1
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Meliambro K, He JC, Campbell KN. Podocyte-targeted therapies - progress and future directions. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:643-658. [PMID: 38724717 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Podocytes are the key target cells for injury across the spectrum of primary and secondary proteinuric kidney disorders, which account for up to 90% of cases of kidney failure worldwide. Seminal experimental and clinical studies have established a causative link between podocyte depletion and the magnitude of proteinuria in progressive glomerular disease. However, no substantial advances have been made in glomerular disease therapies, and the standard of care for podocytopathies relies on repurposed immunosuppressive drugs. The past two decades have seen a remarkable expansion in understanding of the mechanistic basis of podocyte injury, with prospects increasing for precision-based treatment approaches. Dozens of disease-causing genes with roles in the pathogenesis of clinical podocytopathies have been identified, as well as a number of putative glomerular permeability factors. These achievements, together with the identification of novel targets of podocyte injury, the development of potential approaches to harness the endogenous podocyte regenerative potential of progenitor cell populations, ongoing clinical trials of podocyte-specific pharmacological agents and the development of podocyte-directed drug delivery systems, contribute to an optimistic outlook for the future of glomerular disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Meliambro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John C He
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirk N Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Gyarmati G, Shroff UN, Izuhara A, Deepak S, Komers R, Bedard PW, Peti-Peterdi J. Sparsentan improves glomerular hemodynamics, cell functions, and tissue repair in a mouse model of FSGS. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e177775. [PMID: 39226116 PMCID: PMC11466195 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.177775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dual endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (AngII) receptor antagonism with sparsentan has strong antiproteinuric actions via multiple potential mechanisms that are more pronounced, or additive, compared with current standard of care using angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Considering the many actions of ET-1 and AngII on multiple cell types, this study aimed to determine glomeruloprotective mechanisms of sparsentan compared to the ARB losartan by direct visualization of its effects in the intact kidney in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) using intravital multiphoton microscopy. In both healthy and FSGS models, sparsentan treatment increased afferent/efferent arteriole diameters; increased or preserved blood flow and single-nephron glomerular filtration rate; attenuated acute ET-1 and AngII-induced increases in podocyte calcium; reduced proteinuria; preserved podocyte number; increased both endothelial and renin lineage cells and clones in vasculature, glomeruli, and tubules; restored glomerular endothelial glycocalyx; and attenuated mitochondrial stress and immune cell homing. These effects were either not observed or of smaller magnitude with losartan. The pleiotropic nephroprotective effects of sparsentan included improved hemodynamics, podocyte and endothelial cell functions, and tissue repair. Compared with losartan, sparsentan was more effective in the sustained preservation of kidney structure and function, which underscores the importance of the ET-1 component in FSGS pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Gyarmati
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Urvi Nikhil Shroff
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Audrey Izuhara
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sachin Deepak
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Radko Komers
- Travere Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Gyarmati G, Shroff UN, Riquier-Brison A, Desposito D, Ju W, Stocker SD, Izuhara A, Deepak S, Becerra Calderon A, Burford JL, Kadoya H, Moon JY, Chen Y, Rinschen MM, Ahmadi N, Lau L, Biemesderfer D, James AW, Minichiello L, Zlokovic BV, Gill IS, Kretzler M, Peti-Peterdi J. Neuronally differentiated macula densa cells regulate tissue remodeling and regeneration in the kidney. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e174558. [PMID: 38598837 PMCID: PMC11142747 DOI: 10.1172/jci174558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is limited in several organs, including the kidney, contributing to the high prevalence of kidney disease globally. However, evolutionary and physiological adaptive responses and the presence of renal progenitor cells suggest an existing remodeling capacity. This study uncovered endogenous tissue remodeling mechanisms in the kidney that were activated by the loss of body fluid and salt and regulated by a unique niche of a minority renal cell type called the macula densa (MD). Here, we identified neuronal differentiation features of MD cells that sense the local and systemic environment and secrete angiogenic, growth, and extracellular matrix remodeling factors, cytokines and chemokines, and control resident progenitor cells. Serial intravital imaging, MD nerve growth factor receptor and Wnt mouse models, and transcriptome analysis revealed cellular and molecular mechanisms of these MD functions. Human and therapeutic translation studies illustrated the clinical potential of MD factors, including CCN1, as a urinary biomarker and therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease. The concept that a neuronally differentiated key sensory and regulatory cell type responding to organ-specific physiological inputs controls local progenitors to remodel or repair tissues may be applicable to other organs and diverse tissue-regenerative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Gyarmati
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Urvi Nikhil Shroff
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anne Riquier-Brison
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dorinne Desposito
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wenjun Ju
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sean D. Stocker
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Audrey Izuhara
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sachin Deepak
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alejandra Becerra Calderon
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James L. Burford
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Kadoya
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ju-Young Moon
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yibu Chen
- USC Libraries Bioinformatics Service, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Markus M. Rinschen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nariman Ahmadi
- Institute of Urology, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lester Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Biemesderfer
- Section of Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Inderbir S. Gill
- Institute of Urology, Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - János Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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4
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Arndt P, Sradnick J, Kroeger H, Holtzhausen S, Kessel F, Gerlach M, Todorov V, Hugo C. A quantitative 3D intravital look at the juxtaglomerular renin-cell-niche reveals an individual intra/extraglomerular feedback system. Front Physiol 2022; 13:980787. [PMID: 36237522 PMCID: PMC9550881 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.980787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The juxtaglomerular niche occupied by renin cells (RCN) plays an important role in glomerular repair but the precise temporal and spatial interrelations remain unclear. This study proposes the hypothesis of a local intra-extraglomerular regenerative feedback system and establishes a new quantifiable system for RCN responses in individual glomeruli in vivo. A strictly intraglomerular two-photon laser-induced injury model was established. Labeled renin cells (RC) in transgenic renin reporter mice were fate-traced in healthy and injured glomeruli over several days by intravital microscopy and quantified via new three-dimensional image processing algorithms based on ray tracing. RC in healthy glomeruli demonstrated dynamic extraglomerular protrusions. Upon intraglomerular injury the corresponding RCN first increased in volume and then increased in area of dynamic migration up to threefold compared to their RCN. RC started migration reaching the site of injury within 3 hours and acquired a mesangial cell phenotype without losing physical RCN-contact. During intraglomerular repair only the corresponding RCN responded via stimulated neogenesis, a process of de novo differentiation of RC to replenish the RCN. Repeated continuous intravital microscopy provides a state-of-the-art tool to prove and further study the local intraglomerular RCN repair feedback system in individual glomeruli in vivo in a quantifiable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Arndt
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Sradnick
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hannah Kroeger
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Holtzhausen
- Institute of Machine Elements and Machine Design, Chair of Virtual Product Development, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Friederike Kessel
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gerlach
- Core Facility Cellular Imaging, Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir Todorov
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hugo
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christian Hugo,
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5
