 91000 Pando, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Eleuterio Umpierrez
- Unidad de Medioambiente, Drogas y Doping, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Camino Aparicio Saravia S/N, Bypass ruta 8, 91000 Pando, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Torterolo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Atilio Falconi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Daniella Agrati
- Sección Fisiología y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tan S, Xue S, Behnood-Rod A, Chellian R, Wilson R, Knight P, Panunzio S, Lyons H, Febo M, Bruijnzeel AW. Sex differences in the reward deficit and somatic signs associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats. Neuropharmacology 2019; 160:107756. [PMID: 31487496 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Female smokers are more likely to relapse than male smokers, but little is known about sex differences in nicotine withdrawal. Therefore, male and female rats were prepared with minipumps that contained nicotine or saline and sex differences in precipitated and spontaneous nicotine withdrawal were investigated. The intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure was used to assess mood states. Elevations in brain reward thresholds reflect a deficit in reward function. Anxiety-like behavior was investigated after the acute nicotine withdrawal phase in a large open field and the elevated plus maze test. The nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine elevated the brain reward thresholds of the nicotine-treated rats but did not affect those of the saline-treated control rats. A low dose of mecamylamine elevated the brain reward thresholds of the nicotine-treated male rats but not those of the females. Mecamylamine also precipitated more somatic withdrawal signs in the nicotine-treated male than female rats. Minipump removal elevated the brain reward thresholds of the nicotine-treated rats for about 36 h but did not affect those of the saline-treated rats. There was no sex difference in the reward deficit during spontaneous nicotine withdrawal. In addition, the nicotine-treated male and female rats did not display increased anxiety-like behavior three to four days after minipump removal. In conclusion, these studies suggest that relatively low doses of a nicotinic receptor antagonist induce a greater reward deficit and more somatic withdrawal signs in male than female rats, but there is no sex difference in the reward deficit during spontaneous withdrawal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Azin Behnood-Rod
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Ryann Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Parker Knight
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stefany Panunzio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hannah Lyons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adriaan W Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bruijnzeel AW, Knight P, Panunzio S, Xue S, Bruner MM, Wall SC, Pompilus M, Febo M, Setlow B. Effects in rats of adolescent exposure to cannabis smoke or THC on emotional behavior and cognitive function in adulthood. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2773-2784. [PMID: 31044291 PMCID: PMC6752736 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cannabis use is common among adolescents and some research suggests that adolescent cannabis use increases the risk for depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairments in adulthood. In human studies, however, confounds may affect the association between cannabis use and the development of brain disorders. OBJECTIVES These experiments investigated the effects of adolescent exposure to either cannabis smoke or THC on anxiety- and depressive-like behavior and cognitive performance in adulthood in Long-Evans rats. METHODS Adolescent rats of both sexes were exposed to either cannabis smoke from postnatal days (P) 29-49 or ascending doses of THC from P35-45. When the rats reached adulthood (P70), anxiety-like behavior was investigated in the large open field and elevated plus maze, depressive-like behavior in the sucrose preference and forced swim tests, and cognitive function in the novel object recognition test. RESULTS Despite sex differences on some measures in the open field, elevated plus maze, forced swim, and novel object recognition tests, there were no effects of either adolescent cannabis smoke or THC exposure, and only relatively subtle interactions between exposure conditions and sex, such that sex differences on some performance measures were slightly attenuated. CONCLUSION Neither cannabis smoke nor THC exposure during adolescence produced robust alterations in adult behavior after a period of abstinence, suggesting that adverse effects associated with adolescent cannabis use might be due to non-cannabinoid concomitants of cannabis use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan W Bruijnzeel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Parker Knight
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Stefany Panunzio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Song Xue
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Matthew M Bruner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Shannon C Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Marjory Pompilus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barry Setlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, 1149 Newell Dr., Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kruse LC, Cao JK, Viray K, Stella N, Clark JJ. Voluntary oral consumption of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol by adolescent rats impairs reward-predictive cue behaviors in adulthood. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1406-1414. [PMID: 30965351 PMCID: PMC6785709 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Few preclinical approaches are available to study the health impact of voluntary consumption of edibles containing the psychoactive drug Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). We developed and validated such approach by measuring voluntary oral consumption of THC-containing gelatin by rats and used it to study if and how THC consumption during adolescence impacts adult behavior. We found that adolescent rats of both sexes consumed enough THC to trigger acute hypothermia, analgesic, and locomotor responses, and that 15 days of access to THC-gelatin in adolescence resulted in the down-regulation of cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1Rs) in adulthood in a sex and brain area specific manner. Remarkably, THC consumption by adolescent male rats and not female rats led to impaired Pavlovian reward-predictive cue behaviors in adulthood consistent with a male-specific loss of CB1R-expressing vGlut-1 synaptic terminals in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Thus, voluntary oral consumption of THC during adolescence is associated with sex-dependent behavioral impairment in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Kruse
