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Hawker P, Zhang L, Liu L. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors in gastrointestinal dysfunction and inflammatory bowel disease: A review. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2197-2211. [PMID: 36787888 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic debilitating condition, hallmarked by persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite recent advances in clinical treatments, the aetiology of IBD is unknown, and a large proportion of patients are refractory to pharmacotherapy. Understanding IBD immunopathogenesis is crucial to discern the cause of IBD and optimise treatments. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs) are a family of approximately 50 G protein-coupled receptors that were first identified over 20 years ago. Originally known for their expression in skin nociceptors and their role in transmitting the sensation of itch in the periphery, new reports have described the presence of Mrgprs in the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we consider the impact of these findings and assess the evidence that suggests that Mrgprs may be involved in the disrupted homeostatic processes that contribute to gastrointestinal disorders and IBD. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hawker
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Proença AB, Medeiros GR, Reis GDS, Losito LDF, Ferraz LM, Bargut TCL, Soares NP, Alexandre-Santos B, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Magliano DC, Nobrega ACLD, Santos RAS, Frantz EDC. Adipose tissue plasticity mediated by the counterregulatory axis of the renin-angiotensin system: Role of Mas and MrgD receptors. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31265. [PMID: 38577921 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an endocrine system composed of two main axes: the classical and the counterregulatory, very often displaying opposing effects. The classical axis, primarily mediated by angiotensin receptors type 1 (AT1R), is linked to obesity-associated metabolic effects. On the other hand, the counterregulatory axis appears to exert antiobesity effects through the activation of two receptors, the G protein-coupled receptor (MasR) and Mas-related receptor type D (MrgD). The local RAS in adipose organ has prompted extensive research into white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue (BAT), with a key role in regulating the cellular and metabolic plasticity of these tissues. The MasR activation favors the brown plasticity signature in the adipose organ by improve the thermogenesis, adipogenesis, and lipolysis, decrease the inflammatory state, and overall energy homeostasis. The MrgD metabolic effects are related to the maintenance of BAT functionality, but the signaling remains unexplored. This review provides a summary of RAS counterregulatory actions triggered by Mas and MrgD receptors on adipose tissue plasticity. Focus on the effects related to the morphology and function of adipose tissue, especially from animal studies, will be given targeting new avenues for treatment of obesity-associated metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Proença
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Rodrigues Medeiros
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Dos Santos Reis
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza da França Losito
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Mazzali Ferraz
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thereza Cristina Lonzetti Bargut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Nova Friburgo Health Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nícia Pedreira Soares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Alexandre-Santos
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D'Angelo Carlo Magliano
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Lucas da Nobrega
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliete Dalla Corte Frantz
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Research Center on Morphology and Metabolism, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Luo W, Yao C, Sun J, Zhang B, Chen H, Miao J, Zhang Y. Alamandine attenuates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis by promoting osteogenic differentiation via AMPK/eNOS axis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:45. [PMID: 38200474 PMCID: PMC10777585 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-07159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alamandine is a newly characterized peptide of renin angiotensin system. Our study aims to investigate the osteo-preservative effects of alamandine, explore underlying mechanism and bring a potential preventive strategy for postmenopausal osteoporosis in the future. METHODS An ovariectomy (OVX)-induced rat osteoporosis model was established for in vivo experiments. Micro-computed tomography and three-point bending test were used to evaluate bone strength. Histological femur slices were processed for immunohistochemistry (IHC). Bone turnover markers and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in serum were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mouse