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Sangadi DK, Sangadi A, Placeres-Uray F, Titus DJ, Johnstone T, Hogenkamp D, Gee KW, Atkins CM. Enhancing cognitive function in chronic TBI: The Role of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulation. Exp Neurol 2024; 372:114647. [PMID: 38070724 PMCID: PMC10843542 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in several pathological changes within the hippocampus that result in adverse effects on learning and memory. Therapeutic strategies to enhance learning and memory after TBI are still in the early stages of clinical development. One strategy is to target the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), which is highly expressed in the hippocampus and contributes to the formation of long-term memory. In our previous study, we found that AVL-3288, a positive allosteric modulator of the α7 nAChR, improved cognitive recovery in rats after moderate fluid-percussion injury (FPI). However, whether AVL-3288 improved cognitive recovery specifically through the α7 nAChR was not definitively determined. In this study we utilized Chrna7 knockout mice and compared their recovery to wild-type mice treated with AVL-3288 after TBI. We hypothesized that AVL-3288 treatment would improve learning and memory in wild-type mice, but not Chrna7-/- mice after TBI. Adult male C57BL/6 wild-type and Chrna7-/- mice received sham surgery or moderate controlled cortical impact (CCI) and recovered for 3 months. Mice were then treated with vehicle or AVL-3288 at 30 min prior to contextual fear conditioning. At 3 months after CCI, expression of α7 nAChR, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), high-affinity choline transporter (ChT), and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) were found to be significantly decreased in the hippocampus. Treatment of wild-type mice at 3 months after CCI with AVL-3288 significantly improved cue and contextual fear conditioning, whereas no beneficial effects were observed in Chrna7-/- mice. Parietal cortex and hippocampal atrophy were not improved with AVL-3288 treatment in either wild-type or Chrna7-/- mice. Our results indicate that AVL-3288 improves cognition during the chronic recovery phase of TBI through modulation of the α7 nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Sangadi
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Akhila Sangadi
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Fabiola Placeres-Uray
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David J Titus
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy Johnstone
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Derk Hogenkamp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Kelvin W Gee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA
| | - Coleen M Atkins
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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2
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Machado CA, Oliveira BDS, Dias TL, Barros JLVMD, Ferreira GMF, Cordeiro TM, Feracin V, Alexandre CH, Abreu LKS, Silva WND, Carvalho BC, Fernandes HDB, Vieira ÉLM, Castro PR, Ferreira RN, Kangussu LM, Franco GR, Guatimosim C, Barcelos LDS, Simões E Silva AC, Toscano ECDB, Rachid MA, Teixeira AL, Miranda ASD. Weight-drop model as a valuable tool to study potential neurobiological processes underlying behavioral and cognitive changes secondary to mild traumatic brain injury. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 385:578242. [PMID: 37951202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) behavioral and cognitive changes is not fully understood, especially in its mild presentation. We designed a weight drop TBI model in mice to investigate the role of neuroinflammation in behavioral and cognitive sequelae following mild TBI. C57BL/6 mice displayed depressive-like behavior at 72 h after mild TBI compared with controls, as indicated by a decrease in the latency to first immobility and climbing time in the forced swim test. Additionally, anxiety-like behavior and hippocampal-associated spatial learning and memory impairment were found in the elevated plus maze and in the Barnes maze, respectively. Levels of a set of inflammatory mediators and neurotrophic factors were analyzed at 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 30 days after injury in ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Principal components analysis revealed two principal components (PC), which represented 59.1% of data variability. PC1 (cytokines and chemokines) expression varied between both hemispheres, while PC2 (neurotrophic factors) expression varied only across the investigated brain areas. Our model reproduces mild TBI-associated clinical signs and pathological features and might be a valuable tool to broaden the knowledge regarding mild TBI pathophysiology as well as to test potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Amaral Machado
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna da Silva Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thomaz Lüscher Dias
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thiago Macedo Cordeiro
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Victor Feracin
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristian Henrique Alexandre
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Larissa Katharina Sabino Abreu
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Walison Nunes da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Brener Cunha Carvalho
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Heliana de Barros Fernandes
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Ribeiro Castro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Novaes Ferreira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Kangussu
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gloria Regina Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristina Guatimosim
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucíola da Silva Barcelos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões E Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX.
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Clay AM, Carr R, Dubien J, To F. Short-term behavioral and histological changes in a rodent model of mild traumatic brain injury. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2022.100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Lv W, Wang Z, Wu H, Zhang W, Xu J, Chen X. mTBI-Induced Systemic Vascular Dysfunction in a Mouse mTBI Model. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020232. [PMID: 35203995 PMCID: PMC8870486 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) without skull fracturing is the most common occurrence of all TBIs and is considered as a serious public health concern. Animal models of mTBI are essential to investigation of TBI and its effects. In the current study, we developed and characterized a reproducible mouse model of mild TBI, meanwhile, the effects of this mTBI model, as well as repetitive mTBIs (rmTBIs), on the endothelial function of mouse aortas were also studied. In variety of closed-head models of mTBI, impact velocity, weight, and dwell time are the main parameters that affect the severities of injury. Here, we used a device, converting parameters of velocity, tip weight, and dwell time into impact force, to develop a mouse model of close-head mTBI. Mice were subjected to a mild TBI induced by the impact forces of 500, 600, 700, and 800 kdyn, respectively. Later, brain injuries were assessed histologically and molecularly. Systemic and brain inflammation were measured by plasma cytokine assay and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining. The composite neurobehavioral test revealed significant acute functional deficits in mice after mTBI, corresponding to the degree of injury. Mice brain undergoing mTBI had significant elevated GFAP staining. Plasma cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased within 2 h after mTBI. Taken together, these data suggest that the mTBI mouse model introduce within our study exhibits good repeatability and comparable pathological characters. Moreover, we used this mTBI mouse model to determine the effect of single or rmTBIs on systemic vasoconstriction and relaxation. The isometric-tension results indicate that rmTBIs induce a pronounced and long-lasting endothelial dysfunction in mouse aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Lv
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (W.L.); (Z.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhuang Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (W.L.); (Z.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Hanxue Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Weiheng Zhang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (W.L.); (Z.W.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (H.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Xingjuan Chen
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (W.L.); (Z.W.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-029-8846-0875
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5
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Batool S, Furqan T, Hasan Mahmood MS, Tweedie D, Kamal MA, Greig NH. In Silico and Ex Vivo Analyses of the Inhibitory Action of the Alzheimer Drug Posiphen and Primary Metabolites with Human Acetyl- and Butyrylcholinesterase Enzymes. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:70-79. [PMID: 35178511 PMCID: PMC8845043 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Alzheimer’s
disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative
disorder worldwide. Ongoing research to develop AD treatments has
characterized multiple drug targets including the cholinergic system,
amyloid-β peptide, phosphorylated tau, and neuroinflammation.
