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Andersen EH, Nagpal A, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, Gordon JL. A novel method for quantifying affective sensitivity to endogenous ovarian hormones. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 167:107095. [PMID: 38896987 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Increased sensitivity to ovarian hormone changes is implicated in the etiology of reproductive mood disorders across the female lifespan, including menstrually-related mood disorders, perinatal mood disorders, and perimenopausal depression. Developing a method to accurately quantify sensitivity to endogenous hormone fluctuations may therefore facilitate the prediction and prevention of these mental health conditions. Here, we propose one such method applying a synchrony analysis to compute time-lagged cross-correlations between repeated assessments of endogenous hormone levels and self-reported affect. We apply this method to a dataset containing frequent repeated assessments of affective symptoms and the urinary metabolites of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in 94 perimenopausal females. These preliminary findings suggest that, with further refinement and validation, the proposed method holds promise as a diagnostic tool to be used in clinical practice and to advance research investigating the etiology of reproductive mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Andersen
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anisha Nagpal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L Gordon
- Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Peinemann F, Oberle D, Drechsel-Bäuerle U, Keller-Stanislawski B. Adverse Menstrual Events Reported After and Before (or Without) COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Observational Studies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2024; 33:e5877. [PMID: 39090813 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports of adverse menstrual events emerged during the COVID-19 vaccination campaign in multiple countries. This raised the question whether these reports were caused by the vaccines. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate comparative studies on this topic (registered at PROSPERO [CRD42022324973]). METHODS We included observational studies such as cohort studies and surveys comparing the response to self-reported questionnaires between post- versus pre-vaccination data. PubMed and Cochrane Library searches were conducted on 1 September 2023. The primary outcome was the incidence of any prespecified adverse menstrual event, and the outcome measure was the risk ratio. The meta-analysis was conducted by using the Mantel-Haenszel method and the random effects model. We summarized the results on risk factors as well as key findings of the studies included. RESULTS We retrieved 161 references from electronic databases and additional sources such as references lists. Of those, we considered 21 comparative observational studies. The meta-analysis of any adverse menstrual adverse event reported in 12 studies resulted in a pooled estimate (risk ratio 1.13; 95% CI, 0.96-1.31) that did not favor any group. The analysis was constrained by considerable clinical and statistical heterogeneity. Risk factors for self-reported menstrual changes included a history of COVID-19 infection, the concern about COVID-19 vaccines, smoking, previous cycle irregularities, depression, and stress, and other issues. CONCLUSIONS The risk ratio did not favor any group and heterogeneity was prevalent among the studies. Most studies suggested that the reported changes were temporary, minor, and nonserious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Peinemann
- Safety of Biomedicines and Diagnostics, Pharmacovigilance, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- Children's Hospital, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Doris Oberle
- Safety of Biomedicines and Diagnostics, Pharmacovigilance, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Ursula Drechsel-Bäuerle
- Safety of Biomedicines and Diagnostics, Pharmacovigilance, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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Poitras M, Shearzad F, Qureshi AF, Blackburn C, Plamondon H. Bloody stressed! A systematic review of the associations between adulthood psychological stress and menstrual cycle irregularity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105784. [PMID: 38950686 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Regular menstruation is a key indicator of general health and irregular menstrual parameters have been associated with elevated risk of adverse health outcomes. While psychological stress is believed to contribute to abnormal menstruation, little is known of the effects of discrete psychological stressors, including the COVID-19 pandemic, on menstrual function. A systematic database search was performed and studies investigating the relation between psychological stress and menstrual cycle irregularity in otherwise healthy adults were included. Two independent investigators completed abstract and full-text screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. In the 41 included studies, a variety of stressors were assessed, namely COVID-19 pandemic stress, academic stress, and occupational stress. Our review found most studies report an association between psychological stress and menstrual dysfunction, with the most common disruptions being irregular menstruation and abnormal menstrual flow. Our findings also underlined notable discrepancies in the operational definitions used in the study of menstrual disorders. These observations emphasize the importance of psychological stress as a modifiable risk factor associated with irregular menstruation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou Poitras
- Cerebro Vascular Accidents and Behavioural Recovery Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Fatima Shearzad
- Cerebro Vascular Accidents and Behavioural Recovery Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Aliya F Qureshi
- Cerebro Vascular Accidents and Behavioural Recovery Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Cassandra Blackburn
- Cerebro Vascular Accidents and Behavioural Recovery Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Hélène Plamondon
- Cerebro Vascular Accidents and Behavioural Recovery Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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Küçükerdem HS, Özdemir TD. Evaluation of menstrual irregularities following COVID-19 infection or vaccination: The impact of COVID anxiety and associated risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38771. [PMID: 38941384 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
There has been significant interest in the changes in menstrual cycles following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection or vaccination. This study aimed to investigate the evidence for such changes and their potential risk factors. We used a descriptive study design and gathered data by sharing an online survey questionnaire on social media platforms. The questionnaire included questions regarding sociodemographic factors, menstrual cycle changes, and COVID-19 anxiety. The study population comprised women aged 18 to 49 years from Izmir. All data analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 21.0. The risk factors influencing menstrual irregularities were determined after the COVID binary logistic regression analysis, including univariate and multivariate models. Among the 465 participants, those with an associate's degree had a significantly higher risk of menstrual irregularities than those with a high school diploma (P = .012). Anxiety scores emerged as a significant risk factor for menstrual cycle irregularities (P = .026). However, neither COVID-19 infection nor vaccination resulted in significant changes in the menstrual cycle characteristics (P > .05). Other sociodemographic variables, such as age, body mass index, and smoking, were not significantly associated with menstrual cycle changes(P > .05). The study findings suggest that educational level and anxiety may play a role in menstrual irregularities, whereas COVID-19 infection or vaccination itself may not directly affect menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halime Seda Küçükerdem
- Department of Family Medicine, Health Science University, Izmir Bozyaka Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Doğa Özdemir
- Department of Radiology, Health Science University, Izmir Bozyaka Education and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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Mussa I, Jibro U, Sertu A, Deressa A, Mohammed F, Regassa LD, Cheru A, Mohammed E, Abdurahman D, Balis B. Burden of irregular menstrual cycle and its predictors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121241259623. [PMID: 38895544 PMCID: PMC11185000 DOI: 10.1177/20503121241259623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Irregular menstrual cycle has negative health and psychosocial repercussions for women of reproductive age worldwide. However, there is no national data for policymakers and health planners in Ethiopia. Therefore, this review aimed to determine the overall burden of irregular menstrual cycle and predictors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Methods International databases (SCOPUS, CINAHL, CAB Abstract, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Google, and Google Scholar) and lists of references were employed to search literature in Ethiopia. The random-effects model was used to calculate the odds ratios of the outcome variable using STATA version 18. The heterogeneity of the studies was measured by computing I 2 and p-values. In addition, sensitivity analysis and funnel plots were performed to test the stability of pooled data in the presence of outliers and publication bias. Results The review includes 21 studies and 9109 populations. The overall burden of irregular menstrual cycles among reproductive-age women was 35% (95% CI: 30-41) with I 2 = 96.96%. Sleeping for <5 h a day (AOR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.49-3.49) and a stressful life (AOR: 3.15; 95% CI: 1.44-4.85) were predictors of irregular menstrual cycles. Conclusion More than one in every three reproductive-age women in Ethiopia experience irregular menstrual cycles. Sleeping for <5 h a day and stress increase the likelihood of an irregular menstrual cycle, which can be modified by improving sleeping hours and decreasing stress stimulators through psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibsa Mussa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Usmael Jibro
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu Sertu
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Deressa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Fethia Mohammed
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Lemma Demissie Regassa
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Abera Cheru
- School of Environmental Health Science, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Eptisam Mohammed
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Dureti Abdurahman
- School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Bikila Balis
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
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Tsai IC, Hsu CW, Chang CH, Lei WT, Tseng PT, Chang KV. Comparative Effectiveness of Different Exercises for Reducing Pain Intensity in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:63. [PMID: 38816591 PMCID: PMC11139836 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00718-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated that exercise can mitigate the intensity of menstrual pain in primary dysmenorrhea, but the most effective type of exercise remains unclear. The objective of this systematic review and network meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of different exercise regimens in reducing pain associated with primary dysmenorrhoea. METHODS Randomized controlled trials investigating the relationship between menstrual pain and exercise were selected from major electronic databases until February 2, 2024. The primary outcome was the effect of exercise on pain intensity measured by the mean difference on a 10-cm visual analogue scale at 4 and 8 weeks after intervention. The secondary outcome was the difference in risk of dropout at 8 weeks. The study protocol was registered as INPLASY202330050. RESULTS This systematic review and network meta-analysis included 29 randomized controlled trials, which involved 1808 participants with primary dysmenorrhea. Exercise interventions included relaxation exercise, strength training, aerobic activity, yoga, mixed exercise, and the Kegel maneuver. Relaxation exercise was the most effective in reducing menstrual pain in 4 weeks (- 3.56; 95% confidence interval: - 5.03 to - 2.08). All exercise interventions were effective in reducing menstrual pain at 8 weeks, with reductions ranging from - 3.87 (95% CI - 5.51 to - 2.22) for relaxation exercise to - 2.75 (95% CI - 4.00 to - 1.51) for yoga, compared to the control group. Relaxation exercises were found to have a significantly lower dropout risk (- 0.11; 95% CI - 0.20 to 0.02), while none of the exercise types was associated with a higher dropout risk than the control group. CONCLUSION All exercise interventions were effective in reducing menstrual pain in primary dysmenorrhea after 8 weeks of intervention. However, relaxation exercise was found to be the most effective intervention at 4 and 8 weeks and had the lowest risk of dropout.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Congenital Heart Disease Study Group, Asian Society of Cardiovascular Imaging, Seoul, Korea