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Broeker KAE, Schrankl J, Fuchs MAA, Kurtz A. Flexible and multifaceted: the plasticity of renin-expressing cells. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:799-812. [PMID: 35511367 PMCID: PMC9338909 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The protease renin, the key enzyme of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, is mainly produced and secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney, which are located in the walls of the afferent arterioles at their entrance into the glomeruli. When the body’s demand for renin rises, the renin production capacity of the kidneys commonly increases by induction of renin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and in extraglomerular mesangial cells. These cells undergo a reversible metaplastic cellular transformation in order to produce renin. Juxtaglomerular cells of the renin lineage have also been described to migrate into the glomerulus and differentiate into podocytes, epithelial cells or mesangial cells to restore damaged cells in states of glomerular disease. More recently, it could be shown that renin cells can also undergo an endocrine and metaplastic switch to erythropoietin-producing cells. This review aims to describe the high degree of plasticity of renin-producing cells of the kidneys and to analyze the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A E Broeker
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Schrankl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michaela A A Fuchs
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Kurtz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
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6
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Telomerase is required for glomerular renewal in kidneys of adult mice. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:15. [PMID: 35149726 PMCID: PMC8837629 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic renal filtration relies on the integrity of podocytes, which function in glomerular filtration. These highly specialized cells are damaged in 90% of chronic kidney disease, representing the leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Although modest podocyte renewal has been documented in adult mice, the mechanisms regulating this process remain largely unknown and controversial. Using a mouse model of Adriamycin-induced nephropathy, we find that the recovery of filtration function requires up-regulation of the endogenous telomerase component TERT. Previous work has shown that transient overexpression of catalytically inactive TERT (i-TERTci mouse model) has an unexpected role in triggering dramatic podocyte proliferation and renewal. We therefore used this model to conduct specific and stochastic lineage-tracing strategies in combination with high throughput sequencing methods. These experiments provide evidence that TERT drives the activation and clonal expansion of podocyte progenitor cells. Our findings demonstrate that the adult kidney bears intrinsic regenerative capabilities involving the protein component of telomerase, paving the way for innovative research toward the development of chronic kidney disease therapeutics.
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7
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Zhang W, Gao C, Tsilosani A, Samarakoon R, Plews R, Higgins P. Potential renal stem/progenitor cells identified by in vivo lineage tracing. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F379-F391. [PMID: 35100814 PMCID: PMC8934668 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00326.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian kidneys consist of more than 30 different types of cells. A challenging task is to identify and characterize the stem/progenitor subpopulations that establish the lineage relationships among these cellular elements during nephrogenesis in the embryonic and neonate kidneys and during tissue homeostasis and/or injury repair in the mature kidney. Moreover, the potential clinical utility of stem/progenitor cells holds promise for development of new regenerative medicine approaches for the treatment of renal diseases. Stem cells are defined by unlimited self-renewal capacity and pluripotentiality. Progenitor cells have pluripotentiality, but no or limited self-renewal potential. Cre-LoxP-based in vivo genetic lineage tracing is a powerful tool to identify the stem/progenitor cells in their native environment. Hypothetically, this technique enables investigators to accurately track the progeny of a single cell, or a group of cells. The Cre/loxP system has been widely employed to uncover the function of genes in various mammalian tissues and to identify stem/progenitor cells through in vivo lineage tracing analyses. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the development and characterization of various Cre drivers, and their use in identifying potential renal stem/progenitor cells in both developing and mature mouse kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Akaki Tsilosani
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Robert Plews
- Department of General Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Paul Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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8
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Kitching AR, Hickey MJ. Immune cell behaviour and dynamics in the kidney - insights from in vivo imaging. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:22-37. [PMID: 34556836 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The actions of immune cells within the kidney are of fundamental importance in kidney homeostasis and disease. In disease settings such as acute kidney injury, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, lupus nephritis and renal transplant rejection, immune cells resident within the kidney and those recruited from the circulation propagate inflammatory responses with deleterious effects on the kidney. As in most forms of inflammation, intravital imaging - particularly two-photon microscopy - has been critical to our understanding of immune cell responses in the renal microvasculature and interstitium, enabling visualization of immune cell dynamics over time rather than statically. These studies have demonstrated differences in the recruitment and function of these cells from those in more conventional vascular beds, and provided a wealth of information on the actions of blood-borne immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes and T cells, as well as kidney-resident mononuclear phagocytes, in a range of diseases affecting different kidney compartments. In particular, in vivo imaging has furthered our understanding of leukocyte function within the glomerulus in acute glomerulonephritis, and in the tubulointerstitium and interstitial microvasculature during acute kidney injury and following transplantation, revealing mechanisms of immune surveillance, antigen presentation and inflammation in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Departments of Nephrology and Paediatric Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Little MH, Humphreys BD. Regrow or Repair: An Update on Potential Regenerative Therapies for the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:15-32. [PMID: 34789545 PMCID: PMC8763179 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years ago, this journal published a review outlining future options for regenerating the kidney. At that time, stem cell populations were being identified in multiple tissues, the concept of stem cell recruitment to a site of injury was of great interest, and the possibility of postnatal renal stem cells was growing in momentum. Since that time, we have seen the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells, substantial advances in our capacity to both sequence and edit the genome, global and spatial transcriptional analysis down to the single-cell level, and a pandemic that has challenged our delivery of health care to all. This article will look back over this period of time to see how our view of kidney development, disease, repair, and regeneration has changed and envision a future for kidney regeneration and repair over the next 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Little
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin D. Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Missouri,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Missouri
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10
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Watanabe H, Martini AG, Brown EA, Liang X, Medrano S, Goto S, Narita I, Arend LJ, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system causes concentric hypertrophy of renal arterioles in mice and humans. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e154337. [PMID: 34762601 PMCID: PMC8783690 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are widely used to treat hypertension. Using mice harboring fluorescent cell lineage tracers, single-cell RNA-Seq, and long-term inhibition of RAS in both mice and humans, we found that deletion of renin or inhibition of the RAS leads to concentric thickening of the intrarenal arteries and arterioles. This severe disease was caused by the multiclonal expansion and transformation of renin cells from a classical endocrine phenotype to a matrix-secretory phenotype: the cells surrounded the vessel walls and induced the accumulation of adjacent smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix, resulting in blood flow obstruction, focal ischemia, and fibrosis. Ablation of the renin cells via conditional deletion of β1 integrin prevented arteriolar hypertrophy, indicating that renin cells are responsible for vascular disease. Given these findings, prospective morphological studies in humans are necessary to determine the extent of renal vascular damage caused by the widespread use of inhibitors of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Alexandre G. Martini
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Evan A. Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiuyin Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Silvia Medrano
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Shin Goto
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ichiei Narita
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kidney Research Center, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Lois J. Arend
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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11