embryo osteoblast precursor (MC3T3-E1) cells were used for in vitro experiments. The cell viability was analysed with a Cell Counting Kit‑8. We performed Alizarin Red S staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay to observe the differentiation status of osteoblasts. Western blotting was adopted to detect the expression of osteogenesis related proteins and AMP-activated protein kinase/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (AMPK/eNOS) in osteoblasts. DAF-FM diacetate was used for semi-quantitation of intracellular NO. RESULTS In OVX rats, alamandine alleviated osteoporosis and maintained bone strength. The IHC showed alamandine increased osteocalcin and collagen type I α1 (COL1A1) expression. The ELISA revealed alamandine decreased bone turnover markers and restored NO level in serum. In MC3T3-E1 cells, alamandine promoted osteogenic differentiation. Western blotting demonstrated that alamandine upregulated the expression of osteopontin, Runt-related transcription factor 2 and COL1A1. The intracellular NO was also raised by alamandine. Additionally, the activation of AMPK/eNOS axis mediated the effects of alamandine on MC3T3-E1 cells and bone tissue. PD123319 and dorsomorphin could repress the regulating effect of alamandine on bone metabolism. CONCLUSION Alamandine attenuates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis by promoting osteogenic differentiation via AMPK/eNOS axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Chen Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jin Miao
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 20 Xisi Road, Nantong City, 226001, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Hassani B, Attar Z, Firouzabadi N. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) signaling pathways and cancer: foes versus allies. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:254. [PMID: 37891636 PMCID: PMC10604988 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), is an old system with new fundamental roles in cancer biology which influences cell growth, migration, death, and metastasis. RAAS signaling enhances cell proliferation in malignancy directly and indirectly by affecting tumor cells and modulating angiogenesis. Cancer development may be influenced by the balance between the ACE/Ang II/AT1R and the ACE2/Ang 1-7/Mas receptor pathways. The interactions between Ang II/AT1R and Ang I/AT2R as well as Ang1-7/Mas and alamandine/MrgD receptors in the RAAS pathway can significantly impact the development of cancer. Ang I/AT2R, Ang1-7/Mas, and alamandine/MrgD interactions can have anticancer effects while Ang II/AT1R interactions can be involved in the development of cancer. Evidence suggests that inhibitors of the RAAS, which are conventionally used to treat cardiovascular diseases, may be beneficial in cancer therapies.Herein, we aim to provide a thorough description of the elements of RAAS and their molecular play in cancer. Alongside this, the role of RAAS components in sex-dependent cancers as well as GI cancers will be discussed with the hope of enlightening new venues for adjuvant cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hassani
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Attar
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Firouzabadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Chen H, Peng J, Wang T, Wen J, Chen S, Huang Y, Zhang Y. Counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system in hypertension: Review and update in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115370. [PMID: 36481346 PMCID: PMC9721294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality and disability, with hypertension being the most prevalent risk factor. Excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) under pathological conditions, leading to vascular remodeling and inflammation, is closely related to cardiovascular dysfunction. The counter-regulatory axis of the RAS consists of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin (1-9), alamandine, proto-oncogene Mas receptor, angiotensin II type-2 receptor and Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member D. Each of these components has been shown to counteract the effects of the overactivated RAS. In this review, we summarize the latest insights into the complexity and interplay of the counter-regulatory RAS axis in hypertension, highlight the pathophysiological functions of ACE2, a multifunctional molecule linking hypertension and COVID-19, and discuss the function and therapeutic potential of targeting this counter-regulatory RAS axis to prevent and treat hypertension in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangyun Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Tengyao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Jielu Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Corresponding authors
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, Guangdong, China,Corresponding authors