- InnovaRad Inc., Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Chang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Te Lei
- Section of Immunology, Rheumatology, and Allergy Department of Pediatrics, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Tao Tseng
- Prospect Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology and Neurology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Vin Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City, 100229, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Center for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Wang-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Querevalú-Pancorbo I, Rojas-Cama LF, Soncco-Llulluy F, Li J, Rosales-Rimache J. Abnormal uterine bleeding and associated factors: a cross-sectional study in high-performance Peruvian athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001820. [PMID: 38818354 PMCID: PMC11138278 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a problem that affects women and can cause outcomes such as anaemia, affecting women's quality of life. In high-performance athletes, this problem can be further exacerbated by intense physical activity, strict nutritional regimens and physical stress. Hypothesis There are factors that increase the risk of occurrence of AUB in high-performance Peruvian athletes. Study design Cross-sectional study. Level of evidence Level 4. Methods We applied an online questionnaire with questions to identify AUB according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics criteria, demographic characteristics, sport practised and evaluation of the risk of an eating disorder using the Eating Attitudes Test questionnaire. We used a generalised linear model to identify factors associated with AUB. Results We evaluated 101 participants whose mean age was 22.3±4.3 years. The body mass index had a mean of 22.6±2.4 kg/m2. From the total of athletes, 68.3% (95% CI 58.6% to 76.7%) presented AUB. The bivariate analysis showed that the type of sport and the duration of the sporting activity were associated (p<0.05) with AUB, with AUB frequencies of 76.5% observed in athletes who practised anaerobic sports. The multivariate analysis did not report factors significantly associated with AUB. Conclusion We found a high frequency of AUB in high-performance Peruvian athletes, especially in those who practice anaerobic and resistance sports. Clinical relevance High-performance female athletes health must be evaluated periodically, and immediate actions are taken to control and treat AUB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jair Li
- Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jaime Rosales-Rimache
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Peru
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Shim J, Han S, Baek J. Factors influencing menstrual regularity among female workers: a cross-sectional analysis study. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:299. [PMID: 38769497 PMCID: PMC11103980 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-03142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regularity of menstrual cycles is an important indicator of women's health and fertility, and female workers are exposed to several factors, such as sleep disorders, stress, and shift work, that affect their menstrual regularity. This makes it necessary to comprehensively identify the determinants of menstrual regularity. Therefore, this study identified the factors affecting menstrual regularity among female workers from physiological, psychological, and situational dimensions based on the theory of unpleasant symptoms. METHODS This was a secondary analysis of the 2010-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and utilized the data of 2418 female workers. Based on the theory of unpleasant symptoms, physiological factors included age, age at menarche, childbirth experience, body mass index, and sleep duration. Psychological factors included stress level, depressive mood, and suicidal ideation. Situational factors included education level, household income, consumption of alcohol, engagement in smoking, and work schedule. The χ²-test and hierarchical logistic regression analysis were performed, reflecting the complex sample design. RESULTS Age at menarche, childbirth experience, and body mass index among physiological factors and education level and work schedule among situational factors were found to be related to menstrual regularity. A higher risk of menstrual irregularities was found among those who had given birth (versus those who had not), had a high age at menarche (versus those with a low age at menarche), were obese (versus those who had a normal body mass index), had elementary school-level or lesser educational achievements (versus those with college graduate-level or higher educational achievements), and who had a shift work schedule (versus those with a fixed schedule). CONCLUSIONS Intervention is needed for female workers who have these risk factors, and special attention must be paid to female workers who have a shift work schedule. Additionally, since body mass index can be controlled, intervention concerning body mass index is necessary to reduce menstrual irregularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohee Shim
- College of Nursing, Yeungnam University College, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Han
- Department of Nursing, Kwangju Women's University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Baek
- College of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Jeonbuk National University; Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
- College of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Abu-Lubad MA, Abu-Helalah MA, QawaQzeh MS, Alahmad EF, Al-Tamimi MM, Ruba'I MK, Etoom SH, Alfayoumi RK, Aldaoudeyeh FE, AlAbabneh EA, Al-Kharabsheh AM, Alshraideh H. Impact of COVID-19 infections and vaccination on menstrual cycle symptoms in the south of Jordan: a cross-sectional study. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2024; 99:8. [PMID: 38594493 PMCID: PMC11004099 DOI: 10.1186/s42506-024-00153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several recent studies have highlighted the need for more evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 infections and vaccines on the reproductive system and menstruation. This study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 infection and vaccines on menstrual symptoms. METHODS A cross-sectional survey utilizing face-to-face interviews from January 1 to 31 March 2022 was conducted in the city of Al-Karak in southern Jordan. The questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, medical and reproductive history, the contraceptive method used if any, menstrual cycle (MC) status, previous medical and drug history, and the impact of infection and vaccination on the MC. RESULTS The study questionnaire was completed by 400 participants with a mean age of 32.1±12.6 years. Regarding the history of COVID-19 infections, 33.8% of the participants reported a history of confirmed COVID-19 infections, 77.8% of them did not report any menstrual changes following the infection, while the remaining 22.2% reported changes in menstruation. The most commonly reported post-COVID-19 manifestations were irregular (27.6%) and light menstrual cycle (MC) (24.15) or dysmenorrhea (24.1%). Heavy menstruation was reported by 17.2% of participants post-COVID-19 infection. Two-thirds of the study participants (66.6%) reported no changes in the MC following the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine. The most reported symptoms for those who experienced changes in the MC following the vaccination were irregular cycle (13.1%), heavy menstruation (7%), and light menstruation (7%). Other reported symptoms were dysmenorrhea (4.6%), intermenstrual bleeding (1.2%), and amenorrhea (0.5%). CONCLUSION This study revealed minor changes in the MC following COVID-19 infections and administration of the COVID-19 vaccine. These findings are consistent with published reports. It is recommended that future clinical trials for new vaccines for women of childbearing age include outcomes related to sex hormones and MC. Women should be encouraged to take the vaccines and report symptoms to healthcare professionals for further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Abu-Lubad
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7 Mutah, Al-Karak, 61710, Jordan.
| | - Munir A Abu-Helalah
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Public Health Institute, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Esra'a F Alahmad
- Medical Students at Mutah University, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Malak M Al-Tamimi
- Medical Students at Mutah University, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Mohammad K Ruba'I
- Medical Students at Mutah University, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Sahm H Etoom
- Medical Students at Mutah University, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Rawan K Alfayoumi
- Medical Students at Mutah University, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | | | - Ekram A AlAbabneh
- Medical Students at Mutah University, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Ahlam M Al-Kharabsheh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, Al-Karak, Jordan
| | - Hussam Alshraideh
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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10
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Kim K, Lee MY, Chang Y, Ryu S. Nightshift work and irregular menstrual cycle: 8-year follow-up cohort study. Occup Med (Lond) 2024; 74:152-160. [PMID: 38330390 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqad162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irregular menstruation is a major health problem among women, although its association with nightshift work remains controversial. AIMS To study the association between nightshift work and irregular menstrual cycle among female workers and investigate any differences according to sleep quality, working hours or obesity. METHODS This study included female workers who underwent health examinations from 2012 to 2019. Nightshift work, working hours, sleep quality and menstrual cycles were assessed using self-administered questionnaires. Irregular menstrual cycle was defined as self-reported irregular or ≥36 days. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by multivariable logistic regression; adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for incident irregular menstrual cycle were calculated by Cox proportional hazard models with time-dependent analysis. RESULTS The study participants were 87 147 in the cross-sectional study and 41 516 in the longitudinal study. After adjusting for all covariates in the cross-sectional analyses, the odds ratio for prevalent irregular menstrual cycle among female nightshift workers versus the reference was 1.26 (95% CI 1.2-1.33). In the cohort study, the adjusted hazard ratio for incident irregular menstrual cycle among nightshift workers was 1.95 (95% CI 1.61-2.35) in the period after 6 years. No significant differences were observed among subgroups stratified by sleep quality, working hours or obesity. CONCLUSIONS Nightshift work is associated with an increased risk of both prevalent and incident irregular menstrual cycle in female workers without significant interactions by sleep quality, working hours or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M Y Lee
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of R&D Management, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Chang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S Ryu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Ranjbar F, Haghani S, Aghashahi M, Gharacheh M. Changes in menstrual cycles among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2024; 22:283-294. [PMID: 39035630 PMCID: PMC11255462 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v22i4.16389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Some women experienced alterations in their menstrual cycles during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the changes in menstrual cycles among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study included 1500 women of childbearing age referred to healthcare centers in Tehran, Iran from April-November 2022. Participants were selected using the stratified sampling method. Data were collected via a questionnaire covering information on menstrual cycle, COVID-19 infection, and COVID-19 vaccination status. The study's outcomes focused on menstrual changes by evaluating cycle regularity, duration, and symptoms based on participant-reported observations. Results The findings revealed that the pattern of menstrual change during the pandemic occurred in the form of a shorter interval in 8.6%, and longer interval in 8.9%, shorter duration in 10.4%, longer duration in 9.4%, heavier bleeding in 12.3%, lighter bleeding in 14.7%. The chance of menstrual changes in women who were infected with COVID-19 was 54% higher than that of women who were not infected, and the chance of menstrual changes in women who received 3 doses of COVID-19 vaccine was 1.5 times higher than women who had not been vaccinated. Conclusion Our research revealed a high incidence of menstrual changes among Iranian women of childbearing age during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare providers should be knowledgeable about the menstrual changes associated with COVID-19 infection and vaccination to provide information and support to affected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Ranjbar