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Gyarmati G, Jacob CO, Peti-Peterdi J. New Endothelial Mechanisms in Glomerular (Patho)biology and Proteinuria Development Captured by Intravital Multiphoton Imaging. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:765356. [PMID: 34722598 PMCID: PMC8548465 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.765356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, intravital imaging using multiphoton microscopy has provided numerous new visual and mechanistic insights into glomerular biology and disease processes including the function of glomerular endothelial cells (GEnC), podocytes, and the development of proteinuria. Although glomerular endothelial injury is known to precede podocyte damage in several renal diseases, the primary role of GEnCs in proteinuria development received much less attention compared to the vast field of podocyte pathobiology. Consequently, our knowledge of GEnC mechanisms in glomerular diseases is still emerging. This review highlights new visual clues on molecular and cellular mechanisms of GEnCs and their crosstalk with podocytes and immune cells that were acquired recently by the application of multiphoton imaging of the intact glomerular microenvironment in various proteinuric disease models. New mechanisms of glomerular tissue remodeling and regeneration are discussed based on results of tracking the fate and function of individual GEnCs using serial intravital multiphoton imaging over several days and weeks. The three main topics of this review include (i) the role of endothelial injury and microthrombi in podocyte detachment and albumin leakage via hemodynamic and mechanical forces, (ii) the alterations of the endothelial surface layer (glycocalyx) and its interactions with circulating immune cells in lupus nephritis, and (iii) the structural and functional remodeling and regeneration of GEnCs in hypertension, diabetes, and other experimental injury conditions. By the comprehensive visual portrayal of GEnCs and the many other contributing glomerular cell types, this review emphasizes the complexity of pathogenic mechanisms that result in proteinuria development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Gyarmati
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chaim O Jacob
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - János Peti-Peterdi
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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12
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Kessel F, Steglich A, Hickmann L, Lira-Martinez R, Gerlach M, Sequeira-Lopez ML, Gomez RA, Hugo C, Todorov VT. Patterns of differentiation of renin lineage cells during nephrogenesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F378-F388. [PMID: 34338032 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00151.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmentally heterogeneous renin expressing cells serve as progenitors for mural, glomerular and tubular cells during nephrogenesis and are collectively termed renin lineage cells (RLCs). In this study, we quantified different renal vascular and tubular cell types based on specific markers, assessed proliferation, and de-novo differentiation in the RLC population. We used kidney sections of mRenCre-mT/mG mice throughout nephrogenesis. Marker positivity was evaluated in whole digitalized sections. At embryonic day 16, RLCs appeared in the developing kidney, and expression of all stained markers in RLCs was observed. The proliferation rate of RLCs did not differ from the proliferation rate of non-RLCs. The RLCs expanded mainly by de-novo differentiation (neogenesis). The fractions of RLCs originating from the stromal progenitors of the metanephric mesenchyme (renin producing cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, mesangial cells) decreased during nephrogenesis. In contrast, aquaporin 2 positive RLCs in the collecting duct system that embryonically emerges almost exclusively from the ureteric bud, expanded postpartum. The cubilin positive RLC fraction in the proximal tubule, deriving from the cap mesenchyme, remained constant. During nephrogenesis, RLCs were continuously detectable in the vascular and tubular compartments of the kidney. Therein, various patterns of RLC differentiation that depend on the embryonic origin of the cells were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Kessel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Steglich
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Hickmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ricardo Lira-Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gerlach
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Core Facility Cellular Imaging (CFCI), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Luisa Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Christian Hugo
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir T Todorov
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Desposito D, Schiessl IM, Gyarmati G, Riquier-Brison A, Izuhara AK, Kadoya H, Der B, Shroff UN, Hong YK, Peti-Peterdi J. Serial intravital imaging captures dynamic and functional endothelial remodeling with single-cell resolution. JCI Insight 2021; 6:123392. [PMID: 33848265 PMCID: PMC8262275 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.123392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are important in the maintenance of healthy blood vessels and in the development of vascular diseases. However, the origin and dynamics of endothelial precursors and remodeling at the single-cell level have been difficult to study in vivo owing to technical limitations. Therefore, we aimed to develop a direct visual approach to track the fate and function of single endothelial cells over several days and weeks in the same vascular bed in vivo using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) of transgenic Cdh5-Confetti mice and the kidney glomerulus as a model. Individual cells of the vascular endothelial lineage were identified and tracked owing to their unique color combination, based on the random expression of cyan/green/yellow/red fluorescent proteins. Experimental hypertension, hyperglycemia, and laser-induced endothelial cell ablation rapidly increased the number of new glomerular endothelial cells that appeared in clusters of the same color, suggesting clonal cell remodeling by local precursors at the vascular pole. Furthermore, intravital MPM allowed the detection of distinct structural and functional alterations of proliferating endothelial cells. No circulating Cdh5-Confetti+ cells were found in the renal cortex. Moreover, the heart, lung, and kidneys showed more significant clonal endothelial cell expansion compared with the brain, pancreas, liver, and spleen. In summary, we have demonstrated that serial MPM of Cdh5-Confetti mice in vivo is a powerful technical advance to study endothelial remodeling and repair in the kidney and other organs under physiological and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorinne Desposito
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and
| | - Ina Maria Schiessl
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and
| | - Georgina Gyarmati
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and
| | - Anne Riquier-Brison
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and
| | - Audrey K Izuhara
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and
| | - Hiroyuki Kadoya
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and
| | - Balint Der
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and
| | - Urvi Nikhil Shroff
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, and
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14
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Martins JR, Haenni D, Bugarski M, Polesel M, Schuh C, Hall AM. Intravital kidney microscopy: entering a new era. Kidney Int 2021; 100:527-535. [PMID: 34015315 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of intravital imaging with multiphoton microscopy has had a major impact on kidney research. It provides the unique opportunity to visualize dynamic behavior of cells and organelles in their native environment and to relate this to the complex 3-dimensional structure of the organ. Moreover, changes in cell/organelle function can be followed in real time in response to physiological interventions or disease-causing insults. However, realizing the enormous potential of this exciting approach has necessitated overcoming several substantial practical hurdles. In this article, we outline the nature of these challenges and how a variety of technical advances have provided effective solutions. In particular, improvements in laser/microscope technology, fluorescent probes, transgenic animals, and abdominal windows are collectively making previously opaque processes visible. Meanwhile, the rise of machine learning-based image analysis is facilitating the rapid generation of large amounts of quantitative data, amenable to deeper statistical interrogation. Taken together, the increased capabilities of multiphoton imaging are opening up huge new possibilities to study structure-function relationships in the kidney in unprecedented detail. In addition, they are yielding important new insights into cellular mechanisms of tissue damage, repair, and adaptive remodeling during disease states. Thus, intravital microscopy is truly entering an exciting new era in translational kidney research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R Martins
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Haenni
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milica Bugarski
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Claus Schuh
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew M Hall
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Abstract
AbstractAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical symptom, which is mainly manifested by elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. When AKI is not repaired in time, the patient is prone to develop chronic kidney disease (CKD). The kidney is composed of more than 30 different cells, and its structure is complex. It is extremely challenging to understand the lineage relationships and cell fate of these cells in the process of kidney injury and regeneration. Since the 20th century, lineage tracing technology has provided an important mean for studying organ development, tissue damage repair, and the differentiation and fate of single cells. However, traditional lineage tracing methods rely on sacrificing animals to make tissue slices and then take snapshots with conventional imaging tools to obtain interesting information. This method cannot achieve dynamic and continuous monitoring of cell actions on living animals. As a kind of intravital microscopy (IVM), two-photon microscopy (TPM) has successfully solved the above problems. Because TPM has the ability to penetrate deep tissues and can achieve imaging at the single cell level, lineage tracing technology with TPM is gradually becoming popular. In this review, we provided the key technical elements of lineage tracing, and how to use intravital imaging technology to visualize and quantify the fate of renal cells.
