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Torres-Escobar A, Wilkins A, Juárez-Rodríguez MD, Circu M, Latimer B, Dragoi AM, Ivanov SS. Iron-depleting nutritional immunity controls extracellular bacterial replication in Legionella pneumophila infections. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7848. [PMID: 39245746 PMCID: PMC11381550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The accidental human pathogen Legionella pneumophila (Lp) is the etiological agent for a severe atypical pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease. In human infections and animal models of disease alveolar macrophages are the primary cellular niche that supports bacterial replication within a unique intracellular membrane-bound organelle. The Dot/Icm apparatus-a type IV secretion system that translocates ~300 bacterial proteins within the cytosol of the infected cell-is a central virulence factor required for intracellular growth. Mutant strains lacking functional Dot/Icm apparatus are transported to and degraded within the lysosomes of infected macrophages. The early foundational work from Dr. Horwitz's group unequivocally established that Legionella does not replicate extracellularly during infection-a phenomenon well supported by experimental evidence for four decades. Our data challenges this paradigm by demonstrating that macrophages and monocytes provide the necessary nutrients and support robust Legionella extracellular replication. We show that the previously reported lack of Lp extracellular replication is not a bacteria intrinsic feature but rather a result of robust restriction by serum-derived nutritional immunity factors. Specifically, the host iron-sequestering protein Transferrin is identified here as a critical suppressor of Lp extracellular replication in an iron-dependent manner. In iron-overload conditions or in the absence of Transferrin, Lp bypasses growth restriction by IFNγ-primed macrophages though extracellular replication. It is well established that certain risk factors associated with development of Legionnaires' disease, such as smoking, produce a chronic pulmonary environment of iron-overload. Our work indicates that iron-overload could be an important determinant of severe infection by allowing Lp to overcome nutritional immunity and replicate extracellularly, which in turn would circumvent intracellular cell intrinsic host defenses. Thus, we provide evidence for nutritional immunity as a key underappreciated host defense mechanism in Legionella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascención Torres-Escobar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Ashley Wilkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
- Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - María D Juárez-Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Magdalena Circu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Brian Latimer
- Innovative North Louisiana Experimental Therapeutics program (INLET), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Dragoi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
- Innovative North Louisiana Experimental Therapeutics program (INLET), Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Stanimir S Ivanov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA.
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2
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Bogdan C, Islam NAK, Barinberg D, Soulat D, Schleicher U, Rai B. The immunomicrotope of Leishmania control and persistence. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:788-804. [PMID: 39174373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Leishmania is an intracellular protozoan transmitted by sand fly vectors; it causes cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral disease. Its growth and survival are impeded by type 1 T helper cell responses, which entail interferon (IFN)-γ-mediated macrophage activation. Leishmania partially escapes this host defense by triggering immune cell and cytokine responses that favor parasite replication rather than killing. Novel methods for in situ analyses have revealed that the pathways of immune control and microbial evasion are strongly influenced by the tissue context, the micro milieu factors, and the metabolism at the site of infection, which we collectively term the 'immunomicrotope'. Understanding the components and the impact of the immunomicrotope will enable the development of novel strategies for the treatment of chronic leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Noor-A-Kasida Islam
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Barinberg
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Didier Soulat
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schleicher
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; FAU Profile Center Immunomedicine, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Baplu Rai