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Haghani
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahareh Aghashahi
- School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Gharacheh
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Contreras-Rendon A, Garcia Vences EE, Olguin Ortega AA. The Evaluation of Menstrual Alterations in Mexican Women After Vaccination Against COVID-19. Cureus 2024; 16:e58783. [PMID: 38654961 PMCID: PMC11035497 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Menstrual changes after COVID-19 vaccination suggest a secondary connection to the immune response to vaccination rather than a specific component of the vaccine. The evaluation of these alterations in women with the same and multiple vaccination schedules will provide valuable information. Methods An observational, cross-sectional study was carried out; data were collected through a survey of 164 vaccinated women at the American British Cowdray (ABC) Santa Fe Medical Center Hospital in Mexico City. The survey was validated by the Delphi method. Results The survey was applied from March 2023 to February 2024. Post-vaccination menstrual alterations occurred in 48.1%; the most frequent alteration was menorrhagia in 20.7% and pain accompanied by menstruation in 27.4%. Fifty-seven percent had a history of previous COVID-19 infection. There were no significant associations between changes in menstrual bleeding after vaccination, history of COVID-19 infection, and age group (p>0.9). However, women who received multiple doses of vaccines had a higher risk of suffering abnormalities in bleeding by 36.6%. Conclusion The incidence of menstrual disorders in this study post COVID-19 vaccination was 49%. Menstrual alterations in patients who received multiple doses and a single regimen were similar at 47% and 48%, where there is no statistical significance. The greatest number of menstrual alterations was seen in the first dose at 36%, probably due to the immunity they acquired after the different types of vaccination. Vaccination is a very effective way to prevent the severity of COVID-19 infection; it has an impact on menstrual bleeding in terms of menorrhagia and metrorrhagia. Vaccination against COVID-19 is associated with small changes in the menstrual cycle, without statistical significance. Women receiving the first dose of the vaccine had changes in the amount of bleeding specifically the amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Contreras-Rendon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, American British Cowdray (ABC) Medical Center, Mexico City, MEX
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Anahuac University, Mexico City, MEX
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13
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Medina-Perucha L, López-Jiménez T, Pujolar-Díaz G, Martínez-Bueno C, Munrós-Feliu J, Valls-Llobet C, Jacques-Aviñó C, Holst AS, Pinzón-Sanabria D, Vicente-Hernández MM, García-Egea A, Berenguera A. Menstrual characteristics and associations with sociodemographic factors and self-rated health in Spain: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:88. [PMID: 38310222 PMCID: PMC10838449 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on how menstrual characteristics may differ based on socioeconomic factors and self-rated health is significantly scarce. The main aim of this study was to investigate the associations between menstrual characteristics, sociodemographic factors and self-rated health among women and people who menstruate (PWM) aged 18-55 in Spain. METHODS This cross-sectional study includes data from an online survey collected in March-July 2021 across Spain. Descriptive statistical analyses and multivariate logistic regression models were performed. RESULTS The analyses included a total of 19,358 women and PWM. Mean age at menarche was 12.4 (SD = 1.5). While 20.3% of our participants experienced a menstrual abundance over 80 ml, 64.1% reported having menstrual blood clots; 6.4% menstruated for longer than 7 days. 17.0% had menstrual cycles that were shorter than 21 days or longer than 35 days. Reports of moderate (46.3%) and high (22.7%) intensity menstrual pain were common. 68.2% of our participants experienced premenstrual symptoms in all or most cycles. The odds for lighter menstrual flow, shorter bleeding days and menstrual cycles were higher as age increased, and amongst participants with less educational attainment. Caregivers presented higher odds for abundant menstrual flow and longer menstruations. Reporting financial constraints and a poorer self-rated health were risk factors for abundant menstrual flow, menstrual blood clots, shorter/longer menstruations and menstrual cycles, premenstrual symptoms, moderate and intense menstrual pain. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that age, educational attainment, caregiving, experiencing financial hardship and a poorer self-rated health may shape or mediate menstrual characteristics. It thus highlights the need to investigate and address social inequities of health in menstrual research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Perucha
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Tomàs López-Jiménez
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Georgina Pujolar-Díaz
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-Bueno
- Servei d'Atenció a la Salut Sexual i Reproductiva (ASSIR). Direcció Assistencial d'Atenció Primària, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
- Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Research Group (GRASSIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordina Munrós-Feliu
- Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Research Group (GRASSIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Atenció a la Salut Sexual i Reproductiva (ASSIR) Muntanya/La Mina, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Constanza Jacques-Aviñó
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Sofie Holst
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Andrea García-Egea
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Berenguera
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament d'Infermeria, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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14
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Marcelino AC, Fim AB, da Cunha Pereira P, Monteiro I, Darney BG, Bahamondes L. Association between COVID-19 and vaccination on menstrual cycle. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024; 164:571-577. [PMID: 37855055 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in the menstrual pattern of women of reproductive age infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or vaccinated against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS A cross-sectional study at the University of Campinas, Brazil using Google questionnaire applied from December 2021 through February 2022, disseminated through snowball technique. Participants responded about characteristics of their menstrual cycle before the pandemic and before COVID-19 vaccination, and then about characteristics of their cycle 3 months after infection with SARS-CoV-2 and 3 months after vaccination. Our primary outcome was a binary indicator of changes in the menstrual cycle. We used multivariate regression analysis to identify factors associated with menstrual changes. RESULTS We received 1012 completed questionnaires and 735 (72.7%) were from women aged between 20 and 39 years, 745 (73.6%) were White and 491 (48.6%) lived with a partner. A total of 419 (41.6%) of the women reported SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, only two of them were hospitalized, and 995 (98.8%) of women had at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. About menstrual characteristics, 170 (41.3%) reported changes after having COVID-19 and 294 (29.9%) after COVID-19 vaccination, respectively. Few years of schooling, lower income, and non-white ethnicity were related to higher reports of menstrual changes after COVID-19. Menstrual changes after COVID-19 vaccination were associated with not using contraception. Higher body mass index was associated with irregularities in cyclicity and bleeding days, after COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results corroborated the stability of the menstrual cycle after having COVID-19 or COVID-19 vaccination; however, there is a potential relationship between menstrual changes and socioeconomic factors as well as contraceptive use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Marcelino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alana B Fim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula da Cunha Pereira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ilza Monteiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Blair G Darney
- Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University, School of Public Health, Portland, Oregon, USA
- National Institute of Public Health, Center for Population Health Research, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Luis Bahamondes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Campinas Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Yang J, Song Y, Gaskins AJ, Li LJ, Huang Z, Eriksson JG, Hu FB, Chong YS, Zhang C. Mediterranean diet and female reproductive health over lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 229:617-631. [PMID: 37506751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of Mediterranean diet on female reproductive health outcomes over the life-course. DATA SOURCES We searched PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify eligible studies published till February 2022. Eligible references from identified studies and review articles were also considered. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, or nested case-control studies examining Mediterranean diet and major female reproductive outcomes over the lifespan, including clinical outcomes from childhood to adulthood (menarche, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and outcomes related to fertility, pregnancy, and menopause), were included for review. METHODS Two independent reviewers screened and performed data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment. We performed random-effects meta-analysis to obtain summary relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for major female reproductive outcomes. Subgroup analyses were performed for several pregnancy outcomes according to timing of the interventions for randomized controlled trials and timing of the dietary assessment for observational studies. RESULTS Thirty-two studies (9 randomized controlled trials, 22 prospective cohort studies, and 1 nested case-control study) involving 103,204 predominantly White women (>95%) were included. The pooled relative risk (95% confidence interval) comparing randomization to Mediterranean diet vs a control diet based on 7 randomized controlled trials was 0.74 (0.55-0.99) for gestational diabetes mellitus, 0.45 (0.26-0.76) for preterm birth, 0.71 (0.51-1.00) for gestational hypertension, and 0.82 (0.54-1.22) for preeclampsia; the effect sizes for preterm birth were greater in randomized controlled trials that initiated the interventions in first trimester vs after first trimester (P heterogeneity=.02). We observed inverse associations for all the above-mentioned pregnancy outcomes based on 9 cohort studies. There was suggestive evidence of favorable associations between Mediterranean diet adherence with fertility and gestational weight management. Limited studies suggested associations between higher Mediterranean diet adherence and later time to menarche and fewer vasomotor menopausal symptoms, null associations for polycystic ovary syndrome-like phenotype and pregnancy loss, and positive associations for luteal phase deficiency. CONCLUSION Adherence to Mediterranean diet may lower risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes among predominantly White populations. For fertility-related outcomes, available evidence supporting potential beneficial effects is suggestive yet limited. For other reproductive outcomes across the lifespan, data remains sparse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Yang
- Global Centre for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity & Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yiqing Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Audrey J Gaskins
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ling-Jun Li
- Global Centre for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity & Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhongwei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity & Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Singapore
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Singapore