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16
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Abstract
Renin cells are essential for survival perfected throughout evolution to ensure normal development and defend the organism against a variety of homeostatic threats. During embryonic and early postnatal life, they are progenitors that participate in the morphogenesis of the renal arterial tree. In adult life, they are capable of regenerating injured glomeruli, control blood pressure, fluid-electrolyte balance, tissue perfusion, and in turn, the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells. Throughout life, renin cell descendants retain the plasticity or memory to regain the renin phenotype when homeostasis is threatened. To perform all of these functions and maintain well-being, renin cells must regulate their identity and fate. Here, we review the major mechanisms that control the differentiation and fate of renin cells, the chromatin events that control the memory of the renin phenotype, and the major pathways that determine their plasticity. We also examine how chronic stimulation of renin cells alters their fate leading to the development of a severe and concentric hypertrophy of the intrarenal arteries and arterioles. Lastly, we provide examples of additional changes in renin cell fate that contribute to equally severe kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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17
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Wang Y, Eng DG, Kaverina NV, Loretz CJ, Koirala A, Akilesh S, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Global transcriptomic changes occur in aged mouse podocytes. Kidney Int 2020; 98:1160-1173. [PMID: 32592814 PMCID: PMC7606654 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular podocytes undergo structural and functional changes with advanced age, that increase susceptibility of aging kidneys to worse outcomes following superimposed glomerular diseases. To delineate transcriptional changes in podocytes in aged mice, RNA-seq was performed on isolated populations of reporter-labeled (tdTomato) podocytes from multiple young (two to three months) and advanced aged mice (22 to 24 months, equivalent to 70 plus year old humans). Of the 2,494 differentially expressed genes, 1,219 were higher and 1,275 were lower in aged podocytes. Pathway enrichment showed that major biological processes increased in aged podocytes included immune responses, non-coding RNA metabolism, gene silencing and MAP kinase signaling. Conversely, aged podocytes showed downregulation of developmental, morphogenesis and metabolic processes. Canonical podocyte marker gene expression decreased in aged podocytes, with increases in apoptotic and senescence genes providing a mechanism for the progressive loss of podocytes seen with aging. In addition, we revealed aberrations in the podocyte autocrine signaling network, identified the top transcription factors perturbed in aged podocytes, and uncovered candidate gene modulations that might promote healthy aging in podocytes. The transcriptional signature of aging is distinct from other kidney diseases. Thus, our study provides insights into biomarker discovery and molecular targeting of the aging process itself within podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wang
- Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Institute for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Natalya V Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carol J Loretz
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Abbal Koirala
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shreeram Akilesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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18
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Kadoya H, Yu N, Schiessl IM, Riquier-Brison A, Gyarmati G, Desposito D, Kidokoro K, Butler MJ, Jacob CO, Peti-Peterdi J. Essential role and therapeutic targeting of the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx in lupus nephritis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:131252. [PMID: 32870819 PMCID: PMC7566710 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major organ complication and cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There is an unmet medical need for developing more efficient and specific, mechanism-based therapies, which depends on improved understanding of the underlying LN pathogenesis. Here we present direct visual evidence from high-power intravital imaging of the local kidney tissue microenvironment in mouse models showing that activated memory T cells originated in immune organs and the LN-specific robust accumulation of the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx played central roles in LN development. The glomerular homing of T cells was mediated via the direct binding of their CD44 to the hyaluronic acid (HA) component of the endothelial glycocalyx, and glycocalyx-degrading enzymes efficiently disrupted homing. Short-course treatment with either hyaluronidase or heparinase III provided long-term organ protection as evidenced by vastly improved albuminuria and survival rate. This glycocalyx/HA/memory T cell interaction is present in multiple SLE-affected organs and may be therapeutically targeted for SLE complications, including LN. A combined immunology and renal pathophysiology study of the local kidney tissue microenvironment in lupus identifies a key role of glomerular endothelial glycocalyx in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kadoya
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Nephrology/Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Ning Yu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ina Maria Schiessl
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anne Riquier-Brison
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Georgina Gyarmati
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dorinne Desposito
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kengo Kidokoro
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Nephrology/Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Matthew J Butler
- Academic Renal Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chaim O Jacob
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - János Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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19
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Ranjit S, Lanzanò L, Libby AE, Gratton E, Levi M. Advances in fluorescence microscopy techniques to study kidney function. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 17:128-144. [PMID: 32948857 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-00337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy, in particular immunofluorescence microscopy, has been used extensively for the assessment of kidney function and pathology for both research and diagnostic purposes. The development of confocal microscopy in the 1950s enabled imaging of live cells and intravital imaging of the kidney; however, confocal microscopy is limited by its maximal spatial resolution and depth. More recent advances in fluorescence microscopy techniques have enabled increasingly detailed assessment of kidney structure and provided extraordinary insights into kidney function. For example, nanoscale precise imaging by rapid beam oscillation (nSPIRO) is a super-resolution microscopy technique that was originally developed for functional imaging of kidney microvilli and enables detection of dynamic physiological events in the kidney. A variety of techniques such as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) enable assessment of interaction between proteins. The emergence of other super-resolution techniques, including super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED), photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM), has enabled functional imaging of cellular and subcellular organelles at ≤50 nm resolution. The deep imaging via emission recovery (DIVER) detector allows deep, label-free and high-sensitivity imaging of second harmonics, enabling assessment of processes such as fibrosis, whereas fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) enables assessment of metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Ranjit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. .,Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Luca Lanzanò
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Physics and Astronomy "Ettore Majorana", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrew E Libby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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20
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Kaverina NV, Eng DG, Miner JH, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Parietal epithelial cell differentiation to a podocyte fate in the aged mouse kidney. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:17601-17624. [PMID: 32858527 PMCID: PMC7521511 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Healthy aging is typified by a progressive and absolute loss of podocytes over the lifespan of animals and humans. To test the hypothesis that a subset of glomerular parietal epithelial cell (PEC) progenitors transition to a podocyte fate with aging, dual reporter PEC-rtTA|LC1|tdTomato|Nphs1-FLPo|FRT-EGFP mice were generated. PECs were inducibly labeled with a tdTomato reporter, and podocytes were constitutively labeled with an EGFP reporter. With advancing age (14 and 24 months) glomeruli in the juxta-medullary cortex (JMC) were more severely injured than those in the outer cortex (OC). In aged mice (24m), injured glomeruli with lower podocyte number (41% decrease), showed more PEC migration and differentiation to a podocyte fate than mildly injured or healthy glomeruli. PECs differentiated to a podocyte fate had ultrastructural features of podocytes and co-expressed the podocyte markers podocin, nephrin, p57 and VEGF164, but not markers of mesangial (Perlecan) or endothelial (ERG) cells. PECs differentiated to a podocyte fate did not express CD44, a marker of PEC activation. Taken together, we demonstrate that a subpopulation of PECs differentiate to a podocyte fate predominantly in injured glomeruli in mice of advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana G. Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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21