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Grubwieser P, Brigo N, Seifert M, Grander M, Theurl I, Nairz M, Weiss G, Pfeifhofer-Obermair C. Quantification of Macrophage Cellular Ferrous Iron (Fe 2+) Content Using a Highly Specific Fluorescent Probe in a Plate Reader. Bio Protoc 2024; 14:e4929. [PMID: 38379830 PMCID: PMC10875354 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are at the center of innate immunity and iron metabolism. In the case of an infection, macrophages adapt their cellular iron metabolism to deprive iron from invading bacteria to combat intracellular bacterial proliferation. A concise evaluation of the cellular iron content upon an infection with bacterial pathogens and diverse cellular stimuli is necessary to identify underlying mechanisms concerning iron homeostasis in macrophages. For the characterization of cellular iron levels during infection, we established an in vitro infection model where the murine macrophage cell line J774A.1 is infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S.tm), the mouse counterpart to S. enterica serovar Typhi, under normal and iron-overload conditions using ferric chloride (FeCl3) treatment. To evaluate the effect of infection and iron stimulation on cellular iron levels, the macrophages are stained with FerroOrange. This fluorescent probe specifically detects Fe2+ ions and its fluorescence can be quantified photometrically in a plate reader. Importantly, FerroOrange fluorescence does not increase with chelated iron or other bivalent metal ions. In this protocol, we present a simple and reliable method to quantify cellular Fe2+ levels in cultured macrophages by applying a highly specific fluorescence probe (FerroOrange) in a TECAN Spark microplate reader. Compared to already established techniques, our protocol allows assessing cellular iron levels in innate immune cells without the use of radioactive iron isotopes or extensive sample preparation, exposing the cells to stress. Key features • Easy quantification of Fe2+ in cultured macrophages with a fluorescent probe. • Analysis of iron in living cells without the need for fixation. • Performed on a plate reader capable of 540 nm excitation and 585 nm emission by trained employees for handling biosafety level 2 bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Grubwieser
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Brigo
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Seifert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and
Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manuel Grander
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and
Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical
University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and
Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Bunde TT, de Oliveira NR, Santos FDS, Pedra ACK, Maia MAC, Dellagostin OA, Oliveira Bohn TL. Characterization of cellular immune response in hamsters immunized with recombinant vaccines against leptospirosis based on LipL32:LemA:LigAni chimeric protein. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106378. [PMID: 37802158 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, various research groups have endeavored to develop recombinant vaccines against leptospirosis to overcome the limitations of commercially available bacterins. Numerous antigens and vaccine formulations have been tested thus far. However, the analysis of cellular response in these vaccine formulations is not commonly conducted, primarily due to the scarcity of supplies and kits for the hamster animal model. Our research group has already tested the Q1 antigen, a chimeric protein combining the immunogenic regions of LipL32, LemA, and LigANI, in recombinant subunit and BCG-vectored vaccines. In both strategies, 100 % of the hamsters were protected against clinical signs of leptospirosis. However, only the recombinant BCG-vectored vaccine provided protection against renal colonization. Thus, the objective of this study is to characterize the cellular immune response in hamsters immunized with different vaccine formulations based on the Q1 antigen through transcriptional analysis of cytokines. The hamsters were allocated into groups and vaccinated as follows: recombinant subunit (rQ1), recombinant BCG (rBCG:Q1), and saline and BCG Pasteur control vaccines. To assess the cellular response induced by the vaccines, we cultured and stimulated splenocytes, followed by RNA extraction from the cells and analysis of cytokines using real-time PCR. The results revealed that the recombinant subunit vaccine elicited a Th2-type response, characterized by the expression of cytokines IL-10, IL-1α, and TNF-α. This pattern closely resembles the cytokines expressed in severe cases of leptospirosis. On the other hand, the rBCG-vectored vaccine induced a Th1-type response with significant up-regulation of IFN-γ. These findings suggest the involvement of the cellular response and the IFN-γ mediated inflammatory response in the sterilizing immunity mediated by rBCG. Therefore, this study may assist future investigations in characterizing the cellular response in hamsters, aiming to elucidate the mechanisms of efficacy and establish potential correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Thurow Bunde
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Natasha Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco Denis Souza Santos
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Kurz Pedra
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mara Andrade Colares Maia
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Odir Antônio Dellagostin
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Thaís Larré Oliveira Bohn
- Laboratório de Vacinologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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5
