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Xiang Y, Xing X, Hua X, Zhang Y, Xue X, Wu J, Zheng M, Wang H, Xu J. Resting-state brain network remodeling after different nerve reconstruction surgeries: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in brachial plexus injury rats. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1495-1504. [PMID: 39075915 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202505000-00031/figure1/v/2024-07-28T173839Z/r/image-tiff Distinct brain remodeling has been found after different nerve reconstruction strategies, including motor representation of the affected limb. However, differences among reconstruction strategies at the brain network level have not been elucidated. This study aimed to explore intra-network changes related to altered peripheral neural pathways after different nerve reconstruction surgeries, including nerve repair, end-to-end nerve transfer, and end-to-side nerve transfer. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent complete left brachial plexus transection and were divided into four equal groups of eight: no nerve repair, grafted nerve repair, phrenic nerve end-to-end transfer, and end-to-side transfer with a graft sutured to the anterior upper trunk. Resting-state brain functional magnetic resonance imaging was obtained 7 months after surgery. The independent component analysis algorithm was utilized to identify group-level network components of interest and extract resting-state functional connectivity values of each voxel within the component. Alterations in intra-network resting-state functional connectivity were compared among the groups. Target muscle reinnervation was assessed by behavioral observation (elbow flexion) and electromyography. The results showed that alterations in the sensorimotor and interoception networks were mostly related to changes in the peripheral neural pathway. Nerve repair was related to enhanced connectivity within the sensorimotor network, while end-to-side nerve transfer might be more beneficial for restoring control over the affected limb by the original motor representation. The thalamic-cortical pathway was enhanced within the interoception network after nerve repair and end-to-end nerve transfer. Brain areas related to cognition and emotion were enhanced after end-to-side nerve transfer. Our study revealed important brain networks related to different nerve reconstructions. These networks may be potential targets for enhancing motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Xiang
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangxin Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyun Hua
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwen Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xue
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mouxiong Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - He Wang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguang Xu
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Intelligent Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yang D, Xu J, Xu K, Xu P. Skeletal interoception in osteoarthritis. Bone Res 2024; 12:22. [PMID: 38561376 PMCID: PMC10985098 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-024-00328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The interoception maintains proper physiological conditions and metabolic homeostasis by releasing regulatory signals after perceving changes in the internal state of the organism. Among its various forms, skeletal interoception specifically regulates the metabolic homeostasis of bones. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex joint disorder involving cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovium. The subchondral bone undergoes continuous remodeling to adapt to dynamic joint loads. Recent findings highlight that skeletal interoception mediated by aberrant mechanical loads contributes to pathological remodeling of the subchondral bone, resulting in subchondral bone sclerosis in OA. The skeletal interoception is also a potential mechanism for chronic synovial inflammation in OA. In this review, we offer a general overview of interoception, specifically skeletal interoception, subchondral bone microenviroment and the aberrant subchondral remedeling. We also discuss the role of skeletal interoception in abnormal subchondral bone remodeling and synovial inflammation in OA, as well as the potential prospects and challenges in exploring novel OA therapies that target skeletal interoception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglong Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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Fani N, Guelfo A, La Barrie DL, Teer AP, Clendinen C, Karimzadeh L, Jain J, Ely TD, Powers A, Kaslow NJ, Bradley B, Siegle GJ. Neurophysiological changes associated with vibroacoustically-augmented breath-focused mindfulness for dissociation: targeting interoception and attention. Psychol Med 2023; 53:7550-7560. [PMID: 37144411 PMCID: PMC10755223 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723001277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dissociative symptoms can emerge after trauma and interfere with attentional control and interoception; disruptions to these processes are barriers to mind-body interventions such as breath-focused mindfulness (BFM). To overcome these barriers, we tested the use of an exteroceptive augmentation to BFM, using vibrations equivalent to the amplitude of the auditory waveform of the actual breath, delivered via a wearable subwoofer in real time (VBFM). We tested whether this device enhanced interoceptive processes, attentional control and autonomic regulation in trauma-exposed women with dissociative symptoms. METHODS 65 women, majority (82%) Black American, aged 18-65 completed self-report measures of interoception and 6 BFM sessions, during which electrocardiographic recordings were taken to derive high-frequency heart rate variability (HRV) estimates. A subset (n = 31) of participants completed functional MRI at pre- and post-intervention, during which they were administered an affective attentional control task. RESULTS Compared to those who received BFM only, women who received VBFM demonstrated greater increases in interoception, particularly their ability to trust body signals, increased sustained attention, as well as increased connectivity between nodes of emotion processing and interoceptive networks. Intervention condition moderated the relationship between interoception change and dissociation change, as well as the relationship between dissociation and HRV change. CONCLUSIONS Vibration feedback during breath focus yielded greater improvements in interoception, sustained attention and increased connectivity of emotion processing and interoceptive networks. Augmenting BFM with vibration appears to have considerable effects on interoception, attention and autonomic regulation; it could be used as a monotherapy or to address trauma treatment barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew P. Teer