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Assmus AM, Mullins JJ, Brown CM, Mullins LJ. Cellular plasticity: A mechanism for homeostasis in the kidney. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13447. [PMID: 31991057 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular plasticity is a topical subject with interest spanning a wide range of fields from developmental biology to regenerative medicine. Even the nomenclature is a subject of debate, and the underlying mechanisms are still under investigation. On top of injury repair, cell plasticity is a constant physiological process in adult organisms and tissues, in response to homeostatic challenges. In this review we discuss two examples of plasticity for the maintenance of homeostasis in the renal system-namely the renin-producing juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) and cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells. JG cells show plasticity through recruitment mechanisms, answering the demand for an increase in renin production. In the CCD, cells appear to have the ability to transdifferentiate between principal and intercalated cells to help maintain the highly regulated solute transport levels of that segment. These two cases highlight the complexity of plasticity processes and the role they can play in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M. Assmus
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - John J. Mullins
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - Cara M. Brown
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - Linda J. Mullins
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
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22
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Steglich A, Hickmann L, Linkermann A, Bornstein S, Hugo C, Todorov VT. Beyond the Paradigm: Novel Functions of Renin-Producing Cells. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:53-81. [PMID: 32691160 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The juxtaglomerular renin-producing cells (RPC) of the kidney are referred to as the major source of circulating renin. Renin is the limiting factor in renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which represents a proteolytic cascade in blood plasma that plays a central role in the regulation of blood pressure. Further cells disseminated in the entire organism express renin at a low level as part of tissue RASs, which are thought to locally modulate the effects of systemic RAS. In recent years, it became increasingly clear that the renal RPC are involved in developmental, physiological, and pathophysiological processes outside RAS. Based on recent experimental evidence, a novel concept emerges postulating that next to their traditional role, the RPC have non-canonical RAS-independent progenitor and renoprotective functions. Moreover, the RPC are part of a widespread renin lineage population, which may act as a global stem cell pool coordinating homeostatic, stress, and regenerative responses throughout the organism. This review focuses on the RAS-unrelated functions of RPC - a dynamic research area that increasingly attracts attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Steglich
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Hickmann
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Bornstein
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hugo
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir T Todorov
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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23
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Puelles VG, van der Wolde JW, Wanner N, Scheppach MW, Cullen-McEwen LA, Bork T, Lindenmeyer MT, Gernhold L, Wong MN, Braun F, Cohen CD, Kett MM, Kuppe C, Kramann R, Saritas T, van Roeyen CR, Moeller MJ, Tribolet L, Rebello R, Sun YB, Li J, Müller-Newen G, Hughson MD, Hoy WE, Person F, Wiech T, Ricardo SD, Kerr PG, Denton KM, Furic L, Huber TB, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Bertram JF. mTOR-mediated podocyte hypertrophy regulates glomerular integrity in mice and humans. JCI Insight 2019; 4:99271. [PMID: 31534053 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular origins of glomerulosclerosis involve activation of parietal epithelial cells (PECs) and progressive podocyte depletion. While mammalian target of rapamycin-mediated (mTOR-mediated) podocyte hypertrophy is recognized as an important signaling pathway in the context of glomerular disease, the role of podocyte hypertrophy as a compensatory mechanism preventing PEC activation and glomerulosclerosis remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that glomerular mTOR and PEC activation-related genes were both upregulated and intercorrelated in biopsies from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and diabetic nephropathy, suggesting both compensatory and pathological roles. Advanced morphometric analyses in murine and human tissues identified podocyte hypertrophy as a compensatory mechanism aiming to regulate glomerular functional integrity in response to somatic growth, podocyte depletion, and even glomerulosclerosis - all of this in the absence of detectable podocyte regeneration. In mice, pharmacological inhibition of mTOR signaling during acute podocyte loss impaired hypertrophy of remaining podocytes, resulting in unexpected albuminuria, PEC activation, and glomerulosclerosis. Exacerbated and persistent podocyte hypertrophy enabled a vicious cycle of podocyte loss and PEC activation, suggesting a limit to its beneficial effects. In summary, our data highlight a critical protective role of mTOR-mediated podocyte hypertrophy following podocyte loss in order to preserve glomerular integrity, preventing PEC activation and glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Puelles
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - James W van der Wolde
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicola Wanner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Luise A Cullen-McEwen
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tillmann Bork
- Renal Division, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maja T Lindenmeyer
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Gernhold
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Milagros N Wong
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Braun
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Nephrological Center Medical Clinic and Polyclinic IV, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michelle M Kett
- Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leon Tribolet
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard Rebello
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yu By Sun
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jinhua Li
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gerhard Müller-Newen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael D Hughson
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Wendy E Hoy
- Centre for Chronic Disease, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fermin Person
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wiech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter G Kerr
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate M Denton
- Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luc Furic
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Australia.,Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John F Bertram
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Kaverina NV, Eng DG, Freedman BS, Kutz JN, Chozinski TJ, Vaughan JC, Miner JH, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Dual lineage tracing shows that glomerular parietal epithelial cells can transdifferentiate toward the adult podocyte fate. Kidney Int 2019; 96:597-611. [PMID: 31200942 PMCID: PMC7008116 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes are differentiated post-mitotic cells that cannot replace themselves after injury. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are proposed to be podocyte progenitors. To test whether a subset of parietal epithelial cells transdifferentiate to a podocyte fate, dual reporter PEC-rtTA|LC1|tdTomato|Nphs1-FLPo|FRT-EGFP mice, named PEC-PODO, were generated. Doxycycline administration permanently labeled parietal epithelial cells with tdTomato reporter (red), and upon doxycycline removal, the parietal epithelial cells (PECs) cannot label further. Despite the presence or absence of doxycycline, podocytes cannot label with tdTomato, but are constitutively labeled with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter (green). Only activation of the Nphs1-FLPo transgene by labeled parietal epithelial cells can generate a yellow color. At day 28 of experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, podocyte density was 20% lower in 20% of glomeruli. At day 56 of experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, podocyte density was 18% lower in 17% of glomeruli. TdTomato+ parietal epithelial cells were restricted to Bowman's capsule in healthy mice. However, by days 28 and 56 of experimental disease, two-thirds of tdTomato+ parietal epithelial cells within glomerular tufts were yellow in color. These cells co-expressed the podocyte markers podocin, nephrin, p57 and VEGF164, but not markers of endothelial (ERG) or mesangial (Perlecan) cells. Expansion microscopy showed primary, secondary and minor processes in tdTomato+EGFP+ cells in glomerular tufts. Thus, our studies provide strong evidence that parietal epithelial cells serve as a source of new podocytes in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - J Nathan Kutz
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tyler J Chozinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua C Vaughan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Miner
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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25