These systems have the potential to interact to either drive or slow
AD progression. Promising agents that simultaneously impact many of
these drug targets are the AD experimental drug Posiphen and its enantiomer
phenserine that, currently, are separately being evaluated in clinical
trials. To define the cholinergic component of these agents, the anticholinesterase
activities of a ligand dataset comprising Posiphen and primary metabolites
((+)-N1-norPosiphen, (+)-N8-norPosiphen, and (+)-N1,N8-bisnorPosiphen)
were characterized and compared to those of the enantiomer phenserine.
The “target” dataset involved the human cholinesterase
enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE).
Binding interactions between the ligands and targets were analyzed
using Autodock 4.2. The computationally determined inhibitory action
of these ligands was then compared to ex vivo laboratory-measured
values versus human AChE and BChE. While Posiphen lacked AChE inhibitory
action, its major and minor metabolites (+)-N1-norPosiphen and (+)-N1,N8-bisnorPosiphen,
respectively, possessed modest AChE inhibitory activity, and Posiphen
and all metabolites lacked BChE action. Phenserine, as a positive
control, demonstrated AChE-selective inhibitory action. In light of
AChE inhibitory action deriving from a major and minor Posiphen metabolite,
current Posiphen clinical trials in AD and related disorders should
additionally evaluate AChE inhibition; particularly if Posiphen should
be combined with a known anticholinesterase, since this drug class
is clinically approved and the standard of care for AD subjects, and
excessive AChE inhibition may impact drug tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Batool
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tiyyaba Furqan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | | | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Mohammad A. Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041 Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Khagan, Dhaka 1340, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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6
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Brainstem and Cortical Spreading Depolarization in a Closed Head Injury Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111642. [PMID: 34769073 PMCID: PMC8584184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death in young individuals, and is a major health concern that often leads to long-lasting complications. However, the electrophysiological events that occur immediately after traumatic brain injury, and may underlie impact outcomes, have not been fully elucidated. To investigate the electrophysiological events that immediately follow traumatic brain injury, a weight-drop model of traumatic brain injury was used in rats pre-implanted with epidural and intracerebral electrodes. Electrophysiological (near-direct current) recordings and simultaneous alternating current recordings of brain activity were started within seconds following impact. Cortical spreading depolarization (SD) and SD-induced spreading depression occurred in approximately 50% of mild and severe impacts. SD was recorded within three minutes after injury in either one or both brain hemispheres. Electrographic seizures were rare. While both TBI- and electrically induced SDs resulted in elevated oxidative stress, TBI-exposed brains showed a reduced antioxidant defense. In severe TBI, brainstem SD could be recorded in addition to cortical SD, but this did not lead to the death of the animals. Severe impact, however, led to immediate death in 24% of animals, and was electrocorticographically characterized by non-spreading depression (NSD) of activity followed by terminal SD in both cortex and brainstem.
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7
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Ma HP, Ou JC, Chen KY, Liao KH, Kang SJ, Wang JY, Chiang YH, Wu JCC. Screening for Poor Self-Reported Sleep Quality at 12 Weeks in Post-Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Using the HF-Age-Gender (HAG) Index. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1369. [PMID: 34827369 PMCID: PMC8615360 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify a screening tool for poor self-reported sleep quality at 12 weeks according to non-invasive measurements and patients' characteristics in the first week after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), data from 473 mTBI participants were collected and follow-ups were performed at 12 weeks. Patients with previous poor self-reported sleep quality prior to the injury were excluded. Patients were then divided into two groups at 12 weeks according to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index based on whether or not they experienced poor sleep quality. The analysis was performed on personal profiles and heart rate variability (HRV) for 1 week. After analyzing the non-invasive measurements and characteristics of mTBI patients who did not complain of poor sleep quality, several factors were found to be relevant to the delayed onset of poor sleep quality, including age, gender, and HRV measurements. The HRV-age-gender (HAG) index was proposed and found to have 100% sensitivity (cut-off, 7; specificity, 0.537) to predicting whether the patient will experience poor sleep quality after mTBI at the 12-week follow-up. The HAG index helps us to identify patients with mTBI who have no sleep quality complaints but are prone to developing poor self-reported sleep quality. Additional interventions to improve sleep quality would be important for these particular patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon-Ping Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan;
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (J.-C.O.); (K.-Y.C.); (K.-H.L.); (S.-J.K.); (J.-Y.W.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Ju-Chi Ou
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (J.-C.O.); (K.-Y.C.); (K.-H.L.); (S.-J.K.); (J.-Y.W.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (J.-C.O.); (K.-Y.C.); (K.-H.L.); (S.-J.K.); (J.-Y.W.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsing Liao
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (J.-C.O.); (K.-Y.C.); (K.-H.L.); (S.-J.K.); (J.-Y.W.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Jhen Kang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (J.-C.O.); (K.-Y.C.); (K.-H.L.); (S.-J.K.); (J.-Y.W.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (J.-C.O.); (K.-Y.C.); (K.-H.L.); (S.-J.K.); (J.-Y.W.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (J.-C.O.); (K.-Y.C.); (K.-H.L.); (S.-J.K.); (J.-Y.W.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (J.-C.O.); (K.-Y.C.); (K.-H.L.); (S.-J.K.); (J.-Y.W.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Walczak-Nowicka ŁJ, Herbet M. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Role of Acetylcholinesterase in their Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9290. [PMID: 34502198 PMCID: PMC8430571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases by influencing the inflammatory response, apoptosis, oxidative stress and aggregation of pathological proteins. There is a search for new compounds that can prevent the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases and slow down their course. The aim of this review is to present the role of AChE in the pathomechanism of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, this review aims to reveal the benefits of using AChE inhibitors to treat these diseases. The selected new AChE inhibitors were also assessed in terms of their potential use in the described disease entities. Designing and searching for new drugs targeting AChE may in the future allow the discovery of therapies that will be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariola Herbet
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8bStreet, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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9
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Vecchio I, Sorrentino L, Paoletti A, Marra R, Arbitrio M. The State of The Art on Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2021; 13:11795735211029113. [PMID: 34285627 PMCID: PMC8267037 DOI: 10.1177/11795735211029113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic disabling disease that affects the central nervous system. The main consequences of AD include the decline of cognitive functions and language disorders. One of the causes leading to AD is the decrease of neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the brain, in part due to a higher activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme responsible for its degradation. Many acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), both natural and synthetic, have been developed and used through the years to counteract the progression of the disease. The first of such drugs approved for a therapeutic use was tacrine, that binds through a reversible bond to the enzyme. However, tacrine has since been withdrawn because of its adverse effects. Currently, donepezil and galantamine are very promising AChEIs with clinical benefits. Moreover, rivastigmine is considered a pseudo-irreversible compound with anti-AChE action, providing similar effects at the clinical level. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of what has been published over the last decade on the effectiveness of AChEIs in AD, analysing the most relevant issues under the clinical and methodological profiles and the consequent possible welfare effects for the whole world. Furthermore, novel drugs and possible therapeutic approaches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Vecchio