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Jahnvi Jain
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy D. Ely
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Bekh Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Chu F, Yang W, Li Y, Lu C, Jiao Z, Bu K, Liu Z, Sun H, Sun D. Subchronic Arsenic Exposure Induces Behavioral Impairments and Hippocampal Damage in Rats. TOXICS 2023; 11:970. [PMID: 38133371 PMCID: PMC10747731 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of subchronic arsenic exposure on behavior, neurological function, and hippocampal damage in rats. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups and exposed to different concentrations of arsenic in their drinking water for 12 weeks, while weekly water intake and body weight were recorded. Various neurobehavioral tests were conducted, evaluating overall activity levels, exploratory behavior, short-term memory, spatial learning and memory, anxiety-like behavior, and depressive-like states. Arsenic levels in urine, serum, and brain tissue were measured, and histopathological analysis assessed hippocampal damage using hematoxylin and eosin staining. The results demonstrated that arsenic exposure did not significantly affect overall activity or exploratory behavior. However, it impaired short-term memory and spatial learning and memory functions. Arsenic-exposed rats exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior and a depressive-like state. Arsenic levels increased dose-dependently in urine, serum, and brain tissue. The histopathological examinations revealed significant hippocampal damage, including neuronal shrinkage, cell proliferation, irregular structure, disordered arrangement, and vacuolation. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the impact of arsenic exposure on behavior and brain health, highlighting its potential neurological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chu
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (F.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (K.B.); (Z.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health & Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (F.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (K.B.); (Z.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health & Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;
| | - Yang Li
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (F.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (K.B.); (Z.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health & Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;
| | - Chunqing Lu
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (F.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (K.B.); (Z.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health & Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;
| | - Zhe Jiao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health & Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;
- Institute for Kashin Beck Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Keming Bu
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (F.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (K.B.); (Z.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health & Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (F.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (K.B.); (Z.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health & Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;
| | - Hongna Sun
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (F.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (K.B.); (Z.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health & Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Institute for Endemic Fluorosis Control, Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; (F.C.); (W.Y.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (K.B.); (Z.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Human Health & Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;
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Lathe R, St Clair D. Programmed ageing: decline of stem cell renewal, immunosenescence, and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1424-1458. [PMID: 37068798 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic maximum lifespan varies enormously across animal species from a few hours to hundreds of years. This argues that maximum lifespan, and the ageing process that itself dictates lifespan, are to a large extent genetically determined. Although controversial, this is supported by firm evidence that semelparous species display evolutionarily programmed ageing in response to reproductive and environmental cues. Parabiosis experiments reveal that ageing is orchestrated systemically through the circulation, accompanied by programmed changes in hormone levels across a lifetime. This implies that, like the circadian and circannual clocks, there is a master 'clock of age' (circavital clock) located in the limbic brain of mammals that modulates systemic changes in growth factor and hormone secretion over the lifespan, as well as systemic alterations in gene expression as revealed by genomic methylation analysis. Studies on accelerated ageing in mice, as well as human longevity genes, converge on evolutionarily conserved fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors, including