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Chancellor T, Smith DP, Chen W, Clark SJ, Venter E, Halsey K, Carrera E, McMillan V, Canning G, Armer VJ, Hammond-Kosack KE, Palma-Guerrero J. A fungal endophyte induces local cell wall-mediated resistance in wheat roots against take-all disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1444271. [PMID: 39359634 PMCID: PMC11444982 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1444271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Take-all disease, caused by the Ascomycete fungus Gaeumannomyces tritici, is one of the most important root diseases of wheat worldwide. The fungus invades the roots and destroys the vascular tissue, hindering the uptake of water and nutrients. Closely related non-pathogenic species in the Magnaporthaceae family, such as Gaeumannomyces hyphopodioides, occur naturally in arable and grassland soils and have previously been reported to reduce take-all disease in field studies. However, the mechanism of take-all protection has remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that take-all control is achieved via local but not systemic host changes in response to prior G. hyphopodioides root colonisation. A time-course wheat RNA sequencing analysis revealed extensive transcriptional reprogramming in G. hyphopodioides-colonised tissues, characterised by a striking downregulation of key cell wall-related genes, including genes encoding cellulose synthases (CESA), and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTH). In addition, we characterise the root infection biologies of G. tritici and G. hyphopodioides in wheat. We investigate the ultrastructure of previously described "subepidermal vesicles" (SEVs), dark swollen fungal cells produced in wheat roots by non-pathogenic G. hyphopodioides, but not by pathogenic G. tritici. We show that G. hyphopodioides SEVs share key characteristics of fungal resting structures, containing a greater number of putative lipid bodies and a significantly thickened cell wall compared to infection hyphae. We hypothesise that SEVs are fungal resting structures formed due to halted hyphal growth in the root cortex, perhaps as a stress response to locally induced wheat defence responses. In the absence of take-all resistant wheat cultivars or non-virulent G. tritici strains, studying closely related non-pathogenic G. hyphopodioides provides a much needed avenue to elucidate take-all resistance mechanisms in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Chancellor
- Rothamsted Research, Strategic Areas: Protecting Crops and the Environment, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel P. Smith
- Rothamsted Research, Strategic Areas: Protecting Crops and the Environment, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Wanxin Chen
- Rothamsted Research, Strategic Areas: Protecting Crops and the Environment, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne J. Clark
- Rothamsted Research, Strategic Areas: Protecting Crops and the Environment, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Eudri Venter
- Rothamsted Research, Strategic Areas: Protecting Crops and the Environment, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Kirstie Halsey
- Rothamsted Research, Strategic Areas: Protecting Crops and the Environment, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Carrera
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vanessa McMillan
- Rothamsted Research, Strategic Areas: Protecting Crops and the Environment, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Canning
- Rothamsted Research, Strategic Areas: Protecting Crops and the Environment, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria J. Armer
- Rothamsted Research, Strategic Areas: Protecting Crops and the Environment, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Kim E. Hammond-Kosack
- Rothamsted Research, Strategic Areas: Protecting Crops and the Environment, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Palma-Guerrero
- Rothamsted Research, Strategic Areas: Protecting Crops and the Environment, Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Plant Sciences for the Bioeconomy, Harpenden, United Kingdom
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Grover S, Mou DF, Shrestha K, Puri H, Pingault L, Sattler SE, Louis J. Impaired Brown midrib12 function orchestrates sorghum resistance to aphids via an auxin conjugate indole-3-acetic acid-aspartic acid. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39233513 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Lignin, a complex heterogenous polymer present in virtually all plant cell walls, plays a critical role in protecting plants from various stresses. However, little is known about how lignin modifications in sorghum will impact plant defense against sugarcane aphids (SCA), a key pest of sorghum. We utilized the sorghum brown midrib (bmr) mutants, which are impaired in monolignol synthesis, to understand sorghum defense mechanisms against SCA. We found that loss of Bmr12 function and overexpression (OE) of Bmr12 provided enhanced resistance and susceptibility to SCA, respectively, as compared with wild-type (WT; RTx430) plants. Monitoring of the aphid feeding behavior indicated that SCA spent more time in reaching the first sieve element phase on bmr12 plants compared with RTx430 and Bmr12-OE plants. A combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that bmr12 plants displayed altered auxin metabolism upon SCA infestation and specifically, elevated levels of auxin conjugate indole-3-acetic acid-aspartic acid (IAA-Asp) were observed in bmr12 plants compared with RTx430 and Bmr12-OE plants. Furthermore, exogenous application of IAA-Asp restored resistance in Bmr12-OE plants, and artificial diet aphid feeding trial bioassays revealed that IAA-Asp is associated with enhanced resistance to SCA. Our findings highlight the molecular underpinnings that contribute to sorghum bmr12-mediated resistance to SCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjan Grover
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - De-Fen Mou
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Kumar Shrestha
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Heena Puri
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Lise Pingault
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Scott E Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
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3
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Molina A, Jordá L, Torres MÁ, Martín-Dacal M, Berlanga DJ, Fernández-Calvo P, Gómez-Rubio E, Martín-Santamaría S. Plant cell wall-mediated disease resistance: Current understanding and future perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:699-724. [PMID: 38594902 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Beyond their function as structural barriers, plant cell walls are essential elements for the adaptation of plants to environmental conditions. Cell walls are dynamic structures whose composition and integrity can be altered in response to environmental challenges and developmental cues. These wall changes are perceived by plant sensors/receptors to trigger adaptative responses during development and upon stress perception. Plant cell wall damage caused by pathogen infection, wounding, or other stresses leads to the release of wall molecules, such as carbohydrates (glycans), that function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are perceived by the extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and disease resistance. Similarly, glycans released from the walls and extracellular layers of microorganisms interacting with plants are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by specific ECD-PRRs triggering PTI responses. The number of oligosaccharides DAMPs/MAMPs identified that are perceived by plants has increased in recent years. However, the structural mechanisms underlying glycan recognition by plant PRRs remain limited. Currently, this knowledge is mainly focused on receptors of the LysM-PRR family, which are involved in the perception of various molecules, such as chitooligosaccharides from fungi and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (i.e., Nod/MYC factors from bacteria and mycorrhiza, respectively) that trigger differential physiological responses. Nevertheless, additional families of plant PRRs have recently been implicated in oligosaccharide/polysaccharide recognition. These include receptor kinases (RKs) with leucine-rich repeat and Malectin domains in their ECDs (LRR-MAL RKs), Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE group (CrRLK1L) with Malectin-like domains in their ECDs, as well as wall-associated kinases, lectin-RKs, and LRR-extensins. The characterization of structural basis of glycans recognition by these new plant receptors will shed light on their similarities with those of mammalians involved in glycan perception. The gained knowledge holds the potential to facilitate the development of sustainable, glycan-based crop protection solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martín-Dacal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego José Berlanga
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elena Gómez-Rubio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Liu C, He S, Chen J, Wang M, Li Z, Wei L, Chen Y, Du M, Liu D, Li C, An C, Bhadauria V, Lai J, Zhu W. A dual-subcellular localized β-glucosidase confers pathogen and insect resistance without a yield penalty in maize. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1017-1032. [PMID: 38012865 PMCID: PMC10955503 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Maize is one of the most important crops for food, cattle feed and energy production. However, maize is frequently attacked by various pathogens and pests, which pose a significant threat to maize yield and quality. Identification of quantitative trait loci and genes for resistance to pests will provide the basis for resistance breeding in maize. Here, a β-glucosidase ZmBGLU17 was identified as a resistance gene against Pythium aphanidermatum, one of the causal agents of corn stalk rot, by genome-wide association analysis. Genetic analysis showed that both structural variations at the promoter and a single nucleotide polymorphism at the fifth intron distinguish the two ZmBGLU17 alleles. The causative polymorphism near the GT-AG splice site activates cryptic alternative splicing and intron retention of ZmBGLU17 mRNA, leading to the downregulation of functional ZmBGLU17 transcripts. ZmBGLU17 localizes in both the extracellular matrix and vacuole and contribute to the accumulation of two defence metabolites lignin and DIMBOA. Silencing of ZmBGLU17 reduces maize resistance against P. aphanidermatum, while overexpression significantly enhances resistance of maize against both the oomycete pathogen P. aphanidermatum and the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis. Notably, ZmBGLU17 overexpression lines exhibited normal growth and yield phenotype in the field. Taken together, our findings reveal that the apoplastic and vacuolar localized ZmBGLU17 confers resistance to both pathogens and insect pests in maize without a yield penalty, by fine-tuning the accumulation of lignin and DIMBOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Liu