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation of the National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Annamaria Paoletti
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation of the National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Marra
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation of the National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariamena Arbitrio
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation of the National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
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10
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Ghiam MK, Patel SD, Hoffer A, Selman WR, Hoffer BJ, Hoffer ME. Drug Repurposing in the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:635483. [PMID: 33833663 PMCID: PMC8021906 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.635483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of morbidity among trauma patients; however, an effective pharmacological treatment has not yet been approved. Individuals with TBI are at greater risk of developing neurological illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The approval process for treatments can be accelerated by repurposing known drugs to treat the growing number of patients with TBI. This review focuses on the repurposing of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a drug currently approved to treat hepatotoxic overdose of acetaminophen. NAC also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may be suitable for use in therapeutic treatments for TBI. Minocycline (MINO), a tetracycline antibiotic, has been shown to be effective in combination with NAC in preventing oligodendrocyte damage. (-)-phenserine (PHEN), an anti-acetylcholinesterase agent with additional non-cholinergic neuroprotective/neurotrophic properties initially developed to treat AD, has demonstrated efficacy in treating TBI. Recent literature indicates that NAC, MINO, and PHEN may serve as worthwhile repositioned therapeutics in treating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K. Ghiam
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Shrey D. Patel
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Alan Hoffer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Warren R. Selman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Barry J. Hoffer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michael E. Hoffer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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11
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Lei F, Wang W, Fu Y, Wang J, Zheng Y. Oxidative stress in retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group and impairment of central chemoreception in rat offspring exposed to maternal cigarette smoke. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 100:35-41. [PMID: 33383163 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have reported that smoking during pregnancy is associated with deficit in neonatal central chemoreception. However, the underlying mechanism is not well clarified. In this study, we developed a rat model of maternal cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. Pregnant rats were exposed to CS during gestational day 1-20. Offspring were studied on postnatal day 2. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and expressions of antioxidant proteins in retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group (RTN/pFRG) were examined by fluorogenic dye MitoSOX™ Red and Western blotting, respectively. The response of hypoglossal rootlets discharge to acidification was also detected with micro-injection of H2O2 into RTN/pFRG of offspring brainstem slices in vitro. Results showed that maternal CS exposure led to an increase in ROS production, and brought about decreases in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1, and an increase in NF-E2-related factor 2 in offspring RTN/pFRG. Catalase and glutathione reductase expressions were not significantly changed. Moreover, oxidative stress induced by micro-injection of H2O2 into RTN/pFRG in vitro inhibited the discharge response of hypoglossal rootlets to acidification. These findings suggest that maternal CS exposure results in oxidative stress in RTN/pFRG of rat offspring, which might play a role in the impairment of central chemoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lei
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China; Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yating Fu
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
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12
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Ballard C, Aarsland D, Cummings J, O'Brien J, Mills R, Molinuevo JL, Fladby T, Williams G, Doherty P, Corbett A, Sultana J. Drug repositioning and repurposing for Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:661-673. [PMID: 32939050 PMCID: PMC8291993 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug repositioning and repurposing can enhance traditional drug development efforts and could accelerate the identification of new treatments for individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Transcriptional profiling offers a new and highly efficient approach to the identification of novel candidates for repositioning and repurposing. In the future, novel AD transcriptional signatures from cells isolated at early stages of disease, or from human neurons or microglia that carry mutations that increase the risk of AD, might be used as probes to identify additional candidate drugs. Phase II trials assessing repurposed agents must consider the best target population for a specific candidate therapy as well as the mechanism of action of the treatment. In this Review, we highlight promising compounds to prioritize for clinical trials in individuals with AD, and discuss the value of Delphi consensus methodology and evidence-based reviews to inform this prioritization process. We also describe emerging work, focusing on the potential value of transcript signatures as a cost-effective approach to the identification of novel candidates for repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive Ballard
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- SESAM (Regional Center for Elderly Medicine and Interaction), University Hospital Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - John O'Brien
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger Mills
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Vincere Consulting, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Tormod Fladby
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth Williams
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pat Doherty
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Corbett
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Janet Sultana
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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13
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Silymarin sex-dependently improves cognitive functions and alters TNF-α, BDNF, and glutamate in the hippocampus of mice with mild traumatic brain injury. Life Sci 2020; 257:118049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Tweedie D, Karnati HK, Mullins R, Pick CG, Hoffer BJ, Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D, Greig NH. Time-dependent cytokine and chemokine changes in mouse cerebral cortex following a mild traumatic brain injury. eLife 2020; 9:55827. [PMID: 32804078 PMCID: PMC7473773 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious global health problem, many individuals live with TBI-related neurological dysfunction. A lack of biomarkers of TBI has impeded medication development. To identify new potential biomarkers, we time-dependently evaluated mouse brain tissue and neuronally derived plasma extracellular vesicle proteins in a mild model of TBI with parallels to concussive head injury. Mice (CD-1, 30–40 g) received a sham procedure or 30 g weight-drop and were euthanized 8, 24, 48, 72, 96 hr, 7, 14 and 30 days later. We quantified ipsilateral cortical proteins, many of which differed from sham by 8 hours post-mTBI, particularly GAS-1 and VEGF-B were increased while CXCL16 reduced, 23 proteins changed in 4 or more of the time points. Gene ontology pathways mapped from altered proteins over time related to pathological and physiological processes. Validation of proteins identified in this study may provide utility as treatment response biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tweedie
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, United States
| | - Hanuma Kumar Karnati
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, United States
| | - Roger Mullins
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, United States
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, and Dr. Miriam and SheldonG. Adelson Chair and Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