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Zhong J, Whitman JB, Yang HC, Fogo AB. Mechanisms of Scarring in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:623-632. [PMID: 31116068 PMCID: PMC6713971 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419850170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) presents with scar in parts of some glomeruli and often progresses to global and diffuse glomerulosclerosis. Podocyte injury is the initial target in primary FSGS, induced by a circulating factor. Several gene variants, for example, APOL1, are associated with increased susceptibility to FSGS. Primary FSGS may be due to genetic mutation in key podocyte genes. Increased work stress after loss of nephrons, epigenetic mechanisms, and various profibrotic pathways can contribute to progressive sclerosis, regardless of the initial injury. The progression of FSGS lesions also involves crosstalk between podocytes and other kidney cells, such as parietal epithelial cells, glomerular endothelial cells, and even tubular epithelial cells. New insights related to these mechanisms could potentially lead to new therapeutic strategies to prevent progression of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jacob B Whitman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hai-Chun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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26
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Sex differences in transcriptomic profiles in aged kidney cells of renin lineage. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:606-621. [PMID: 29676999 PMCID: PMC5940125 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renin expressing cells in the kidney’s juxta-glomeruluar compartment likely also serve as progenitors for adult glomerular cells in disease. Although these cells of renin lineage (CoRL) decrease in number with advancing kidney age, accompanied by less responsiveness to typical stimuli such as ACE-inhibition, mechanisms and the impact of sex as a biological variable with age are not known. Accordingly, labeled CoRL were sorted from individual young (2m) and aged (27m) male and female Ren1cCre|ZsGreen reporter mice, and their transcriptomic profiles analyzed by RNA seq. When both aged female and male mice were combined, there were 48 differentially expressed genes (DEG) compared to young mice. However, when compared to their young sex-matched mice, aged female and male mice had 159 and 503 DEGs respectively. In addition to marked differences in individual genes between aged female and male mice, gene ontology analysis showed major pathway differences by sex. The majority of DEGs in one sex did not significantly change or changed in the opposite direction in the other sex. These results show that in CoRL of advanced age, individual genes and gene ontologies change, but differ between female and male mice, highlighting sex related differences the aging process.
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27
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Postnatal podocyte gain: Is the jury still out? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 91:147-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Shroff UN, Schiessl IM, Gyarmati G, Riquier-Brison A, Peti-Peterdi J. Novel fluorescence techniques to quantitate renal cell biology. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 154:85-107. [PMID: 31493823 PMCID: PMC6748388 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy techniques are powerful tools to study tissue dynamics, cellular function and biology both in vivo and in vitro. These tools allow for functional assessment and quantification along with qualitative analysis, thus providing a comprehensive understanding of various cellular processes under normal physiological and disease conditions. The main focus of this chapter is the recently developed method of serial intravital multiphoton microscopy that has helped shed light on the dynamic alterations of the spatial distribution and fate of single renal cells or cell populations and their migration patterns in the same tissue region over several days in response to various stimuli within the living kidney. This technique is very useful for studying in vivo the molecular and cellular mechanisms of tissue remodeling and repair after injury. In addition, complementary in vitro imaging tools are also described and discussed, like tissue clearing techniques and protein synthesis measurement in tissues in situ that provide an in depth assessment of changes at the cellular level. Thus, these novel fluorescence techniques can be effectively leveraged for different tissue types, experimental conditions as well as disease models to improve our understanding of renal cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvi Nikhil Shroff
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ina Maria Schiessl
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Georgina Gyarmati
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anne Riquier-Brison
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Gyarmati G, Kadoya H, Moon JY, Burford JL, Ahmadi N, Gill IS, Hong YK, Dér B, Peti-Peterdi J. Advances in Renal Cell Imaging. Semin Nephrol 2019; 38:52-62. [PMID: 29291762 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A great variety of cell imaging technologies are used routinely every day for the investigation of kidney cell types in applications ranging from basic science research to drug development and pharmacology, clinical nephrology, and pathology. Quantitative visualization of the identity, density, and fate of both resident and nonresident cells in the kidney, and imaging-based analysis of their altered function, (patho)biology, metabolism, and signaling in disease conditions, can help to better define pathomechanism-based disease subgroups, identify critical cells and structures that play a role in the pathogenesis, critically needed biomarkers of disease progression, and cell and molecular pathways as targets for novel therapies. Overall, renal cell imaging has great potential for improving the precision of diagnostic and treatment paradigms for individual acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease patients or patient populations. This review highlights and provides examples for some of the recently developed renal cell optical imaging approaches, mainly intravital multiphoton fluorescence microscopy, and the new knowledge they provide for our better understanding of renal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Gyarmati
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hiroyuki Kadoya
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Ju-Young Moon
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - James L Burford
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nariman Ahmadi
- Institute of Urology, Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Inderbir S Gill
- Institute of Urology, Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Bálint Dér
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - János Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
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30
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Schiessl IM, Fremter K, Burford JL, Castrop H, Peti-Peterdi J. Long-Term Cell Fate Tracking of Individual Renal Cells Using Serial Intravital Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2150:25-44. [PMID: 31087287 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2019_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intravital multiphoton microscopy of the kidney is a powerful technique to study alterations in tissue morphology and function simultaneously in the living animal and represents a dynamic and developing research tool in the field. Recent technological advances include serial intravital multiphoton microscopy of the same kidney regions over several weeks and combined with ex vivo histology for cellular biomarker expression of the same cells, which had been subject to serial imaging before. Thus, serial intravital multiphoton microscopy followed by ex vivo histology provides unique tools to perform long-term cell fate tracing of the same renal cells during physiological and pathophysiological conditions, thereby allowing the detection of structural changes of the same renal cells over time. Examples include renal cell migration and proliferation while linking these events to local functional alterations and eventually to the expression of distinct cellular biomarkers. Here, we provide a detailed step-by-step protocol to facilitate serial intravital multiphoton microscopy for long-term in vivo tracking of renal cells and subsequent ex vivo histology for immunohistological staining of the same cells in the fixed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Maria Schiessl
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Katharina Fremter
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - James L Burford
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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31
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Hoffmann S, Mullins L, Buckley C, Rider S, Mullins J. Investigating the RAS can be a fishy business: interdisciplinary opportunities using Zebrafish. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2469-2481. [PMID: 30518571 PMCID: PMC6279434 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is highly conserved, and components of the RAS are present in all vertebrates to some degree. Although the RAS has been studied since the discovery of renin, its biological role continues to broaden with the identification and characterization of new peptides. The evolutionarily distant zebrafish is a remarkable model for studying the kidney due to its genetic tractability and accessibility for in vivo imaging. The zebrafish pronephros is an especially useful kidney model due to its structural simplicity yet complex functionality, including capacity for glomerular and tubular filtration. Both the pronephros and mesonephros contain renin-expressing perivascular cells, which respond to RAS inhibition, making the zebrafish an excellent model for studying the RAS. This review summarizes the physiological and genetic tools currently available for studying the zebrafish kidney with regards to functionality of the RAS, using novel imaging techniques such as SPIM microscopy coupled with targeted single cell ablation and synthesis of vasoactive RAS peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Hoffmann
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Linda Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Sebastien Rider
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - John Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K.