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Jessica K. Cao
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Katie Viray
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Nephi Stella
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Jeremy J. Clark
- 0000000122986657grid.34477.33Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Andrade AK, Renda B, Murray JE. Cannabinoids, interoception, and anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 180:60-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
48
|
Enhancing effects of acute exposure to cannabis smoke on working memory performance. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 157:151-162. [PMID: 30521850 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous preclinical studies show that acute cannabinoid administration impairs cognitive performance. Almost all of this research has employed cannabinoid injections, however, whereas smoking is the preferred route of cannabis administration in humans. The goal of these experiments was to systematically determine how acute exposure to cannabis smoke affects working memory performance in a rat model. Adult male (n = 15) and female (n = 16) Long-Evans rats were trained in a food-motivated delayed response working memory task. Prior to test sessions, rats were exposed to smoke generated by burning different numbers of cannabis or placebo cigarettes, using a within-subjects design. Exposure to cannabis smoke had no effect on male rats' performance, but surprisingly, enhanced working memory accuracy in females, which tended to perform less accurately than males under baseline conditions. In addition, cannabis smoke enhanced working memory accuracy in a subgroup of male rats that performed comparably to the worst-performing females. Exposure to placebo smoke had no effect on performance, suggesting that the cannabinoid content of cannabis smoke was critical for its effects on working memory. Follow-up experiments showed that acute administration of either Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (0.0, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg) or the cannabinoid receptor type 1 antagonist rimonabant (0.0, 0.2, 0.6, 2.0 mg/kg) impaired working memory performance. These results indicate that differences in the route, timing, or dose of cannabinoid administration can yield distinct cognitive outcomes, and highlight the need for further investigation of this topic.
Collapse
|
49
|
Adolescent cannabinoid exposure induces irritability-like behavior and cocaine cross-sensitization without affecting the escalation of cocaine self-administration in adulthood. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13893. [PMID: 30224774 PMCID: PMC6141462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use is typically initiated during adolescence and is a significant risk factor for the development of cocaine use in adulthood. However, no preclinical studies have examined the effects of adolescent cannabinoid exposure on cocaine dependence in adulthood using the escalation model of cocaine self-administration and the assessment of negative emotional states. In the present study, we found that exposure to the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 (WIN) in adolescence produced irritability-like behavior and psychomotor cross-sensitization to cocaine in adolescence. In adulthood, rats were allowed to self-administer cocaine. The acquisition of cocaine self-administration was lower in rats with adolescent WIN exposure compared with controls. However, both WIN-exposed and control rats escalated their cocaine intake at the same rate, had similar responding under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement, and had similar psychomotor responses to cocaine. Interestingly, the increase in irritability-like behavior that was previously observed in adolescence after WIN exposure persisted into adulthood. Whether the persisting increase in irritability-like behavior after WIN exposure has translational relevance remains to be studied. In summary, these results suggest that psychoactive cannabinoid exposure during adolescence is unlikely to have a major effect on the escalation of cocaine intake or the development of compulsive-like responding per se in adulthood in a rat model of cocaine self-administration. However, whether the persisting irritability-like behavior may predispose an individual to mood-related impairments in adulthood or predict such impairments warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
50
|
Butelman ER, Chen CY, Fry RS, Kimani R, Levran O, Ott J, Correa da Rosa J, Kreek MJ. Re-evaluation of the KMSK scales, rapid dimensional measures of self-exposure to specific drugs: Gender-specific features. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 190:179-187. [PMID: 30041093 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Kreek-McHugh-Schluger-Kellogg (KMSK) scales provide a rapid assessment of maximal self-exposure to specific drugs and can be used as a dimensional instrument. This study provides a re-evaluation of the KMSK scales for cannabis, alcohol, cocaine, and heroin in a relatively large multi-ethnic cohort, and also the first systematic comparison of gender-specific profiles of drug exposure with this scale. METHODS This was an observational study of n = 1,133 consecutively ascertained adult volunteers. The main instruments used were the SCID-I interview (DSM-IV criteria) and KMSK scales for cannabis, alcohol, cocaine, and heroin. RESULTS Participants were 852 volunteers (297 female) with specific DSM-IV abuse or dependence diagnoses, and 281 volunteers without any drug diagnoses (154 female). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for concurrent validity of KMSK scores with the respective DSM-IV dependence diagnoses. The areas under the ROC curves for men and women combined were 99.5% for heroin, 97% for cocaine, 93% for alcohol, and 85% for cannabis. Newly determined optimal KMSK "cutpoint" scores were identical for men and women for cocaine and heroin dependence diagnoses, but were higher in men than in women, for cannabis and alcohol dependence diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the scales' effectiveness in performing rapid dimensional analyses for cannabis, alcohol, cocaine, and heroin exposure, in a cohort larger than previously reported, with "cutpoints" changed from initial determinations, based on this larger sample. The KMSK scales also detected gender differences in self-exposure to alcohol and cannabis that are associated with the respective dependence diagnoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Carina Y Chen
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Rebecca S Fry
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Rachel Kimani
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Orna Levran
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jürg Ott
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joel Correa da Rosa
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University Hospital, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|