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Srivastava V, Navabharath M, Khan M, Samal M, Parveen R, Singh SV, Ahmad S. A comprehensive review on Phyto-MAP: A novel approach of drug discovery against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis using AYUSH heritage. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118482. [PMID: 38908495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Indian system of Traditional medicine, AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) has great potential with a History of Safe Use (HOSU) of thousands of medicinal plants included in pharmacopoeias. The multi-targeted approach of phytoconstituents present in different traditionally used medicinal plants makes them suitable candidates for research against various infective pathogens. MAP which is a dairy-borne pathogen is associated with the development of Johne's disease in ruminants and Crohn's disease like autoimmune disorders in human beings. There are no reliable treatment alternatives available against MAP, leaving surgical removal of intestines as the sole option. Hence, there exists an urgent need to search for leads against such infection. AIM OF THE STUDY The present review has been conducted to find out the ethnopharmacological evidence about the potential of phytoconstituents against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), along with the proposal of a potential phyto-MAP mechanism for the very first time taking anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-microbial traditional claims into consideration. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have analyzed and reviewed different volumes of the two main traditional scriptures of India i.e. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (UPI), respectively-for identification of potential anti-MAP plants based on their claims for related disorders. These plants were further investigated systematically for their scientific publications of the last 20 years (2002-2022) available through electronic databases including Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Scopus. The studies conducted in vitro, cell lines, and in vivo levels were taken into consideration along with the associated mechanisms of phytoconstituents. RESULTS A total of 70 potential medicinal plants have been identified. Based on the ethnopharmacology, a potential phyto-paratuberculosis (Phyto-paraTB) mechanism has been proposed and out of 70, seven potential anti-MAP plants have been identified to have a great future as anti-MAP. CONCLUSION A novel and scientifically viable plan has been proposed for addressing anti-MAP plants for stimulating research against MAP and related disorders using mass-trusted AYUSH medicine, which can be used as an alternative remedy in resistance cases otherwise can be advocated as an adjuvant with modern treatments for better management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Srivastava
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Manthena Navabharath
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Muzayyana Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Monalisha Samal
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Sölzer N, Brügemann K, Yin T, König S. Genetic evaluations and genome-wide association studies for specific digital dermatitis diagnoses in dairy cows considering genotype × housing system interactions. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3724-3737. [PMID: 38216046 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to use detailed phenotyping for the claw disorder digital dermatitis (DD) considering specific DD stages in 2 housing systems (conventional cubicle barns [CON] and compost-bedded pack barns [CBPB]) to infer possible genotype × housing system interactions. The DD stages included 2,980 observations for the 3 traits DD-sick, DD-acute, and DD-chronic from 1,311 Holstein-Friesian and 399 Fleckvieh-Simmental cows. Selection of the 5 CBPB and 5 CON herds was based on a specific protocol to achieve a high level of herd similarity with regard to climate, feeding, milking system, and location, but with pronounced housing-system differences. Five other farms had a "mixed system" with 2 subherds, one representing CBPB and the other one CON. The CBPB system was represented by 899 cows (1,530 observations), and 811 cows (1,450 observations) represented the CON system. The average disease prevalence was 20.47% for DD-sick, 13.88% for DD-acute, and 5.34% for DD-chronic, with a higher prevalence in CON than in CBPB. After quality control of 50K genotypes, 38,495 SNPs from 926 cows remained for the ongoing genomic analyses. Genetic parameters for DD-sick, DD-acute, and DD-chronic were estimated by applying single-step approaches for single-trait repeatability animal models considering the whole dataset, and separately for the CON and CBPB subsets. Genetic correlations between same DD traits from different housing systems, and between DD-sick, DD-chronic, and DD-acute, were estimated via bivariate animal models. Heritabilities based on the whole dataset were 0.16 for DD-sick, 0.14 for DD-acute, and 0.11 for DD-chronic. A slight increase of heritabilities and genetic variances was observed in CON compared with the "well-being" CBPB system, indicating a stronger genetic differentiation of diseases in a more challenging environment. Genetic correlations between same DD traits recorded in CON or CBPB were close to 0.80, disproving obvious genotype × housing system interactions. Genetic correlations among DD-sick, DD-acute and DD-chronic ranged from 0.58 to 0.81. SNP main effects and SNP × housing system interaction effects were estimated simultaneously via GWAS, considering only the phenotypes from genotyped cows. Ongoing annotations of potential candidate genes focused on chromosomal segments 100 kb upstream and downstream from the significantly associated candidate SNP. GWAS for main effects indicated heterogeneous Manhattan plots especially for DD-acute and DD-chronic, indicating particularities in disease pathogenesis. Nevertheless, a few shared annotated potential candidate genes, that is, METTL25, AFF3, PRKG1, and TENM4 for DD-sick and DD-acute, were identified. These genes have direct or indirect effects on disease resistance or immunology. For the SNP × housing system interaction, the annotated genes ASXL1 and NOL4L on BTA 13 were relevant for DD-sick and DD-acute. Overall, the very similar genetic parameters for the same traits in different environments and negligible genotype × housing system interactions indicate only minor effects on genetic evaluations for DD due to housing-system particularities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Sölzer
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Brügemann
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Tong Yin
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Sven König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany.
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Kappari L, Dasireddy JR, Applegate TJ, Selvaraj RK, Shanmugasundaram R. MicroRNAs: exploring their role in farm animal disease and mycotoxin challenges. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1372961. [PMID: 38803799 PMCID: PMC11129562 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1372961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve as key regulators in gene expression and play a crucial role in immune responses, holding a significant promise for diagnosing and managing diseases in farm animals. This review article summarizes current research on the role of miRNAs in various farm animal diseases and mycotoxicosis, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and using them for mitigation strategies. Through an extensive literature review, we focused on the impact of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of several farm animal diseases, including viral and bacterial infections and mycotoxicosis. They regulate gene expression by inducing mRNA deadenylation, decay, or translational inhibition, significantly impacting cellular processes and protein synthesis. The research revealed specific miRNAs associated with the diseases; for instance, gga-miR-M4 is crucial in Marek's disease, and gga-miR-375 tumor-suppressing function in Avian Leukosis. In swine disease such as Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) and swine influenza, miRNAs like miR-155 and miR-21-3p emerged as key regulatory factors. Additionally, our review highlighted the interaction between miRNAs and mycotoxins, suggesting miRNAs can be used as a biomarker for mycotoxin exposure. For example, alterations in miRNA expression, such as the dysregulation observed in response to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in chickens, may indicate potential mechanisms for toxin-induced changes in lipid metabolism leading to liver damage. Our findings highlight miRNAs potential for early disease detection and intervention in farm animal disease management, potentially reducing significant economic losses in agriculture. With only a fraction of miRNAs functionally characterized in farm animals, this review underlines more focused research on specific miRNAs altered in distinct diseases, using advanced technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 screening, single-cell sequencing, and integrated multi-omics approaches. Identifying specific miRNA targets offers a novel pathway for early disease detection and the development of mitigation strategies against mycotoxin exposure in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laharika Kappari
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Todd J. Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
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Valente D, Serra O, Carolino N, Gomes J, Coelho AC, Espadinha P, Pais J, Carolino I. A Genome-Wide Association Study for Resistance to Tropical Theileriosis in Two Bovine Portuguese Autochthonous Breeds. Pathogens 2024; 13:71. [PMID: 38251378 PMCID: PMC10819359 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The control of Tropical Theileriosis, a tick-borne disease with a strong impact on cattle breeding, can be facilitated using marker-assisted selection in breeding programs. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using high-density arrays are extremely important for the ongoing process of identifying genomic variants associated with resistance to Theileria annulata infection. In this work, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed in the Portuguese autochthonous cattle breeds Alentejana and Mertolenga. In total, 24 SNPs suggestive of significance (p ≤ 10-4) were identified for Alentejana cattle and 20 SNPs were identified for Mertolenga cattle. The genomic regions around these SNPs were further investigated for annotated genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) previously described by other authors. Regarding the Alentejana breed, the MAP3K1, CMTM7, SSFA2, and ATG13 genes are located near suggestive SNPs and appear as candidate genes for resistance to Tropical Theileriosis, considering its action in the immune response and resistance to other diseases. On the other hand, in the Mertolenga breed, the UOX gene is also a candidate gene due to its apparent link to the pathogenesis of the disease. These results may represent a first step toward the possibility of including genetic markers for resistance to Tropical Theileriosis in current breed selection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Valente
- Centro de Investigação Vasco da Gama, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal; (N.C.); (I.C.)
- Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Octávio Serra
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Banco Português de Germoplasma Vegetal, Quinta de S. José, S. Pedro de Merelim, 4700-859 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Nuno Carolino
- Centro de Investigação Vasco da Gama, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal; (N.C.); (I.C.)