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Kumar G, Adhikrao PA. Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis iron-scavenging tools: a recent update on siderophores inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1885-1913. [PMID: 37859726 PMCID: PMC10583813 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the various bacterial infections, tuberculosis (TB) remains a life-threatening infectious disease responsible as the most significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in association with TB burdens the healthcare system substantially. Notably, M.tb possesses defence against most antitubercular antibiotic drugs, and the efficacy of existing frontline anti-TB drugs is waning. Also, new and recurring cases of TB from resistant bacteria such as multidrug-resistant TB (MDR), extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR), and totally drug-resistant TB (TDR) strains are increasing. Hence, TB begs the scientific community to explore the new therapeutic class of compounds with their novel mechanism. M.tb requires iron from host cells to sustain, grow, and carry out several biological processes. M.tb has developed strategic methods of acquiring iron from the surrounding environment. In this communication, we discuss an overview of M.tb iron-scavenging tools. Also, we have summarized recently identified MbtA and MbtI inhibitors, which prevent M.tb from scavenging iron. These iron-scavenging tool inhibitors have the potential to be developed as anti-TB agents/drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad (NIPER-Hyderabad) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Patil Amruta Adhikrao
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad (NIPER-Hyderabad) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
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6
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Aghabi D, Sloan M, Gill G, Hartmann E, Antipova O, Dou Z, Guerra AJ, Carruthers VB, Harding CR. The vacuolar iron transporter mediates iron detoxification in Toxoplasma gondii. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3659. [PMID: 37339985 PMCID: PMC10281983 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39436-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential to cells as a cofactor in enzymes of respiration and replication, however without correct storage, iron leads to the formation of dangerous oxygen radicals. In yeast and plants, iron is transported into a membrane-bound vacuole by the vacuolar iron transporter (VIT). This transporter is conserved in the apicomplexan family of obligate intracellular parasites, including in Toxoplasma gondii. Here, we assess the role of VIT and iron storage in T. gondii. By deleting VIT, we find a slight growth defect in vitro, and iron hypersensitivity, confirming its essential role in parasite iron detoxification, which can be rescued by scavenging of oxygen radicals. We show VIT expression is regulated by iron at transcript and protein levels, and by altering VIT localization. In the absence of VIT, T. gondii responds by altering expression of iron metabolism genes and by increasing antioxidant protein catalase activity. We also show that iron detoxification has an important role both in parasite survival within macrophages and in virulence in a mouse model. Together, by demonstrating a critical role for VIT during iron detoxification in T. gondii, we reveal the importance of iron storage in the parasite and provide the first insight into the machinery involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Aghabi
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Megan Sloan
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Grace Gill
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elena Hartmann
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Olga Antipova
- X-Ray Sciences Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Zhicheng Dou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Alfredo J Guerra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Clare R Harding
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Aksoyalp ZŞ, Temel A, Erdogan BR. Iron in infectious diseases friend or foe?: The role of gut microbiota. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 75:127093. [PMID: 36240616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a trace element involved in metabolic functions for all organisms, from microorganisms to mammalians. Iron deficiency is a prevalent health problem that affects billions of people worldwide, and iron overload could have some hazardous effect. The complex microbial community in the human body, also called microbiota, influences the host immune defence against infections. An imbalance in gut microbiota, dysbiosis, changes the host's susceptibility to infections by regulating the immune system. In recent years, the number of studies on the relationship between infectious diseases and microbiota has increased. Gut microbiota is affected by different parameters, including mode of delivery, hygiene habits, diet, drugs, and plasma iron levels during the lifetime. Gut microbiota may influence iron levels in the body, and iron overload and deficiency can also affect gut microbiota composition. Novel researches on microbiota shed light on the fact that the bidirectional interactions between gut microbiota and iron play a role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, especially infections. A better understanding of these interactions may help us to comprehend the pathogenesis of many infectious and metabolic diseases affecting people worldwide and following the development of more effective preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. In this review, we aimed to present the iron-mediated host-gut microbiota interactions, susceptibility to bacterial infections, and iron-targeted therapy approaches for infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinnet Şevval Aksoyalp
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Aybala Temel
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Betul Rabia Erdogan
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Izmir, Turkey.