| | - Edward J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, United States
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, United States
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15
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Greig NH, Lecca D, Hsueh SC, Nogueras-Ortiz C, Kapogiannis D, Tweedie D, Glotfelty EJ, Becker RE, Chiang YH, Hoffer BJ. (-)-Phenserine tartrate (PhenT) as a treatment for traumatic brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:636-649. [PMID: 31828969 PMCID: PMC7248544 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality of both young adults and the elderly, and is a key contributing factor in about 30% of all injury‐associated deaths occurring within the United States of America. Albeit substantial impact has been made to improve our comprehension of the mechanisms that underpin the primary and secondary injury stages initiated by a TBI incident, this knowledge has yet to successfully translate into the development of an effective TBI pharmacological treatment. Developing consent suggests that a TBI can concomitantly trigger multiple TBI‐linked cascades that then progress in parallel and, if correct, the multifactorial nature of TBI would make the discovery of a single effective mechanism‐targeted drug unlikely. Discussion We review recent data indicating that the small molecular weight drug (−)‐phenserine tartrate (PhenT), originally developed for Alzheimer's disease (AD), effectively inhibits a broad range of mechanisms pertinent to mild (m) and moderate (mod)TBI, which in combination underpin the ensuing cognitive and motor impairments. In cellular and animal models at clinically translatable doses, PhenT mitigated mTBI‐ and modTBI‐induced programmed neuronal cell death (PNCD), oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and effectively reversed injury‐induced gene pathways leading to chronic neurodegeneration. In addition to proving efficacious in well‐characterized animal TBI models, significantly mitigating cognitive and motor impairments, the drug also has demonstrated neuroprotective actions against ischemic stroke and the organophosphorus nerve agent and chemical weapon, soman. Conclusion In the light of its tolerability in AD clinical trials, PhenT is an agent that can be fast‐tracked for evaluation in not only civilian TBI, but also as a potentially protective agent in battlefield conditions where TBI and chemical weapon exposure are increasingly jointly occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniela Lecca
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shih-Chang Hsueh
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Carlos Nogueras-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Tweedie
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elliot J Glotfelty
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert E Becker
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Aristea Translational Medicine Corporation, Park City, UT, USA
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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16
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Lecca D, Bader M, Tweedie D, Hoffman AF, Jung YJ, Hsueh SC, Hoffer BJ, Becker RE, Pick CG, Lupica CR, Greig NH. (-)-Phenserine and the prevention of pre-programmed cell death and neuroinflammation in mild traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease challenged mice. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104528. [PMID: 31295555 PMCID: PMC6716152 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). TBI-derived neuropathologies are promoted by inflammatory processes: chronic microgliosis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that further promote neuronal dysfunction and loss. Herein, we evaluated the effect on pre-programmed cell death/neuroinflammation/synaptic integrity and function of (-)-Phenserine tartrate (Phen), an agent originally developed for AD. This was studied at two clinically translatable doses (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, BID), in a weight drop (concussive) mTBI model in wild type (WT) and AD APP/PSEN1 transgenic mice. Phen mitigated mTBI-induced cognitive impairment, assessed by Novel Object Recognition and Y-maze behavioral paradigms, in WT mice. Phen fully abated mTBI-induced neurodegeneration, evaluated by counting Fluoro-Jade C-positive (FJC+) cells, in hippocampus and cortex of WT mice. In APP/PSEN1 mice, degenerating cell counts were consistently greater across all experimental groups vs. WT mice. mTBI elevated FJC+ cell counts vs. the APP/PSEN1 control (sham) group, and Phen similarly mitigated this. Anti-inflammatory effects on microglial activation (IBA1-immunoreactivity (IR)) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α were evaluated. mTBI increased IBA1-IR and TNF-α/IBA1 colocalization vs. sham, both in WT and APP/PSEN1 mice. Phen decreased IBA1-IR throughout hippocampi and cortices of WT mice, and in cortices of AD mice. Phen, likewise, reduced levels of IBA1/TNF-α-IR colocalization volume across all areas in WT animals, with a similar trend in APP/PSEN1 mice. Actions on astrocyte activation by mTBI were followed by evaluating GFAP, and were similarly mitigated by Phen. Synaptic density was evaluated by quantifying PSD-95+ dendritic spines and Synaptophysin (Syn)-IR. Both were significantly reduced in mTBI vs. sham in both WT and APP/PSEN1 mice. Phen fully reversed the PSD-95+ spine loss in WT and Syn-IR decrease in both WT and APP/PSEN1 mice. To associate immunohistochemical changes in synaptic markers with function, hippocampal long term potentiation (LTP) was induced in WT mice. LTP was impaired by mTBI, and this impairment was mitigated by Phen. In synopsis, clinically translatable doses of Phen ameliorated mTBI-mediated pre-programmed cell death/neuroinflammation/synaptic dysfunction in WT mice, consistent with fully mitigating mTBI-induced cognitive impairments. Phen additionally demonstrated positive actions in the more pathologic brain microenvironment of AD mice, further supporting consideration of its repurposing as a treatment for mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lecca
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Miaad Bader
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - David Tweedie
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Alexander F Hoffman
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, 21224 Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yoo Jin Jung
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shin-Chang Hsueh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Robert E Becker
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Aristea Translational Medicine Corporation, Park City, UT 84098, USA
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Carl R Lupica
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, 21224 Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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17
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Becker RE, Greig NH, Lahiri DK, Bledsoe J, Majercik S, Ballard C, Aarsland D, Schneider LS, Flanagan D, Govindarajan R, Sano M, Ferrucci L, Kapogiannis D. (-)-Phenserine and Inhibiting Pre-Programmed Cell Death: In Pursuit of a Novel Intervention for Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 15:883-891. [PMID: 29318971 DOI: 10.2174/1567205015666180110120026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concussion (mild) and other moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share overlapping neuropathologies, including neuronal pre-programmed cell death (PPCD), and clinical impairments and disabilities. Multiple clinical trials targeting mechanisms based on the Amyloid Hypothesis of AD have so far failed, indicating that it is prudent for new drug developments to also pursue mechanisms independent of the Amyloid Hypothesis. To address these issues, we have proposed the use of an animal model of concussion/TBI as a supplement to AD transgenic mice to provide an indication of an AD drug candidate's potential for preventing PPCD and resulting progression towards dementia in AD. METHODS We searched PubMed/Medline and the references of identified articles for background on the neuropathological progression of AD and its implications for drug target identification, for AD clinical trial criteria used to assess disease modification outcomes, for plasma biomarkers associated with AD and concussion/TBI, neuropathologies and especially PPCD, and for methodological critiques of AD and other neuropsychiatric clinical trial methods. RESULTS We identified and address seven issues and highlight the Thal-Sano AD 'Time to Onset of Impairment' Design for possible applications in our clinical trials. Diverse and significant pathological cascades and indications of self-induced neuronal PPCD were found in concussion/TBI, anoxia, and AD animal models. To address the dearth of peripheral markers of AD and concussion/TBI brain pathologies and PPCD we evaluated Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) enriched for neuronal origin, including exosomes. In our concussion/TBI, anoxia and AD animal models we found evidence consistent with the presence of time-dependent PPCD and (-)-phenserine suppression of neuronal self-induced PPCD. We hence developed an extended controlled release formulation of (-)-phenserine to provide individualized dosing and stable therapeutic brain concentrations, to pharmacologically interrogate PPCD as a drug development target. To address the identified problems potentially putting any clinical trial at risk of failure, we developed exploratory AD and concussion/TBI clinical trial designs. CONCLUSIONS Our findings inform the biomarker indication of progression of pathological targets in neurodegenerations and propose a novel approach to these conditions through neuronal protection against self-induced PPCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Becker