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shengfeng He
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Junbin Chen
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mingyu Wang
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhenju Li
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Luyang Wei
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan Chen
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Meida Du
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dandan Liu
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Cai Li
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chunju An
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio‐breedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio‐breeding, National Maize Improvement Center, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Department of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wangsheng Zhu
- China Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, and College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio‐breedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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5
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Xing F, Zhang L, Ge W, Fan H, Tian C, Meng F. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the importance of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis for the induced resistance of 84K poplar to anthracnose. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:306. [PMID: 38519923 PMCID: PMC10960379 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poplar anthracnose, which is one of the most important tree diseases, is primarily caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which has been detected in poplar plantations in China and is responsible for serious economic losses. The characteristics of 84K poplar that have made it one of the typical woody model plants used for investigating stress resistance include its rapid growth, simple reproduction, and adaptability. RESULTS In this study, we found that the resistance of 84K poplar to anthracnose varied considerably depending on how the samples were inoculated of the two seedlings in each tissue culture bottle, one (84K-Cg) was inoculated for 6 days, whereas the 84K-DCg samples were another seedling inoculated at the 6th day and incubated for another 6 days under the same conditions. It was showed that the average anthracnose spot diameter on 84K-Cg and 84K-DCg leaves was 1.23 ± 0.0577 cm and 0.67 ± 0.1154 cm, respectively. Based on the transcriptome sequencing analysis, it was indicated that the upregulated phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes in 84K poplar infected with C. gloeosporioides, including genes encoding PAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, CCR, COMT, F5H, and CAD, are also involved in other KEGG pathways (i.e., flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism). The expression levels of these genes were lowest in 84K-Cg and highest in 84K-DCg. CONCLUSIONS It was found that PAL-related genes may be crucial for the induced resistance of 84K poplar to anthracnose, which enriched in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. These results will provide the basis for future research conducted to verify the contribution of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis to induced resistance and explore plant immune resistance-related signals that may regulate plant defense capabilities, which may provide valuable insights relevant to the development of effective and environmentally friendly methods for controlling poplar anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xing
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Linxuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ge
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Fan
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Fanli Meng
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China.
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6
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Yang W, Yao D, Duan H, Zhang J, Cai Y, Lan C, Zhao B, Mei Y, Zheng Y, Yang E, Lu X, Zhang X, Tang J, Yu K, Zhang X. VAMP726 from maize and Arabidopsis confers pollen resistance to heat and UV radiation by influencing lignin content of sporopollenin. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100682. [PMID: 37691288 PMCID: PMC10721520 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Sporopollenin in the pollen cell wall protects male gametophytes from stresses. Phenylpropanoid derivatives, including guaiacyl (G) lignin units, are known to be structural components of sporopollenin, but the exact composition of sporopollenin remains to be fully resolved. We analyzed the phenylpropanoid derivatives in sporopollenin from maize and Arabidopsis by thioacidolysis coupled with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The NMR and GC-MS results confirmed the presence of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), G, and syringyl (S) lignin units in sporopollenin from maize and Arabidopsis. Strikingly, H units account for the majority of lignin monomers in sporopollenin from these species. We next performed a genome-wide association study to explore the genetic basis of maize sporopollenin composition and identified a vesicle-associated membrane protein (ZmVAMP726) that is strongly associated with lignin monomer composition of maize sporopollenin. Genetic manipulation of VAMP726 affected not only lignin monomer composition in sporopollenin but also pollen resistance to heat and UV radiation in maize and Arabidopsis, indicating that VAMP726 is functionally conserved in monocot and dicot plants. Our work provides new insight into the lignin monomers that serve as structural components of sporopollenin and characterizes VAMP726, which affects sporopollenin composition and stress resistance in pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Dongdong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Haiyang Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yaling Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Chen Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Erbing Yang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoduo Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance, School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xuehai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ke Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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7
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Xu Y, Wang C, Kong D, Cao M, Zhang Q, Tahir M, Yang Y, Yang S, Bo W, Pang X. Identification of High Tolerance to Jujube Witches' Broom in Indian Jujube ( Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) and Mining Differentially Expressed Genes Related to the Tolerance through Transcriptome Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112082. [PMID: 37299062 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The jujube witches' broom (JWB) disease is a severe threat to jujube trees, with only a few cultivars being genuinely tolerant or resistant to phytoplasma. The defense mechanism of jujube trees against phytoplasma is still unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the tolerance mechanism of Indian jujube 'Cuimi' to JWB and identify the key genes that contribute to JWB high tolerance. Based on the symptoms and phytoplasma concentrations after infection, we confirmed the high tolerance of 'Cuimi' to JWB. Comparative transcriptome analysis was subsequently performed between 'Cuimi' and 'Huping', a susceptible cultivar of Chinese jujube. Unique gene ontology (GO) terms were identified in 'Cuimi', such as protein ubiquitination, cell wall biogenesis, cell surface receptor signaling pathway, oxylipin biosynthetic process, and transcription factor activity. These terms may relate to the normal development and growth of 'Cuimi' under phytoplasma infection. We identified 194 differential expressed genes related to JWB high tolerance, involved in various processes, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+ sensors, protein kinases, transcription factors (TFs), lignin, and hormones. Calmodulin-like (CML) genes were significantly down-regulated in infected 'Cuimi'. We speculated that the CML gene may act as a negative regulatory factor related to JWB high tolerance. Additionally, the cinnamoyl-CoA reductase-like SNL6 gene was significantly up-regulated in infected 'Cuimi', which may cause lignin deposition, limit the growth of phytoplasma, and mediate immune response of 'Cuimi' to phytoplasma. Overall, this study provides insights into the contribution of key genes to the high tolerance of JWB in Indian jujube 'Cuimi'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Decang Kong
- National Foundation for Improved Cultivar of Chinese Jujube, Cangzhou 061000, China
| | - Ming Cao
- National Foundation for Improved Cultivar of Chinese Jujube, Cangzhou 061000, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian 271000, China
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenhao Bo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoming Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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8