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Global Centre for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Bia-Echo Asia Centre for Reproductive Longevity & Equality (ACRLE), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
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16
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Sawyer G, Howe LD, Fraser A, Clayton G, Lawlor DA, Sharp GC. Menstrual cycle features in mothers and daughters in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:386. [PMID: 37997583 PMCID: PMC10665607 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19774.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Problematic menstrual cycle features, including irregular periods, severe pain, heavy bleeding, absence of periods, frequent or infrequent cycles, and premenstrual symptoms, are experienced by high proportions of females and can have substantial impacts on their health and well-being. However, research aimed at identifying causes and risk factors associated with such menstrual cycle features is sparse and limited. This data note describes prospective, longitudinal data collected in a UK birth cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), on menstrual cycle features, which can be utilised to address the research gaps in this area. Data were collected across 21 timepoints (between the average age of 28.6 and 57.7 years) in mothers (G0) and 20 timepoints (between the average age of 8 and 24 years) in index daughters (G1) between 1991 and 2020. This data note details all available variables, proposes methods to derive comparable variables across data collection timepoints, and discusses important limitations specific to each menstrual cycle feature. Also, the data note identifies broader issues for researchers to consider when utilising the menstrual cycle feature data, such as hormonal contraception, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and menopause, as well as missing data and misclassification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Sawyer
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
| | - Laura D. Howe
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
| | - Abigail Fraser
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
| | - Gemma Clayton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
| | - Deborah A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
| | - Gemma C. Sharp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, UK
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, England, UK
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17
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Attia GM, Alharbi OA, Aljohani RM. The Impact of Irregular Menstruation on Health: A Review of the Literature. Cureus 2023; 15:e49146. [PMID: 38130524 PMCID: PMC10733621 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Women are considered to have an irregular menstrual cycle if their cycle length is less than 21 days or more than 35 days, accompanied by less or very severe blood flow. The prevalence of menstrual cycle irregularities varies across countries. Irregular periods can occur due to changes in the body's levels of estrogen and progesterone hormones, which disrupt the normal pattern of the period. Menstrual irregularity has been found to be associated with various diseases and medical conditions, such as metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Anemia, osteoporosis, psychological problems, impaired quality of life, and infertility have also been recorded. Moreover, a significant correlation between irregular periods and the risk of developing pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders, as well as an increased risk of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes, has been proven. Therefore, irregular menstruation is considered an important health indicator among women. Physical, mental, social, psychological, and reproductive problems are often associated with menstrual irregularities. Thus, evaluating the factors associated with irregular menstruation is necessary to determine appropriate preventive and treatment strategies and to decrease the associated health problems. The aim of this review was to define normal and irregular menstruation, their types, and prevalence, to recognize the risk factors and causes of irregular menstruation, and to understand their impact on women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghalia M Attia
- Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EGY
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18
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Massarotti C, Ammar OF, Liperis G, Uraji J, Drakopoulos P, Labarta E, Maheshwari A, Cheong Y, Makieva S, Fraire-Zamora JJ. Progesterone in HRT-FET cycles: a game of hide and seek. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:2039-2043. [PMID: 37528050 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Massarotti
- DINOGMI Department, University of Genoa, Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Genoa, Italy
- Physiopathology of Human Reproduction Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Omar F Ammar
- Biomaterials Cluster, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - George Liperis
- Westmead Fertility Centre, Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Uraji
- IVF Laboratory, TFP Düsseldorf GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Drakopoulos
- Brussels IVF, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Life, IVF Unit, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Labarta
- Human Reproduction Department, IVI RMA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Abha Maheshwari
- Aberdeen Fertility Centre, NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Ying Cheong
- Complete Fertility Centre, Southampton, England, UK
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, UK
| | - Sofia Makieva
- Kinderwunschzentrum, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound global impact, affecting people's physical and mental health, and their social and economic circumstances. Mitigation measures have disproportionately affected women. Studies have reported menstrual cycle and psychological disturbance associated with the pandemic. Pregnancy is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 disease. Reports have also demonstrated associations between COVID-19 infection, vaccination and Long COVID syndrome and reproductive health disturbance. However, studies are limited and there may be significant geographical variation. Also there is bias amongst published studies, and menstrual cycle data was not included in COVID-19 and vaccine trials. Longitudinal population based studies are required. In this review we discuss existing data, along with recommendations for further research required in this area. We also discuss a pragmatic approach to women presenting with reproductive health disturbance in the era of the pandemic, encompassing a multi-system assessment of psychological, reproductive health and lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Maher
- Department of Endocrinology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lisa Owens
- Department of Endocrinology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Medina-Perucha L, López-Jiménez T, Jacques-Aviñó C, Holst AS, Valls-Llobet C, Munrós-Feliu J, Martínez-Bueno C, Pinzón-Sanabria D, Vicente-Hernández MM, Berenguera A. Menstruation and social inequities in Spain: a cross-sectional online survey-based study. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:92. [PMID: 37198680 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01904-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Available research suggests that menstrual inequity has an impact on (menstrual) health outcomes and emotional wellbeing. It is also a significant barrier to achieve social and gender equity and compromises human rights and social justice. The aim of this study was to describe menstrual inequities and their associations with sociodemographic factors, among women and people who menstruate (PWM) aged 18-55 in Spain. METHODS A cross-sectional survey-based study was conducted in Spain between March and July 2021. Descriptive statistical analyses and multivariate logistic regression models were performed. RESULTS A total of 22,823 women and PWM were included in the analyses (Mean age = 33.2, SD = 8.7). Over half of the participants had accessed healthcare services for menstruation (61.9%). The odds for accessing menstrual-related services were significantly higher among participants with university education (aOR: 1.48, 95% CI, 1.13-1.95). Also, 57.8% reported having had partial or no menstrual education pre-menarche, with odds being higher among participants born in non-European or Latin American countries (aOR: 0.58, 95% CI, 0.36-0.93). Lifetime self-reported menstrual poverty was between 22.2-39.9%. Main risk factors for menstrual poverty were identifying as non-binary (aOR: 1.67, 95% CI, 1.32-2.11), being born in non-European or Latin American countries (aOR: 2.74, 95% CI, 1.77-4.24), and not having a permit to reside in Spain (aOR: 4.27, 95% CI, 1.94-9.38). Completed university education (aOR: 0.61, 95% CI, 0.44-0.84) and no financial hardship < 12 months (aOR: 0.06, 95% CI, 0.06-0.07) were protective factors for menstrual poverty. Besides, 75.2% reported having overused menstrual products due to lack of access to adequate menstrual management facilities. Menstrual-related discrimination was reported by 44.5% of the participants. Non-binary participants (aOR: 1.88, 95% CI, 1.52-2.33) and those who did not have a permit to reside in Spain (aOR: 2.11, 95% CI, 1.10-4.03) had higher odds of reporting menstrual-related discrimination. Work and education absenteeism were reported by 20.3% and 62.7% of the participants, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that menstrual inequities affect a high number of women and PWM in Spain, especially those more socioeconomically deprived, vulnerabilised migrant populations and non-binary and trans menstruators. Findings from this study can be valuable to inform future research and menstrual inequity policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Perucha
- Fundació Institut Universitari Per a La Recerca a L'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol I Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Gran Via de Les Corts Catalanes 587 Attic, 08007, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Tomàs López-Jiménez
- Fundació Institut Universitari Per a La Recerca a L'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol I Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Gran Via de Les Corts Catalanes 587 Attic, 08007, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Constanza Jacques-Aviñó
- Fundació Institut Universitari Per a La Recerca a L'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol I Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Gran Via de Les Corts Catalanes 587 Attic, 08007, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Anna Sofie Holst
- Fundació Institut Universitari Per a La Recerca a L'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol I Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Gran Via de Les Corts Catalanes 587 Attic, 08007, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jordina Munrós-Feliu
- Atenció a La Salut Sexual I Reproductiva (ASSIR) Muntanya/La Mina, Institut Català de La Salut, Barcelona, Spain
- Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Research Group (GRASSIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-Bueno
- Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Research Group (GRASSIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d'Atenció a La Salut Sexual I Reproductiva (ASSIR). Direcció Assistencial d'Atenció Primària. Institut Català de La Salut, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Anna Berenguera
- Fundació Institut Universitari Per a La Recerca a L'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol I Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Gran Via de Les Corts Catalanes 587 Attic, 08007, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Departament d'Infermeria, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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Sathiyaseelan A, Patangia B, Chaudhury S, Jariwala D. Effect of Menstrual Distress on Interpersonal Relationships, School Absenteeism, Work Productivity, and Academic Performance. PERSPECTIVES ON COPING STRATEGIES FOR MENSTRUAL AND PREMENSTRUAL DISTRESS 2023:62-87. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-5088-8.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
Women's health has always been one of the major research areas to identify health patterns to understand the challenges women face and to provide essential support. As time changes, various new challenges and issues emerge around menstrual distress. More research is still needed to identify efficient physiological and psychological support strategies. The current chapter provides a detailed insight into how menstrual pain affects a woman and girl's interpersonal relationships, school presence, peer relations, productivity at the workplace, and academic performance. Further, the chapter captures various literature evidence on the effect of cultural and religious factors affecting menstruation. The chapter also emphasizes providing strategies and mapping down existing policies that are in action to address the challenges women face due to menstrual distress.