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Polo de Inovação da Fonte Boa—Estação Zootécnica Nacional, 2005-424 Santarém, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinto Gomes
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior Agrária de Elvas, Instituto Politécnico de Portalegre, 7350-092 Elvas, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para a Ciência Animal e Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Espadinha
- Associação de Criadores de Bovinos da Raça Alentejana, Monforte Herdade da Coutada Real-Assumar, 7450-051 Assumar, Portugal
| | - José Pais
- Associação de Criadores de Bovinos Mertolengos, 7006-806 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Inês Carolino
- Centro de Investigação Vasco da Gama, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal; (N.C.); (I.C.)
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Polo de Inovação da Fonte Boa—Estação Zootécnica Nacional, 2005-424 Santarém, Portugal
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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Badia-Bringué G, Canive M, Blanco-Vázquez C, Torremocha R, Ovalle S, Ramos-Ruiz R, Casais R, Alonso-Hearn M. MicroRNAs modulate immunological and inflammatory responses in Holstein cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:173. [PMID: 38167436 PMCID: PMC10762146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the post-transcriptional expression of genes by binding to their target mRNAs. In this study, whole miRNA sequencing was used to compare the expression of miRNAs in ileocecal valve (ICV) and peripheral blood (PB) samples of cows with focal or diffuse paratuberculosis (PTB)-associated lesions in gut tissues versus (vs) control cows without lesions. Among the eight miRNAs differentially expressed in the PB samples from cows with diffuse lesions vs controls, three (miR-19a, miR-144, miR32) were also down-regulated in cows with diffuse vs focal lesions. In the ICV samples, we identified a total of 4, 5, and 18 miRNAs differentially expressed in cows with focal lesions vs controls, diffuse lesions vs controls, and diffuse vs focal lesions, respectively. The differential expression of five microRNAs (miR-19a, miR-144, miR-2425-3p, miR-139, miR-101) was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Next, mRNA target prediction was performed for each differentially expressed miRNA. A functional analysis using the predicted gene targets revealed a significant enrichment of the RNA polymerase and MAPK signaling pathways in the comparison of cows with focal vs no lesions and with diffuse vs focal lesions, respectively. The identified miRNAs could be used for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutical tools for PTB control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Badia-Bringué
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Molecular Biology and Biomedicine, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María Canive
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Cristina Blanco-Vázquez
- Center of Animal Biotechnology, SERIDA-Regional Service of Agri-Food Research and Development, Deva, Spain
| | - Rosana Torremocha
- Genomic Unit, Scientific Park of Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Ovalle
- Genomic Unit, Scientific Park of Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Ramos-Ruiz
- Genomic Unit, Scientific Park of Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Casais
- Center of Animal Biotechnology, SERIDA-Regional Service of Agri-Food Research and Development, Deva, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain.
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Navarro León AI, Muñoz M, Iglesias N, Blanco-Vázquez C, Balseiro A, Milhano Santos F, Ciordia S, Corrales FJ, Iglesias T, Casais R. Proteomic Serum Profiling of Holstein Friesian Cows with Different Pathological Forms of Bovine Paratuberculosis Reveals Changes in the Acute-Phase Response and Lipid Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2023. [PMID: 37863471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The lack of sensitive diagnostic methods to detect Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) subclinical infections has hindered the control of paratuberculosis (PTB). The serum proteomic profiles of naturally infected cows presenting focal and diffuse pathological forms of PTB and negative controls (n = 4 per group) were analyzed using TMT-6plex quantitative proteomics. Focal and diffuse are the most frequent pathological forms in subclinical and clinical stages of PTB, respectively. One (focal versus (vs.) control), eight (diffuse vs. control), and four (focal vs. diffuse) differentially abundant (DA) proteins (q-value < 0.05) were identified. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the DA proteins revealed changes in the acute-phase response and lipid metabolism. Six candidate biomarkers were selected for further validation by specific ELISA using serum from animals with focal, multifocal, and diffuse PTB-associated lesions (n = 108) and controls (n = 56). Overall, the trends of the serum expression levels of the selected proteins were consistent with the proteomic results. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (ORM1)-based ELISA, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2)-based ELISA, and the anti-Map ELISA had the best diagnostic performance for detection of animals with focal, multifocal, and diffuse lesions, respectively. Our findings identify potential biomarkers that improve diagnostic sensitivity of PTB and help to elucidate the mechanisms involved in PTB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Isabel Navarro León
- Center for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario [SERIDA], 33394 Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Marta Muñoz
- Center for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario [SERIDA], 33394 Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Natalia Iglesias
- Center for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario [SERIDA], 33394 Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Cristina Blanco-Vázquez
- Center for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario [SERIDA], 33394 Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Fátima Milhano Santos
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [CSIC], Proteored-ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [CSIC], Proteored-ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando J Corrales
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [CSIC], Proteored-ISCIII, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Iglesias
- Unidad de Consultoría Estadística, Servicios Científico-técnicos, Universidad de Oviedo, Campus de Gijón, 33203 Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rosa Casais
- Center for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario [SERIDA], 33394 Deva, Asturias, Spain
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Alonso-Hearn M, Ballesteros A, Navarro A, Badia-Bringué G, Casais R. Lateral-flow assays for bovine paratuberculosis diagnosis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1257488. [PMID: 37901111 PMCID: PMC10601461 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1257488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes bovine paratuberculosis (PTB). PTB is responsible for significant economic losses in dairy herds around the word. PTB control programs that rely on testing and culling of test-positive cows have been developed. Current diagnostics, such as ELISA for detecting MAP antibodies in serum samples and PCR detecting MAP DNA in feces, have inadequate sensitivity for detecting subclinical animals. Innovative "omics" technologies such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology-based RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq), proteomics and metabolomics can be used to find host biomarkers. The discovered biomarkers (RNA, microRNAs, proteins, metabolites) can then be used to develop new and more sensitive approaches for PTB diagnosis. Traditional approaches for measuring host antibodies and biomarkers, such as ELISAs, northern blotting, quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), cDNA microarrays, and mass spectrometry are time-consuming, expensive, and sometimes exhibit poor sensitivity. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, low-cost monitoring devices for measuring antibodies against MAP proteins in point-of-care (POC) settings have been developed. Lateral flow assays (LFAs), in particular, are thought to be appropriate for the on-site detection of antibodies to MAP antigens and/or host biomarkers. This review aims to summarize LFAs that have recently been developed to accurately detect antibodies against MAP antigens, as well as the benefits that host biomarkers linked with MAP infection give to PTB diagnosis. The identification of these novel biomarkers could be the basis for the development of new LFAs. The dairy industry and producers are likely to benefit from reliable and rapid technologies capable of detecting MAP infection in situ to establish a quick and sensitive PTB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Ballesteros
- Biolan Health S.L, Technological Park of Bizkaia, Zamudio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alejandra Navarro
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Center of Animal Biotechnology, Deva, Asturias, Spain
| | - Gerard Badia-Bringué
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rosa Casais
- SERIDA, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Center of Animal Biotechnology, Deva, Asturias, Spain
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MacLeay M, Banos G, Donadeu FX. Association of plasma miRNAs with early life performance and aging in dairy cattle. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288343. [PMID: 37428722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life performance traits in dairy cattle can have important influences on lifetime productivity. Poor health and fertility are of great economical and animal welfare concern. Circulating miRNAs have been linked to several livestock traits, including resistance to infection, fertility, and muscle development. This study aimed to identify circulating miRNAs associated with early life performance traits and aging in dairy cattle. Plasma samples from female calves (n = 12) identified retrospectively as differing in health, growth, and fertility outcomes prior to first calving were analyzed using PCR arrays detecting 378 miRNAs. Levels of 6 miRNAs differed significantly in calves with poor growth/fertility relative to controls (t-test: P<0.05). Additionally, general(ized) (non)linear mixed models identified 1 miRNA associated with average daily gain until weaning, 22 with live bodyweight at one year of age, 47 with age at first service, and 19 with number of infections before first calving. Out of 85 distinct miRNAs that were associated with at least one animal trait, 9 miRNAs were validated by RT-qPCR in a larger cohort (n = 91 animals), which included longitudinal plasma samples (calf, heifer, first lactation cow). Significant associations (P<0.05) involving individual miRNAs or ratios between miRNAs and early-life performance traits were identified, but did not retain significance after multiple testing adjustment. However, levels of 8 plasma miRNAs (miR-126-3p, miR-127, miR-142-5p, miR-154b, miR-27b, miR-30c-5p, miR-34a, miR-363) changed significantly with age, most prominently during the calf-to-heifer transition. Comparative RT-qPCR analyses of these miRNAs across 19 calf tissues showed that most were ubiquitously expressed. Online database mining identified several pathways involved in metabolism and cell signaling as putative biological targets of these miRNAs. These results suggest that miR-126-3p, miR-127, miR-142-5p, miR-154b, miR-27b, miR-30c-5p, miR-34a, miR-363 are involved in regulating growth and development from birth to first lactation (~2 years old) and could provide useful biomarkers of aging in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison MacLeay