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Host Cell Amplification of Nutritional Stress Contributes To Persistence in Chlamydia trachomatis. mBio 2022; 13:e0271922. [PMID: 36377897 PMCID: PMC9765610 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02719-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence, a viable but non-replicating growth state, has been implicated in diseases caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Starvation of distinct nutrients produces a superficially similar persistent state, implying convergence on a common intracellular environment. We employed host-pathogen dual RNA-sequencing under both iron- and tryptophan-starved conditions to systematically characterize the persistent chlamydial transcriptome and to define common contributions of the host cell transcriptional stress response in shaping the intracellular environment. The transcriptome of the infected host cells was highly specific to each nutritional stress, despite comparable effects on chlamydial growth and development in each condition. In contrast, the chlamydial transcriptomes between nutritional conditions were highly similar, suggesting some overlap in host cell responses to iron limitation and tryptophan starvation that contribute to a common persistent phenotype. We demonstrate that a commonality in the host cell responses is the suppression of GTP biosynthesis, a nucleotide for which Chlamydia are auxotrophic. Pharmacological inhibition of host IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH1), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in de novo guanine nucleotide synthesis, resulted in comparable GTP depletion to both iron and tryptophan starvation and induced chlamydial persistence. Moreover, IMPDH1 inhibition and iron starvation acted synergistically to control chlamydial growth. Thus, host cell reduction in GTP levels amplifies the nutritional stress to intracellular chlamydiae in infection-relevant models of persistence, illustrating the determinative role the infected host cell plays in bacterial stress responses. IMPORTANCE Bacteria respond to nutritional stress through universal and unique mechanisms. Genome reduction in the Chlamydiaceae, a consequence of coevolution with their obligate eukaryotic hosts, has reduced their repertoire of stress response mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that the infected host cell may provide the context within which universal stress responses emerge for Chlamydia trachomatis. We report that during starvation of the essential nutrients iron or tryptophan, a common response of the infected epithelial cell is the suppression of GTP biosynthesis, which induces a persistent developmental state in the pathogen. Thus, chlamydial persistence results from the combined effects of primary stresses on the pathogen and the host, with the latter eliciting a secondary host cell response that intensifies the inhospitable intracellular environment.
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Simper JD, Perez E, Schlesinger LS, Azad AK. Resistance and Susceptibility Immune Factors at Play during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection of Macrophages. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101153. [PMID: 36297211 PMCID: PMC9611686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), is responsible for >1.5 million deaths worldwide annually. Innate immune cells, especially macrophages, are the first to encounter M.tb, and their response dictates the course of infection. During infection, macrophages exert a variety of immune factors involved in either controlling or promoting the growth of M.tb. Research on this topic has been performed in both in vitro and in vivo animal models with discrepant results in some cases based on the model of study. Herein, we review macrophage resistance and susceptibility immune factors, focusing primarily on recent advances in the field. We include macrophage cellular pathways, bioeffector proteins and molecules, cytokines and chemokines, associated microbiological factors and bacterial strains, and host genetic factors in innate immune genes. Recent advances in mechanisms underlying macrophage resistance and susceptibility factors will aid in the successful development of host-directed therapeutics, a topic emphasized throughout this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D. Simper
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Esteban Perez
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Translational Sciences Program, UT Health San Antonio Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Correspondence: (L.S.S.); (A.K.A.); Tel.: +1-210-258-9578 (L.S.S.); +1-210-258-9467 (A.K.A.)
| | - Abul K. Azad
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Correspondence: (L.S.S.); (A.K.A.); Tel.: +1-210-258-9578 (L.S.S.); +1-210-258-9467 (A.K.A.)
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Ashenafi S, Bekele A, Aseffa G, Amogne W, Kassa E, Aderaye G, Worku A, Bergman P, Brighenti S. Anemia Is a Strong Predictor of Wasting, Disease Severity, and Progression, in Clinical Tuberculosis (TB). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163318. [PMID: 36014824 PMCID: PMC9413151 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A typical trait of chronic tuberculosis (TB) is substantial weight loss that concurs with a drop in blood hemoglobin (Hb) levels, causing anemia. In this observational study, we explored Hb levels in 345 pulmonary TB patients. They were divided into anemic or non-anemic groups which related to clinical symptoms, anthropometric measurements, and immune status. Data was obtained in a randomized controlled trial that we previously conducted using nutritional supplementation of TB patients in Ethiopia. A post hoc analysis demonstrated that anemic patients have a higher composite clinical TB score at baseline than non-anemic patients. Consequently, Hb values were significantly lower in underweight patients with moderate to severe disease and/or cavitary TB compared to normal weight patients with mild disease or non-cavitary TB. Anemia was associated with a low body mass index (BMI), low mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), lower peripheral CD4 and CD8 T cells counts and IFN-γ levels, and a higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Chronic inflammation and TB disease progression appeared to be driven by elevated systemic levels of pro-inflammatory IL-6 in anemic patients. Multivariable modeling confirmed that a low Hb and a low BMI were key variables related to an unfavorable TB disease status. Although Hb levels increased with successful chemotherapy, anemic TB patients maintained a slower clinical recovery compared to non-anemic patients during the intensive phase treatment (two months). In conclusion, anemia is a strong predictor of wasting, disease severity, inflammation, and slower recovery in patients with pulmonary TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senait Ashenafi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 70710, Ethiopia