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Bruno A, Ferrante G, Di Vincenzo S, Pace E, La Grutta S. Leptin in the Respiratory Tract: Is There a Role in SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Front Physiol 2022; 12:776963. [PMID: 35002761 PMCID: PMC8727443 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.776963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a pleiotropic adipocytokine involved in several physiologic functions, with a known role in innate and adaptive immunity as well as in tissue homeostasis. Long- and short-isoforms of leptin receptors are widely expressed in many peripheral tissues and organs, such as the respiratory tract. Similar to leptin, microbiota affects the immune system and may interfere with lung health through the bidirectional crosstalk called the “gut-lung axis.” Obesity leads to impaired protective immunity and altered susceptibility to pulmonary infections, as those by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although it is known that leptin and microbiota link metabolism and lung health, their role within the SARS-CoV2 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deserves further investigations. This review aimed to summarize the available evidence about: (i) the role of leptin in immune modulation; (ii) the role of gut microbiota within the gut-lung axis in modulating leptin sensitivity; and (iii) the role of leptin in the pathophysiology of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreina Bruno
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ferrante
- Pediatric Division, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Serena Di Vincenzo
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pace
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania La Grutta
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
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Guglielmi V, Colangeli L, D’Adamo M, Sbraccia P. Susceptibility and Severity of Viral Infections in Obesity: Lessons from Influenza to COVID-19. Does Leptin Play a Role? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063183. [PMID: 33804765 PMCID: PMC8003928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic Sars-CoV2 infection and studies on previous influenza epidemic have drawn attention to the association between the obesity and infectious diseases susceptibility and worse outcome. Metabolic complications, nutritional aspects, physical inactivity, and a chronic unbalance in the hormonal and adipocytokine microenvironment are major determinants in the severity of viral infections in obesity. By these pleiotropic mechanisms obesity impairs immune surveillance and the higher leptin concentrations produced by adipose tissue and that characterize obesity substantially contribute to such immune response dysregulation. Indeed, leptin not only controls energy balance and body weight, but also plays a regulatory role in the interplay between energy metabolism and immune system. Since leptin receptor is expressed throughout the immune system, leptin may exert effects on cells of both innate and adaptive immune system. Chronic inflammatory states due to metabolic (i.e., obesity) as well as infectious diseases increase leptin concentrations and consequently lead to leptin resistance further fueling inflammation. Multiple factors, including inflammation and ER stress, contribute to leptin resistance. Thus, if leptin is recognized as one of the adipokines responsible for the low grade inflammation found in obesity, on the other hand, impairments of leptin signaling due to leptin resistance appear to blunt the immunologic effects of leptin and possibly contribute to impaired vaccine-induced immune responses. However, many aspects concerning leptin interactions with inflammation and immune system as well as the therapeutical approaches to overcome leptin resistance and reduced vaccine effectiveness in obesity remain a challenge for future research.
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Gammone MA, D’Orazio N. Review: Obesity and COVID-19: A Detrimental Intersection. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:652639. [PMID: 33995281 PMCID: PMC8121172 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.652639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been recognized as an independent risk factor for critical illness and major severity in subjects with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The role of fat distribution, particularly visceral fat (often linked to metabolic abnormalities), is still unclear. The adipose tissue represents a direct source of cytokines responsible for the pathological modifications occurring within adipose tissue in obese subjects. Adipokines are a crucial connection between metabolism and immune system: their dysregulation in obesity contributes to chronic low-grade systemic inflammation and metabolic comorbidities. Therefore the increased amount of visceral fat can lead to a proinflammatory phenotypic shift. This review analyzes the interrelation between obesity and COVID-19 severity, as well as the cellular key players and molecular mechanisms implicated in adipose inflammation, investigating if adipose tissue can constitute a reservoir for viral spread, and contribute to immune activation and cytokines storm. Targeting the underlying molecular mechanisms might have therapeutic potential in the management of obesity-related complications in COVID-19 patients.