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Swaminathan S, Lionetti V, Zabotina OA. Plant Cell Wall Integrity Perturbations and Priming for Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11243539. [PMID: 36559656 PMCID: PMC9781063 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A plant cell wall is a highly complex structure consisting of networks of polysaccharides, proteins, and polyphenols that dynamically change during growth and development in various tissues. The cell wall not only acts as a physical barrier but also dynamically responds to disturbances caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants have well-established surveillance mechanisms to detect any cell wall perturbations. Specific immune signaling pathways are triggered to contrast biotic or abiotic forces, including cascades dedicated to reinforcing the cell wall structure. This review summarizes the recent developments in molecular mechanisms underlying maintenance of cell wall integrity in plant-pathogen and parasitic interactions. Subjects such as the effect of altered expression of endogenous plant cell-wall-related genes or apoplastic expression of microbial cell-wall-modifying enzymes on cell wall integrity are covered. Targeted genetic modifications as a tool to study the potential of cell wall elicitors, priming of signaling pathways, and the outcome of disease resistance phenotypes are also discussed. The prime importance of understanding the intricate details and complete picture of plant immunity emerges, ultimately to engineer new strategies to improve crop productivity and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Swaminathan
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Olga A. Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence:
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Wang Y, Yuan S, Shao C, Zhu W, Xiao D, Zhang C, Hou X, Li Y. BcOPR3 Mediates Defense Responses to Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens in Arabidopsis and Non-heading Chinese Cabbage. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2523-2537. [PMID: 35852468 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-22-0049-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways usually mediate the defense response to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, respectively. Our previous work showed that after non-heading Chinese cabbage (NHCC) was infected with the biotrophic pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica, expression of the JA biosynthetic gene BcOPR3 is induced; however, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we overexpressed BcOPR3 in Arabidopsis and silenced BcOPR3 in NHCC001 plants to study the defensive role of BcOPR3 in plants against pathogen invasion. The results showed that overexpression of BcOPR3 increased the susceptibility of Arabidopsis to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) but enhanced its resistance to Botrytis cinerea. BcOPR3-silenced NHCC001 plants with a 50% reduction in BcOPR3 expression increased their resistance to downy mildew by reducing the hyphal density and spores of H. parasitica. In addition, BcOPR3-partly silenced NHCC001 plants were also resistant to B. cinerea, which could be the result of a synergistic effect of JA and SA. These findings indicate a complicated role of BcOPR3 in the mediating defense responses to biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuilin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weitong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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10
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Joshi A, Jeena GS, Shikha, Kumar RS, Pandey A, Shukla RK. Ocimum sanctum, OscWRKY1, regulates phenylpropanoid pathway genes and promotes resistance to pathogen infection in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:235-251. [PMID: 35780285 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE OscWRKY1 from Ocimum sanctum positively regulates phenylpropanoid pathway genes and rosmarinic acid content. OscWRKY1 overexpression promotes resistance against bacterial pathogen in Arabidopsis. WRKY transcription factor (TF) family regulates various developmental and physiological functions in plants. PAL genes encode enzymes which are involved in plant defense responses, but the direct regulation of PAL genes and phenylpropanoid pathway through WRKY TF's is not well characterized. In the present study, we have characterized an OscWRKY1 gene from Ocimum sanctum which shows induced expression by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), and wounding. The recombinant OscWRKY1 protein binds to the DIG-labeled (Digoxigenin) W-box cis-element TTGAC[C/T] and activates the LacZ reporter gene in yeast. Overexpression of OscWRKY1 enhances Arabidopsis resistance towards Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Pst DC3000. Upstream activator sequences of PAL and C4H have been identified to contain the conserved W-box cis-element (TTGACC) in both O. sanctum and Arabidopsis. OscWRKY1 was found to interact with W-box cis-element present in the PAL and C4H promoters. Silencing of OscWRKY1 using VIGS resulted in reduced expression of PAL, C4H, COMT, F5H and 4CL transcripts. OscWRKY1 silenced plants exhibit reduced PAL activity, whereas, the overexpression lines of OscWRKY1 in Arabidopsis exhibit increased PAL activity. Furthermore, the metabolite analysis of OscWRKY1 silenced plants showed reduced rosmarinic acid content. These results revealed that OscWRKY1 positively regulates the phenylpropanoid pathway genes leading to the alteration of rosmarinic acid content and enhances the resistance against bacterial pathogen in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Gajendra Singh Jeena
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Shikha
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ravi Shankar Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Alok Pandey
- Microbial Technology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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11
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Feng H, Wan C, Zhang Z, Chen H, Li Z, Jiang H, Yin M, Dong S, Dou D, Wang Y, Zheng X, Ye W. Specific interaction of an RNA-binding protein with the 3'-UTR of its target mRNA is critical to oomycete sexual reproduction. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010001. [PMID: 34648596 PMCID: PMC8547697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is an essential stage of the oomycete life cycle. However, the functions of critical regulators in this biological process remain unclear due to a lack of genome editing technologies and functional genomic studies in oomycetes. The notorious oomycete pathogen Pythium ultimum is responsible for a variety of diseases in a broad range of plant species. In this study, we revealed the mechanism through which PuM90, a stage-specific Puf family RNA-binding protein, regulates oospore formation in P. ultimum. We developed the first CRISPR/Cas9 system-mediated gene knockout and in situ complementation methods for Pythium. PuM90-knockout mutants were significantly defective in oospore formation, with empty oogonia or oospores larger in size with thinner oospore walls compared with the wild type. A tripartite recognition motif (TRM) in the Puf domain of PuM90 could specifically bind to a UGUACAUA motif in the mRNA 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of PuFLP, which encodes a flavodoxin-like protein, and thereby repress PuFLP mRNA level to facilitate oospore formation. Phenotypes similar to PuM90-knockout mutants were observed with overexpression of PuFLP, mutation of key amino acids in the TRM of PuM90, or mutation of the 3′-UTR binding site in PuFLP. The results demonstrated that a specific interaction of the RNA-binding protein PuM90 with the 3′-UTR of PuFLP mRNA at the post-transcriptional regulation level is critical for the sexual reproduction of P. ultimum. Oomycetes are a class of eukaryotic microorganisms with life cycles and growth habits similar to filamentous fungi, but are not true fungi. Although sexual reproduction, which produce oospores, is an essential stage of life cycle, the functions of critical regulators in this biological process remain unclear due to a lack of genome editing technologies and functional genomic studies in oomycetes. In this study, we developed the first CRISPR/Cas9 system-mediated gene knockout and in situ complementation methods for Pythium ultimum, a notorious oomycete pathogen that is responsible for a variety of diseases in a broad range of plant species. We further identified the Puf family RNA-binding protein PuM90 and the flavodoxin-like protein PuFLP as major functional factors involved in P. ultimum oospore formation. We proposed a new model that PuM90 acts as a stage-specific post-transcriptional regulator by specifically binding to the 3′-UTR of PuFLP and then repressing PuFLP mRNA level. This study describes new technologies and data that will help to elucidate sexual reproduction and post-transcriptional regulation in oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanxu Wan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibin Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maozhu Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Assessment of the Role of PAL in Lignin Accumulation in Wheat ( Tríticum aestívum L.) at the Early Stage of Ontogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189848. [PMID: 34576012 PMCID: PMC8470810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study evaluates the role of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and the associated metabolic complex in the accumulation of lignin in common wheat plants (Tríticum aestívum L.) at the early stages of ontogenesis. The data analysis was performed using plant samples that had reached Phases 4 and 5 on the Feekes scale—these phases are characterized by a transition to the formation of axial (stem) structures in cereal plants. We have shown that the substrate stimulation of PAL with key substrates, such as L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine, leads to a significant increase in lignin by an average of 20% in experimental plants compared to control plants. In addition, the presence of these compounds in the nutrient medium led to an increase in the number of gene transcripts associated with lignin synthesis (PAL6, C4H1, 4CL1, C3H1). Inhibition was the main tool of the study. Potential competitive inhibitors of PAL were used: the optical isomer of L-phenylalanine—D-phenylalanine—and the hydroxylamine equivalent of phenylalanine—O-Benzylhydroxylamine. As a result, plants incubated on a medium supplemented with O-Benzylhydroxylamine were characterized by reduced PAL activity (almost one third). The lignin content of the cell wall in plants treated with O-Benzylhydroxylamine was almost halved. In contrast, D-phenylalanine did not lead to significant changes in the lignin-associated metabolic complex, and its effect was similar to that of specific substrates.