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22
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Matar SG, Nourelden AZ, Assar A, Bahbah EI, Alfryjat AM, Hasabo EA, Matar SA, Bishtawi SN, Alhoubani M, Yahia AB, Ragab KM, Salameh LM, Salameh LSE, Zaazouee MS, Al‐kafarna M, Elshanbary AA, Almadhoon HW, Bakdash ST, Adam OAB, Malih AN, Habash SAE, Basiouny RMT, Ahmad A, Hamid RMA, Habib BY, Elokl DN, Abdalraheem HH, Atia EA, Yousif NIA, Al‐Ali FH, Alshaer IM, Abdulali FE, Ayesh HA, Jabari AY, Egzait RA, Munshar NAA, Alkhraibat AA, ibreerah AH, Basheti IA. Effect of COVID-19 vaccine on menstrual experience among females in six Arab countries: A cross sectional study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2022; 17:e13088. [PMID: 36578138 PMCID: PMC9835440 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been varying reports on the potential occurrence and severity of changes to menstruation including the median cycle length, days of bleeding, bleeding heaviness, and menstrual pain, following receipt of COVID-19 vaccinations. We aimed to assess potential postvaccination menstrual changes in women residing in the Middle East. METHODS We implemented a cross-sectional online survey-based study. Data about the participants' demographic characteristics, menstruation experience, and vaccination status were collected and analyzed among six Arab countries. RESULTS Among 4942 menstruating females included in this study, females who had received one or more doses of COVID-19 vaccination reported a higher frequency of back pain, nausea, tiredness, pelvic pain with periods, unprescribed analgesics use, and passage of loose stools. They also reported higher scores describing average and worst menstrual pain. Fully vaccinated females reported heavier flow and more days of bleeding. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that COVID-19 vaccine may have an effect on menstruation in terms of menstrual pain and bleeding heaviness. The evidence needs to be further investigated in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeda Ghassan Matar
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,School of PharmacyApplied Science Private UniversityAmmanJordan
| | - Anas Zakarya Nourelden
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineAl‐Azhar UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Ahmed Assar
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineMenoufia UniversityShebin El‐KomEgypt
| | | | | | - Elfatih A. Hasabo
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of KhartoumKhartoumSudan
| | - Suzan A. Matar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory SciencesThe University of Jordan, School of ScienceAmmanJordan
| | | | | | | | - Khaled Mohamed Ragab
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineMinia UniversityMiniaEgypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed Sayed Zaazouee
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineAl‐Azhar UniversityAssuitEgypt
| | - Mohammed Al‐kafarna
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of PharmacyAl‐Azhar University – GazaGaza StripPalestine
| | - Alaa Ahmed Elshanbary
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineAlexandria UniversityAlexandriaEgypt
| | - Hossam Waleed Almadhoon
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Institute of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Shahed Toulaq Bakdash
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineKalamoon UniversityRif‐DimashqSyria
| | - Ola Awad Babiker Adam
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineAl‐Neelain UniversityKhartoumSudan
| | - Abdelkader Nabeel Malih
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineKalamoon UniversityRif‐DimashqSyria
| | - Shimaa Abo elfotoh Habash
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
| | - Rakia Mohamed Taha Basiouny
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineOctober 6 UniversityGizaEgypt
| | - Afaf Ahmad
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineDamascus UniversityDamascusSyria
| | - Raghda Mohammed Ahmed Hamid
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of KhartoumKhartoumSudan
| | - Balsam Younan Habib
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineTartus UniversityTartus CitySyria
| | - Dalia Nasr Elokl
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineTanta UniversityTantaEgypt
| | - Hiba Hatim Abdalraheem
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of PharmacyAl‐Neelain UniversityKhartoumSudan
| | - Esraa Adel Atia
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineAl‐Azhar UniversityDamiettaEgypt
| | - Nazik Ibrahim Ahmed Yousif
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineUniversity of KhartoumKhartoumSudan
| | - Fida Hussien Al‐Ali
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicinePalestine Polytechnic University‐ HebronWest BankPalestine
| | - Israa Mohammed Alshaer
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineTripoli UniversityTripoliLibya
| | - Fatima Elsidieg Abdulali
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineMisurata UniversityMisurataLibya
| | - Hadil Abu Ayesh
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineAl‐Azhar University – GazaGaza StripPalestine
| | - Anwar Yousef Jabari
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicinePalestine Polytechnic University‐ HebronWest BankPalestine
| | - Raneem Ahmed Egzait
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineMisurata UniversityMisurataLibya
| | - Nameer Amer Abu Munshar
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicinePalestine Polytechnic University‐ HebronWest BankPalestine
| | - Aseel Ahmad Alkhraibat
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of PharmacyJordan University of Science and TechnologyIrbidJordan
| | - Aisha Hasan ibreerah
- International Medical Research Association (IMedRA)CairoEgypt,Faculty of MedicineMisurata UniversityMisurataLibya
| | - Iman A. Basheti
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and TherapeuticsFaculty of Pharmacy Applied Science Private UniversityAmmanJordan,Faculty of PharmacyThe University of SydneySydneyAustralia
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23
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Sasaki N, Akiyama H, Kawakami N, Nishi D. Preconception menstrual cycle disorder and antenatal depression: a cross-sectional study with prerecorded information. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2022; 43:411-418. [PMID: 34882063 DOI: 10.1080/0167482x.2021.2010699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the association between pre-pregnancy menstrual cycle characteristics (i.e. cycle-length variability and cycle length) and antenatal depression. METHODS This study retrieved the data from the baseline survey of the randomized controlled trial with pregnant women at 16-20 weeks gestation who used a pregnancy tracking app. The antenatal depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 16-20 weeks gestation, and the cutoff point of 10/11 was adopted. Pre-conceptional menstrual cycle information was obtained via a prerecorded period tracking app. Cycle-length variability was defined as the average difference in the lengths between cycles, dichotomized into regular (≤6 days) and irregular (>6 days). Cycle length was coded as a categorical variable: <25 days, 25-26 days, 27-29 days (regular), 30-31 days, 32-33 days, and 34+ days. The associations of cycle disorders with EPDS scores were examined using regression analysis and a multiple logistic regression model adjusted for covariates. RESULTS The total of 3473 participants were analyzed in this study. Irregular cycle variability (>6 days) was significantly associated with high EPDS scores (adjusted: standardized beta = 0.049, p = 0.003) and with high cutoff EPDS scores (over 11) (adjusted OR = 1.40 [1.02-1.94], p = 0.038) but not with cycle length. CONCLUSION Irregular menstrual cycle before pregnancy was associated with depression during pregnancy. The health of the menstrual cycle during preconception needs to be further explored to promote healthy maternal mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsu Sasaki
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Hiroto Akiyama
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Norito Kawakami
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nishi
- Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.,Department of Public Mental Health Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
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24
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Chao M, Menon C, Elgendi M. Menstrual cycles during COVID-19 lockdowns: A systematic review and meta-analysis. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2022; 4:949365. [PMID: 36303682 PMCID: PMC9580671 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2022.949365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 lockdowns produced psychological and lifestyle consequences for women of reproductive age and changes in their menstrual cycles. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to characterize changes in menstrual cycle length associated with lockdowns compared to non-lockdown periods. A search on 5 May 2022 retrieved articles published between 1 December 2019, and 1 May 2022, from Medline, Embase, and Web of Science. The included articles were peer-reviewed observational studies with full texts in English, that reported menstrual cycle lengths during lockdowns and non-lockdowns. Cross-sectional and cohort studies were appraised using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Cohort Studies, respectively. Review Manager was used to generate a forest plot with odds ratios (OR) at the 95% confidence interval (CI), finding a significant association between lockdown and menstrual cycle length changes for 21,729 women of reproductive age (OR = 9.14, CI: 3.16-26.50) with a significant overall effect of the mean (Z = 4.08, p < 0.0001). High heterogeneity with significant dispersion of values was observed (I 2 = 99%, τ = 1.40, χ2 = 583.78, p < 0.0001). This review was limited by the availability of published articles that favored high-income countries. The results have implications for adequately preparing women and assisting them with menstrual concerns during lockdown periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Chao
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carlo Menon
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Elgendi
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Issa R, Kharaba ZJ, Azzi V, Obeid S, Sawma T, Said ASA, Ahmad MMA, Alfoteih Y, Malaeb D, Hallit S. Menstrual symptoms variation among Lebanese women before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2022; 20:2699. [PMID: 36733514 PMCID: PMC9851823 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2022.3.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pandemic diseases and the confinement measures due to COVID-19 infection have introduced acute and persistent psychosocial stressors for different individuals with a greater influence on females manifested through changes in the menstrual cycle. The objective of this study was to assess Lebanese female of reproductive age about their menstrual cycle, their mental health, and their lifestyle, throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, Beirut blast, and the economic crises. Methods A cross-sectional online study conducted between October and December 2021, enrolled 398 Lebanese women using the snowball technique. The Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ) was used to assess menstrual symptoms. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess factors associated with the variation in MSQ scores after vs before the pandemic. Results Our results showed that a significantly higher number of days of menses, number of pads per day and total MSQ score were significantly found after the pandemic compared to before it. More distress (Beta=0.68), more post-traumatic stress disorder due to COVID-19 (Beta=0.19), a higher number of waterpipes smoked per week (Beta=1.20) and being infected by COVID-19 compared to not (Beta=3.98) were significantly associated with an increase in the MSQ score after the pandemic compared to before it. Conclusion Our main findings indicate that females had irregular menstrual cycles, unpredictable bleeding pattern, and intense symptoms severity post COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, stress post COVID-19 and Beirut blast tended to be associated with increased menstrual symptoms. Thus, vulnerable women should be identified and offered appropriate care, information, and awareness regarding their menstrual period during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Issa
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
| | - Zelal Jaber Kharaba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, Honorary Associate lecturer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Vanessa Azzi
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon.