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9
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Li L, Spranger L, Soll D, Beer F, Brachs M, Spranger J, Mai K. Metabolic impact of weight loss induced reduction of adipose ACE-2 - Potential implication in COVID-19 infections? Metabolism 2020; 113:154401. [PMID: 33065163 PMCID: PMC7552972 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-2 is a modulator of adipose tissue metabolism. However, human data of adipose ACE-2 is rarely available. Considering that, ACE-2 is believed to be the receptor responsible for cell entry of SARS-CoV-2, a better understanding of its regulation is desirable. We therefore characterized the modulation of subcutaneous adipose ACE-2 mRNA expression during weight loss and the impact of ACE-2 expression on weight loss induced short- and long-term improvements of glucose metabolism. METHODS 143 subjects (age > 18; BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) were analyzed before and after a standardized 12-week dietary weight reduction program. Afterwards subjects were randomized to a 12-month lifestyle intervention or a control group (Maintain-Adults trial). Insulin sensitivity (IS) was estimated by HOMA-IR (as an estimate of liver IS) and ISIClamp (as an estimate of skeletal muscle IS). ACE-2 mRNA expression (ACE-2AT) was measured in subcutaneous adipose tissue before and after weight loss. RESULTS ACE-2AT was not affected by obesity, but was reduced in insulin resistant subjects. Weight loss resulted in a decline of ACE-2AT (29.0 (20.0-47.9) vs. 21.0 (13.0-31.0); p = 1.6 ∗ 10-7). A smaller reduction of ACE-2 AT (ΔACE-2AT) was associated with a larger improvement of ISIClamp (p = 0.013) during weight reduction over 3 months, but not with the extend of weight loss. The degree of changes in insulin resistance were preserved until month 12 and was also predicted by the weight loss induced degree of ΔACE-2AT (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that subcutaneous adipose ACE-2 expression correlates with insulin sensitivity. Weight loss induced decline of subcutaneous adipose ACE-2 expression might affect short- and long-term improvement of myocellular insulin sensitivity, which might be also relevant in the context of ACE-2 downregulation by SARS-CoV-2. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT00850629, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00850629, date of registration: February 25, 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Li
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Clinical Research Unit, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Spranger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Soll
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Finja Beer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Brachs
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité Center for Cardiovascular Research, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité Center for Cardiovascular Research, 10117 Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Knut Mai
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité Center for Cardiovascular Research, 10117 Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Clinical Research Unit, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Leptin levels in SARS-CoV-2 infection related respiratory failure: A cross-sectional study and a pathophysiological framework on the role of fat tissue. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04696. [PMID: 32844126 PMCID: PMC7439829 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients to develop respiratory failure. Leptin produced in visceral fat might play a role in the deterioration to mechanical ventilation. A cross sectional study was performed. The mean BMI was 31 kg/m2 (range 24.8–48.4) for the 31 SARS-CoV-2 ventilated patients and 26 kg/m2 (range 22.4–33.5) for 8 critically ill non-infected control patients. SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with a similar BMI as control patients appear to have significantly higher levels of serum leptin. The mean leptin level was 21.2 (6.0–85.2) vs 5.6 (2.4–8.2) ug/L for SARS-CoV-2 and controls respectively (p = 0.0007). With these findings we describe a clinical and biological framework that may explain these clinical observations. The ACE2 utilization by the virus leads to local pulmonary inflammation due to ACE2-ATII disbalance. This might be enhanced by an increase in leptin production induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection of visceral fat. Leptin receptors in the lungs are now more activated to enhance local pulmonary inflammation. This adds to the pre-existent chronic inflammation in obese patients. Visceral fat, lung tissue and leptin production play an interconnecting role. This insight can lead the way to further research and treatment.
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Alamandine attenuates hepatic fibrosis by regulating autophagy induced by NOX4-dependent ROS. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:853-869. [PMID: 32227122 DOI: 10.1042/cs20191235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been reported to aggravate hepatic fibrosis by inducing NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent oxidative stress. Alamandine (ALA) protects against fibrosis by counteracting Ang II via the MAS-related G-protein coupled (MrgD) receptor, though the effects of alamandine on hepatic fibrosis remain unknown. Autophagy activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a novel mechanism of hepatic fibrosis. However, whether autophagy is involved in the regulation of Ang II-induced hepatic fibrosis still requires investigation. We explored the effect of alamandine on hepatic fibrosis via regulation of autophagy by redox balance modulation. In vivo, alamandine reduced CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, protein levels of NOX4 and autophagy impairment. In vitro, Ang II treatment elevated NOX4 protein expression and ROS production along with up-regulation of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)/Ang II/Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis. These changes resulted in the accumulation of impaired autophagosomes in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Treatment with NOX4 inhibitor VAS2870, ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and NOX4 small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited Ang II-induced autophagy and collagen synthesis. Alamandine shifted the balance of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) toward the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/alamandine/MrgD axis, and inhibited both Ang II-induced ROS and autophagy activation, leading to attenuation of HSCs migration or collagen synthesis. In summary, alamandine attenuated liver fibrosis by regulating autophagy induced by NOX4-dependent ROS.