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13
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Tsitsekian D, Daras G, Karamanou K, Templalexis D, Koudounas K, Malliarakis D, Koufakis T, Chatzopoulos D, Goumas D, Ntoukakis V, Hatzopoulos P, Rigas S. Clavibacter michiganensis Downregulates Photosynthesis and Modifies Monolignols Metabolism Revealing a Crosstalk with Tomato Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8442. [PMID: 34445148 PMCID: PMC8395114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-positive pathogenic bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) causes bacterial canker disease in tomato, affecting crop yield and fruit quality. To understand how tomato plants respond, the dynamic expression profile of host genes was analyzed upon Cmm infection. Symptoms of bacterial canker became evident from the third day. As the disease progressed, the bacterial population increased in planta, reaching the highest level at six days and remained constant till the twelfth day post inoculation. These two time points were selected for transcriptomics. A progressive down-regulation of key genes encoding for components of the photosynthetic apparatus was observed. Two temporally separated defense responses were observed, which were to an extent interdependent. During the primary response, genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway were diverted towards the synthesis of monolignols away from S-lignin. In dicots, lignin polymers mainly consist of G- and S-units, playing an important role in defense. The twist towards G-lignin enrichment is consistent with previous findings, highlighting a response to generate an early protective barrier and to achieve a tight interplay between lignin recomposition and the primary defense response mechanism. Upon progression of Cmm infection, the temporal deactivation of phenylpropanoids coincided with the upregulation of genes that belong in a secondary response mechanism, supporting an elegant reprogramming of the host transcriptome to establish a robust defense apparatus and suppress pathogen invasion. This high-throughput analysis reveals a dynamic reorganization of plant defense mechanisms upon bacterial infection to implement an array of barriers preventing pathogen invasion and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikran Tsitsekian
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Gerasimos Daras
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Konstantina Karamanou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Dimitris Templalexis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Koudounas
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
- EA2106 Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Dimitris Malliarakis
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology-Bacteriology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklio, Greece; (D.M.); (D.G.)
| | | | | | - Dimitris Goumas
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology-Bacteriology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71004 Heraklio, Greece; (D.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences and Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Polydefkis Hatzopoulos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Stamatis Rigas
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (D.T.); (G.D.); (K.K.); (D.T.); (K.K.)
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14
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Huang XX, Wang Y, Lin JS, Chen L, Li YJ, Liu Q, Wang GF, Xu F, Liu L, Hou BK. The novel pathogen-responsive glycosyltransferase UGT73C7 mediates the redirection of phenylpropanoid metabolism and promotes SNC1-dependent Arabidopsis immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:149-165. [PMID: 33866633 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that global metabolic reprogramming is a common event in plant innate immunity; however, the relevant molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a pathogen-induced glycosyltransferase, UGT73C7, that plays a critical role in Arabidopsis disease resistance through mediating redirection of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Loss of UGT73C7 function resulted in significantly decreased resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, whereas constitutive overexpression of UGT73C7 led to an enhanced defense response. UGT73C7-activated immunity was demonstrated to be dependent on the upregulated expression of SNC1, a Toll/interleukin 1 receptor-type NLR gene. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo assays indicated that UGT73C7 could glycosylate p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid, the upstream metabolites in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Mutations that lead to the loss of UGT73C7 enzyme activities resulted in the failure to induce SNC1 expression. Moreover, glycosylation activity of UGT73C7 resulted in the redirection of phenylpropanoid metabolic flux to biosynthesis of hydroxycinnamic acids and coumarins. The disruption of the phenylpropanoid pathway suppressed UGT73C7-promoted SNC1 expression and the immune response. This study not only identified UGT73C7 as an important regulator that adjusts phenylpropanoid metabolism upon pathogen challenge, but also provided a link between phenylpropanoid metabolism and an NLR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Xu Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ji-Shan Lin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lu Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qian Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guan-Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Fang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lijing Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Bing-Kai Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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15
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Abstract
Oomycetes are notorious plant pathogens. It is known that genetically distinct oomycete strains can mate to increase their genetic diversity and virulence. A new paper finally reveals the genomic locus that may govern sexual compatibility in one oomycete species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Corradi
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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16
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Liu M, Li Y, Zhu Y, Sun Y, Wang G. Maize nicotinate N-methyltransferase interacts with the NLR protein Rp1-D21 and modulates the hypersensitive response. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:564-579. [PMID: 33675291 PMCID: PMC8035639 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Most plant intracellular immune receptors belong to nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. The recognition between NLRs and their corresponding pathogen effectors often triggers a hypersensitive response (HR) at the pathogen infection sites. The nicotinate N-methyltransferase (NANMT) is responsible for the conversion of nicotinate to trigonelline in plants. However, the role of NANMT in plant defence response is unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the maize ZmNANMT, but not its close homolog ZmCOMT, an enzyme in the lignin biosynthesis pathway, suppresses the HR mediated by the autoactive NLR protein Rp1-D21 and its N-terminal coiled-coil signalling domain (CCD21 ). ZmNANMT, but not ZmCOMT, interacts with CCD21 , and they form a complex with HCT1806 and CCoAOMT2, two key enzymes in lignin biosynthesis, which can also suppress the autoactive HR mediated by Rp1-D21. ZmNANMT is mainly localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and either localization is important for suppressing the HR phenotype. These results lay the foundation for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of NANMTs in plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong ProvinceCollege of Plant Health and MedicineQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Ya‐Jie Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yu‐Xiu Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Guan‐Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
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Xiao S, Hu Q, Shen J, Liu S, Yang Z, Chen K, Klosterman SJ, Javornik B, Zhang X, Zhu L. GhMYB4 downregulates lignin biosynthesis and enhances cotton resistance to Verticillium dahliae. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:735-751. [PMID: 33638657 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
GhMYB4 acts as a negative regulator in lignin biosynthesis, which results in alteration of cell wall integrity and activation of cotton defense response. Verticillium wilt of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) represents one of the most important constraints of cotton production worldwide. Mining of the genes involved in disease resistance and illuminating the molecular mechanisms that underlie this resistance is of great importance in cotton breeding programs. Defense-induced lignification in plants is necessary for innate immunity, and there are reports of a correlation between increased lignification and disease resistance. In this study, we present an example in cotton whereby plants with reduced lignin content also exhibit enhanced disease resistance. We identified a negative regulator of lignin synthesis, in cotton encoded in GhMYB4. Overexpression of GhMYB4 in cotton and Arabidopsis enhanced resistance to V. dahliae with reduced lignin deposition. Moreover, GhMYB4 could bind the promoters of several genes involved in lignin synthesis, such as GhC4H-1, GhC4H-2, Gh4CL-4, and GhCAD-3, and impair their expression. The reduction of lignin content in GhMYB4-overexpressing cotton led to alterations of cell wall integrity (CWI) and released more oligogalacturonides (OGs) which may act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to stimulate plant defense responses. In support of this hypothesis, exogenous application with polygalacturonic acid (PGA) in cotton activated biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-mediated defense against V. dahliae, similar to that described for cotton plants overexpressing GhMYB4. This study provides a new candidate gene for cotton disease-resistant breeding and an increased understanding of the relationship between lignin synthesis, OG release, and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Jili Shen
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shiming Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Branka Javornik
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Longfu Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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18