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Amsalu Bekele
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 70710, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Aseffa
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 70710, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen Amogne
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 70710, Ethiopia
| | - Endale Kassa
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 70710, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Aderaye
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 70710, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Worku
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 70710, Ethiopia
| | - Peter Bergman
- Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine (Labmed), ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
- Infectious Disease Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Brighenti
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-8-524 83773
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11
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Rodriguez GM, Sharma N, Biswas A, Sharma N. The Iron Response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Implications for Tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:876667. [PMID: 35646739 PMCID: PMC9132128 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.876667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most pathogenic bacteria require iron for growth. However, this metal is not freely available in the mammalian host. Due to its poor solubility and propensity to catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species, host iron is kept in solution bound to specialized iron binding proteins. Access to iron is an important factor in the outcome of bacterial infections; iron limitation frequently induces virulence and drives pathogenic interactions with host cells. Here, we review the response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to changes in iron availability, the relevance of this response to TB pathogenesis, and its potential for the design of new therapeutic interventions.
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12
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Rufini A, Malisan F, Condò I, Testi R. Drug Repositioning in Friedreich Ataxia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:814445. [PMID: 35221903 PMCID: PMC8863941 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.814445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia is a rare neurodegenerative disorder caused by insufficient levels of the essential mitochondrial protein frataxin. It is a severely debilitating disease that significantly impacts the quality of life of affected patients and reduces their life expectancy, however, an adequate cure is not yet available for patients. Frataxin function, although not thoroughly elucidated, is associated with assembly of iron-sulfur cluster and iron metabolism, therefore insufficient frataxin levels lead to reduced activity of many mitochondrial enzymes involved in the electron transport chain, impaired mitochondrial metabolism, reduced ATP production and inefficient anti-oxidant response. As a consequence, neurons progressively die and patients progressively lose their ability to coordinate movement and perform daily activities. Therapeutic strategies aim at restoring sufficient frataxin levels or at correcting some of the downstream consequences of frataxin deficiency. However, the classical pathways of drug discovery are challenging, require a significant amount of resources and time to reach the final approval, and present a high failure rate. Drug repositioning represents a viable alternative to boost the identification of a therapy, particularly for rare diseases where resources are often limited. In this review we will describe recent efforts aimed at the identification of a therapy for Friedreich ataxia through drug repositioning, and discuss the limitation of such strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rufini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Fratagene Therapeutics, Rome, Italy
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Rufini,
| | - Florence Malisan
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivano Condò
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Testi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Fratagene Therapeutics, Rome, Italy
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13
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Patidar A, Malhotra H, Chaudhary S, Kumar M, Dilawari R, Chaubey GK, Dhiman A, Modanwal R, Talukdar S, Raje CI, Raje M. Host glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-mediated iron acquisition is hijacked by intraphagosomal Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:62. [PMID: 35001155 PMCID: PMC11072694 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Availability of iron is a key factor in the survival and multiplication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) within host macrophage phagosomes. Despite host cell iron regulatory machineries attempts to deny supply of this essential micronutrient, intraphagosomal M.tb continues to access extracellular iron. In the current study, we report that intracellular M.tb exploits mammalian secreted Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (sGAPDH) for the delivery of host iron carrier proteins lactoferrin (Lf) and transferrin (Tf). Studying the trafficking of iron carriers in infected cells we observed that sGAPDH along with the iron carrier proteins are preferentially internalized into infected cells and trafficked to M.tb containing phagosomes where they are internalized by resident mycobacteria resulting in iron delivery. Collectively our findings provide a new mechanism of iron acquisition by M.tb involving the hijack of host sGAPDH. This may contribute to its successful pathogenesis and provide an option for targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Patidar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Himanshu Malhotra
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Surbhi Chaudhary
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Rahul Dilawari
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | | | - Asmita Dhiman
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Radheshyam Modanwal
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Sharmila Talukdar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | - Chaaya Iyengar Raje
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Phase X, Sector 67, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Manoj Raje
- Institute of Microbial Technology, CSIR, Sector 39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India.