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Suzuki T, Eng DG, McClelland AD, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Cells of NG2 lineage increase in glomeruli of mice following podocyte depletion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1449-F1464. [PMID: 30019931 PMCID: PMC6293287 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00118.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Under certain circumstances, podocytes can be partially replaced following their loss in disease. The inability of podocytes to proliferate suggests that replacement derives from other cell types. Because neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2)-expressing cells can serve as progenitors in other organs and because herein we showed increased NG2 staining in podocytes following their loss in experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, we used lineage tracing in NG2-CreER tdTomato mice to test the hypothesis that partial podocyte replacement might derive from this cell population. The percentage of glomeruli with red fluorescence protein (RFP)-labeled NG2 cells increased following podocyte depletion, which was augmented by enalapril. However, BrdU was not detected in RFP-labeled cells, consistent with the migration of these cells to the glomerulus. Within glomeruli, RFP-labeled cells did not coexpress podocyte proteins (p57, synaptopodin, nephrin, or podocin) but did coexpress markers for mesangial (α8 integrin, PDGFβ receptor) and parietal epithelial cells (PAX8, src-suppressed C-kinase substrate). These results suggest that following podocyte depletion, cells of NG2 lineage do not serve as adult podocyte progenitors but have the ability to transdifferentiate to mesangial and parietal epithelial cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihei Suzuki
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Aaron D McClelland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
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33
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Liu GW, Prossnitz AN, Eng DG, Cheng Y, Subrahmanyam N, Pippin JW, Lamm RJ, Ngambenjawong C, Ghandehari H, Shankland SJ, Pun SH. Glomerular disease augments kidney accumulation of synthetic anionic polymers. Biomaterials 2018; 178:317-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Tubular injury sensitizes glomeruli to injury. We review potential mechanisms of this tubuloglomerular cross talk. In the same nephron, tubular injury can cause stenosis of the glomerulotubular junction and finally result in atubular glomeruli. Tubular injury also affects glomerular filtration function through tubuloglomerular feedback. Progenitor cells, that is, parietal epithelial cells and renin positive cells, can be involved in repair of injured glomeruli and also may be modulated by tubular injury. Loss of nephrons induces additional workload and stress on remaining nephrons. Hypoxia and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system induced by tubular injury also modulate tubuloglomerular cross talk. Therefore, effective therapies in chronic kidney disease may need to aim to interrupt this deleterious tubuloglomerular cross talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- 1 Division of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,2 Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jianyong Zhong
- 2 Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,3 Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hai-Chun Yang
- 2 Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,3 Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- 2 Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,3 Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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35
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Siegerist F, Endlich K, Endlich N. Novel Microscopic Techniques for Podocyte Research. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:379. [PMID: 30050501 PMCID: PMC6050355 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Together with endothelial cells and the glomerular basement membrane, podocytes form the size-specific filtration barrier of the glomerulus with their interdigitating foot processes. Since glomerulopathies are associated with so-called foot process effacement-a severe change of well-formed foot processes into flat and broadened processes-visualization of the three-dimensional podocyte morphology is a crucial part for diagnosis of nephrotic diseases. However, interdigitating podocyte foot processes are too narrow to be resolved by classic light microscopy due to Ernst Abbe's law making electron microscopy necessary. Although three dimensional electron microscopy approaches like serial block face and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy and electron tomography allow volumetric reconstruction of podocytes, these techniques are very time-consuming and too specialized for routine use or screening purposes. During the last few years, different super-resolution microscopic techniques were developed to overcome the optical resolution limit enabling new insights into podocyte morphology. Super-resolution microscopy approaches like three dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM), stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED) and localization microscopy [stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM)] reach resolutions down to 80-20 nm and can be used to image and further quantify podocyte foot process morphology. Furthermore, in vivo imaging of podocytes is essential to study the behavior of these cells in situ. Therefore, multiphoton laser microscopy was a breakthrough for in vivo studies of podocytes in transgenic animal models like rodents and zebrafish larvae because it allows imaging structures up to several hundred micrometer in depth within the tissue. Additionally, along with multiphoton microscopy, lightsheet microscopy is currently used to visualize larger tissue volumes and therefore image complete glomeruli in their native tissue context. Alongside plain visualization of cellular structures, atomic force microscopy has been used to study the change of mechanical properties of podocytes in diseased states which has been shown to be a culprit in podocyte maintenance. This review discusses recent advances in the field of microscopic imaging and demonstrates their currently used and other possible applications for podocyte research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicole Endlich
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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36
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Hamatani H, Eng DG, Kaverina NV, Gross KW, Freedman BS, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Lineage tracing aged mouse kidneys shows lower number of cells of renin lineage and reduced responsiveness to RAAS inhibition. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F97-F109. [PMID: 29412700 PMCID: PMC6087792 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00570.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) remains a mainstay of therapy in hypertension and glomerular diseases. With the population aging, our understanding of renin-producing cells in kidneys with advanced age is more critical than ever. Accordingly, we administered tamoxifen to Ren1cCreERxRs-tdTomato-R mice to permanently fate map cells of renin lineage (CoRL). The number of Td-tomato-labeled CoRL decreased significantly in aged mice (24 mo of age) compared with young mice (3.5 mo of age), as did renin mRNA levels. To determine whether aged CoRL responded less to RAAS blockade, enalapril and losartan were administered over 25 days following uninephrectomy in young and aged mice. The number of CoRL increased in young mice in response to enalapril and losartan. However, this was significantly lower in aged mice compared with young mice due to limited proliferation, but not recruitment. Gene expression analysis of laser-captured CoRL showed a substantial increase in mRNA levels for proapoptotic and prosenescence genes, and an increase in a major prosenescence protein on immunostaining. These results show that CoRL are lower in aged mice and do not respond to RAAS inhibition to the same extent as young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Hamatani