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Wang X, Zhao Z, Guo N, Wang H, Zhao J, Xing H. Comparative Proteomics Analysis Reveals That Lignin Biosynthesis Contributes to Brassinosteroid-Mediated Response to Phytophthora sojae in Soybeans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5496-5506. [PMID: 32302119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of steroid plant hormones regulating normal growth, development, and stress response in plants. However, the mechanisms by which BRs interfere with the resistance of soybean to Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae) remain largely unknown. The present study analyzed the role of BRs in soybean response against P. sojae by comparative proteomic approaches. A total of 52,381 peptides were obtained by trypsin digestion of 9,680 proteins, among which 6,640 proteins were quantified, and 402 proteins were identified as differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Further analysis revealed that DEPs were significantly involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. The expression of the majority of key enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis was upregulated by BR-pretreatment and P. sojae infection, and lignin accumulation was faster in BR-pretreated soybeans than in untreated controls. Additionally, accumulation of lignin was consistent with these enzyme expressions levels and resistance phenotype. These findings advance the understanding of the role of BRs in the interaction between soybeans and P. sojae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zisu Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Guo
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haitang Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinming Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Han Xing
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Yadav V, Wang Z, Wei C, Amo A, Ahmed B, Yang X, Zhang X. Phenylpropanoid Pathway Engineering: An Emerging Approach towards Plant Defense. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040312. [PMID: 32340374 PMCID: PMC7238016 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens hitting the plant cell wall is the first impetus that triggers the phenylpropanoid pathway for plant defense. The phenylpropanoid pathway bifurcates into the production of an enormous array of compounds based on the few intermediates of the shikimate pathway in response to cell wall breaches by pathogens. The whole metabolomic pathway is a complex network regulated by multiple gene families and it exhibits refined regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. The pathway genes are involved in the production of anti-microbial compounds as well as signaling molecules. The engineering in the metabolic pathway has led to a new plant defense system of which various mechanisms have been proposed including salicylic acid and antimicrobial mediated compounds. In recent years, some key players like phenylalanine ammonia lyases (PALs) from the phenylpropanoid pathway are proposed to have broad spectrum disease resistance (BSR) without yield penalties. Now we have more evidence than ever, yet little understanding about the pathway-based genes that orchestrate rapid, coordinated induction of phenylpropanoid defenses in response to microbial attack. It is not astonishing that mutants of pathway regulator genes can show conflicting results. Therefore, precise engineering of the pathway is an interesting strategy to aim at profitably tailored plants. Here, this review portrays the current progress and challenges for phenylpropanoid pathway-based resistance from the current prospective to provide a deeper understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Chunhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Aduragbemi Amo
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (V.Y.); (Z.W.); (C.W.); (B.A.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-029-8708-2613
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20
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Lee M, Jeon HS, Kim SH, Chung JH, Roppolo D, Lee H, Cho HJ, Tobimatsu Y, Ralph J, Park OK. Lignin-based barrier restricts pathogens to the infection site and confers resistance in plants. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101948. [PMID: 31559647 PMCID: PMC6885736 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria invade plant tissues and proliferate in the extracellular space. Plants have evolved the immune system to recognize and limit the growth of pathogens. Despite substantial progress in the study of plant immunity, the mechanism by which plants limit pathogen growth remains unclear. Here, we show that lignin accumulates in Arabidopsis leaves in response to incompatible interactions with bacterial pathogens in a manner dependent on Casparian strip membrane domain protein (CASP)-like proteins (CASPLs). CASPs are known to be the organizers of the lignin-based Casparian strip, which functions as a diffusion barrier in roots. The spread of invading avirulent pathogens is prevented by spatial restriction, which is disturbed by defects in lignin deposition. Moreover, the motility of pathogenic bacteria is negatively affected by lignin accumulation. These results suggest that the lignin-deposited structure functions as a physical barrier similar to the Casparian strip, trapping pathogens and thereby terminating their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seu Ha Kim
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | | | - Daniele Roppolo
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Present address:
European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious DiseaseBaselSwitzerland
| | - Hye‐Jung Lee
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hong Joo Cho
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
- Present address:
Cutigen Research InstituteTegoscience Inc.SeoulKorea
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable HumanosphereKyoto UniversityUjiKyotoJapan
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, and US Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterThe Wisconsin Energy InstituteUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Ohkmae K Park
- Department of Life SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
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21
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Zhang Y, Wu L, Wang X, Chen B, Zhao J, Cui J, Li Z, Yang J, Wu L, Wu J, Zhang G, Ma Z. The cotton laccase gene GhLAC15 enhances Verticillium wilt resistance via an increase in defence-induced lignification and lignin components in the cell walls of plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:309-322. [PMID: 30267563 PMCID: PMC6637971 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a phytopathogenic fungal pathogen that causes vascular wilt diseases responsible for considerable decreases in cotton yields. The lignification of cell wall appositions is a conserved basal defence mechanism in the plant innate immune response. However, the function of laccase in defence-induced lignification has not been described. Screening of an SSH library of a resistant cotton cultivar, Jimian20, inoculated with V. dahliae revealed a laccase gene that was strongly induced by the pathogen. This gene was phylogenetically related to AtLAC15 and contained domains conserved by laccases; therefore, we named it GhLAC15. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction indicated that GhLAC15 maintained higher expression levels in tolerant than in susceptible cultivars. Overexpression of GhLAC15 enhanced cell wall lignification, resulting in increased total lignin, G monolignol and G/S ratio, which significantly improved the Verticillium wilt resistance of transgenic Arabidopsis. In addition, the levels of arabinose and xylose were higher in transgenic plants than in wild-type plants, which resulted in transgenic Arabidopsis plants being less easily hydrolysed. Furthermore, suppression of the transcriptional level of GhLAC15 resulted in an increase in susceptibility in cotton. The content of monolignol and the G/S ratio were lower in silenced cotton plants, which led to resistant cotton cv. Jimian20 becoming susceptible. These results demonstrate that GhLAC15 enhances Verticillium wilt resistance via an increase in defence-induced lignification and arabinose and xylose accumulation in the cell wall of Gossypium hirsutum. This study broadens our knowledge of defence-induced lignification and cell wall modifications as defence mechanisms against V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding071001China
| | - Lizhu Wu
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding071001China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding071001China
| | - Bin Chen
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding071001China
| | - Jing Zhao
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding071001China
| | - Jing Cui
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding071001China
| | - Zhikun Li
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding071001China
| | - Jun Yang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding071001China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding071001China
| | - Jinhua Wu
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding071001China
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding071001China
| | - Zhiying Ma
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education MinistryHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding071001China
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22
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Gill US, Uppalapati SR, Gallego-Giraldo L, Ishiga Y, Dixon RA, Mysore KS. Metabolic flux towards the (iso)flavonoid pathway in lignin modified alfalfa lines induces resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1997-2007. [PMID: 29047109 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Downregulation of lignin in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is associated with increased availability of cell wall polysaccharides in plant cells. We tested transgenic alfalfa plants downregulated for Caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) against an economically important fungal disease of alfalfa, Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis, and found it more resistant to this disease. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that the improved disease resistance against Fusarium wilt is due to increased accumulation and/or spillover of flux towards the (iso)flavonoid pathway. Some (iso)flavonoids and their pathway intermediate compounds showed strong accumulation in CCoAOMT downregulated plants after F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis inoculation. The identified (iso)flavonoids, including medicarpin and 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone, inhibited the in vitro growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis. These results suggested that the increased accumulation and/or shift/spillover of flux towards the (iso)flavonoid pathway in CCoAOMT downregulated plants is associated with induced disease resistance.