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Banos
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Roslin Institute Building, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Francesc Xavier Donadeu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Kyselová J, Tichý L, Sztankóová Z, Marková J, Kavanová K, Beinhauerová M, Mušková M. Comparative Characterization of Immune Response in Sheep with Caseous Lymphadenitis through Analysis of the Whole Blood Transcriptome. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2144. [PMID: 37443943 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a chronic contagious disease that affects small ruminants and is characterized by the formation of pyogranulomas in lymph nodes and other organs. However, the pathogenesis of this disease and the response of the host genome to infection are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the whole blood transcriptome and evaluate differential gene expression during the later stages of CL in naturally infected ewes. The study included diseased, serologically positive (EP), exposed, serologically negative (EN) ewes from the same infected flock and healthy ewes (CN) from a different flock. RNA sequencing was performed using the Illumina NextSeq system, and differential gene expression was estimated using DESeq2 and Edge R approaches. The analysis identified 191 annotated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the EP group (102 upregulated and 89 downregulated) and 256 DEGs in the EN group (106 upregulated and 150 downregulated) compared to the CN group. Numerous immunoregulatory interactions between lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells were influenced in both EP and EN ewes. Immune DEGs were preferentially assigned to antigen presentation through the MHC complex, T lymphocyte-mediated immunity, and extracellular matrix interactions. Furthermore, the EP group showed altered regulation of cytokine and chemokine signaling and activation and recombination of B-cell receptors. Conversely, NF-kappa B signaling, apoptosis, and stress response were the main processes influenced in the EN group. In addition, statistically significant enrichment of the essential immune pathways of binding and uptake of ligands by scavenger receptors in EP and p53 signaling in the EN group was found. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the disease course and host-pathogen interaction in naturally CL-infected sheep by investigating the blood transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Kyselová
- Department of Genetics and Breeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Tichý
- Department of Genetics and Breeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Sztankóová
- Department of Genetics and Breeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Marková
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kavanová
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Beinhauerová
- Department of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michala Mušková
- Department of Genetics and Breeding of Farm Animals, Institute of Animal Science, 104 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Minozzi G, De Iorio MG, Palazzo F, Gandini G, Biffani S, Paolillo G, Ciani E, Di Marco Lo Presti V, Stella A, Williams JL. Genome-wide association study for antibody response to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratubeculosis in goats. Anim Genet 2023; 54:78-81. [PMID: 36321295 DOI: 10.1111/age.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), causes Johne's disease (JD), or paratuberculosis, a chronic enteritis of ruminants, which in goats is characterized by ileal lesions. The work described here is a case-control association study using the Illumina Caprine SNP50 BeadChip to unravel the genes involved in susceptibility of goats to JD. Goats in herds with a high occurrence of Johne's disease were classified as healthy or infected based on the level of serum antibodies against MAP, and 331 animals were selected for the association study. Goats belonged to the Jonica (157) and Siriana breeds (174). Whole-genome association analysis identified one region suggestive of significance associated with an antibody response to MAP on chromosome 7 (p-value = 1.23 × 10-5 ). These results provide evidence for genetic loci involved in the antibody response to MAP in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulietta Minozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia De Iorio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Fiorentina Palazzo
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Gustavo Gandini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefano Biffani
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - Gianluigi Paolillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Elena Ciani
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Università degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia 'A. Mirri', Area Territoriale Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stella
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Milano, Milano, Italia
| | - John L Williams
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Davies Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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11
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Ojo OE, Kreuzer-Redmer S. MicroRNAs in Ruminants and Their Potential Role in Nutrition and Physiology. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10010057. [PMID: 36669058 PMCID: PMC9867202 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of how diet choices, dietary supplements, and feed intake influence molecular mechanisms in ruminant nutrition and physiology to maintain ruminant health, is essential to attain. In the present review, we focus on the role of microRNAs in ruminant health and disease; additionally, we discuss the potential of circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of disease in ruminants and the state of technology for their detection, also considering the major difficulties in the transition of biomarker development from bench to clinical practice. MicroRNAs are an inexhaustible class of endogenous non-protein coding small RNAs of 18 to 25 nucleotides that target either the 3' untranslated (UTR) or coding region of genes, ensuring a tight post-transcriptionally controlled regulation of gene expression. The development of new "omics" technologies facilitated a fresh perspective on the nutrition-to-gene relationship, incorporating more extensive data from molecular genetics, animal nutrition, and veterinary sciences. MicroRNAs might serve as important regulators of metabolic processes and may present the inter-phase between nutrition and gene regulation, controlled by the diet. The development of biomarkers holds the potential to revolutionize veterinary practice through faster disease detection, more accurate ruminant health monitoring, enhanced welfare, and increased productivity. Finally, we summarize the latest findings on how microRNAs function as biomarkers, how technological paradigms are reshaping this field of research, and how platforms are being used to identify novel biomarkers. Numerous studies have demonstrated a connection between circulating microRNAs and ruminant diseases such as mastitis, tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease, fasciolosis, and metabolic disorders. Therefore, the identification and analysis of a small number of microRNAs can provide crucial information about the stage of a disease, etiology, and prognosis.
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12
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Taylor EN, Beckmann M, Hewinson G, Rooke D, Mur LAJ, Koets AP. Metabolomic changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids as diagnostic biomarkers in Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP)-inoculated Holstein-Friesian heifers. Vet Res 2022; 53:68. [PMID: 36056402 PMCID: PMC9440510 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative organism of Johne's disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis of ruminants. We have previously used naturally MAP-infected heifer calves to document metabolomic changes occurring in MAP infections. Herein, we used experimentally MAP-inoculated heifer calves to identify biomarkers for MAP infections. At 2-weeks of age, 20 Holstein-Friesian (HF) calves were experimentally inoculated with MAP. These calves, along with 20 control calves, were sampled biweekly up to 13-months of age and then monthly up to 19-months of age. Sera were assessed using flow infusion electrospray high-resolution mass spectrometry (FIE-HRMS) on a Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer for high throughput, sensitive, non-targeted metabolite fingerprinting. Partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) discriminated between MAP-inoculated and control heifer calves. Out of 34 identified metabolites, six fatty acyls were able to differentiate between experimental groups throughout the study, including 8, 11, 14-eicosatrienoic acid and cis-8, 11, 14, 17-eicosatetraenoic acid which were also detected in our previous study and so further suggested their value as biomarkers for MAP infection. Pathway analysis highlighted the role of the alpha-linoleic acid and linoleic acid metabolism. Within these pathways, two broad types of response, with a rapid increase in some saturated fatty acids and some n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and later n-6 PUFAs, became predominant. This could indicate an initial anti-inflammatory colonisation phase, followed by an inflammatory phase. This study demonstrates the validity of the metabolomic approach in studying MAP infections. Nevertheless, further work is required to define further key events, particularly at a cell-specific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N Taylor
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Manfred Beckmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Glyn Hewinson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK.,Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - David Rooke
- ProTEM Services Ltd, Horsham, RH12 4BD, West Sussex, UK
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK.