- Aristea Translational Medicine Corporation, Park City, UT 84098, United States.,Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Debomoy K Lahiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Joseph Bledsoe
- Surgery-Emergency Medicine, Stanford Medicine and Department of Emergency Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT 84157, United States
| | - Sarah Majercik
- Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84107, United States
| | - Clive Ballard
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX1 2LU, United Kingdom
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Lon S Schneider
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Gerontology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Douglas Flanagan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | | | - Mary Sano
- Department of Psychiatry and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, United States
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore MD, 21224, United States
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18
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Sharma K. Cholinesterase inhibitors as Alzheimer's therapeutics (Review). Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1479-1487. [PMID: 31257471 PMCID: PMC6625431 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia. AD is a chronic syndrome of the central nervous system that causes a decline in cognitive function and language ability. Cholinergic deficiency is associated with AD, and various cholinesterase inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of AD, including naturally‑derived inhibitors, synthetic analogues and hybrids. Currently, the available drugs for AD are predominantly cholinesterase inhibitors. However, the efficacy of these drugs is limited as they may cause adverse side effects and are not able to completely arrest the progression of the disease. Since AD is multifactorial disease, dual and multi‑target inhibitors have been developed. The clinical applications and the limitations of the inhibitors used to treat AD are discussed in the present review. Additionally, this review presents the current status and future directions for the development of novel drugs with reduced toxicity and preserved pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India
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19
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Peña-Bautista C, Vento M, Baquero M, Cháfer-Pericás C. Lipid peroxidation in neurodegeneration. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 497:178-188. [PMID: 31377127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases have great social and economic impact and cause millions of deaths every year. The potential molecular mechanisms in these pathologies have been widely studied and implicate lipid peroxidation as an important factor in the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Data indicates that pathologic mechanisms specifically involve ferroptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we review the molecular mechanisms related to the lipid peroxidation that involve the development of neurodegeneration, as well as the utility of some biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of new therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Máximo Vento
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Baquero
- Division of Neurology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Hsueh SC, Lecca D, Greig NH, Wang JY, Selman W, Hoffer BJ, Miller JP, Chiang YH. (-)-Phenserine Ameliorates Contusion Volume, Neuroinflammation, and Behavioral Impairments Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1183-1196. [PMID: 31177840 PMCID: PMC6767878 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719854693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a major cause of mortality and morbidity, affects 10 million people worldwide, with limited treatment options. We have previously shown that (-)-phenserine (Phen), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor originally designed and tested in clinical phase III trials for Alzheimer's disease, can reduce neurodegeneration after TBI and reduce cognitive impairments induced by mild TBI. In this study, we used a mouse model of moderate to severe TBI by controlled cortical impact to assess the effects of Phen on post-trauma histochemical and behavioral changes. Animals were treated with Phen (2.5 mg/kg, IP, BID) for 5 days started on the day of injury and the effects were evaluated by behavioral and histological examinations at 1 and 2 weeks after injury. Phen significantly attenuated TBI-induced contusion volume, enlargement of the lateral ventricle, and behavioral impairments in motor asymmetry, sensorimotor functions, motor coordination, and balance functions. The morphology of microglia was shifted to an active from a resting form after TBI, and Phen dramatically reduced the ratio of activated to resting microglia, suggesting that Phen also mitigates neuroinflammation after TBI. While Phen has potent anti-acetylcholinesterase activity, its (+) isomer Posiphen shares many neuroprotective properties but is almost completely devoid of anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. We evaluated Posiphen at a similar dose to Phen and found similar mitigation in lateral ventricular size increase, motor asymmetry, motor coordination, and balance function, suggesting the improvement of these histological and behavioral tests by Phen treatment occur via pathways other than anti-acetylcholinesterase inhibition. However, the reduction of lesion size and improvement of sensorimotor function by Posiphen were much smaller than with equivalent doses of Phen. Taken together, these results show that post-injury treatment with Phen over 5 days significantly ameliorates severity of TBI. These data suggest a potential development of this compound for clinical use in TBI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chang Hsueh
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniela Lecca
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
| | - Warren Selman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan P Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.,Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei
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21
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Glotfelty EJ, Delgado TE, Tovar-y-Romo LB, Luo Y, Hoffer BJ, Olson L, Karlsson TE, Mattson MP, Harvey BK, Tweedie D, Li Y, Greig NH. Incretin Mimetics as Rational Candidates for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:66-91. [PMID: 31396586 PMCID: PMC6687335 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is becoming an increasing public health issue. With an annually estimated 1.7 million TBIs in the United States (U.S) and nearly 70 million worldwide, the injury, isolated or compounded with others, is a major cause of short- and long-term disability and mortality. This, along with no specific treatment, has made exploration of TBI therapies a priority of the health system. Age and sex differences create a spectrum of vulnerability to TBI, with highest prevalence among younger and older populations. Increased public interest in the long-term effects and prevention of TBI have recently reached peaks, with media attention bringing heightened awareness to sport and war related head injuries. Along with short-term issues, TBI can increase the likelihood for development of long-term neurodegenerative disorders. A growing body of literature supports the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and glucagon (Gcg) receptor (R) agonists, along with unimolecular combinations of these therapies, for their potent neurotrophic/neuroprotective activities across a variety of cellular and animal models of chronic neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) and acute cerebrovascular disorders (stroke). Mild or moderate TBI shares many of the hallmarks of these conditions; recent work provides evidence that use of these compounds is an effective strategy for its treatment. Safety and efficacy of many incretin-based therapies (GLP-1 and GIP) have been demonstrated in humans for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), making these compounds ideal for rapid evaluation in clinical trials of mild and moderate TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot J. Glotfelty
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas E. Delgado
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Luis B. Tovar-y-Romo
- Division
of Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular Physiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yu Luo
- Department
of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Barry J. Hoffer
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University