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Acconcia F. The Network of Angiotensin Receptors in Breast Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061336. [PMID: 32471115 PMCID: PMC7349848 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a network of proteins regulating many aspects of human physiology, including cardiovascular, pulmonary, and immune system physiology. The RAS is a complicated network of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) (i.e., AT1R, AT2R, MASR, and MRGD) orchestrating the effects of several hormones (i.e., angiotensin II, angiotensin (1-7), and alamandine) produced by protease-based transmembrane receptors (ACE1 and ACE2). Two signaling axes have been identified in the RAS endocrine system that mediate the proliferative actions of angiotensin II (i.e., the AT1R-based pathway) or the anti-proliferative effects of RAS hormones (i.e., the AT2R-, MAS-, and MRGD-based pathways). Disruption of the balance between these two axes can cause different diseases (e.g., cardiovascular pathologies and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2- (SARS-CoV-2)-based COVID-19 disease). It is now accepted that all the components of the RAS endocrine system are expressed in cancer, including cancer of the breast. Breast cancer (BC) is a multifactorial pathology for which there is a continuous need to identify novel drugs. Here, I reviewed the possible roles of both axes of the RAS endocrine network as potential druggable pathways in BC. Remarkably, the analysis of the current knowledge of the different GPCRs of the RAS molecular system not only confirms that AT1R could be considered a drug target and that its inhibition by losartan and candesartan could be useful in the treatment of BC, but also identifies Mas-related GPCR member D (MRGD) as a druggable protein. Overall, the RAS of GPCRs offers multifaceted opportunities for the development of additional compounds for the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Acconcia
- Department of Sciences, Biomedical Sciences and Technology Section, University Roma TRE, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
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Leiva M, Matesanz N, Pulgarín-Alfaro M, Nikolic I, Sabio G. Uncovering the Role of p38 Family Members in Adipose Tissue Physiology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:572089. [PMID: 33424765 PMCID: PMC7786386 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.572089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex functions of adipose tissue have been a focus of research interest over the past twenty years. Adipose tissue is not only the main energy storage depot, but also one of the largest endocrine organs in the body and carries out crucial metabolic functions. Moreover, brown and beige adipose depots are major sites of energy expenditure through the activation of adaptive, non-shivering thermogenesis. In recent years, numerous signaling molecules and pathways have emerged as critical regulators of adipose tissue, in both homeostasis and obesity-related disease. Among the best characterized are members of the p38 kinase family. The activity of these kinases has emerged as a key contributor to the biology of the white and brown adipose tissues, and their modulation could provide new therapeutic approaches against obesity. Here, we give an overview of the roles of the distinct p38 family members in adipose tissue, focusing on their actions in adipogenesis, thermogenic activity, and secretory function.