| | - Ad P Koets
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Population Health Systems, Utrecht University, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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13
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Heidari M, Pakdel A, Bakhtiarizadeh MR, Dehghanian F. A framework for non-preserved consensus gene module detection in Johne's disease. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:974444. [PMID: 35968017 PMCID: PMC9363878 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.974444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a major concern in dairy industry. Since, the pathogenesis of the disease is not clearly known, it is necessary to develop an approach to discover molecular mechanisms behind this disease with high confidence. Biological studies often suffer from issues with reproducibility. Lack of a method to find stable modules in co-expression networks from different datasets related to Johne's disease motivated us to present a computational pipeline to identify non-preserved consensus modules. Two RNA-Seq datasets related to MAP infection were analyzed, and consensus modules were detected and were subjected to the preservation analysis. The non-preserved consensus modules in both datasets were determined as they are modules whose connectivity and density are affected by the disease. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and TF genes in the non-preserved consensus modules were identified to construct integrated networks of lncRNA-mRNA-TF. These networks were confirmed by protein-protein interactions (PPIs) networks. Also, the overlapped hub genes between two datasets were considered hub genes of the consensus modules. Out of 66 consensus modules, 21 modules were non-preserved consensus modules, which were common in both datasets and 619 hub genes were members of these modules. Moreover, 34 lncRNA and 152 TF genes were identified in 12 and 19 non-preserved consensus modules, respectively. The predicted PPIs in 17 non-preserved consensus modules were significant, and 283 hub genes were commonly identified in both co-expression and PPIs networks. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that eight out of 21 modules were significantly enriched for biological processes associated with Johne's disease including “inflammatory response,” “interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway”, “type I interferon signaling pathway,” “cytokine-mediated signaling pathway,” “regulation of interferon-beta production,” and “response to interferon-gamma.” Moreover, some genes (hub mRNA, TF, and lncRNA) were introduced as potential candidates for Johne's disease pathogenesis such as TLR2, NFKB1, IRF1, ATF3, TREM1, CDH26, HMGB1, STAT1, ISG15, CASP3. This study expanded our knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in Johne's disease, and the presented pipeline enabled us to achieve more valid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Heidari
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Pakdel
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Abbas Pakdel
| | - Mohammad Reza Bakhtiarizadeh
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Mohammad Reza Bakhtiarizadeh
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14
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Blanco-Vázquez C, Alonso-Hearn M, Iglesias N, Vázquez P, Juste RA, Garrido JM, Balseiro A, Canive M, Amado J, Queipo MA, Iglesias T, Casais R. Use of ATP-Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 13 (ABCA13) for Sensitive Detection of Focal Pathological Forms of Subclinical Bovine Paratuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:816135. [PMID: 35359676 PMCID: PMC8960928 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.816135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) that causes a heavy economic impact worldwide. Map infected animals can remain asymptomatic for years while transmitting the mycobacteria to other members of the herd. Therefore, accurate detection of subclinically infected animals is crucial for disease control. In a previous RNA-Seq study, we identified several mRNAs that were overexpressed in whole blood of cows with different PTB-associated histological lesions compared with control animals without detected lesions. The proteins encoded by two of these mRNAs, ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 13 (ABCA13) and Matrix Metallopeptidase 8 (MMP8) were significantly overexpressed in whole blood of animals with focal histological lesions, the most frequent pathological form in the subclinical stages of the disease. In the current study, the potential of sensitive early diagnostic tools of commercial ELISAs, based on the detection of these two biomarkers, was evaluated in serum samples of 704 Holstein Friesian cows (566 infected animals and 138 control animals from PTB-free farms). For this evaluation, infected animals were classified into three groups, according to the type of histological lesions present in their gut tissues: focal (n = 447), multifocal (n = 59), and diffuse (n = 60). The ELISA based on the detection of ABCA13 was successfully validated showing good discriminatory power between animals with focal lesions and control animals (sensitivity 82.99% and specificity 80.43%). Conversely, the MMP8-based ELISA showed a poor discriminatory power between the different histological groups and non-infected controls. The ABCA13-based ELISA showed a higher diagnostic value (0.822) than the IDEXX ELISA (0.517), the fecal bacterial isolation (0.523) and the real-time PCR (0.531) for the detection of animals with focal lesions. Overall, our results indicate that this ABCA13 ELISA greatly improves the identification of subclinically infected animals with focal lesions that are undetectable using current diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Blanco-Vázquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Deva, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Natalia Iglesias
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Deva, Spain
| | - Patricia Vázquez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Ramón A. Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Joseba M. Garrido
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC-Universidad de León), León, Spain
| | - María Canive
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Derio, Spain
| | - Javier Amado
- Laboratorio Regional de Sanidad Animal del Principado de Asturias, Gijón, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Queipo
- Servicio de Sanidad y Producción Animal del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Tania Iglesias
- Unidad de Consultoría Estadística, Servicios científico-técnicos, Universidad de Oviedo, Gijón, Spain
| | - Rosa Casais
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Deva, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rosa Casais
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15
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Skobel O, Kosovsky G, Glazko V. Candidate vectors of horizontal transfer of BovB retrotransposon. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20224301014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The horizontal transfer of retrotransposons has a significant impact on the regulatory system of a multicellular organism, but the biological basis of horizontal transfer has been sufficiently studied up to date. Earlier, we identified the conserved sequence of retrotransposons recombination products of the bovine chromosome 1 nucleotide sequence region. This conserved sequence has a high percent identity with LINE BovB, which is widely known as horizontal transfer participant. The current study analyzes the presence of the conserved sequence of retrotransposons recombination products of cattle in members of different taxonomic groups to detect potential vectors of horizontal transfer. It was shown that the conserved sequence with a high percent identity can be found in 43 members of different species, including eukaryotes, prokaryotes and viruses. The identified potential vectors of horizontal retrotransposon transfer associated with various diseases of farm animals are of particular interest. Such potential vectors are hemiparasites Babesia ovata and Babesia bigemina (pathogens causing babesiosis), bacterium Clostridium botulinum (the causative agent of botulism), Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (the causative agent of lung cancer in sheep). They all have regions with a high percent identity (not lower than 95%) to the studied bovine conserved sequence. Thus, we identify new potential vectors of horizontal retrotransposon transfer as well as the possible influence of retrotransposons on regulatory networks affecting host protection from infectious diseases.
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16
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Choi SW, Kim S, Park HT, Park HE, Choi JS, Yoo HS. MicroRNA profiling in bovine serum according to the stage of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259539. [PMID: 34735546 PMCID: PMC8568169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD), and it causes diarrhea and weakness in cattle. During a long subclinical stage, infected animals without clinical signs shed pathogens through feces. For this reason, the diagnosis of JD during the subclinical stage is very important. Circulating miRNAs are attracting attention as useful biomarkers in various veterinary diseases because of their expression changes depending on the state of the disease. Based on current knowledge, circulating miRNAs extracted from bovine serum were used to develop a diagnostic tool for JD. In this study, the animals were divided into 4 groups according to fecal shedding, the presence of antibodies, and clinical signs. Gene expression was analyzed by performing miRNA sequencing for each group, and it was identified that the miRNA expression changed more as the MAP infection progressed. The eight miRNAs that were differentially expressed in all infected groups were selected as biomarker candidates based on their significant differences compared to the control group. These biomarker candidates were validated by qRT-PCR. Considering the sequencing data, two upregulated miRNAs and two downregulated miRNAs showed the same trend in the validation results. Network analysis was also conducted and the results showed that mRNAs (IL-10, TGF-β1) associated with regulatory T cells were predicted to be activated in the subclinical stage. Taken together, our data suggest that two miRNAs (bta-miR-374b, bta-miR-2887) may play major roles in the immune response to MAP infection during the subclinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woon Choi
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Microbiology, Research Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Choi
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Taylor EN, Beckmann M, Villarreal-Ramos B, Vordermeier HM, Hewinson G, Rooke D, Mur LAJ, Koets AP. Metabolomic Changes in Naturally MAP-Infected Holstein-Friesian Heifers Indicate Immunologically Related Biochemical Reprogramming. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110727. [PMID: 34822384 PMCID: PMC8625860 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), causes weight loss, diarrhoea, and reduced milk yields in clinically infected cattle. Asymptomatic, subclinically infected cattle shed MAP bacteria but are frequently not detected by diagnostic tests. Herein, we compare the metabolite profiles of sera from subclinically infected Holstein–Friesian heifers and antibody binding to selected MAP antigens. The study used biobanked serum samples from 10 naturally MAP-infected and 10 control heifers, sampled monthly from ~1 to 19 months of age. Sera were assessed using flow infusion electrospray–high-resolution mass spectrometry (FIE–HRMS) on a Q Exactive hybrid quadrupole–Orbitrap mass spectrometer for high-throughput, sensitive, non-targeted metabolite fingerprinting. Partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of the data discriminated between naturally MAP-infected and control heifers. In total, 33 metabolites that differentially accumulated in naturally MAP-infected heifers compared to controls were identified. Five were significantly elevated within MAP-infected heifers throughout the study, i.e., leukotriene B4, bicyclo prostaglandin E2 (bicyclo PGE2), itaconic acid, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid and N6-acetyl-L-lysine. These findings highlight the potential of metabolomics in the identification of novel MAP diagnostic markers and particular biochemical pathways, which may provide insights into the bovine immune response to MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N. Taylor
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
| | - Manfred Beckmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
- Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Hans-Martin Vordermeier
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
- Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Glyn Hewinson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
- Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK
| | - David Rooke
- ProTEM Services Ltd., Horsham, West Sussex RH12 4BD, UK;
| | - Luis A. J. Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, UK; (E.N.T.); (M.B.); (B.V.-R.); (H.-M.V.); (G.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.A.J.M.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Ad P. Koets
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Population Health Systems, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (L.A.J.M.); (A.P.K.)