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23
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Rodríguez A, Kava V, Latorre‐García L, da Silva GJ, Pereira RG, Glienke C, Ferreira‐Maba LS, Vicent A, Shimada T, Peña L. Engineering d-limonene synthase down-regulation in orange fruit induces resistance against the fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa through enhanced accumulation of monoterpene alcohols and activation of defence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2077-2093. [PMID: 29573543 PMCID: PMC6638045 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Terpene volatiles play an important role in the interactions between specialized pathogens and fruits. Citrus black spot (CBS), caused by the fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa, is associated with crop losses in different citrus-growing areas worldwide. The pathogen may infect the fruit for 20-24 weeks after petal fall, but the typical hard spot symptoms appear when the fruit have almost reached maturity, caused by fungal colonization and the induction of cell lysis around essential oil cavities. d-Limonene represents approximately 95% of the total oil gland content in mature orange fruit. Herein, we investigated whether orange fruit with reduced d-limonene content in peel oil glands via an antisense (AS) approach may affect fruit interaction with P. citricarpa relative to empty vector (EV) controls. AS fruit showed enhanced resistance to the fungus relative to EV fruit. Because of the reduced d-limonene content, an over-accumulation of linalool and other monoterpene alcohols was found in AS relative to EV fruit. A global gene expression analysis at 2 h and 8 days after inoculation with P. citricarpa revealed the activation of defence responses in AS fruit via the up-regulation of different pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes, probably as a result of enhanced constitutive accumulation of linalool and other alcohols. When assayed in vitro and in vivo, monoterpene alcohols at the concentrations present in AS fruit showed strong antifungal activity. We show here that terpene engineering in fruit peels could be a promising method for the development of new strategies to obtain resistance to fruit diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodríguez
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (Fundecitrus)AraraquaraSão Paulo 14807–040Brazil
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMCP‐CSIC)Valencia 46022Spain
| | - Vanessa Kava
- Depto. de Genética, Universidade Federal do ParanáCuritibaParaná 81.531‐980Brazil
| | - Lorena Latorre‐García
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMCP‐CSIC)Valencia 46022Spain
| | - Geraldo J. da Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (Fundecitrus)AraraquaraSão Paulo 14807–040Brazil
| | - Rosana G. Pereira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (Fundecitrus)AraraquaraSão Paulo 14807–040Brazil
| | - Chirlei Glienke
- Depto. de Genética, Universidade Federal do ParanáCuritibaParaná 81.531‐980Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Vicent
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA)Moncada, Valencia 46113Spain
| | - Takehiko Shimada
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science (NIFTS), National Agriculture and Bio‐oriented Research Organization (NARO)Shizuoka, Shizuoka 424‐0292Japan
| | - Leandro Peña
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Fundo de Defesa da Citricultura (Fundecitrus)AraraquaraSão Paulo 14807–040Brazil
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBMCP‐CSIC)Valencia 46022Spain
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24
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Baker LA, Staniforth M, Flourat AL, Allais F, Stavros VG. Gas-Solution Phase Transient Absorption Study of the Plant Sunscreen Derivative Methyl Sinapate. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
- Present address: Department of Science; George Abbot School; Woodruff Avenue Guildford, Surrey GU1 1XX United Kingdom
| | - Michael Staniforth
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Amandine L. Flourat
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI); AgroParisTech; CEBB 3 rue des Rouges Terres F-51110 Pomacle France
| | - Florent Allais
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI); AgroParisTech; CEBB 3 rue des Rouges Terres F-51110 Pomacle France
| | - Vasilios G. Stavros
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
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25
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Kannan B, Jung JH, Moxley GW, Lee S, Altpeter F. TALEN-mediated targeted mutagenesis of more than 100 COMT copies/alleles in highly polyploid sugarcane improves saccharification efficiency without compromising biomass yield. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:856-866. [PMID: 28905511 PMCID: PMC5866949 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane is the world's most efficient feedstock for commercial production of bioethanol due to its superior biomass production and accumulation of sucrose in stems. Integrating first- and second-generation ethanol conversion processes will enhance the biofuel yield per unit area by utilizing both sucrose and cell wall-bound sugars for fermentation. RNAi suppression of the lignin biosynthetic gene caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) has been demonstrated to improve bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Genome editing has been used in a number of crops for creation of loss of function phenotypes but is very challenging in sugarcane due to its highly polyploid genome. In this study, a conserved region of COMT was targeted with a single-transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) pair for multi-allelic mutagenesis to modify lignin biosynthesis in sugarcane. Field-grown TALEN-mediated COMT mutants showed up to 19.7% lignin reduction and significantly decreased syringyl to guaiacyl (S/G) ratio resulting in an up to 43.8% improved saccharification efficiency. Biomass production of COMT mutant lines with superior saccharification efficiency did not differ significantly from the original cultivar under replicated field conditions. Sanger sequencing of cloned COMT amplicons (1351-1657 bp) revealed co-editing of 107 of the 109 unique COMT copies/alleles in vegetative progeny of line CB6 using a single TALEN pair. Line CB6 combined altered cell wall composition and drastically improved saccharification efficiency with good agronomic performance. These findings confirm the feasibility of co-mutagenesis of a very large number of target alleles/copies for improvement in crops with complex genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Kannan
- Agronomy DepartmentIFAS, University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Je Hyeong Jung
- Agronomy DepartmentIFAS, University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Present address:
Center for Natural Products Convergence ResearchKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)GangneungGangwon‐doSouth Korea
| | | | - Sun‐Mi Lee
- Clean Energy Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)SeoulSouth Korea
| | - Fredy Altpeter
- Agronomy DepartmentIFAS, University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology ProgramIFAS, University of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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26
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Goh KM, Dickinson M, Supramaniam CV. Morphological and transcript changes in the biosynthesis of lignin in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) during Ganoderma boninense infections in vitro. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 162:274-289. [PMID: 28940509 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lignification of the plant cell wall could serve as the first line of defense against pathogen attack, but the molecular mechanisms of virulence and disease between oil palm and Ganoderma boninense are poorly understood. This study presents the biochemical, histochemical, enzymology and gene expression evidences of enhanced lignin biosynthesis in young oil palm as a response to G. boninense (GBLS strain). Comparative studies with control (T1), wounded (T2) and infected (T3) oil palm plantlets showed significant accumulation of total lignin content and monolignol derivatives (syringaldehyde and vanillin). These derivatives were deposited on the epidermal cell wall of infected plants. Moreover, substantial differences were detected in the activities of enzyme and relative expressions of genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia lyase (EC 4.3.1.24), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.13.11), caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.68) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD, EC 1.1.1.195). These enzymes are key intermediates dedicated to the biosynthesis of lignin monomers, the guaicyl (G), syringyl (S) and ρ-hydroxyphenyl (H) subunits. Results confirmed an early, biphasic and transient positive induction of all gene intermediates, except for CAD enzyme activities. These differences were visualized by anatomical and metabolic changes in the profile of lignin in the oil palm plantlets such as low G lignin, indicating a potential mechanism for enhanced susceptibility toward G. boninense infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Mun Goh
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Matthew Dickinson
- School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Christina V Supramaniam
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500, Semenyih, Malaysia
- Centre of Sustainable Palm Oil Research (CESPOR), The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500, Semenyih, Malaysia