School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Lars Olson
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mark P. Mattson
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Brandon K. Harvey
- Molecular
Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Unit, Integrative Neuroscience
Department, National Institute on Drug Abuse,
National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - David Tweedie
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Yazhou Li
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Translational
Gerontology Branch, and Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural
Research Program, National Institute on
Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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22
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Bader M, Li Y, Lecca D, Rubovitch V, Tweedie D, Glotfelty E, Rachmany L, Kim HK, Choi HI, Hoffer BJ, Pick CG, Greig NH, Kim DS. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of PT302, a sustained-release Exenatide formulation, in a murine model of mild traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 124:439-453. [PMID: 30471415 PMCID: PMC6710831 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a neurodegenerative disorder for which no effective pharmacological treatment is available. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogues such as Exenatide have previously demonstrated neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in cellular and animal models of TBI. However, chronic or repeated administration was needed for efficacy. In this study, the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of PT302, a clinically available sustained-release Exenatide formulation (SR-Exenatide) were evaluated in a concussive mild (m)TBI mouse model. A single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of PT302 (0.6, 0.12, and 0.024 mg/kg) was administered and plasma Exenatide concentrations were time-dependently measured over 3 weeks. An initial rapid regulated release of Exenatide in plasma was followed by a secondary phase of sustained-release in a dose-dependent manner. Short- and longer-term (7 and 30 day) cognitive impairments (visual and spatial deficits) induced by weight drop mTBI were mitigated by a single post-injury treatment with Exenatide delivered by s.c. injection of PT302 in clinically translatable doses. Immunohistochemical evaluation of neuronal cell death and inflammatory markers, likewise, cross-validated the neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of SR-Exenatide in this mouse mTBI model. Exenatide central nervous system concentrations were 1.5% to 2.0% of concomitant plasma levels under steady-state conditions. These data demonstrate a positive beneficial action of PT302 in mTBI. This convenient single, sustained-release dosing regimen also has application for other neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy and multiple sclerosis where prior preclinical studies, likewise, have demonstrated positive Exenatide actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaad Bader
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yazhou Li
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniela Lecca
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vardit Rubovitch
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elliot Glotfelty
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lital Rachmany
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hee Kyung Kim
- Peptron Inc., Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Il Choi
- Peptron Inc., Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel; Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Dong Seok Kim
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Farr SA, Niehoff ML, Kumar VB, Roby DA, Morley JE. Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β as a Treatment for the Prevention of Cognitive Deficits after a Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1869-1875. [PMID: 30704365 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has many long-term consequences, including impairment in memory and changes in mood. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) in its phosphorylated form (p-GSK-3β) is considered to be a major contributor to memory problems that occur post-TBI. We have developed an antisense that targets the GSK-3β (GAO) gene. Using a model of closed-head concussive TBI, we subjected mice to TBI and injected GAO or a random antisense (RAO) 15 min post-injury. One week post-injury, mice were tested in object recognition with 24 h delay. At 4 weeks post- injury, mice were tested with a T-maze foot shock avoidance memory test and a second object recognition test with 24 h delay using different objects. Mice that received GAO show improved memory in both object recognition and T-maze compared with RAO- treated mice that were subjected to TBI. Next, we verified that GAO blocked the surge in phosphorylated GSK-3β post-TBI. Mice were subjected to TBI and injected with antisense 15 min post-TBI with GAO or RAO. Mice were euthanized at 4 and 72 h post-TBI. Analysis of p-ser9GSK-3β, p-tyr216GSK-3β, and phospho-tau (p-tau)404 showed that mice that received a TBI+RAO had significantly higher p-ser9GSK-3β, p-tyr216GSK-3β, and p-tau404 levels than the mice that received TBI+GAO and the Sham+RAO mice. The current finding suggests that inhibiting GSK-3β increase after TBI with an antisense directed at GSK-3β prevents learning and memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- 1 Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center /Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- 1 Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center /Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Vijaya B Kumar
- 1 Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center /Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Deborah A Roby
- 2 Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John E Morley
- 1 Research & Development Service, VA Medical Center /Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Abstract
Neuronal death is the final step in the progression of preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies into clinically evident AD and its profound dementia. As such, a drug candidate proposed to be effective in AD must successfully prevent neuronal losses. The lack of preclinical demonstrated abilities to prevent neuronal programmed cell death may explain the recent failure of 300-400 AD drug candidates, identify a flaw in the Amyloid Hypothesis, and a risk for subsequent drug candidate interventions against AD. We propose that investigators use either animal models or small early translational clinical trials to test for AD drug candidates' efficacy against clinically critical features of the disease, such as prevention of neuronal death. Such stringent testing would more effectively shelter AD patients from being recruited into clinical trials that are destined to fail in Phase II or III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Becker
- Aristea Translational Medicine Corporation, UT, USA
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
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The Effects of a Combination of Ion Channel Inhibitors in Female Rats Following Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113408. [PMID: 30384417 PMCID: PMC6274967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), the ionic homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) becomes imbalanced. Excess Ca2+ influx into cells triggers molecular cascades, which result in detrimental effects. The authors assessed the effects of a combination of ion channel inhibitors (ICI) following repeated mTBI (rmTBI). Adult female rats were subjected to two rmTBI weight-drop injuries 24 h apart, sham procedures (sham), or no procedures (normal). Lomerizine, which inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels, was administered orally twice daily, whereas YM872 and Brilliant Blue G, inhibiting α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and P2X₇ receptors, respectively, were delivered intraperitoneally every 48 h post-injury. Vehicle treatment controls were included for rmTBI, sham, and normal groups. At 11 days following rmTBI, there was a significant increase in the time taken to cross the 3 cm beam, as a sub-analysis of neurological severity score (NSS) assessments, compared with the normal control (p < 0.05), and a significant decrease in learning-associated improvement in rmTBI in Morris water maze (MWM) trials relative to the sham (p < 0.05). ICI-treated rmTBI animals were not different to sham, normal controls, or rmTBI treated with vehicle in all neurological severity score and Morris water maze assessments (p > 0.05). rmTBI resulted in increases in microglial cell density, antioxidant responses (manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) immunoreactivity), and alterations to node of Ranvier structure. ICI treatment decreased microglial density, MnSOD immunoreactivity, and abnormalities of the node of Ranvier compared with vehicle controls (p < 0.01). The authors' findings demonstrate the beneficial effects of the combinatorial ICI treatment on day 11 post-rmTBI, suggesting an attractive therapeutic strategy against the damage induced by excess Ca2+ following rmTBI.