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Zhu P, Verma A, Prasad T, Li Q. Expression and Function of Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor D and Its Ligand Alamandine in Retina. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:513-527. [PMID: 31392515 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01716-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exists in the retina and plays a critical role in retinal neurovascular function. The protective axis of RAS comprising of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]/Mas receptor attenuate the deleterious actions of increased levels of angiotensin II (Ang II), the main effector peptide of RAS. A new peptide, alamandine, and its receptor Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D (MrgD) have been recently identified that share structural and functional similarity to Ang-(1-7) and its receptor, Mas, establishing another new protective axis of RAS. Here, we examined the expression and cellular localization of MrgD in the retina, the effect of MrgD deficiency on mouse retinal structure and function, as well as the biological function of alamandine in cultured retinal cells. We showed that MrgD is expressed in the retinal neurons, retinal vasculature, Müller glial and RPE cells, similar to Mas receptor expression. MrgD-deficient mice did not exhibit gross change in retinal morphology and thickness; however, these mice did show a progressive decrease in both scotopic and photopic a-wave and b-wave amplitudes, and increase in retinal capillary loss with age compared to age-matched wild-type mice. In vitro studies in human retinal cells showed that alamandine attenuated the Ang II and LPS-induced increases in inflammatory cytokine gene expression, NF-κB activation, Ang II and hydrogen peroxide-induced production of reactive oxygen species, comparable to that mediated by Ang-(1-7). These results support the notion that alamandine/MrgD may represent another new protective axis of RAS in the retina exerting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0284, USA
| | - Amrisha Verma
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0284, USA
| | - Tuhina Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0284, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0284, USA.
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White MC, Fleeman R, Arnold AC. Sex differences in the metabolic effects of the renin-angiotensin system. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:31. [PMID: 31262355 PMCID: PMC6604144 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic that greatly increases risk for developing cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Sex differences in the obese phenotype are well established in experimental animal models and clinical populations. While having higher adiposity and obesity prevalence, females are generally protected from obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular complications. This protection is, at least in part, attributed to sex differences in metabolic effects of hormonal mediators such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Previous literature has predominantly focused on the vasoconstrictor arm of the RAS and shown that, in contrast to male rodent models of obesity and diabetes, females are protected from metabolic and cardiovascular derangements produced by angiotensinogen, renin, and angiotensin II. A vasodilator arm of the RAS has more recently emerged which includes angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), mas receptors, and alamandine. While accumulating evidence suggests that activation of components of this counter-regulatory axis produces positive effects on glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and energy balance in male animal models, female comparison studies and clinical data related to metabolic outcomes are lacking. This review will summarize current knowledge of sex differences in metabolic effects of the RAS, focusing on interactions with gonadal hormones and potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C White
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Fleeman
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Amy C Arnold
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Schleifenbaum J. Alamandine and Its Receptor MrgD Pair Up to Join the Protective Arm of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:107. [PMID: 31245374 PMCID: PMC6579891 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a few years ago, alamandine was found to be a member of the protective arm of the renin-angiotensin system. It turned out to be an endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor MrgD. So far, MrgD had predominantly been studied in a neuronal context. The expression of the receptor in non-neuronal tissue showed hitherto unknown effects mediated by MrgD, most strikingly alamandine-induced vasodilation. Alamandine being a part of the non-classical renin-angiotensin system, a protective role of receptor activation seemed natural. This review summarizes the different effects of MrgD activation by alamandine in vasculature, in the central nervous system, and in organs as kidney and heart. Alamandine and MrgD are promising novel drug targets to protect the kidney and heart through anti-hypertensive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schleifenbaum
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Lelis DDF, Freitas DFD, Machado AS, Crespo TS, Santos SHS. Angiotensin-(1-7), Adipokines and Inflammation. Metabolism 2019; 95:36-45. [PMID: 30905634 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays the adipose tissue is recognized as one of the most critical endocrine organs releasing many adipokines that regulate metabolism, inflammation and body homeostasis. There are several described adipokines, including the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components that are especially activated in some diseases with increased production of angiotensin II and several pro-inflammatory hormones. On the other hand, RAS also expresses angiotensin-(1-7), which is now recognized as the main peptide on counteracting Ang II effects. New studies have shown that increased activation of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR arm can revert and prevent local and systemic dysfunctions improving lipid profile and insulin resistance by modulating insulin actions, and reducing inflammation. In this context, the present review shows the interaction and relevance of Ang-(1-7) effects on regulating adipokines, and as one adipokine itself, modulating body homeostasis, with emphasis on its anti-inflammatory properties, especially in the context of metabolic disorders with focus on obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah de Farias Lelis