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18
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Mallikarjunappa S, Brito LF, Pant SD, Schenkel FS, Meade KG, Karrow NA. Johne's Disease in Dairy Cattle: An Immunogenetic Perspective. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:718987. [PMID: 34513975 PMCID: PMC8426623 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), also known as paratuberculosis, is a severe production-limiting disease with significant economic and welfare implications for the global cattle industry. Caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), JD manifests as chronic enteritis in infected cattle. In addition to the economic losses and animal welfare issues associated with JD, MAP has attracted public health concerns with potential association with Crohn's disease, a human inflammatory bowel disease. The lack of effective treatment options, such as a vaccine, has hampered JD control resulting in its increasing global prevalence. The disease was first reported in 1895, but in recognition of its growing economic impact, extensive recent research facilitated by a revolution in technological approaches has led to significantly enhanced understanding of the immunological, genetic, and pathogen factors influencing disease pathogenesis. This knowledge has been derived from a variety of diverse models to elucidate host-pathogen interactions including in vivo and in vitro experimental infection models, studies measuring immune parameters in naturally-infected animals, and by studies conducted at the population level to enable the estimation of genetic parameters, and the identification of genetic markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL) putatively associated with susceptibility or resistance to JD. The main objectives of this review are to summarize these recent developments from an immunogenetics perspective and attempt to extract the principal and common findings emerging from this wealth of recent information. Based on these analyses, and in light of emerging technologies such as gene-editing, we conclude by discussing potential future avenues for effectively mitigating JD in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mallikarjunappa
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Luiz F Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sameer D Pant
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Flavio S Schenkel
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kieran G Meade
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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19
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Heidari M, Pakdel A, Bakhtiarizadeh MR, Dehghanian F. Integrated Analysis of lncRNAs, mRNAs, and TFs to Identify Regulatory Networks Underlying MAP Infection in Cattle. Front Genet 2021; 12:668448. [PMID: 34290737 PMCID: PMC8287970 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.668448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease is a chronic infection of ruminants that burdens dairy herds with a significant economic loss. The pathogenesis of the disease has not been revealed clearly due to its complex nature. In order to achieve deeper biological insights into molecular mechanisms involved in MAP infection resulting in Johne’s disease, a system biology approach was used. As far as is known, this is the first study that considers lncRNAs, TFs, and mRNAs, simultaneously, to construct an integrated gene regulatory network involved in MAP infection. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and functional enrichment analysis were conducted to explore coexpression modules from which nonpreserved modules had altered connectivity patterns. After identification of hub and hub-hub genes as well as TFs and lncRNAs in the nonpreserved modules, integrated networks of lncRNA-mRNA-TF were constructed, and cis and trans targets of lncRNAs were identified. Both cis and trans targets of lncRNAs were found in eight nonpreserved modules. Twenty-one of 47 nonpreserved modules showed significant biological processes related to the immune system and MAP infection. Some of the MAP infection’s related pathways in the most important nonpreserved modules comprise “positive regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway,” “negative regulation of leukocyte migration,” “T-cell differentiation,” “neutrophil activation,” and “defense response.” Furthermore, several genes were identified in these modules, including SLC11A1, MAPK8IP1, HMGCR, IFNGR1, CMPK2, CORO1A, IRF1, LDLR, BOLA-DMB, and BOLA-DMA, which are potentially associated with MAP pathogenesis. This study not only enhanced our knowledge of molecular mechanisms behind MAP infection but also highlighted several promising hub and hub-hub genes involved in macrophage-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Heidari
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Pakdel
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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20
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Using Omics Approaches in the Discovery of Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Johne's Disease in Sheep and Goats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071912. [PMID: 34199073 PMCID: PMC8300312 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Johne’s disease (JD) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and is an important and emerging problem in livestock. Most JD research has been carried out on cattle, but interest in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of this disease in sheep and goats is greatest in developing countries. Sheep and goats are also a relevant part of livestock production in Europe and Australia, and these species provide an excellent resource to study and better understand the mechanism of survival of MAP and gain insights into possible approaches to control this disease. This review gives an overview of the literature on paratuberculosis in sheep and goats, highlighting the immunological aspects and the potential for “omics” approaches to identify effective biomarkers for the early detection of infection. Abstract Johne’s disease (JD) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and is an important and emerging problem in livestock; therefore, its control and prevention is a priority to reduce economic losses and health risks. Most JD research has been carried out on cattle, but interest in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of this disease in sheep and goats is greatest in developing countries. Sheep and goats are also a relevant part of livestock production in Europe and Australia, and these species provide an excellent resource to study and better understand the mechanism of survival of MAP and gain insights into possible approaches to control this disease. This review gives an overview of the literature on paratuberculosis in sheep and goats, highlighting the immunological aspects and the potential for “omics” approaches to identify effective biomarkers for the early detection of infection. As JD has a long incubation period before the disease becomes evident, early diagnosis is important to control the spread of the disease.
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21
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Blanco Vázquez C, Balseiro A, Alonso-Hearn M, Juste RA, Iglesias N, Canive M, Casais R. Bovine Intelectin 2 Expression as a Biomarker of Paratuberculosis Disease Progression. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051370. [PMID: 34065919 PMCID: PMC8151335 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The potential of the bovine intelectin 2 as a biomarker of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection was investigated using quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of ileocecal valve samples of animals with increasing degrees of lesion severity (focal, multifocal and diffuse histological lesions) and control animals without detected lesions. Significant differences were observed in the mean number of intelectin 2 immunolabelled cells between the three histopathological types and the control. Specifically, the mean number of intelectin 2 labelled cells was indicative of disease progression as the focal group had the highest number of intelectin 2 secreting cells followed by the multifocal, diffuse and control groups indicating that intelectin 2 is a good biomarker for the different stages of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Quantification of bovine intelectin 2 secreting cells could constitute a good post-mortem tool, complementary to histopathology, to improve detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis infections, especially latent forms of infection. Abstract Paratuberculosis (PTB), a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is responsible for important economic losses in the dairy industry. Our previous RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis showed that bovine intelectin 2 (ITLN2) precursor gene was overexpressed in ileocecal valve (ICV) samples of animals with focal (log2 fold-change = 10.6) and diffuse (log2 fold-change = 6.8) PTB-associated lesions compared to animals without lesions. This study analyzes the potential use of ITLN2, a protein that has been described as fundamental in the innate immune response to infections, as a biomarker of MAP infection. The presence of ITLN2 was investigated by quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of ICV samples of 20 Holstein Friesian cows showing focal (n = 5), multifocal (n = 5), diffuse (n = 5) and no histological lesions (n = 5). Significant differences were observed in the mean number of ITLN2 immunostained goblet and Paneth cells between the three histopathological types and the control. The number of immunolabelled cells was higher in the focal histopathological type (116.9 ± 113.9) followed by the multifocal (108.7 ± 140.5), diffuse (76.5 ± 97.8) and control types (41.0 ± 81.3). These results validate ITLN2 as a post-mortem biomarker of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Blanco Vázquez
- Center for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33394 Deva, Spain; (C.B.V.); (N.I.)
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain;
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Finca Marzanas, Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, E-48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.-H.); (R.A.J.); (M.C.)
| | - Ramón A. Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, E-48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.-H.); (R.A.J.); (M.C.)
| | - Natalia Iglesias
- Center for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33394 Deva, Spain; (C.B.V.); (N.I.)
| | - Maria Canive
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, P812, E-48160 Derio, Spain; (M.A.-H.); (R.A.J.); (M.C.)
| | - Rosa Casais
- Center for Animal Biotechnology, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33394 Deva, Spain; (C.B.V.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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miRNA Regulatory Functions in Farm Animal Diseases, and Biomarker Potentials for Effective Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063080. [PMID: 33802936 PMCID: PMC8002598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by targeting either the 3′ untranslated or coding regions of genes. They have been reported to play key roles in a wide range of biological processes. The recent remarkable developments of transcriptomics technologies, especially next-generation sequencing technologies and advanced bioinformatics tools, allow more in-depth exploration of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs. These technologies have offered great opportunities for a deeper exploration of miRNA involvement in farm animal diseases, as well as livestock productivity and welfare. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of miRNA roles in major farm animal diseases with a particular focus on diseases of economic importance. In addition, we discuss the steps and future perspectives of using miRNAs as biomarkers and molecular therapy for livestock disease management as well as the challenges and opportunities for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs related to disease pathogenesis.
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23
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Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are widely distributed in animals and cause considerable economic losses, especially in livestock animals. Bovine paratuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis, which are representative mycobacterial infections in cattle, are difficult to diagnose using current-generation diagnostics due to their relatively long incubation periods. Thus, alternative diagnostic tools are needed for the detection of mycobacterial infections in cattle. A biomarker is an indicator present in biological fluids that reflects the biological state of an individual during the progression of a specific disease. Therefore, biomarkers are considered a potential diagnostic tool for various diseases. Recently, the number of studies investigating biomarkers as tools for diagnosing mycobacterial infections has increased. In human medicine, many diagnostic biomarkers have been developed and applied in clinical practice. In veterinary medicine, however, many such developments are still in the early stages. In this review, we summarize the current progress in biomarker research related to the development of diagnostic biomarkers for mycobacterial infections in cattle.