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Wang W, Shen M, Sun K, Wang Y, Wang X, Jin X, Xu J, Ding L, Sun X. Aminoguanidine reverses cognitive deficits and activation of cAMP/CREB/BDNF pathway in mouse hippocampus after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Brain Inj 2018; 32:1858-1865. [PMID: 30346862 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1537513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE We aim to study the effects of chronic aminoguanidine (AG) administration on learning and memory impairment after TBI and explore the potential mechanism involved in this process. RESEARCH DESIGN Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into 6 groups: Control, TBI + Veh, TBI+ AG (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, i.p.). METHODS AND PROCEDURES Then, we measured cyclicadenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) content, phosphorylated form of cAMP-response element binding protein (p-CREB) level, iNOS, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and postsynaptic density-93/95 (PSD-93/95) expression in hippocampus. The learning and memory abilities were assessed using Morris water maze and step-down test. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The results demonstrate that TBI induced down-regulation of BDNF, loss of PSD-93/95, learning and memory deficits with down-regulation of cAMP content and p-CREB/CREB ratio. Administration of AG (200 and 400 mg/kg) reversed TBI induced down-regulation of BDNF and PSD-93/95, up-regulated the cAMP content and p-CREB/CREB ratio, which resulted in improvement of learning and memory ability. CONCLUSIONS We suspect that AG (200 and 400 mg/kg) might reverse TBI-induced selective loss of postsynaptic proteins and learning and memory deficits with the activation of cAMP/CREB/BDNF signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Mingyang Shen
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Kun Sun
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Yanping Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Lianshu Ding
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- a Department of Neurosurgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital , Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an , Jiangsu , China
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27
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Tsai YR, Chang CF, Lai JH, Wu JCC, Chen YH, Kang SJ, Hoffer BJ, Tweedie D, Luo W, Greig NH, Chiang YH, Chen KY. Pomalidomide Ameliorates H₂O₂-Induced Oxidative Stress Injury and Cell Death in Rat Primary Cortical Neuronal Cultures by Inducing Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Apoptosis Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103252. [PMID: 30347766 PMCID: PMC6213994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its high oxygen demand and abundance of peroxidation-susceptible lipid cells, the brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Induced by a redox state imbalance involving either excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or dysfunction of the antioxidant system, oxidative stress plays a central role in a common pathophysiology that underpins neuronal cell death in acute neurological disorders epitomized by stroke and chronic ones such as Alzheimer’s disease. After cerebral ischemia, for example, inflammation bears a key responsibility in the development of permanent neurological damage. ROS are involved in the mechanism of post-ischemic inflammation. The activation of several inflammatory enzymes produces ROS, which subsequently suppress mitochondrial activity, leading to further tissue damage. Pomalidomide (POM) is a clinically available immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent. Using H2O2-treated rat primary cortical neuronal cultures, we found POM displayed neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress and cell death that associated with changes in the nuclear factor erythroid derived 2/superoxide dismutase 2/catalase signaling pathway. POM also suppressed nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-κB) levels and significantly mitigated cortical neuronal apoptosis by regulating Bax, Cytochrome c and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. In summary, POM exerted neuroprotective effects via its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions against H2O2-induced injury. POM consequently represents a potential therapeutic agent against brain damage and related disorders and warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rou Tsai
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Fu Chang
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei 11556, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Huei Lai
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Shuo-Jhen Kang
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Weiming Luo
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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28
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GM1 ganglioside prevents axonal regeneration inhibition and cognitive deficits in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13340. [PMID: 30190579 PMCID: PMC6127193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of neurological damage in young populations. It has been previously suggested that one of the mechanisms that underlie brain injury is Axonal Outgrowth Inhibition (AOI) that is caused by altered composition of the gangliosides on the axon surface. In the present study, we have found a significant reduction of GM1 ganglioside levels in the cortex in a closed head traumatic brain injury model of a mouse, induced by a weight drop device. In addition, axonal regeneration in the brains of the injured mice was affected as seen by the expression of the axonal marker pNF-H and the growth cones (visualized by F-actin and β-III-tubulin). NeuN immunostaining revealed mTBI-induced damage to neuronal survival. Finally, as expected, spatial and visual memories (measured by the Y-maze and the Novel Object Recognition tests, respectively) were also damaged 7 and 30 days post injury. A single low dose of GM1 shortly after the injury (2 mg/kg; IP) prevented all of the deficits mentioned above. These results reveal additional insights into the neuroprotective characteristics of GM1 in prevention of biochemical, cellular and cognitive changes caused by trauma, and may suggest a potential intervention for mTBI.
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29
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Kim H, Han H. Computer-Aided Multi-Target Management of Emergent Alzheimer's Disease. Bioinformation 2018; 14:167-180. [PMID: 29983487 PMCID: PMC6016757 DOI: 10.6026/97320630014167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents an enormous global health burden in terms of human suffering and economic cost. AD management requires a shift from the prevailing paradigm targeting pathogenesis to design and develop effective drugs with adequate success in clinical trials. Therefore, it is of interest to report a review on amyloid beta (Aβ) effects and other multi-targets including cholinesterase, NFTs, tau protein and TNF associated with brain cell death to be neuro-protective from AD. It should be noted that these molecules have been generated either by target-based or phenotypic methods. Hence, the use of recent advancements in nanomedicine and other natural compounds screening tools as a feasible alternative for circumventing specific liabilities is realized. We review recent developments in the design and identification of neuro-degenerative compounds against AD generated using current advancements in computational multi-target modeling algorithms reflected by theragnosis (combination of diagnostic tests and therapy) concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjo Kim
- Department of Medical Informatics, Ajou Medical University Hospital, Suwon, Kyeounggido province, South Korea
| | - Hyunwook Han
- Department of Informatics, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
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30
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Becker RE, Kapogiannis D, Greig NH. Does traumatic brain injury hold the key to the Alzheimer's disease puzzle? Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:431-443. [PMID: 29245000 PMCID: PMC5958613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurodegenerative disorders have been a graveyard for hundreds of well-intentioned efforts at drug discovery and development. Concussion and other traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share many overlapping pathologies and possible clinical links. METHODS We searched the literature since 1995 using MEDLINE and Google Scholar for the terms concussion, AD, and shared neuropathologies. We also studied a TBI animal model as a supplement to transgenic (Tg) mouse AD models for evaluating AD drug efficacy by preventing neuronal losses. To evaluate TBI/AD pathologies and neuronal self-induced cell death (apoptosis), we are studying brain extracellular vesicles in plasma and (-)-phenserine pharmacology to probe, in animal models of AD and humans, apoptosis and pathways common to concussion and AD. RESULTS Neuronal cell death and a diverse and significant pathological cascade follow TBIs. Many of the developing pathologies are present in early AD. The use of an animal model of concussion as a supplement to Tg mice provides an indication of an AD drug candidate's potential for preventing apoptosis and resulting progression toward dementia in AD. This weight drop supplementation to Tg mouse models, the experimental drug (-)-phenserine, and plasma-derived extracellular vesicles enriched for neuronal origin to follow biomarkers of neurodegenerative processes, each and in combination, show promise as tools useful for probing the progression of disease in AD, TBI/AD pathologies, apoptosis, and drug effects on rates of apoptosis both preclinically and in humans. (-)-Phenserine both countered many subacute post-TBI pathologies that could initiate clinical AD and, in the concussion and other animal models, showed evidence consistent with direct inhibition of neuronal preprogrammed cell death in the presence of TBI/AD pathologies. DISCUSSION These findings may provide support for expanding preclinical Tg mouse studies in AD with a TBI weight drop model, insights into the progression of pathological targets, their relations to apoptosis, and timing of interventions against these targets and apoptosis. Such studies may demonstrate the potential for drugs to effectively and safely inhibit preprogrammed cell death as a new drug development strategy for use in the fight to defeat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Becker