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Le Berre JY, Gourgues M, Samans B, Keller H, Panabières F, Attard A. Transcriptome dynamic of Arabidopsis roots infected with Phytophthora parasitica identifies VQ29, a gene induced during the penetration and involved in the restriction of infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190341. [PMID: 29281727 PMCID: PMC5744986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the responses of plant roots to filamentous pathogens, particularly to oomycetes. To assess the molecular dialog established between the host and the pathogen during early stages of infection, we investigated the overall changes in gene expression in A. thaliana roots challenged with P. parasitica. We analyzed various infection stages, from penetration and establishment of the interaction to the switch from biotrophy to necrotrophy. We identified 3390 genes for which expression was modulated during the infection. The A. thaliana transcriptome displays a dynamic response to P. parasitica infection, from penetration onwards. Some genes were specifically coregulated during penetration and biotrophic growth of the pathogen. Many of these genes have functions relating to primary metabolism, plant growth, and defense responses. In addition, many genes encoding VQ motif-containing proteins were found to be upregulated in plant roots, early in infection. Inactivation of VQ29 gene significantly increased susceptibility to P. parasitica during the late stages of infection. This finding suggests that the gene contributes to restricting oomycete development within plant tissues. Furthermore, the vq29 mutant phenotype was not associated with an impairment of plant defenses involving SA-, JA-, and ET-dependent signaling pathways, camalexin biosynthesis, or PTI signaling. Collectively, the data presented here thus show that infection triggers a specific genetic program in roots, beginning as soon as the pathogen penetrates the first cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Birgit Samans
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Agnes Attard
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, France
- * E-mail:
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Chezem WR, Memon A, Li FS, Weng JK, Clay NK. SG2-Type R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor MYB15 Controls Defense-Induced Lignification and Basal Immunity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1907-1926. [PMID: 28733420 PMCID: PMC5590497 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignification of cell wall appositions is a conserved basal defense mechanism in the plant innate immune response. However, the genetic pathway controlling defense-induced lignification remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate the Arabidopsis thaliana SG2-type R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB15 as a regulator of defense-induced lignification and basal immunity. Loss of MYB15 reduces the content but not the composition of defense-induced lignin, whereas constitutive expression of MYB15 increases lignin content independently of immune activation. Comparative transcriptional and metabolomics analyses implicate MYB15 as necessary for the defense-induced synthesis of guaiacyl lignin and the basal synthesis of the coumarin metabolite scopoletin. MYB15 directly binds to the secondary wall MYB-responsive element consensus sequence, which encompasses the AC elements, to drive lignification. The myb15 and lignin biosynthetic mutants show increased susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, consistent with defense-induced lignin having a major role in basal immunity. A scopoletin biosynthetic mutant also shows increased susceptibility independently of immune activation, consistent with a role in preformed defense. Our results support a role for phenylalanine-derived small molecules in preformed and inducible Arabidopsis defense, a role previously dominated by tryptophan-derived small molecules. Understanding the regulatory network linking lignin biosynthesis to plant growth and defense will help lignin engineering efforts to improve the production of biofuels and aromatic industrial products as well as increase disease resistance in energy and agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Chezem
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Altamash Memon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Fu-Shuang Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Nicole K Clay
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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Liu S, Fu C, Gou J, Sun L, Huhman D, Zhang Y, Wang ZY. Simultaneous Downregulation of MTHFR and COMT in Switchgrass Affects Plant Performance and Induces Lesion-Mimic Cell Death. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:982. [PMID: 28676804 PMCID: PMC5476930 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has been developed into a model lignocellulosic bioenergy crop. Downregulation of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, has been shown to alter lignification and increase biofuel yield in switchgrass. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mediates C1 metabolism and provides methyl units consumed by COMT. It was predicted that co-silencing of MTHFR and COMT would impact lignification even more than either of the single genes. However, our results showed that strong downregulation of MTHFR in a COMT-deficient background led to altered plant growth and development, but no significant change in lignin content or composition was found when compared with COMT plants. Another unexpected finding was that the double MTHFR/COMT downregulated plants showed a novel lesion-mimic leaf phenotype. Molecular analyses revealed that the lesion-mimic phenotype was caused by the synergistic effect of MTHFR and COMT genes, with MTHFR playing a predominant role. Microarray analysis showed significant induction of genes related to oxidative and defense responses. The results demonstrated the lack of additive effects of MTHFR and COMT on lignification. Furthermore, this research revealed an unexpected role of the two genes in the modulation of lesion-mimic cell death as well as their synergistic effects on agronomic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, National Energy R&D Center for BiomassBeijing, China
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, United States
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao, China
| | - Jiqing Gou
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (DOE), Oak RidgeTN, United States
| | - Liang Sun
- Computing Services, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, United States
| | - David Huhman
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, United States
| | - Yunwei Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, National Energy R&D Center for BiomassBeijing, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (DOE), Oak RidgeTN, United States
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Paniagua C, Bilkova A, Jackson P, Dabravolski S, Riber W, Didi V, Houser J, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Wimmerova M, Budínská E, Hamann T, Hejatko J. Dirigent proteins in plants: modulating cell wall metabolism during abiotic and biotic stress exposure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3287-3301. [PMID: 28472349 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dirigent (DIR) proteins were found to mediate regio- and stereoselectivity of bimolecular phenoxy radical coupling during lignan biosynthesis. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the importance of DIR proteins in lignan and lignin biosynthesis and highlight their possible importance in plant development. We focus on the still rather enigmatic Arabidopsis DIR gene family, discussing the few members with known functional importance. We comment on recent discoveries describing the detailed structure of two DIR proteins with implications in the mechanism of DIR-mediated catalysis. Further, we summarize the ample evidence for stress-induced dirigent gene expression, suggesting the role of DIRs in adaptive responses. In the second part of our work, we present a preliminary bioinformatics-based characterization of the AtDIR family. The phylogenetic analysis of AtDIRs complemented by comparison with DIR proteins of mostly known function from other species allowed us to suggest possible roles for several members of this family and identify interesting AtDIR targets for further study. Finally, based on the available metadata and our in silico analysis of AtDIR promoters, we hypothesize about the existence of specific transcriptional controls for individual AtDIR genes and implicate them in various stress responses, hormonal regulations, and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Paniagua
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Bilkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Phil Jackson
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Siarhei Dabravolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Willi Riber
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Didi
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Houser
- Glycobiochemistry, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 5, Hogskoleringen, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michaela Wimmerova
- Glycobiochemistry, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Budínská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 5, Hogskoleringen, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Hejatko