| | - Toni Sawma
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah 21478, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amira S A Said
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.
| | - Mohammad M Al Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Yassen Alfoteih
- Department of Dental Surgery, City University College of Ajman, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Diana Malaeb
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon, Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah 21478, Saudi Arabia, Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
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26
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Medina-Perucha L, López-Jiménez T, Holst AS, Jacques-Aviñó C, Munrós-Feliu J, Martínez-Bueno C, Valls-Llobet C, Pinzón-Sanabria D, Vicente-Hernández MM, Berenguera A. Self-Reported Menstrual Alterations During the COVID-19 Syndemic in Spain: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Womens Health 2022; 14:529-544. [PMID: 35444473 PMCID: PMC9013667 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s354655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Available evidence suggests that there might be an association between the stressors experienced during the COVID-19 syndemic and changes in menstrual patterns. The aim of this study was to assess self-reported menstrual alterations during the COVID-19 syndemic among women and people who menstruate aged 18-55 in Spain. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional online survey-based study was conducted (March-July 2021). Descriptive statistics were calculated and multivariate logistic regression models were constructed. This study was conducted as part of the "Equity and Menstrual Health in Spain" research project. Results Among participants (N=17,455), 39.4% reported menstrual alterations since the start of the syndemic. Participants self-reporting long COVID-19 presented higher odds of menstrual alterations (aOR: 1.34, 95% CI, 1.15-1.57). In participants with no history of COVID-19, the risk for self-reported menstrual alterations was significantly higher based on employment situation, among participants experiencing financial issues (eg, financial issues always/many times <12 months: aOR: 1.68, 95% CI, 1.48-1.90), poorer self-perceived health (eg, poor: aOR: 2.00, 95% CI, 1.31-3.07), and those diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (aOR: 1.13, 95% CI, 1.02-1.26). Among participants with a self-reported COVID-19 diagnosis, factors that significantly increased the odds for menstrual alterations were experiencing financial strains (eg, financial issues always/many times <12 months: aOR: 1.53, 95% CI, 1.09-2.14), poorer self-perceived health (eg, poor: aOR: 3.09, 95% CI, 1.01-9.52). Overall, factors that decreased the odds of reporting menstrual alterations included age >25, being a carer, not having a gynecological condition and using hormonal contraception. Discussion and conclusions Findings suggest an impact of the COVID-19 syndemic on menstrual patterns. Social inequities in reporting menstrual alterations were identified. While the risk of reporting menstrual alterations was higher among participants with long COVID-19, evidence is not conclusive. Further research on menstrual health in the context of COVID-19 is needed, also to inform policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Perucha
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomàs López-Jiménez
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Sofie Holst
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Constanza Jacques-Aviñó
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordina Munrós-Feliu
- Atenció a la Salut Sexual i Reproductiva (ASSIR) Muntanya/La Mina, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain.,Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Research Group (GRASSIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez-Bueno
- Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Research Group (GRASSIR), Barcelona, Spain.,Servei d'Atenció a la Salut Sexual i Reproductiva (ASSIR), Direcció Assistencial d'Atenció Primària, Institut Català de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Anna Berenguera
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.,Departament d'Infermeria, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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27
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Muhaidat N, Alshrouf MA, Azzam MI, Karam AM, Al-Nazer MW, Al-Ani A. Menstrual Symptoms After COVID-19 Vaccine: A Cross-Sectional Investigation in the MENA Region. Int J Womens Health 2022; 14:395-404. [PMID: 35378876 PMCID: PMC8976114 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s352167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the emergence of COVID-19 vaccinations, many women around the world are reporting abnormalities in their menstrual periods post-vaccination. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and impact of menstrual abnormalities after the COVID-19 vaccine among females residing within the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Methods The study utilized a cross-sectional online self-administered survey from July 2021 to August 2021 targeting females living in the MENA region above the age of menarche who had received vaccine and were not pregnant or lactating, and do not have a history of primary ovarian insufficiency, hypothalamic menopause, or have undergone a hysterectomy. The survey was distributed regionally via social media. Results A total of 2269 females were included in our study, with a mean age of 34.3 ± 8.5 years. About 66.3% of participants reported menstrual symptoms post-vaccination, of which 46.7% experienced them after their first dose. However, in 93.6% of participants, the symptoms resolved within 2 months. Vaccine type did not significantly influence the incidence of abnormalities (p > 0.05). Participants who had confirmed previous COVID-19 infection had a very similar percentage of menstrual abnormalities compared to people who did not have COVID-19 infection or symptoms suspected of COVID-19 infection and did not test (67.5%, 66.8%, respectively); nevertheless, those who had experienced the COVID-19 vaccine general side effects had significantly more abnormalities (p < 0.001). Compared to their pandemic status, females reported significantly more abnormalities post-vaccination. Conclusion The study showed a possible link between the COVID-19 vaccine and menstrual abnormalities that have impacted their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Muhaidat
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Muayad I Azzam
- The School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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28
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Gerema U, Kene K, Abera D, Adugna T, Nigussie M, Dereje D, Mulugeta T. Abnormal uterine bleeding and associated factors among reproductive age women in Jimma town, Oromia Region, Southwest Ethiopia. WOMEN'S HEALTH 2022; 18:17455057221077577. [PMID: 35168427 PMCID: PMC8855377 DOI: 10.1177/17455057221077577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding is any bleeding that deviates from normal menstruations. It differs in terms of frequency of bleeding, duration, and the pattern of bleeding during menstrual cycle or menopause. It is a major gynecological problem for medical visits among women in the reproductive aged group. However, data on abnormal uterine bleeding in Ethiopia are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the abnormal uterine bleeding and associated factors among reproductive age women in Jimma town, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: Community-based cross-sectional study was employed from 1 January to 30 April 2020. Six hundred sixty women were selected by using systematic random sampling. Data were collected by using semi-structured questionnaires. Data were entered into EPI data version 3.1 and analyzed by using SPSS version 25 software. All predictor’s variables with p value <0.25 in bivariable analysis were entered into multivariable logistic regression analysis. Variables with a p value of less than 0.05 in the multivariable analysis were taken as statistically significant predictors of abnormal uterine bleeding. Results: Out of 660 participants, 225 (34.1%) had abnormal uterine bleeding. From women with abnormal uterine bleeding, the prevalence of metrorrhagia, heavy periods, oligomenorrhea, inter-menstrual bleeding, polymenorrhea, and amenorrhea was 59 (26.2%), 54 (24%), 53 (23.5%), 46 (20.4%), 35 (15.5%), and 25 (11.1%), respectively. History of abortion (adjusted odds ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.02–2.41), history of uterine fibroids (adjusted odds ratio = 3.83, 95% confidence interval: 1.85–7.94), history of sexually transmitted infection (adjusted odds ratio = 2.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.33–3.66), and the history of intrauterine device (adjusted odds ratio = 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.39–2.97) were significantly associated with abnormal uterine bleeding. Conclusion: The prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding was higher in Jimma town.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urge Gerema
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kumsa Kene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Deriba Abera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Adugna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrat Nigussie
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Diriba Dereje
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Mulugeta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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29
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Barabás K, Makkai B, Farkas N, Horváth HR, Nagy Z, Váradi K, Zelena D. Influence of COVID-19 pandemic and vaccination on the menstrual cycle: A retrospective study in Hungary. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:974788. [PMID: 36387878 PMCID: PMC9646704 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.974788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Observations of women and clinicians indicated that the prevalence of menstrual cycle problems has escalated during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it was not clear whether the observed menstrual cycle changes were related to vaccination, the disease itself or the COVID-19 pandemic-induced psychological alterations. To systematically analyze this question, we conducted a human online survey in women aged between 18 and 65 in Hungary. The menstrual cycle of 1563 individuals were analyzed in our study in relation to the COVID-19 vaccination, the COVID-19 infection, the pandemic itself and the mental health. We found no association between the COVID-19 vaccination, the vaccine types or the COVID-19 infection and the menstrual cycle changes. We also evaluated the menstrual cycle alterations focusing on three parameters of the menstrual cycle including the cycle length, the menses length and the cycle regularity in three pandemic phases: the pre-peak, the peak and the post-peak period in Hungary. Our finding was that the length of the menstrual cycle did not change in any of the periods. However, the menses length increased, while the regularity of the menstrual cycle decreased significantly during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic when comparing to the pre- and post-peak periods. In addition, we exhibited that the length and the regularity of the menstrual cycle both correlated with the severity of depression during the post-peak period, therefore we concluded that the reported menstrual cycle abnormalities during the peak of COVID-19 in Hungary might be the result of elevated depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Barabás
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Makkai
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nelli Farkas
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Hanga Réka Horváth
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Nagy
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Váradi
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Pécs, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Dóra Zelena,