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Natalya V Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Kenneth W Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, New York
| | - Benjamin S Freedman
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, Washington
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Detection of renin lineage cell transdifferentiation to podocytes in the kidney glomerulus with dual lineage tracing. Kidney Int 2018; 93:1240-1246. [PMID: 29580637 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of cellular transdifferentiation is limited by the technical inability to track multiple lineages in vivo. To overcome this we developed a new tool to simultaneously fate map two distinct cell types in the kidney, and genetically test whether cells of renin lineage (CoRL) can transdifferentiate to a podocyte fate. Ren1cCreER/tdTomato/Nphs1-FLPo/FRT-EGFP mice (CoRL-PODO mice) were generated by crossing Ren1c-CreER/tdTomato CoRL reporter mice with Nphs1-FLPo/FRT-EGFP podocyte reporter mice. Following tamoxifen administration in these animals, CoRL were labeled with red fluorescence (tdTomato) and co-localized with renin. Podocytes were labeled green (enhanced green fluorescent protein) and co-localized with nephrin. Following podocyte loss by nephrotoxic antibody and subsequent enalapril-enhanced partial replacement, tdTomato-EGFP-labeled CoRL were detected as yellow-colored cells in a subset of glomerular tufts, without the use of antibodies. Co-localization with podocin indicated that these cells are podocytes, derived from CoRL origin. Thus, our novel study shows that two distinct cell types can be simultaneously labeled in the mouse kidney and provide strong genetic evidence in vivo that lost podocytes can be replaced in part by CoRL.
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Abstract
An accumulating body of evidence suggests that renin-expressing cells have developed throughout evolution as a mechanism to preserve blood pressure and fluid volume homeostasis as well as to counteract a number of homeostatic and immunological threats. In the developing embryo, renin precursor cells emerge in multiple tissues, where they differentiate into a variety of cell types. The function of those precursors and their progeny is beginning to be unravelled. In the developing kidney, renin-expressing cells control the morphogenesis and branching of the renal arterial tree. The cells do not seem to fully differentiate but instead retain a degree of developmental plasticity or molecular memory, which enables them to regenerate injured glomeruli or to alter their phenotype to control blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. In haematopoietic tissues, renin-expressing cells might regulate bone marrow differentiation and participate in a circulating leukocyte renin-angiotensin system, which acts as a defence mechanism against infections or tissue injury. Furthermore, renin-expressing cells have an intricate lineage and functional relationship with erythropoietin-producing cells and are therefore central to two endocrine systems - the renin-angiotensin and erythropoietin systems - that sustain life by controlling fluid volume and composition, perfusion pressure and oxygen delivery to tissues. However, loss of the homeostatic control of these systems following dysregulation of renin-expressing cells can be detrimental, with serious pathological events.
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McClelland AD, Lichtnekert J, Eng DG, Pippin JW, Gross KW, Gharib SA, Shankland SJ. Charting the transcriptional landscape of cells of renin lineage following podocyte depletion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189084. [PMID: 29232382 PMCID: PMC5726629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin producing cells of the juxtaglomerulus, herein called cells of renin lineage (CoRL), have garnered recent interest for their propensity to act as a progenitor source for various kidney cell types including podocytes. Despite recent advances, the process of transdifferentiation of CoRL to podocytes is poorly understood. In this study, we employed a transgenic reporter mouse line which permanently labels CoRL with ZsGreen fluorescent protein, allowing for isolation by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. At 5 days following induction of abrupt podocyte ablation via anti-podocyte sheep IgG, mice were sacrificed and CoRL were isolated by FACS. RNA was subsequently analyzed by microarray. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed and revealed that CoRL display a distinct phenotype following podocyte ablation, primarily consisting of downregulation of metabolic processes and upregulation of immuno-modulatory processes. Additionally, RNA-biology and cell cycle-related processes were also upregulated. Changes in gene expression or activity of a core set of transcription factors including HNF1 and E2F were identified through changes in enrichment of their respective target genes. However, integration of results from transcription factor and canonical pathway analysis indicated that ERR1 and PU-box family members may be the major contributors to the post-podocyte ablation phenotype of CoRL. Finally, top ranking genes were selected from the microarray-based analysis and confirmed by qPCR. Collectively, our results provide valuable insights into the transcriptional regulation of CoRL following abrupt podocyte ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. McClelland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julia Lichtnekert
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Diana G. Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sina A. Gharib
- Computational Medicine Core, Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Sandoval RM, Molitoris BA. Intravital multiphoton microscopy as a tool for studying renal physiology and pathophysiology. Methods 2017; 128:20-32. [PMID: 28733090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is a complex and dynamic organ with over 40 cell types, and tremendous structural and functional diversity. Intravital multi-photon microscopy, development of fluorescent probes and innovative software, have rapidly advanced the study of intracellular and intercellular processes within the kidney. Researchers can quantify the distribution, behavior, and dynamic interactions of up to four labeled chemical probes and proteins simultaneously and repeatedly in four dimensions (time), with subcellular resolution in near real time. Thus, multi-photon microscopy has greatly extended our ability to investigate cell biology intravitally, at cellular and subcellular resolutions. Therefore, the purpose of the chapter is to demonstrate how the use in intravital multi-photon microscopy has advanced the understanding of both the physiology and pathophysiology of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M Sandoval
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Roudebush VAMC, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Roudebush VAMC, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Martini AG, Danser AHJ. Juxtaglomerular Cell Phenotypic Plasticity. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2017; 24:231-242. [PMID: 28527017 PMCID: PMC5574949 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-017-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin is the first and rate-limiting step of the renin-angiotensin system. The exclusive source of renin in the circulation are the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, which line the afferent arterioles at the entrance of the glomeruli. Normally, renin production by these cells suffices to maintain homeostasis. However, under chronic stimulation of renin release, for instance during a low-salt diet or antihypertensive therapy, cells that previously expressed renin during congenital life re-convert to a renin-producing cell phenotype, a phenomenon which is known as “recruitment”. How exactly such differentiation occurs remains to be clarified. This review critically discusses the phenotypic plasticity of renin cells, connecting them not only to the classical concept of blood pressure regulation, but also to more complex contexts such as development and growth processes, cell repair mechanisms and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Góes Martini
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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