- Laboratory of Health Sciences, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela Fernanda de Freitas
- Laboratory of Health Sciences, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda Souto Machado
- Laboratory of Health Sciences, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thaísa Soares Crespo
- Laboratory of Health Sciences, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Henrique Sousa Santos
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Food Engineering College, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Laboratory of Health Sciences, Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Dapper C, Schuster F, Stölting I, Vogt F, Castro e Souza LA, Alenina N, Bader M, Raasch W. The antiobese effect of AT1 receptor blockade is augmented in mice lacking Mas. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:865-877. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Alamandine attenuates arterial remodelling induced by transverse aortic constriction in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:629-643. [PMID: 30737255 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aims: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases, especially as a mediator of inflammation and tissue remodelling. Alamandine (Ala1-angiotensin-(1-7)) is a new biologically active peptide from the RAS, interacting with Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor member D. Although a growing number of studies reveal the cardioprotective effects of alamandine, there is a paucity of data on its participation in vascular remodelling associated events. In the present study, we investigated the effects of alamandine on ascending aorta remodelling after transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice. Methods and results: C57BL/6J male mice were divided into the following groups: Sham (sham-operated), TAC (operated) and TAC+ALA (operated and treated with alamandine-HPβCD (2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin), 30 μg/kg/day, by gavage). Oral administration of alamandine for 14 days attenuated arterial remodelling by decreasing ascending aorta media layer thickness and the cells density in the adventitia induced by TAC. Alamandine administration attenuated ascending aorta fibrosis induced by TAC, through a reduction in the following parameters; total collagen deposition, expression collagen III and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) transcripts, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity and vascular expression of MMP-2. Importantly, alamandine decreased vascular expression of proinflammatory genes as CCL2, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and was able to increase expression of MRC1 and FIZZ1, pro-resolution markers, after TAC surgery. Conclusion: Alamandine treatment attenuates vascular remodelling after TAC, at least in part, through anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Hence, this work opens new avenues for the use of this heptapeptide also as a therapeutic target for vascular disease.
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Santos RAS, Oudit GY, Verano-Braga T, Canta G, Steckelings UM, Bader M. The renin-angiotensin system: going beyond the classical paradigms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H958-H970. [PMID: 30707614 PMCID: PMC7191626 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00723.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, a novel axis of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was unveiled by the discovery of angiotensin-(1−7) [ANG-(1−7)] generation in vivo. Later, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was shown to be the main mediator of this reaction, and Mas was found to be the receptor for the heptapeptide. The functional analysis of this novel axis of the RAS that followed its discovery revealed numerous protective actions in particular for cardiovascular diseases. In parallel, similar protective actions were also described for one of the two receptors of ANG II, the ANG II type 2 receptor (AT2R), in contrast to the other, the ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R), which mediates deleterious actions of this peptide, e.g., in the setting of cardiovascular disease. Very recently, another branch of the RAS was discovered, based on angiotensin peptides in which the amino-terminal aspartate was replaced by alanine, the alatensins. Ala-ANG-(1−7) or alamandine was shown to interact with Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D, and the first functional data indicated that this peptide also exerts protective effects in the cardiovascular system. This review summarizes the presentations given at the International Union of Physiological Sciences Congress in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2017, during the symposium entitled “The Renin-Angiotensin System: Going Beyond the Classical Paradigms,” in which the signaling and physiological actions of ANG-(1−7), ACE2, AT2R, and alatensins were reported (with a focus on noncentral nervous system-related tissues) and the therapeutic opportunities based on these findings were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Thiago Verano-Braga
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Giovanni Canta
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular & Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine , Berlin , Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung, Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin , Germany.,Charité-University Medicine, Berlin , Germany.,Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