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24
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Blanco Vázquez C, Alonso-Hearn M, Juste RA, Canive M, Iglesias T, Iglesias N, Amado J, Vicente F, Balseiro A, Casais R. Detection of latent forms of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection using host biomarker-based ELISAs greatly improves paratuberculosis diagnostic sensitivity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236336. [PMID: 32881863 PMCID: PMC7470414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), responsible for important economic losses in the dairy industry. Current diagnostic methods have low sensitivities for detection of latent forms of MAP infection, defined by focal granulomatous lesions and scarce humoral response or MAP presence. In contrast, patent infections correspond to multifocal and diffuse types of enteritis where there is increased antibody production, and substantial mycobacterial load. Our previous RNA-Seq analysis allowed the selection of five candidate biomarkers overexpressed in peripheral blood of MAP infected Holstein cows with focal (ABCA13 and MMP8) and diffuse (FAM84A, SPARC and DES) lesions vs. control animals with no detectable PTB-associated lesions in intestine and regional lymph nodes. The aim of the current study was to assess the PTB diagnostic potential of commercial ELISAs designed for the specific detection of these biomarkers. The ability of these ELISAs to identify animals with latent and/or patent forms of MAP infection was investigated using serum from naturally infected cattle (n = 88) and non-infected control animals (n = 67). ROC analysis revealed that the ABCA13-based ELISA showed the highest diagnostic accuracy for the detection of infected animals with focal lesions (AUC 0.837, sensitivity 79.25% and specificity 88.06%) and with any type of histological lesion (AUC 0.793, sensitivity 69.41% and specificity 86.57%) improving on the diagnostic performance of the popular IDEXX ELISA and other conventional diagnostic methods. SPARC and MMP8 showed the highest diagnostic accuracy for the detection of animals with multifocal (AUC 0.852) and diffuse lesions (AUC 0.831), respectively. In conclusion, our results suggest that quantification of ABCA13, SPARC and MMP8 by ELISA has the potential for implementation as a diagnostic tool to reliably identify MAP infection, greatly improving early detection of MAP latent infections when antibody responses and fecal shedding are undetectable using conventional diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Blanco Vázquez
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Deva Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ramón A. Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - María Canive
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Tania Iglesias
- Unidad de Consultoría Estadística, Servicios científico-técnicos, Universidad de Oviedo, Campus de Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Natalia Iglesias
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Deva Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Javier Amado
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal del Principado de Asturias (LSAPA), Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Fernando Vicente
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Deva Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Rosa Casais
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Deva Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- * E-mail:
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25
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Pazzola M, Puggioni G, Ponti MN, Scivoli R, Dettori ML, Cecchinato A, Vacca GM. Test positivity for Maedi-Visna virus and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in Sarda ewes: Effects on milk composition and coagulation traits and heritability estimates for susceptibility. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9213-9223. [PMID: 32828507 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) are two pathogens that cause chronic, production-limiting diseases in dairy sheep. Although they are present worldwide, there are no detailed reports on their actual effects on milk traits in the literature. This study was designed to investigate the effects of test positivity to MVV and MAP on ovine milk yield, composition and coagulation properties, and curd-firming over time (CFt) variables in clinically healthy animals at the field level. The additive genetic variation and heritabilities of MVV and MAP positivity were also estimated. Milk samples were collected from 1,079 Sarda sheep kept on 23 farms, and pedigree information was obtained from the flock book. Milk yield was also recorded on the sampling date. Positivity for MVV and MAP was determined from milk samples using indirect ELISA test kits. Milk composition traits were measured by spectroscopy, milk coagulation properties were measured with a Formagraph (Foss Italia, Padua, Italy), and CFt traits were calculated using the data from the Formagraph diagram. The effects of MVV and MAP positivity on milk traits were determined through a set of mixed linear models, which took into account various sources of variation, such as days in milk, parity, and flock effects, and included the effects (positive or negative) of the 2 pathogens. A Bayesian threshold sire model with sire relationship was used to estimate genetic variation and heritability. The overall animal prevalence of MVV-positive ewes was 43.6%; on only 1 farm of the 23 tested were all sampled ewes negative. An overall animal prevalence of 10.6% was recorded for MAP, with 4 farms at 0%. Positivity for MVV significantly affected the logarithmic score of the bacterial count, curd firmness after 30 min and 45 min, and the curd-firming instant rate constant. We found significant effects of MAP infection on milk composition, pH, and rennet coagulation time. The mean of the posterior distributions of heritability estimates on the liability scale was 0.15 for MAP and 0.07 for MVV. Our results demonstrate that only a few traits are negatively affected by MVV and MAP positivity, and that there is exploitable genetic variation in MVV and MAP susceptibility in dairy sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi," Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria N Ponti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi," Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosario Scivoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi," Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria L Dettori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giuseppe M Vacca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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26
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Shaughnessy RG, Farrell D, Stojkovic B, Browne JA, Kenny K, Gordon SV. Identification of microRNAs in bovine faeces and their potential as biomarkers of Johne's Disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5908. [PMID: 32246047 PMCID: PMC7125074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62843-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) are detectable in the peripheral blood and have been touted as potential biomarkers for a range of maladies. The presence and biomarker potential of miRNAs in other biofluids has been less thoroughly explored, particularly in the veterinary realm. Faecal miRNAs are a case in point; while they have been identified largely in rodents and humans, they have not been reported in cattle but may have prognostic or diagnostic value for Johne's Disease (JD) in cattle, a chronic granulomatous inflammation of the ileum caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). The aim of this study was thus to characterise the bovine faecal miRNome and to determine the utility of these transcripts as biomarkers for JD. Real-time PCR arrays consisting of 752 miRNA targets, optimised for detection of human miRNA, were used to screen RNA purified from faecal samples obtained from confirmed JD clinical cases vs. healthy controls. Two hundred and fifty-eight miRNAs were detected in bovine faeces, three of which are potentially novel orthologs of known human miRNAs. Differential abundance of three miRNA was evident in animals with clinical JD as compared to healthy controls. Our study has therefore identified a variety of miRNAs in bovine faeces and has demonstrated their utility in differentiating healthy animals from those with late-stage JD, providing potential biomarkers for MAP infection and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan G Shaughnessy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Biosensia, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, UCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Damien Farrell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bojan Stojkovic
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John A Browne
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kenny
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Stacumny Lane, Backweston, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Stephen V Gordon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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27
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Malvisi M, Curti N, Remondini D, De Iorio MG, Palazzo F, Gandini G, Vitali S, Polli M, Williams JL, Minozzi G. Combinatorial Discriminant Analysis Applied to RNAseq Data Reveals a Set of 10 Transcripts as Signatures of Exposure of Cattle to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E253. [PMID: 32033399 PMCID: PMC7070263 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease in cattle is a chronic granulomatous gastroenteritis caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Paratuberculosis is not treatable; therefore, the early identification and isolation of infected animals is a key point to reduce its incidence. In this paper, we analyse RNAseq experimental data of 5 ELISA-negative cattle exposed to MAP in a positive herd, compared to 5 negative-unexposed controls. The purpose was to find a small set of differentially expressed genes able to discriminate between exposed animals in a preclinical phase from non-exposed controls. Our results identified 10 transcripts that differentiate between ELISA-negative, clinically healthy, and exposed animals belonging to paratuberculosis-positive herds and negative-unexposed animals. Of the 10 transcripts, five (TRPV4, RIC8B, IL5RA, ERF, CDC40) showed significant differential expression between the three groups while the remaining 5 (RDM1, EPHX1, STAU1, TLE1, ASB8) did not show a significant difference in at least one of the pairwise comparisons. When tested in a larger cohort, these findings may contribute to the development of a new diagnostic test for paratuberculosis based on a gene expression signature. Such a diagnostic tool could allow early interventions to reduce the risk of the infection spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Malvisi
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine DIMEVET, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.D.I.); (G.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Nico Curti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (N.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Daniel Remondini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (N.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Maria Grazia De Iorio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine DIMEVET, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.D.I.); (G.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Fiorentina Palazzo
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Gustavo Gandini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine DIMEVET, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.D.I.); (G.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Silvia Vitali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (N.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Michele Polli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine DIMEVET, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.D.I.); (G.G.); (M.P.)
| | - John L. Williams
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5005, Australia;
| | - Giulietta Minozzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine DIMEVET, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.G.D.I.); (G.G.); (M.P.)
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28
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Scott MA, Woolums AR, Swiderski CE, Perkins AD, Nanduri B, Smith DR, Karisch BB, Epperson WB, Blanton JR. Whole blood transcriptomic analysis of beef cattle at arrival identifies potential predictive molecules and mechanisms that indicate animals that naturally resist bovine respiratory disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227507. [PMID: 31929561 PMCID: PMC6957175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial disease complex and the leading infectious disease in post-weaned beef cattle. Clinical manifestations of BRD are recognized in beef calves within a high-risk setting, commonly associated with weaning, shipping, and novel feeding and housing environments. However, the understanding of complex host immune interactions and genomic mechanisms involved in BRD susceptibility remain elusive. Utilizing high-throughput RNA-sequencing, we contrasted the at-arrival blood transcriptomes of 6 beef cattle that ultimately developed BRD against 5 beef cattle that remained healthy within the same herd, differentiating BRD diagnosis from production metadata and treatment records. We identified 135 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the differential gene expression tools edgeR and DESeq2. Thirty-six of the DEGs shared between these two analysis platforms were prioritized for investigation of their relevance to infectious disease resistance using WebGestalt, STRING, and Reactome. Biological processes related to inflammatory response, immunological defense, lipoxin metabolism, and macrophage function were identified. Production of specialized pro-resolvin mediators (SPMs) and endogenous metabolism of angiotensinogen were increased in animals that resisted BRD. Protein-protein interaction modeling of gene products with significantly higher expression in cattle that naturally acquire BRD identified molecular processes involving microbial killing. Accordingly, identification of DEGs in whole blood at arrival revealed a clear distinction between calves that went on to develop BRD and those that resisted BRD. These results provide novel insight into host immune factors that are present at the time of arrival that confer protection from BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Scott
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amelia R. Woolums
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Cyprianna E. Swiderski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Andy D. Perkins
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - David R. Smith
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - Brandi B. Karisch
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - William B. Epperson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
| | - John R. Blanton
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States of America
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Abstract
Paratuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis are two mycobacterial diseases of ruminants which have a considerable impact on livestock health, welfare, and production. These are chronic "iceberg" diseases which take years to manifest and in which many subclinical cases remain undetected. Suggested biomarkers to detect infected or diseased animals are numerous and include cytokines, peptides, and expression of specific genes; however, these do not provide a strong correlation to disease. Despite these advances, disease detection still relies heavily on dated methods such as detection of pathogen shedding, skin tests, or serology. Here we review the evidence for suitable biomarkers and their mechanisms of action, with a focus on identifying animals that are resilient to disease. A better understanding of these factors will help establish new strategies to control the spread of these diseases.