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Park M, Jung SJ. Association between menstrual cycle irregularity and suicidal ideation among Korean women: Results from the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (2010-2012). J Affect Disord 2021; 293:279-284. [PMID: 34225207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the association between menstrual cycle irregularity and suicidal ideation in Korean women. METHODS Data on 5,606 women from the 2010-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a population-based cross-sectional study, were included. Menstrual cycle irregularity, suicidal ideation, current occupational status, age at menarche, education level, household income, and marital status were assessed through questionnaires with trained interviewers. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting for age, socioeconomic status, smoking and drinking status, age at menarche, comorbid diseases, and physical activity. RESULTS In the multivariate-adjusted models, we found significant associations between menstrual cycle irregularity and suicidal ideation (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44 [1.14-1.82]). This association was particularly noticeable in women aged 12 to 29 years (OR [95% CI] = 1.45 [1.04-2.03]), in those who had menarche at a relatively early age (aged 8-13 years) (OR [95% CI] = 1.60 [1.15-2.23]), and in those who were currently employed (OR [95% CI] = 1.46 [1.05-2.04]). LIMITATIONS Suicidal ideation was evaluated based on the participants' self-reports, and were therefore subjective in nature. Additionally, due to the cross-sectional design and use of retrospective data, causal relationships could not be drawn. CONCLUSION Women with irregular menstrual cycles were 1.42 times more likely to have suicidal ideation than those with regular cycles. More attention should be paid to menstrual cycle irregularity when attempting to improve levels of suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseo Park
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jae Jung
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Shimamoto K, Hirano M, Wada-Hiraike O, Goto R, Osuga Y. Examining the association between menstrual symptoms and health-related quality of life among working women in Japan using the EQ-5D. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2021; 21:325. [PMID: 34493264 PMCID: PMC8424948 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Menstrual symptoms have been identified as a substantial burden among women of reproductive age, affecting their health status and quality of life globally. A range of menstrual symptoms have been studied as they affect the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), showing variations across specific menstrual symptoms and study settings. A major concern is demonstrated due to menstrual symptoms in women’s professional and social life, and consequently societal and economic loss for women and the society at large. Yet evidence is scarce that estimates the index form HRQoL score related to menstrual symptoms that is needed for health economic evaluations. Methods This study aims to investigate the association between menstrual symptoms and the HRQoL among working women in Japan in an index form, using a self-reporting questionnaire (n = 6048). The EQ-5D-3L (EuroQoL 5-dimension 3-level) is used that is a widely used tool to measure health outcomes for health economic evaluations globally. Multivariate regression analysis is conducted to assess the association between the HRQoL score and specific nineteen physical and mental conditions related to menstruation (e.g., pain, heavy bleeding, concentration, negative affect). Results The index form HRQoL score for menstrual symptoms is estimated as 0.682 in the study population (where a score one suggests perfect health). The association of the HRQoL score varies substantially across the menstrual symptoms. Several of the physical conditions and disorders show a substantial negative association with the HRQoL score. Also, most of the mental and psychological issues are significantly and negatively related to the HRQoL score. Conclusions This study suggests that HRQoL is substantially and negatively affected by menstruation among working women in Japan. Distinct variations of negative influences across menstrual symptoms underscore the multi-dimensional nature of menstruation and consequently the need of collective interventions to address these difficulties. The evidence of HRQoL continues to be an important area for future research on women’s health and health economic evaluations to inform effective and efficient resource allocations for relevant health policies and financing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Shimamoto
- Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Mana Hirano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Kanda-Izumi-cho 1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Rei Goto
- Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjyuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Graduate School of Business Administration, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8526, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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de Vries L, Baum M, Horovitz M, Phillip M, Barash G, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Lazar L. Management of Fully Pubertal Girls With Nonclassical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Glucocorticoids Versus Oral Contraceptives. Endocr Pract 2021; 28:44-51. [PMID: 34438053 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare clinical outcomes of 3 treatment regimens-glucocorticoids (GCs), oral contraceptives (OCs), or a combination of both-administered to adolescents and young women diagnosed in childhood with nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH), who had been treated with GCs until their adult height was achieved. METHODS A retrospective study of medical records of 53 female patients with NCCAH followed in 3 tertiary pediatric endocrinology institutes. The 3 treatment groups were compared for the prevalence of hirsutism and acne, standardized body mass index (BMI)-standard deviation score (SDS), and androgen levels at the attainment of adult height (baseline), 1-year later, and at the last documented visit. RESULTS At baseline, there were no significant differences among groups in BMI-SDS, androgen levels, hirsutism prevalence, acne, or irregular menses. From baseline to the last visit, the rate of hirsutism declined significantly only in the OC group (37.5% vs 6.2%, respectively; P = .03). The rate of acne declined in the combined group (50% vs 9%, respectively; P = .03) with a similar tendency in the OC group (50% vs 12.5%, respectively; P = .05). No significant changes were observed in BMI-SDS for the entire cohort or any subgroup during follow-up. A significant rise in androstenedione (P < .001), testosterone (P < .01), and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (P < .01) levels was observed only in the OC group. CONCLUSION In girls diagnosed in childhood with NCCAH, who require treatment for hyperandrogenism following completion of linear growth, management should be tailored individually using a patient-centered approach. Treatment with OCs might be better than that with GCs for regression of hirsutism and acne. The long-term effects of elevated levels of androgens associated with this treatment regimen should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat de Vries
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Michal Baum
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Horovitz
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Phillip
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Galia Barash
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Institute, Shamir Medical Center, Be'er Ya'akov, Israel
| | - Orit Pinhas-Hamiel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Liora Lazar
- The Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Takmaz T, Gundogmus I, Okten SB, Gunduz A. The impact of COVID-19-related mental health issues on menstrual cycle characteristics of female healthcare providers. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:3241-3249. [PMID: 34137123 PMCID: PMC8447072 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aim To investigate the association between menstrual cycle regularity in healthcare providers and COVID‐19 pandemic‐related anxiety, depression, stress. Methods A cross‐sectional study was conducted by administrating online questionnaires to female healthcare workers in Turkey. Women aged 18–40 years with regular menstrual cycles for more than 1 year before the beginning of the pandemic were included in the study and they were divided into two groups according to menstrual cycle regularity during the pandemic. The questionnaires included sociodemographic characteristics, medical and reproductive history, lifestyle information of participants, COVID‐19 Stress Scales (CSS), and a short version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS‐21). Results A total of 952 women were included in the study, 679 had regular menstrual cycles, and 273 had irregular menstrual cycles. The prevalence of irregular menses among Turkish women healthcare workers aged 18–40 years was 28.7%. The CSS subdimensions and total scores were significantly higher in the irregular menstruation group than in women with regular menstruation (p < 0.001). The DASS‐21 depression, anxiety, and stress subdimensions were likewise significantly higher in women with irregular menstruation (p < 0.001). Besides, both the univariable and the multivariable logistic regression results showed the relationship between irregular menstruation and CSS total score. Conclusion The current study showed the association between the COVID‐19 pandemic‐induced anxiety, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and increased prevalence of menstrual cycle irregularity among healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Takmaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bezmialem University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Gundogmus
- Department of Psychiatry, Kırıkkale Yüksek İhtisas Hospital, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Sabri Berkem Okten
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Acibadem Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Anil Gunduz
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Istanbul Kent University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Mena GP, Mielke GI, Brown WJ. Prospective associations between physical activity and BMI with irregular periods and heavy menstrual bleeding in a large cohort of Australian women. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:1481-1491. [PMID: 33846724 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) associated with irregular periods and heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) in Australian women? SUMMARY ANSWER Overweight and obese women have higher odds of both irregular periods and HMB than underweight/normal-weight women, but high levels of PA reduce the odds of HMB. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Most studies on relationships between PA and menstrual problems have focused on female athletes, but there have been few population-based studies. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Prospective cohort study, 10618 participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health (ALSWH) who completed mailed surveys in 1996, with follow-ups in 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2015. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Participants were aged 22 to 27 in 2000. They were asked to report their PA levels and the frequency of irregular periods and HMB in each survey. BMI was calculated at every survey from self-reported weight and height. Generalised estimating equation population-averaged model analyses were conducted to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE At age 22 to 27 years, the prevalence of irregular periods was 19.4%. This remained stable over 15 years. There were no associations between PA and irregular periods. Overweight and obese women had higher odds of irregular periods [overweight: OR 1.08, (95% CI 1.00-1.17); obese: OR 1.29, (95%CI 1.18-1.41)] than women who were underweight/normal weight.The prevalence of HMB at age 22-27 years was 15.9%; this doubled over 15 years. Women who were highly active had 10% lower odds of HMB than women who reported no PA [OR 0.90, (95%CI 0.82-0.98)]. Overweight and obese women had higher odds of HMB [overweight: OR 1.15, (95%CI 1.07-1.23); obese: OR 1.37, (95%CI 1.26-1.49)] than women who were underweight/normal weight. Among obese women, high levels of PA were associated with 19% [OR 0.81, (95%CI 0.68-0.97)] reduction in the odds of HMB. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Data collected in the ALSWH are self-reported, which may be subject to recall bias. Reverse causation, due to menstrual problems impacting PA, is possible although sensitivity analyses suggest this is unlikely to have affected the results. Other conditions, e.g., polycystic ovary syndrome, for which no or incomplete data were available, could have affected the results. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Intervention studies are needed to assess the effect of increasing PA in women with HMB, but these preliminary findings suggest that promoting PA could be an affordable and feasible strategy for reducing HMB in young adult women. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The ALSWH is funded by the Australian Government. Funding for these analyses was provided by a University of Queensland (UQ) International Postgraduate Research Scholarship and a UQ International Development Fellowship. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela P Mena