KLOTHO, as well as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and steroid hormones, as key players mediating the systemic effects of ageing. Age-related changes in these and multiple other factors are inferred to cause a progressive decline in tissue maintenance through failure of stem cell replenishment. This most severely affects the immune system, which requires constant renewal from bone marrow stem cells. Age-related immune decline increases risk of infection whereas lifespan can be extended in germfree animals. This and other evidence suggests that infection is the major cause of death in higher organisms. Immune decline is also associated with age-related diseases. Taking the example of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we assess the evidence that AD is caused by immunosenescence and infection. The signature protein of AD brain, Aβ, is now known to be an antimicrobial peptide, and Aβ deposits in AD brain may be a response to infection rather than a cause of disease. Because some cognitively normal elderly individuals show extensive neuropathology, we argue that the location of the pathology is crucial - specifically, lesions to limbic brain are likely to accentuate immunosenescence, and could thus underlie a vicious cycle of accelerated immune decline and microbial proliferation that culminates in AD. This general model may extend to other age-related diseases, and we propose a general paradigm of organismal senescence in which declining stem cell proliferation leads to programmed immunosenescence and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Little France, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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Kim HJ, Lee SH, Pae C. Gender differences in anxiety and depressive symptomatology determined by network analysis in panic disorder. J Affect Disord 2023:S0165-0327(23)00732-2. [PMID: 37247787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that gender differences in anxiety and depressive symptoms characterize panic disorder (PD) in terms of vulnerability to stressful life events, anxiety, depressive symptom patterns, and brain structure. However, few studies have investigated the gender differences in PD using a network approach. METHODS This study included 619 participants with PD (313 men). The Panic Disorder Severity Scale, Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire, and Beck Depression Inventory-II were used to evaluate symptomatology. To investigate the PD-related white matter (WM) neural correlates, tract-based spatial statistics were used. The PD-related clinical scales and WM neural correlates were included in the network analysis to identify associations between variables. To evaluate network differences between genders, network comparison tests were conducted. RESULTS Our findings revealed that agoraphobia in men was the strongest central symptom. In addition, loss of pleasure, and not anxiety or panic symptoms, was the strongest central symptom in women with PD. The network comparison test revealed that the bridge strength score was higher in agoraphobia and tiredness in men and in self-criticalness in women. Furthermore, in the network that includes neural correlates of WM, the bridge strength score was higher in the cingulate gyrus WM in men and the cingulum hippocampus in women. LIMITATIONS Since this is a cross-sectional network study of PD patients, the causal relationship between interactions in this network analysis for both genders may not be accurately determined. CONCLUSION Network structures of anxiety and depressive symptomatology and related WM neural correlates can differ according to gender in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chongwon Pae
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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Boccia M, Teghil A, Raimo S, Di Vita A, Grossi D, Guariglia C, Palermo L. Neural substrates of interoceptive sensibility: An integrated study in normal and pathological functioning. Neuropsychologia 2023; 183:108504. [PMID: 36746344 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In early studies interoception strictly referred to the awareness of visceral sensations, but recent theories have expanded this concept to denote the ongoing status of the body, including somatosensory feelings. Here, we integrated data from normal and pathological functioning to disclose neural underpinnings of interoceptive sensibility, taking into account the crucial distinction between visceral and somatosensory feelings. Twenty-seven healthy young individuals underwent structural MRI (including T1w images and DTI). Voxel-wise analyses of the gyrification index (GI) and fractional anisotropy (FA) data were performed to assess the relation between interoceptive sensibility and surface morphometry and anatomical connectivity. Thirty-three unilateral brain-damaged patients took part in this study for Voxel-Based Lesion-Symptom Mapping (VLSM) and track-wise hodological lesion-deficit analysis (TWH). All participants completed the Self-Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ), a self-report tool assessing interoceptive sensibility of visceral (F1) and somatosensory feelings (F2). Tract-Based Spatial Statistics showed that F2 was positively associated with FA in the bilateral anterior thalamic radiation, corticospinal tract, cingulum, forceps, inferior longitudinal, fronto-occipital, superior longitudinal, and uncinate fasciculi; no significant association was detected for F1. However, F1 was positively associated with GI in the left anterior cingulate cortex. VLSM showed that F1 mainly relies on the right posterior insula, whereas F2 is related mostly to subcortical nuclei and surrounding white matter in the right hemisphere. Accordingly, patients with disconnection of the anterior thalamic projection, corticospinal tract, inferior fronto-occipital, inferior longitudinal, uncinate and superior longitudinal fasciculus III showed lower scores on F2. Overall, results support the dissociation between interoceptive sensibility of visceral and somatosensory feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Boccia
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Italy.