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van den Esker MH, Koets AP. Application of Transcriptomics to Enhance Early Diagnostics of Mycobacterial Infections, with an Emphasis on Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6030059. [PMID: 31247942 PMCID: PMC6789504 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria cause a wide variety of disease in human and animals. Species that infect ruminants include M. bovis and M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP). MAP is the causative agent of Johne’s disease in ruminants, which is a chronic granulomatous enteric infection that leads to severe economic losses worldwide. Characteristic of MAP infection is the long, latent phase in which intermittent shedding can take place, while diagnostic tests are unable to reliably detect an infection in this stage. This leads to unnoticed dissemination within herds and the presence of many undetected, silent carriers, which makes the eradication of Johne’s disease difficult. To improve the control of MAP infection, research is aimed at improving early diagnosis. Transcriptomic approaches can be applied to characterize host-pathogen interactions during infection, and to develop novel biomarkers using transcriptional profiles. Studies have focused on the identification of specific RNAs that are expressed in different infection stages, which will assist in the development and clinical implementation of early diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle H van den Esker
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ad P Koets
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Analysis of the microRNA Expression Profile of Bovine Monocyte-derived Macrophages Infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis Reveals that miR-150 Suppresses Cell Apoptosis by Targeting PDCD4. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112708. [PMID: 31159463 PMCID: PMC6600136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative pathogen of Johne’s disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis that principally affects ruminants and can survive, proliferate and disseminate in macrophages. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and can impact the processes of cells. To investigate the role of miRNAs in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) during MAP infection, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze small RNA libraries of MAP-infected and control MDMs. The results showed that a total of 21 miRNAs were differentially expressed in MDMs after MAP infection, and 8864 target genes were predicted. A functional analysis showed that the target genes were mainly involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway and apoptosis. In addition, using a dual-luciferase reporter assay, flow cytometry, and a small interfering (si)RNA knockdown assay, the role of miR-150 in regulating macrophage apoptosis by targeting the programmed cell death protein-4 (PDCD4) was demonstrated. These results provide an experimental basis to reveal the regulatory mechanism of MAP infection and suggest the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis of Johne’s disease in bovines.
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32
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Jenvey CJ, Shircliff AL, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR. Phenotypes of macrophages present in the intestine are impacted by stage of disease in cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217649. [PMID: 31121006 PMCID: PMC6532939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in the host immune response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection, however, MAP is able to disrupt normal macrophage functions to avoid destruction. It is unclear whether the phenotypes of macrophages present in the target tissue play a role in the inability to clear MAP infection. The aim of this study was to identify macrophage phenotypes (host defense or resolution and repair) present within the bovine ileum of naturally infected cattle, as well as to ascertain abundance of each macrophage phenotype present during different stages of MAP infection. Immunofluorescent (IF) labeling was performed on frozen bovine mid-ileal tissue sections collected from 28 Holstein dairy cows. Comprehensive IF staining for cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-1Ra, IL-1β, IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α, and uNOS, along with markers such as CD163, CD206, and TLR4, served to define the macrophage phenotypes. Overall, cows in the clinical stage of disease demonstrated significantly higher numbers of resolution and repair macrophages and lower numbers of host defense macrophages in the ileal tissue. Interestingly, subclinically affected cows with asymptomatic disease had a nearly equal ratio of host defense and resolution and repair macrophage phenotypes, whereas macrophage phenotype was skewed to a host defense macrophage in the tissues of the control noninfected cows. The preponderance of M2-like resolution and repair phenotype for macrophages in the tissues of cows with clinical disease would explain why the host fails to control and/or clear the infection, leading to a higher MAP burden. The results of the current study offer insight into the disparate macrophage phenotypes present in the bovine ileum during different stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J. Jenvey
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Adrienne L. Shircliff
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - John P. Bannantine
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Gupta SK, Maclean PH, Ganesh S, Shu D, Buddle BM, Wedlock DN, Heiser A. Detection of microRNA in cattle serum and their potential use to diagnose severity of Johne's disease. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10259-10270. [PMID: 30197143 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease in ruminants, which is characterized by chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis. The infection leads to wasting and weight loss in the animals and eventually death, causing considerable production losses to the agricultural industry worldwide. Currently available ELISA- and PCR-based diagnostic tests have limited sensitivity and specificity during early MAP infection in cattle, suggesting that there is an urgent demand for alternative diagnostic tests. Circulating microRNA (miRNA) have recently gained attention as potential biomarkers for several diseases in humans. However, knowledge and use of miRNA as biomarkers in diseases of ruminants, including Johne's disease, are very limited. Here we used NanoString nCounter technology (NanoString, Seattle, WA), a digital platform for amplification-free and hybridization-based quantitative measurement of miRNA in the sera of noninfected and naturally MAP-infected cattle with different severity of infection. Using probes developed against human miRNA, 26 miRNA were detected in cattle serum; 13 of these miRNA were previously uncharacterized for cattle. Canonical discrimination analysis using 20 miRNA grouped animals into 4 distinct clusters based on their disease status, suggesting that the levels of these miRNA can reflect disease severity. A model was developed using a combination of 4 miRNA (miR-1976, miR-873-3p, miR-520f-3p, and miR-126-3p), which distinguished moderate and severely infected animals from noninfected animals. Our study demonstrated the ability of the NanoString nCounter technology to detect differential expression of circulating miRNA in cattle and contributes to widely growing evidence that miRNA can be used as biomarkers in infectious diseases in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Gupta
- Animal Health, AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Paul H Maclean
- Bioinformatics and Statistics, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Siva Ganesh
- Bioinformatics and Statistics, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Dairu Shu
- Animal Health, AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Bryce M Buddle
- Animal Health, AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - D Neil Wedlock
- Animal Health, AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Axel Heiser
- Animal Health, AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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34
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Garvey M. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: A possible causative agent in human morbidity and risk to public health safety. Open Vet J 2018; 8:172-181. [PMID: 29911021 PMCID: PMC5987349 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a bacterial parasite and the causative agent of paratuberculosis, a disease predominately found in cattle and sheep. Infection with this microorganism results in substantial farming economic losses and animal morbidity. The link between infection with this pathogen and human disease has been theorised for many years with Crohn's disease being one of many suspected resultant conditions. Mycobacterium avium may be spread from animal to human hosts by water and foodborne transmission routes, where the foodborne route of exposure represents a significant risk for susceptible populations, namely children and the immune-compromised. Following colonisation of the host, the parasitic organism evades the host immune system by use of molecular mimicry, displaying peptide sequences similar to that of the host cells causing a disruption of self-verses non self-recognition. Theoretically, this failure to recognise the invading organism as distinct from host cells may result in numerous autoimmune conditions. Here, the author presents current information assessing the link between numerous diseases states in humans such inflammatory bowel disease, Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto\'s thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis and autism following infection with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. The possibility of zoonotic transmission of the organism and its significant risk to public health safety as a consequence is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Garvey
- Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group, Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland
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35
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Chand R, Ramalingam S, Neethirajan S. A 2D transition-metal dichalcogenide MoS 2 based novel nanocomposite and nanocarrier for multiplex miRNA detection. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:8217-8225. [PMID: 29682650 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00697k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale MoS2 has attracted extensive attention for sensing due to its superior properties. This study outlines a microfluidic and electrochemical biosensing methodology for the multiplex detection of paratuberculosis-specific miRNAs. Herein, we report the synthesis of MoS2 nanosheets decorated with a copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticle composite and molecular probe immobilized MoS2 nanosheets as nanocarriers for the electrochemical detection of miRNAs. Paratuberculosis is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract of dairy cattle, and is a cause of substantial economic and animal losses all over the world. The designed biosensing electrode was modified with the synthesized MoS2-CuFe2O4 nanocomposites for a highly amplified signal generation. Additionally, selective detection of miRNAs was accomplished by functionalizing the MoS2 nanosheets with a miRNA-specific biotin-tagged thiolated molecular probe and ferrocene thiol. The presence of target miRNA triggered the opening of the molecular probe present on the nanocarriers. The interaction of the molecular probe and miRNA resulted in an increase in the electrochemical signal from ferrocene. The optimized microfluidic biosensor was employed to detect a range of miRNA concentrations from the target analyte. Using square wave voltammetric analysis, a detection limit of 0.48 pM was calculated, with a detection range of 1 pM to 1.5 nM. The application of the biosensor was also assessed by detecting miRNAs in spiked serum and positive clinical samples. The developed nanomaterial enabled biosensor easily discriminated between the target miRNAs and other interfering molecules. The developed microfluidic biosensor has the potential to be used as a point-of-care, miRNA based diagnostic tool for paratuberculosis in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Chand