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Causes and solutions to “globesity”: The new fa(s)t alarming global epidemic. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:173-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Modulation of the renin-angiotensin system in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle: focus on exercise training. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1487-1507. [PMID: 30037837 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) increases the classical arm (Ang-converting enzyme (ACE)/Ang II/Ang type 1 receptor (AT1R)) to the detriment of the protective arm (ACE2/Ang 1-7/Mas receptor (MasR)). The components of the RAS are present locally in white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle, which act co-operatively, through specific mediators, in response to pathophysiological changes. In WAT, up-regulation of the classical arm promotes lipogenesis and reduces lipolysis and adipogenesis, leading to adipocyte hypertrophy and lipid storage, which are related to insulin resistance and increased inflammation. In skeletal muscle, the classical arm promotes protein degradation and increases the inflammatory status and oxidative stress, leading to muscle wasting. Conversely, the protective arm plays a counter-regulatory role by opposing the effect of Ang II. The accumulation of adipose tissue and muscle mass loss is associated with a higher risk of morbidity and mortality, which could be related, in part, to overactivation of the RAS. On the other hand, exercise training (ExT) shifts the balance of the RAS towards the protective arm, promoting the inhibition of the classical arm in parallel with the stimulation of the protective arm. Thus, fat mobilization and maintenance of muscle mass and function are facilitated. However, the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced changes in the RAS remain unclear. In this review, we present the RAS as a key mechanism of WAT and skeletal muscle metabolic dysfunction. Furthermore, we discuss the interaction between the RAS and exercise and the possible underlying mechanisms of the health-related aspects of ExT.
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Park BM, Phuong HTA, Yu L, Kim SH. Alamandine Protects the Heart Against Reperfusion Injury via the MrgD Receptor. Circ J 2018; 82:2584-2593. [PMID: 29998915 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-17-1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alamandine differs from angiotensin-(1-7) in a single N-terminal alanine residue. The aim of this study was to investigate whether alamandine protects the heart against reperfusion injury. Methods and Results: After euthanizing Sprague-Dawley rats, hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer for a 20-min pre-ischemic period with or without alamandine, followed by 20 min global ischemia and 50 min reperfusion. Alamandine (0.1 mg/kg) improved the postischemic left ventricular developed pressure and ±dP/dt, decreased the infarct size, and decreased the lactate dehydrogenase levels in the effluent. Alamandine increased the coronary flow and the amount of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the coronary effluent, and it decreased the expression of apoptotic proteins and increased the expression of antioxidative proteins. Pretreatment with the MrgD receptor antagonist or PD123319, but not the angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist, attenuated the cardioprotective effects of alamandine. A similar cardioprotective effect with alamandine was also observed with high plasma ANP levels in an in vivo study. Alamandine directly stimulated ANP secretion from isolated atria, which was completely blocked by pretreatment with the MrgD receptor antagonist and was partially blocked by PD123319. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the cardioprotective effects of alamandine against I/R injury are, in part, related to the activation of antioxidant and antiapoptotic enzymes via the MrgD receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Mun Park
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School
| | - Hoang Thi Ai Phuong
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School
| | - Lamei Yu
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School
| | - Suhn Hee Kim
- Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School
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de Souza-Neto FP, Carvalho Santuchi M, de Morais E Silva M, Campagnole-Santos MJ, da Silva RF. Angiotensin-(1-7) and Alamandine on Experimental Models of Hypertension and Atherosclerosis. Curr Hypertens Rep 2018. [PMID: 29541937 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-018-0798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on the role of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] and alamandine in experimental hypertension and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a very complex system, composed of a cascade of enzymes, peptides, and receptors, known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Ang-(1-7), identified and characterized in 1987, and alamandine, discovered 16 years after, are the newest two main effector molecules from the RAS, protecting the vascular system against hypertension and atherosclerosis. While the beneficial effects of Ang-(1-7) have been widely studied in several experimental models of hypertension, much less studies were performed in experimental models of atherosclerosis. Alamandine has shown similar vascular effects to Ang-(1-7), namely, endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation mediated by nitric oxide and hypotensive effects in experimental hypertension. There are few studies on the effects of alamandine on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pedro de Souza-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Melissa Carvalho Santuchi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mario de Morais E Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria José Campagnole-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Fernandes da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos. 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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