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14
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Designing of a Chimeric Vaccine Using EIS (Rv2416c) Protein Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: an Immunoinformatics Approach. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:187-214. [PMID: 34817805 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a respiratory pathogen that causes tuberculosis (TB). There are a large number of proteins that are involved in the pathogenesis of TB. Stimulating the immune response against TB is very important to clear the pathogens from host. In the present study, an immunoinformatics conduit is used for designing an epitope based chimeric vaccine against TB. Enhanced intracellular survival (EIS) protein from Mtb is used for designing the chimeric vaccine. One B cell epitope, 8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), and 6 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes were predicted based on the MHC allele binding, immunogenicity, antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity and IFN epitopes. The selected epitopes were used for chimeric vaccine designing. Furthermore, 3D structure elucidation, structural refinement and validation of the designed chimeric vaccine were carried out. The 3D structure was used for protein-protein docking studies with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), followed by molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) and the interaction between the chimeric vaccine and TLR-4 complex was verified.
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15
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McQueen CF, Groves JT. Toxicity of the iron siderophore mycobactin J in mouse macrophages: Evidence for a hypoxia response. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 227:111669. [PMID: 34864292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is an obligate intracellular pathogen that lives within the phagosome of macrophages. Here we demonstrate that the siderophore mycobactin J, produced by the closely related intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, is toxic to murine macrophage cells. Its median lethal dose, 10 μM, is lower than that of the iron chelators desferrioxamine B and TrenCAM, an enterobactin analog. To determine the source of this toxicity, we conducted microarray, ELISA, and metabolite profiling experiments. The primary response is hypoxia-like, which implies iron starvation as the underlying cause of the toxicity. This observation is consistent with our recent finding that mycobactin J is a stronger iron chelator than had been inferred from previous studies. Mycobactin J is known to partition into cell membranes and hydrophobic organelles indicating that enhanced membrane penetration is also a likely factor. Thus, mycobactin J is shown to be toxic, eliciting a hypoxia-like response under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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16
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Chan KH, Groves JT. Concise Modular Synthesis and NMR Structural Determination of Gallium Mycobactin T. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15453-15468. [PMID: 34699221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A modular synthesis of mycobactin T and its N-acetyl analogue is reported in a route that facilitates permutation of the lipid tails. A key feature is the generation of N(α)-Cbz-N(ε)-benzyloxy-N(ε)-Boc-lysine (A4) with methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane in 59% yield. Selective hydroxamate N-acylation was achieved with acyl fluorides, enabling installation of lipids tails in the final step. O-Benzyl-dehydrocobactin T (B4) was prepared by modifying a known five-step sequence with an overall yield of 49%. 2-Hydroxyphenyl-4-carboxyloxazoline (C3) was prepared from 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and l-serine methyl ester in three steps with an overall yield of 55%. Ester coupling of A4 and B4 with EDCI afforded MbI-1 in 73% yield. Catalytic hydrogenation with Pd/BaSO4 and 50 psi of H2 simultaneously effected alkene reduction and debenzylation to afford MbI-2 in 96% yield. Fragment C3 was converted into acyl fluoride C4, which coupled with MbI-2 to afford MbI-3 in 51% yield. Finally, Boc-removal with HCl/EtOAc and treatment of the resultant hydroxylamine with stearyl fluoride furnished mycobactin T in 65% yield. Overall, the yield is 4% over 14 steps. The gallium mycobactin T-N-acetyl derivative (GaMbT-NAc) structure was determined by 1H NMR. The structure shows an octahedral Ga and two internal hydrogen bonds between peptidic N-Hs and two of the oxygen atoms coordinating Ga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiat Hwa Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138527, Singapore
| | - John T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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17
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Ghanavi J, Farnia P, Farnia P, Velayati AA. The role of interferon-gamma and interferon-gamma receptor in tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Int J Mycobacteriol 2021; 10:349-357. [PMID: 34916451 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_186_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) remain the leading causes of lung disease and mortality worldwide. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and its receptor (IFN-γR) play a key role in mediating immunity against Mtb and NTM. This study was conducted as a systematic review; all information was collected from databases such as: PubMed, Scopus, Medline, SID, and medical databases. Finally, all the collected data were reviewed, and all content was categorized briefly. There is growing evidence that IFN-γ plays an important role in host defense against these two intracellular pathogens by activating macrophages. In addition, IFN-γ has been shown to be an integral part of various antibacterial methods such as granuloma formation and phagosome-lysosome fusion, both of which lead to the death of intracellular Mycobacterium. As a result, its absence is associated with overgrowth of intracellular pathogens and disease caused by Mtb or Mycobacterium nontuberculosis. We also look at the role of IFN-γR in Mtb or NTM because IFN-γ acts through IFN-γR. Finally, we introduce new approaches to the treatment of M. tuberculosis complex (MTC) and NTM disease, such as cell and gene-based therapies that work by modulating IFN-γ and IFN-γR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalaledin Ghanavi