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregore I Mielke
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Wendy J Brown
- Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Zeru AB, Gebeyaw ED, Ayele ET. Magnitude and associated factors of menstrual irregularity among undergraduate students of Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia. Reprod Health 2021; 18:101. [PMID: 34020676 PMCID: PMC8139046 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Menstrual irregularity is a common problem among women aged from 21 to 25years. Previously published work on menstrual irregularity used inconsistent definition which results in a difference in prevalence. Therefore the study aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of menstrual irregularity among undergraduate students of Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study design was carried out among 660 undergraduate female students at Debre Berhan University. To get representative study participants, a stratified sampling technique was used. To collect the data self-administered questionnaire was used. Physical examination and anthropometric measurement were also done. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 21. Logistic regression analysiswas done. A significant association was declared at a p-value less than 0.05. Result A total of 620 students participated in the present study with a response rate of 93.9%. Out of the total study participants, 32.6% (95% CI 2936.5) participants had irregular menstrual cycle. Significant association was found between anemia (AOR=2.1; 95%CI 1.3373.441), alcohol intake (AOR=2.4; 95%CI 1.254.666),<5 sleep hours (AOR=5.4; 95%CI 2.9759.888), 67 sleep hours (AOR=1.9; 95%CI 1.2912.907), Perceived stress (AOR=3.3; 95%CI 1.83225.940), iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) (AOR=3.9; 95%CI 1.32511.636) and underweight (AOR=1.8; 95%CI 1.1092.847) with menstrual irregularity. Conclusion The finding of this study reported a low magnitude of menstrual irregularity as compared to previous studies. Students should adopt healthier lifestyle practices (weight control, stress control, anemia control, and avoid alcohol intake) to control menstrual irregularity. Menstrual irregularity is a common problem among university students. It affects their daily activities. But it lacks attention, especially in developing countries. Additionally, menstrual irregularity is defined differently by different researchers which results in a difference in prevalence. So it is difficult to compare. Therefore this study aims to assess the magnitude and associated factors of menstrual irregularity among undergraduate students of Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia. To avoid the inconsistent definition of menstrual irregularity which is used by different researchers, we used the standard of menstrual irregularity definition which was prepared by the international federation of obstetrics and gynecologist in 2018. This study uses across sectional study design among 660 undergraduate students of Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia. A self-administered questioner which includes socio-demographic data, menstrual-related questions, lifestyle and behavioral questions, and medical history questions were used to collect data. Besides, physical examination and anthropometric measurement were done. Of a total 620 students who participated in the study: 202 (32.6%) had menstrual irregularity. Factors that had significant association with menstrual irregularity were, anemia (AOR=2.1; 95%CI 1.3373.441), alcohol intake (AOR=2.4; 95%CI 1.254.666),<5 sleep hours (AOR=5.4; 95%CI 2.9759.888), 67 sleep hours (AOR=1.9; 95%CI 1.2912.907), Perceived stress (AOR=3.3; 95%CI 1.83225.940), iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) (AOR=3.9; 95%CI 1.32511.636) and underweight (AOR=1.8; 95%CI 1.1092.847). In conclusion, the finding of this study reported a low magnitude of menstrual irregularity as compared to previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abayneh Birlie Zeru
- Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
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Sultana A, Rahman K. Evaluation of general body temperament and uterine dystemperament in amenorrhoea: a cross-sectional analytical study. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 19:455-465. [PMID: 33977688 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Amenorrhoea in women of reproductive age may be an indication of an undiagnosed and chronic condition. The concept of temperament is a fundamental component of health preservation and diagnosis of various disease conditions including amenorrhoea in Unani medicine. Dystemperament is the commonest cause of various diseases. Therefore, general body temperament and uterine dystemperament in amenorrhoea was determined. METHODS A prospective, single-centre, cross-sectional observational study from June to November 2019 was conducted in 80 patients of reproductive age with amenorrhoea ≥60 days. Validated questionnaire for the assessment of women's general body temperament and clinical features of uterine dystemperament was used. The data were analysed by appropriate statistical analysis. RESULTS The age of patients with amenorrhoea ranged from 14 to 50 years. The most prevalent general body temperament was cold (57.5%) and wet (60%). Cold and wet general temperament was more common at the age of 21-30 years (30 and 36.25%), 60-90 days of amenorrhoea (33.75 and 32.5%) and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 (47.5 and 50%). The most prevalent uterine dystemperament was cold and dry (95%). A significant correlation between general temperament with age, amenorrhoea and BMI >23 kg/m2 was noted. Moreover, the cold temperament of the body had a significant correlation with cold uterine temperament (r=0.864, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study corroborated the claim of Unani scholars that cold and wet general and uterine temperament is more common in amenorrhoea and obesity. However, amenorrhoea can also occur in normal and other temperaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshiya Sultana
- Department of Amraze Niswan wa Ilmul Qabalat (Gynecology and Obstetrics), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Khaleequr Rahman
- Department of Ilmul Saidla (Pharmacy), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Kim YJ, Park YJ. Menstrual Cycle Characteristics and Premenstrual Syndrome Prevalence Based on the Daily Record of Severity of Problems in Korean Young Adult Women. J Korean Acad Nurs 2020; 50:147-157. [PMID: 32131079 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2020.50.1.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This descriptive study aimed to identify the menstrual cycle characteristics and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) prevalence in Korean young adult women using the retrospective and prospective Daily Record of Severity of Problems (DRSP). METHODS In the first stage, participants included 151 nursing students studying in a university located in Seoul. Data were collected from April 20 to June 2, 2017, using the questionnaire on menstrual characteristics, pictorial blood assessment chart, and retrospective DRSP. In the second stage, participants included 17 students with PMS, based on the screening conducted in the first stage. Data were collected using the prospective DRSP from May 29 to 2 September 2, 2017. RESULTS Of the study sample, 104 participants (68.9%) had regular periods. Those with regular periods had 11.97 periods annually with a menstrual cycle of 29.38 days and a period duration of 5.72 days. Fifty-five participants (37.4%) showed menorrhagia. Sixty-four participants (42.4%) were found to have PMS based on their retrospective DRSP. When the ratio of women (52.9%) with PMS shown in the prospective DRSP was used as a positive predictive value, the estimated PMS prevalence was 22.4%. CONCLUSION This study provides clinically significant PMS prevalence among Korean young adult women, positive predictive value of the retrospective DRSP, and valid data to basically understand the menstrual cycle characteristics experienced by these women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yae Ji Kim
- Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, Seoul, Korea
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Saei Ghare Naz M, Rostami Dovom M, Ramezani Tehrani F. The Menstrual Disturbances in Endocrine Disorders: A Narrative Review. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2020; 18:e106694. [PMID: 33613678 PMCID: PMC7887462 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.106694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Menstrual cycle is considered the fifth vital sign among women. This study aimed to summarize the menstrual disturbances in different endocrine disorders. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION In this narrative review, relevant studies (up to December 2019) were searched based on the MeSH keywords diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, menstrual cycle, uterine bleeding, and menstruation. Databases used for searching articles included Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of science for observational, experimental, and review studies. RESULTS Endocrine disorders trigger the onset of menstrual disturbance across the reproductive lifespan of women. Endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and ovaries) have a functional role in endocrine regulation of the menstrual cycle. According to available evidence, oligomenorrhea (cycles longer than 35 days) is the most common menstrual disturbance among endocrine disorders (thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and diabetes). Complex endocrine pathways play an essential role in a women's menstrual calendar. CONCLUSIONS The menstrual cycle length and amount of bleeding can be indicative of endocrine disorders. Further studies are needed to identify the unknowns about the association between endocrine disorders and the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Saei Ghare Naz
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rostami Dovom
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Reproductive Health and Metabolic Parameters in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/jim-2020-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aim: This study evaluated the correlations between metabolic parameters and reproductive health data in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Material and methods: In this observational retrospective study, data from the medical records of 324 adult women with T2DM attending their regular diabetes check-ups were collected and analyzed (i.e., anthropometric parameters at first outpatient visit and yearly thereafter, first recorded HbA1c and all HbA1c for the entire follow-up duration, as well as obstetrical/gynecological information).
Results: Age at the diagnosis of T2DM correlated positively with age at menarche (r = 0.21, [95% CI: 0.09, 0.31], p = 0.0002) and age at menopause (r = 0.18 [95% CI: 0.07, 0.29], p <0.01). Age at menarche correlated negatively with mean weight (r = –0.21 [95% CI: –0.31, –0.10], p: 0.0002) and mean BMI (–0.22 [–0.32, –0.11], p <0.0001) over the follow-up time. Patients with shorter time difference between age at menarche and age at onset of T2DM (≤45 years) had higher mean weight (83.8 ± 14.5 kg vs. 78.4 ± 16.0 kg, p = 0.0001), BMI (33.2 ± 5.6 kg/m2 vs. 31.8 ± 5.7 kg/m2, p <0.05), and HbA1c over time (6.9 ± 0.8% vs. 6.6 ± 0.9%, p <0.0001). Women with T2DM with earlier menarche (<12 years old), with irregular menses during their reproductive life, and ≥3 pregnancies had higher overall BMI, but mean HbA1c were not significantly different. However, women diagnosed with T2DM before menopause had a higher mean HbA1c over time (7.1 ± 0.8% vs. 6.7 ± 0.9%, p <0.01).
Conclusion: The BMI correlated with several indicators of reproductive health (earlier menarche, irregular menses, and higher number of pregnancies), while earlier onset of T2DM influenced metabolic control in women with T2DM.
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