- Aristea Translational Medicine Corporation, Park City, UT, USA; Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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The effect of an acute systemic inflammatory insult on the chronic effects of a single mild traumatic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 2018; 336:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Mei Z, Zheng P, Tan X, Wang Y, Situ B. Huperzine A alleviates neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and improves cognitive function after repetitive traumatic brain injury. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1861-1869. [PMID: 28748496 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may trigger secondary injury cascades including endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Unfortunately, there are no effective treatments targeting either primary or secondary injuries that result in long-term detrimental consequences. Huperzine A (HupA) is a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) that has been used treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effects of HupA in TBI and its possible mechanisms. Repetitive mild closed head injury (CHI) model was used to mimic concussive TBI. Mice were randomly assigned into three groups including sham, vehicle-treated and HupA-treated injured mice. The HupA was given at dose of 1.0 mg/kg/day and was initiated 30 min after the first injury, then administered daily for a total of 30 days. The neuronal functions including motor functions, emotion-like behaviors, learning and memory were tested. Axonal injury, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and neuroinflammation were examined as well. The results showed that injured mice treated with HupA had significant improvement in Morris water maze performance compared with vehicle-treated injured mice. HupA treatment significantly attenuated markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the injured mice. Taken together, HupA was effective in reducing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and behavioral recovery after TBI. HupA is a promising candidate for treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiying Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangping Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Situ
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, People's Republic of China.
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Ben Shimon M, Zeimer T, Shavit Stein E, Artan-Furman A, Harnof S, Chapman J, Eisenkraft A, Pick CG, Maggio N. Recovery from trauma induced amnesia correlates with normalization of thrombin activity in the mouse hippocampus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188524. [PMID: 29182653 PMCID: PMC5705129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient amnesia is a common consequence of minimal traumatic brain injury (mTBI). However, while recent findings have addressed the mechanisms involved in its onset, the processes contributing to its recovery have not yet been addressed. Recently, we have found that thrombin is detected at high concentrations in the brain of mice after exposure to mTBI and that in such settings amnesia is rescued by either inhibiting thrombin activity or by blockade of PAR1. Here, we report that mice spontaneously recover from amnesia after two weeks from mTBI exposure. At this time point, long term potentiation was equally evoked in injured vs. control animals with thrombin concentration in the brain being normalized at this stage. These findings, which refer to the specific aspect of memory retrieval upon mTBI, together with our previous work, hint to a strong correlation between cognitive defects in the context of mTBI and thrombin concentrations in the brain. This may suggest that a possible scavenging of thrombin in the brain at early phases following mTBI may improve memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ben Shimon
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Talya Zeimer
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Sagi Harnof
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arik Eisenkraft
- The Institute for Research in Military Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chaim G. Pick
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Anatomy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Chang CF, Lai JH, Wu JCC, Greig NH, Becker RE, Luo Y, Chen YH, Kang SJ, Chiang YH, Chen KY. (-)-Phenserine inhibits neuronal apoptosis following ischemia/reperfusion injury. Brain Res 2017; 1677:118-128. [PMID: 28963051 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke commonly leads to adult disability and death worldwide. Its major symptoms are spastic hemiplegia and discordant motion, consequent to neuronal cell death induced by brain vessel occlusion. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is upregulated and allied with inflammation and apoptosis after stroke. Recent studies suggest that AChE inhibition ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion injury and has neuroprotective properties. (-)-Phenserine, a reversible AChE inhibitor, has a broad range of actions independent of its AChE properties, including neuroprotective ones. However, its protective effects and detailed mechanism of action in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model (MCAO) remain to be elucidated. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of (-)-phenserine for stroke in the rat focal cerebral ischemia model and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/RP) damage model in SH-SY5Y neuronal cultures. (-)-Phenserine mitigated OGD/PR-induced SH-SY5Y cell death, providing an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship between concentration and survival. In MCAO challenged rats, (-)-phenserine reduced infarction volume, cell death and improved body asymmetry, a behavioral measure of stoke impact. In both cellular and animal studies, (-)-phenserine elevated brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) levels, and decreased activated-caspase 3, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, potentially mediated through the ERK-1/2 signaling pathway. These actions mitigated neuronal apoptosis in the stroke penumbra, and decreased matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) expression. In synopsis, (-)-phenserine significantly reduced neuronal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model of MCAO and cellular model of OGD/RP, demonstrating that its anti-apoptotic/neuroprotective/neurotrophic cholinergic and non-cholinergic properties warrant further evaluation in conditions of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fu Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Huei Lai
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Robert E Becker
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Aristea Translational Medicine, Park City, UT, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Jhen Kang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hoffer BJ, Pick CG, Hoffer ME, Becker RE, Chiang YH, Greig NH. Repositioning drugs for traumatic brain injury - N-acetyl cysteine and Phenserine. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:71. [PMID: 28886718 PMCID: PMC5591517 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0377-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality of both young adults of less than 45 years of age and the elderly, and contributes to about 30% of all injury deaths in the United States of America. Whereas there has been a significant improvement in our understanding of the mechanism that underpin the primary and secondary stages of damage associated with a TBI incident, to date however, this knowledge has not translated into the development of effective new pharmacological TBI treatment strategies. Prior experimental and clinical studies of drugs working via a single mechanism only may have failed to address the full range of pathologies that lead to the neuronal loss and cognitive impairment evident in TBI and other disorders. The present review focuses on two drugs with the potential to benefit multiple pathways considered important in TBI. Notably, both agents have already been developed into human studies for other conditions, and thus have the potential to be rapidly repositioned as TBI therapies. The first is N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) that is currently used in over the counter medications for its anti-inflammatory properties. The second is (-)-phenserine ((-)-Phen) that was originally developed as an experimental Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug. We briefly review background information about TBI and subsequently review literature suggesting that NAC and (-)-Phen may be useful therapeutic approaches for TBI, for which there are no currently approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael E Hoffer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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