| | - Alice Teghil
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Italy
| | - Simona Raimo
- Department of Medical and Surgical in Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Vita
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Grossi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
| | - Cecilia Guariglia
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Italy
| | - Liana Palermo
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical in Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Italy
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Lipp HP, Wolfer DP. Behavior is movement only but how to interpret it? Problems and pitfalls in translational neuroscience-a 40-year experience. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:958067. [PMID: 36330050 PMCID: PMC9623569 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.958067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational research in behavioral neuroscience seeks causes and remedies for human mental health problems in animals, following leads imposed by clinical research in psychiatry. This endeavor faces several problems because scientists must read and interpret animal movements to represent human perceptions, mood, and memory processes. Yet, it is still not known how mammalian brains bundle all these processes into a highly compressed motor output in the brain stem and spinal cord, but without that knowledge, translational research remains aimless. Based on some four decades of experience in the field, the article identifies sources of interpretation problems and illustrates typical translational pitfalls. (1) The sensory world of mice is different. Smell, hearing, and tactile whisker sensations dominate in rodents, while visual input is comparatively small. In humans, the relations are reversed. (2) Mouse and human brains are equated inappropriately: the association cortex makes up a large portion of the human neocortex, while it is relatively small in rodents. The predominant associative cortex in rodents is the hippocampus itself, orchestrating chiefly inputs from secondary sensorimotor areas and generating species-typical motor patterns that are not easily reconciled with putative human hippocampal functions. (3) Translational interpretation of studies of memory or emotionality often neglects the ecology of mice, an extremely small species surviving by freezing or flight reactions that do not need much cognitive processing. (4) Further misinterpretations arise from confounding neuronal properties with system properties, and from rigid mechanistic thinking unaware that many experimentally induced changes in the brain do partially reflect unpredictable compensatory plasticity. (5) Based on observing hippocampal lesion effects in mice indoors and outdoors, the article offers a simplistic general model of hippocampal functions in relation to hypothalamic input and output, placing hypothalamus and the supraspinal motor system at the top of a cerebral hierarchy. (6) Many translational problems could be avoided by inclusion of simple species-typical behaviors as end-points comparable to human cognitive or executive processing, and to rely more on artificial intelligence for recognizing patterns not classifiable by traditional psychological concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Lipp
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David P. Wolfer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Katsumi Y, Theriault JE, Quigley KS, Barrett LF. Allostasis as a core feature of hierarchical gradients in the human brain. Netw Neurosci 2022; 6:1010-1031. [PMID: 38800458 PMCID: PMC11117115 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper integrates emerging evidence from two broad streams of scientific literature into one common framework: (a) hierarchical gradients of functional connectivity that reflect the brain's large-scale structural architecture (e.g., a lamination gradient in the cerebral cortex); and (b) approaches to predictive processing and one of its specific instantiations called allostasis (i.e., the predictive regulation of energetic resources in the service of coordinating the body's internal systems). This synthesis begins to sketch a coherent, neurobiologically inspired framework suggesting that predictive energy regulation is at the core of human brain function, and by extension, psychological and behavioral phenomena, providing a shared vocabulary for theory building and knowledge accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Katsumi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Karen S. Quigley
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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McNaughton N, Vann SD. Construction of complex memories via parallel distributed cortical-subcortical iterative integration. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:550-562. [PMID: 35599065 PMCID: PMC7612902 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The construction of complex engrams requires hippocampal-cortical interactions. These include both direct interactions and ones via often-overlooked subcortical loops. Here, we review the anatomical organization of a hierarchy of parallel 'Papez' loops through the hypothalamus that are homologous in mammals from rats to humans. These hypothalamic loops supplement direct hippocampal-cortical connections with iterative reprocessing paced by theta rhythmicity. We couple existing anatomy and lesion data with theory to propose that recirculation in these loops progressively enhances desired connections, while reducing interference from competing external goals and internal associations. This increases the signal-to-noise ratio in the distributed engrams (neocortical and cerebellar) necessary for complex learning and memory. The hypothalamic nodes provide key motivational input for engram enhancement during consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil McNaughton
- Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, POB56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Seralynne D Vann