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Poopak Farnia
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parissa Farnia
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Velayati
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Cahill C, O’Connell F, Gogan KM, Cox DJ, Basdeo SA, O’Sullivan J, Gordon SV, Keane J, Phelan JJ. The Iron Chelator Desferrioxamine Increases the Efficacy of Bedaquiline in Primary Human Macrophages Infected with BCG. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062938. [PMID: 33805837 PMCID: PMC8001338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 50 years, patients with drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis have undergone long, arduous, and complex treatment processes with several antimicrobials. With the prevalence of drug-resistant strains on the rise and new therapies for tuberculosis urgently required, we assessed whether manipulating iron levels in macrophages infected with mycobacteria offered some insight into improving current antimicrobials that are used to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis. We investigated if the iron chelator, desferrioxamine, can support the function of human macrophages treated with an array of second-line antimicrobials, including moxifloxacin, bedaquiline, amikacin, clofazimine, linezolid and cycloserine. Primary human monocyte-derived macrophages were infected with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which is pyrazinamide-resistant, and concomitantly treated for 5 days with desferrioxamine in combination with each one of the second-line tuberculosis antimicrobials. Our data indicate that desferrioxamine used as an adjunctive treatment to bedaquiline significantly reduced the bacterial load in human macrophages infected with BCG. Our findings also reveal a link between enhanced bactericidal activity and increases in specific cytokines, as the addition of desferrioxamine increased levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-1β in BCG-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) treated with bedaquiline. These results provide insight, and an in vitro proof-of-concept, that iron chelators may prove an effective adjunctive therapy in combination with current tuberculosis antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Cahill
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (K.M.G.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Fiona O’Connell
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (F.O.); (J.O.)
| | - Karl M. Gogan
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (K.M.G.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Donal J. Cox
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (K.M.G.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Sharee A. Basdeo
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (K.M.G.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Jacintha O’Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (F.O.); (J.O.)
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Joseph Keane
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (K.M.G.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (J.K.)
| | - James J. Phelan
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (K.M.G.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-18963265
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19
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Ma J, Zhao S, Gao X, Wang R, Liu J, Zhou X, Zhou Y. The Roles of Inflammasomes in Host Defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020120. [PMID: 33503864 PMCID: PMC7911501 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection is characterized by granulomatous lung lesions and systemic inflammatory responses during active disease. Inflammasome activation is involved in regulation of inflammation. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes serving a platform for activation of caspase-1, which cleaves the proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 into their active forms. These cytokines play an essential role in MTB control. MTB infection triggers activation of the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes in vitro, but only AIM2 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-activation recruitment domain (ASC), rather than NLRP3 or caspase-1, favor host survival and restriction of mycobacterial replication in vivo. Interferons (IFNs) inhibits MTB-induced inflammasome activation and IL-1 signaling. In this review, we focus on activation and regulation of the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes after exposure to MTB, as well as the effect of inflammasome activation on host defense against the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.M.); (S.Z.); (X.G.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Shasha Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.M.); (S.Z.); (X.G.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiao Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.M.); (S.Z.); (X.G.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.M.); (S.Z.); (X.G.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.M.); (S.Z.); (X.G.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (J.M.); (S.Z.); (X.G.); (R.W.); (J.L.)
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
- Correspondence:
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