- BioNano Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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36
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Chaudhary V, Jangra S, Yadav NR. Nanotechnology based approaches for detection and delivery of microRNA in healthcare and crop protection. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:40. [PMID: 29653577 PMCID: PMC5897953 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobiotechnology has the potential to revolutionize diverse sectors including medicine, agriculture, food, textile and pharmaceuticals. Disease diagnostics, therapeutics and crop protection strategies are fast emerging using nanomaterials preferably nanobiomaterials. It has potential for development of novel nanobiomolecules which offer several advantages over conventional treatment methods. RNA nanoparticles with many unique features are promising candidates in disease treatment. The miRNAs are involved in many biochemical and developmental pathways and their regulation in plants and animals. These appear to be a powerful tool for controlling various pathological diseases in human, plants and animals, however there are challenges associated with miRNA based nanotechnology. Several advancements made in the field of miRNA therapeutics make it an attractive approach, but a lot more has to be explored in nanotechnology assisted miRNA therapy. The miRNA based technologies can be employed for detection and combating crop diseases as well. Despite these potential advantages, nanobiotechnology applications in the agricultural sector are still in its infancy and have not yet made its mark in comparison with healthcare sector. The review provides a platform to discuss nature, role and use of miRNAs in nanobiotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrantika Chaudhary
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Sumit Jangra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
| | - Neelam R. Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004 India
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37
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Park HT, Park HE, Cho YI, Kim EH, Jung M, Shin SW, Lee SH, Kim DY, Yoo HS. Potential biomarkers as an indicator of vertical transmission of Johne's disease in a Korean native cattle farm. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:343-349. [PMID: 28385000 PMCID: PMC5583422 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (PTB) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and is one of the most widespread and economically important diseases in cattle. After birth, calves are raised with natural breast feeding without separation from their mothers in most Korean native cattle (Hanwoo breed) farms. Vertical transmission of PTB has been reported, but the exact PTB infection route has not been revealed in Hanwoo farms. Calves of MAP seropositive dams were tested for MAP presence and MAP antibodies in feces and tissues. MAP was detected in calf tissues by using polymerase chain reaction. Expressions of genes reported to be prognostic biomarkers of MAP infection changed in both calves and cows (p < 0.05). Expression of two genes (HGF and SERPINE1) were significantly decreased in MAP-infected cattle and their offspring (p < 0.01). The results suggest that biomarker gene expression profiles can be useful in detecting early stage MAP infection. Based on the results, complete eradication of MAP may be possible if accurate diagnostic methods to detect infected calves are added to the current PTB eradication strategy, which, because infected individuals are likely to develop into fecal MAP shedders at any time, includes isolation of new born calves and feeding sterilized colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Il Cho
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Suncheon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Eui-Hyung Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Pyeongchang 25340, Korea
| | - Myunghwan Jung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Won Shin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Hussain T, Zhao D, Shah SZA, Wang J, Yue R, Liao Y, Sabir N, Yang L, Zhou X. MicroRNA 27a-3p Regulates Antimicrobial Responses of Murine Macrophages Infected by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by Targeting Interleukin-10 and TGF-β-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Binding Protein 2. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1915. [PMID: 29375563 PMCID: PMC5768609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) persistently survive and replicate in mononuclear phagocytic cells by adopting various strategies to subvert host immune response. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) upregulation via inhibition of macrophage bactericidal activity is a critical step for MAP survival and pathogenesis within the host cell. Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 signaling cascade plays a crucial role in the elevation of IL-10 and progression of MAP pathogenesis. The contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their influence on the activation of macrophages during MAP pathogenesis are still unclear. In the current study, we found that miRNA-27a-3p (miR-27a) expression is downregulated during MAP infection both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, miR-27a is also downregulated in toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-stimulated murine macrophages (RAW264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophage). ELISA and real-time qRT-PCR results confirm that overexpression of miR-27a inhibited MAP-induced IL-10 production in macrophages and upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, while miR-27a inhibitor counteracted these effects. Luciferase reporter assay results revealed that IL-10 and TGF-β-activated protein kinase 1 binding protein 2 (TAB 2) are potential targets of miR-27a. In addition, we demonstrated that miR-27a negatively regulates TAB 2 expression and diminishes TAB 2-dependent p38/JNK phosphorylation, ultimately downregulating IL-10 expression in MAP-infected macrophages. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-27a significantly inhibited the intracellular survival of MAP in infected macrophages. Our data show that miR-27a augments antimicrobial activities of macrophages and inhibits the expression of IL-10, demonstrating that miR-27a regulates protective innate immune responses during MAP infection and can be exploited as a novel therapeutic target in the control of intracellular pathogens, including paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Hussain
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichao Yue
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Naveed Sabir
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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39
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Dong H, Gao Q, Peng X, Sun Y, Han T, Zhao B, Liu Y, Wang C, Song X, Wu J, Yang L. Circulating MicroRNAs As Potential Biomarkers for Veterinary Infectious Diseases. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:186. [PMID: 29209619 PMCID: PMC5701639 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a kind of small non-coding RNA molecules that could regulate multiple biological pathways at posttranscriptional level. Over 2,000 miRNAs have so far been discovered in humans, and many of them are found to be linked to various kinds of diseases. Thus, miRNAs are being considered as clinical diagnostic and therapeutic targets. With the discovery of high stability of circulating miRNAs in various kinds of mammalian body fluids, the potential of circulating miRNAs as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers of infectious diseases aroused great interest among researchers. As far as human diseases are concerned, some biomarkers based on circulating miRNAs have been progressed to clinical application. In veterinary fields, however, this concept is only beginning to come into view. In this review, we summarize an update of preclinical studies on using circulating miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers to combat infectious diseases that affect domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- National Veterinarian Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Inspection Technology Research, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Peng
- Department of Inspection Technology Research, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- National Veterinarian Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Han
- National Veterinarian Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Bolin Zhao
- National Veterinarian Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yufu Liu
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanbin Wang
- National Veterinarian Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Song
- National Veterinarian Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- National Veterinarian Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yang
- National Veterinarian Diagnostic Center, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
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40
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Park HE, Park HT, Jung YH, Yoo HS. Establishment a real-time reverse transcription PCR based on host biomarkers for the detection of the subclinical cases of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178336. [PMID: 28542507 PMCID: PMC5444815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic enteric inflammatory disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) that causes large economic losses in the dairy industry. Spread of PTB is mainly provoked by a long subclinical stage during which MAP is shed into the environment with feces; accordingly, detection of subclinical animals is very important to its control. However, current diagnostic methods are not suitable for detection of subclinical animals. Therefore, the current study was conducted to develop a diagnostic method for analysis of the expression of genes of prognostic potential biomarker candidates in the whole blood of cattle naturally infected with MAP. Real-time PCR with nine potential biomarker candidates was developed for the diagnosis of MAP subclinical infection. Animals were divided into four groups based on fecal MAP PCR and serum ELISA. Eight genes (Timp1, Hp, Serpine1, Tfrc, Mmp9, Defb1, Defb10, and S100a8) were up-regulated in MAP-infected cattle (p <0.05). Moreover, ROC analysis revealed that eight genes (Timp1, Hp, Serpine1, Tfrc, Mmp9, Defb1, Defb10, and S100a8) showed fair diagnostic performance (AUC≥0.8). Four biomarkers (Timp1, S100a8, Defb1, and Defb10) showed the highest diagnostic accuracy in the PCR positive and ELISA negative group (PN group) and three biomarkers (Tfrc, Hp, and Serpine1) showed the highest diagnostic accuracy in the PCR negative and ELISA positive group (NP group). Moreover, three biomarkers (S100a8, Hp, and Defb10) were considered the most reliable for the PCR positive and ELISA positive group (PP group). Taken together, our data suggest that real-time PCR based on eight biomarkers (Timp1, Hp, Serpine1, Tfrc, Mmp9, Defb1, Defb10, and S100a8) might be useful for diagnosis of JD, including subclinical stage cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- Department of Animal Resoures Devlopment, National Instiute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Identification of candidate genes for paratuberculosis resistance in the native Italian Garfagnina goat breed. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1135-1142. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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