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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Mahdipour R, Ebrahimi V, Hosseini M, Soukhtanloo M, Rastegar-Moghaddam SH, Malvandi AM, Mohammadipour A. Maternal exposure to silicon dioxide nanoparticles reduces hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis and induces neurodegeneration in rat offspring hippocampus. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:41-52. [PMID: 35075925 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211058671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) are among the most widely used nanoparticles because of their chemical-physical properties. Since most brain maturation occurs in the neonatal period in humans and many mammals, it is important to understand how NPs may affect this process. This study tested the hypothesis that SiO2-NPs from treated dams could affect the hippocampus of neonatal rats during lactation. Twenty-four pregnant rats, after delivery, were divided into three groups of control, SiO2-NPs (25 mg/kg) and SiO2-NPs (100 mg/kg). The rats were treated from 2nd to 21st days post-delivery by gavage and the effects of these NPs were evaluated in the offspring's hippocampi to reveal the effects of maternal exposure to SiO2-NPs during lactation on the offspring's hippocampi. The offspring in the SiO2-NPs groups had higher malondialdehyde concentration and lower antioxidant activity in the hippocampi than the non-treated control group. The mean number of doublecortin positive (DCX+) cells and synaptophysin expression in the hippocampi of the SiO2-NPs groups were significantly lower than the control group, whereas the mean number of dark neurons was significantly higher. Also, animals in the SiO2-NPs groups had a weak cognitive performance in adulthood. In conclusion, maternal exposure to SiO2-NPs via breastfeeding could affect offspring's hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, leading to impaired cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Mahdipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Ebrahimi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | | | - Abbas Mohammadipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, 37552Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Surget A, Belzung C. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis shapes adaptation and improves stress response: a mechanistic and integrative perspective. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:403-421. [PMID: 33990771 PMCID: PMC8960391 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) represents a remarkable form of neuroplasticity that has increasingly been linked to the stress response in recent years. However, the hippocampus does not itself support the expression of the different dimensions of the stress response. Moreover, the main hippocampal functions are essentially preserved under AHN depletion and adult-born immature neurons (abGNs) have no extrahippocampal projections, which questions the mechanisms by which abGNs influence functions supported by brain areas far from the hippocampus. Within this framework, we propose that through its computational influences AHN is pivotal in shaping adaption to environmental demands, underlying its role in stress response. The hippocampus with its high input convergence and output divergence represents a computational hub, ideally positioned in the brain (1) to detect cues and contexts linked to past, current and predicted stressful experiences, and (2) to supervise the expression of the stress response at the cognitive, affective, behavioral, and physiological levels. AHN appears to bias hippocampal computations toward enhanced conjunctive encoding and pattern separation, promoting contextual discrimination and cognitive flexibility, reducing proactive interference and generalization of stressful experiences to safe contexts. These effects result in gating downstream brain areas with more accurate and contextualized information, enabling the different dimensions of the stress response to be more appropriately set with specific contexts. Here, we first provide an integrative perspective of the functional involvement of AHN in the hippocampus and a phenomenological overview of the stress response. We then examine the mechanistic underpinning of the role of AHN in the stress response and describe its potential implications in the different dimensions accompanying this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Surget
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.
| | - C Belzung
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.
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Berntson GG, Khalsa SS. Neural Circuits of Interoception. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:17-28. [PMID: 33378653 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present paper considers recent progress in our understanding of the afferent/ascending neural pathways and neural circuits of interoception. Of particular note is the extensive role of rostral neural systems, including cortical systems, in the recognition of internal body states, and the reciprocal role of efferent/descending systems in the regulation of those states. Together these reciprocal interacting networks entail interoceptive circuits that play an important role in a broad range of functions beyond the homeostatic maintenance of physiological steady-states. These include the regulation of behavioral, cognitive, and affective processes across conscious and nonconscious levels of processing. We highlight recent advances and knowledge gaps that are important for accelerating progress in the study of interoception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary G Berntson
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
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Lathe R, St Clair D. From conifers to cognition: Microbes, brain and behavior. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12680. [PMID: 32515128 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A diversity of bacteria, protozoans and viruses ("endozoites") were recently uncovered within healthy tissues including the human brain. By contrast, it was already recognized a century ago that healthy plants tissues contain abundant endogenous microbes ("endophytes"). Taking endophytes as an informative precedent, we overview the nature, prevalence, and role of endozoites in mammalian tissues, centrally focusing on the brain, concluding that endozoites are ubiquitous in diverse tissues. These passengers often remain subclinical, but they are not silent. We address their routes of entry, mechanisms of persistence, tissue specificity, and potential to cause long-term behavioral changes and/or immunosuppression in mammals, where rabies virus is the exemplar. We extend the discussion to Herpesviridae, Coronaviridae, and Toxoplasma, as well as to diverse bacteria and yeasts, and debate the advantages and disadvantages that endozoite infection might afford to the host and to the ecosystem. We provide a clinical perspective in which endozoites are implicated in neurodegenerative disease, anxiety/depression, and schizophrenia. We conclude that endozoites are instrumental in the delicate balance between health and disease, including age-related brain disease, and that endozoites have played an important role in the evolution of brain function and human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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