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Schroeder M, Tsuchiya T, He S, Eulgem T. Use of enhancer trapping to identify pathogen-induced regulatory events spatially restricted to plant-microbe interaction sites. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:388-97. [PMID: 26095625 PMCID: PMC6638459 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant genes differentially expressed during plant-pathogen interactions can be important for host immunity or can contribute to pathogen virulence. Large-scale transcript profiling studies, such as microarray- or mRNA-seq-based analyses, have revealed hundreds of genes that are differentially expressed during plant-pathogen interactions. However, transcriptional responses limited to a small number of cells at infection sites can be difficult to detect using these approaches, as they are under-represented in the whole-tissue datasets typically generated by such methods. This study examines the interactions between Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and the pathogenic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) by enhancer trapping to uncover novel plant genes involved in local infection responses. We screened a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter-based enhancer-trap population for expression patterns related to Hpa infection. Several independent lines exhibited GUS expression in leaf mesophyll cells surrounding Hpa structures, indicating a regulatory response to pathogen infection. One of these lines contained a single enhancer-trap insertion in an exon of At1g08800 (MyoB1, Myosin Binding Protein 1) and was subsequently found to exhibit reduced susceptibility to Hpa. Two additional Arabidopsis lines with T-DNA insertions in exons of MyoB1 also exhibited approximately 30% fewer spores than wild-type plants. This study demonstrates that our enhancer-trapping strategy can result in the identification of functionally relevant pathogen-responsive genes. Our results further suggest that MyoB1 either positively contributes to Hpa virulence or negatively affects host immunity against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Schroeder
- ChemGen, Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Tokuji Tsuchiya
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Shuilin He
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Thomas Eulgem
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Quentin M, Baurès I, Hoefle C, Caillaud MC, Allasia V, Panabières F, Abad P, Hückelhoven R, Keller H, Favery B. The Arabidopsis microtubule-associated protein MAP65-3 supports infection by filamentous biotrophic pathogens by down-regulating salicylic acid-dependent defenses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1731-43. [PMID: 26798028 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and the ascomycete Erysiphe cruciferarum are obligate biotrophic pathogens causing downy mildew and powdery mildew, respectively, on Arabidopsis. Upon infection, the filamentous pathogens induce the formation of intracellular bulbous structures called haustoria, which are required for the biotrophic lifestyle. We previously showed that the microtubule-associated protein AtMAP65-3 plays a critical role in organizing cytoskeleton microtubule arrays during mitosis and cytokinesis. This renders the protein essential for the development of giant cells, which are the feeding sites induced by root knot nematodes. Here, we show that AtMAP65-3 expression is also induced in leaves upon infection by the downy mildew oomycete and the powdery mildew fungus. Loss of AtMAP65-3 function in the map65-3 mutant dramatically reduced infection by both pathogens, predominantly at the stages of leaf penetration. Whole-transcriptome analysis showed an over-represented, constitutive activation of genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, signaling, and defense execution in map65-3, whereas jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated signaling was down-regulated. Preventing SA synthesis and accumulation in map65-3 rescued plant susceptibility to pathogens, but not the developmental phenotype caused by cytoskeleton defaults. AtMAP65-3 thus has a dual role. It positively regulates cytokinesis, thus plant growth and development, and negatively interferes with plant defense against filamentous biotrophs. Our data suggest that downy mildew and powdery mildew stimulate AtMAP65-3 expression to down-regulate SA signaling for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Quentin
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Isabelle Baurès
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Caroline Hoefle
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Marie-Cécile Caillaud
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Valérie Allasia
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Franck Panabières
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Harald Keller
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
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Baker LA, Horbury MD, Greenough SE, Allais F, Walsh PS, Habershon S, Stavros VG. Ultrafast Photoprotecting Sunscreens in Natural Plants. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:56-61. [PMID: 26654715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We explore the ultrafast photoprotective properties of a series of sinapic acid derivatives in a range of solvents, utilizing femtosecond transient electronic absorption spectroscopy. We find that a primary relaxation mechanism displayed by the plant sunscreen sinapoyl malate and other related molecular species may be understood as a multistep process involving internal conversion of the initially photoexcited 1(1)ππ* state along a trans-cis photoisomerization coordinate, leading to the repopulation of the original trans ground-state isomer or the formation of a stable cis isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Florent Allais
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), AgroParisTech , F-51100 Reims, France
- UMR GMPA, AgroParisTech, INRA , F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
- UMR IJPB, AgroParisTech, INRA , F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Patrick S Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
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Hollande L, Jaufurally AS, Ducrot PH, Allais F. ADMET polymerization of biobased monomers deriving from syringaresinol. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Renewable α,ω-dienes have been prepared from syringaresinol, a naturally occurring bisphenol deriving from sinapyl alcohol, and further studied as monomers in ADMET polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Hollande
- AgroParisTech
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI)
- CEBB – 3 rue des Rouges Terres
- F-51110 Pomacle
- France
| | - Abdus Samad Jaufurally
- AgroParisTech
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI)
- CEBB – 3 rue des Rouges Terres
- F-51110 Pomacle
- France
| | - Paul-Henri Ducrot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin
- INRA
- AgroParisTech
- CNRS
- Université Paris-Saclay
| | - Florent Allais
- AgroParisTech
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI)
- CEBB – 3 rue des Rouges Terres
- F-51110 Pomacle
- France
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Chemo-enzymatic Synthesis, Derivatizations, and Polymerizations of Renewable Phenolic Monomers Derived from Ferulic Acid and Biobased Polyols: An Access to Sustainable Copolyesters, Poly(ester-urethane)s, and Poly(ester-alkenamer)s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1192.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Barros J, Serk H, Granlund I, Pesquet E. The cell biology of lignification in higher plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:1053-74. [PMID: 25878140 PMCID: PMC4648457 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin is a polyphenolic polymer that strengthens and waterproofs the cell wall of specialized plant cell types. Lignification is part of the normal differentiation programme and functioning of specific cell types, but can also be triggered as a response to various biotic and abiotic stresses in cells that would not otherwise be lignifying. SCOPE Cell wall lignification exhibits specific characteristics depending on the cell type being considered. These characteristics include the timing of lignification during cell differentiation, the palette of associated enzymes and substrates, the sub-cellular deposition sites, the monomeric composition and the cellular autonomy for lignin monomer production. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of lignin biosynthesis and polymerization at the cell biology level. CONCLUSIONS The lignification process ranges from full autonomy to complete co-operation depending on the cell type. The different roles of lignin for the function of each specific plant cell type are clearly illustrated by the multiple phenotypic defects exhibited by knock-out mutants in lignin synthesis, which may explain why no general mechanism for lignification has yet been defined. The range of phenotypic effects observed include altered xylem sap transport, loss of mechanical support, reduced seed protection and dispersion, and/or increased pest and disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Barros
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Serk
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Irene Granlund
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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38
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García T, Gutiérrez J, Veloso J, Gago-Fuentes R, Díaz J. Wounding induces local resistance but systemic susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea in pepper plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 176:202-9. [PMID: 25662842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cotyledon wounding in pepper caused the early generation of hydrogen peroxide both locally (cotyledons) and systemically (upper true leaves). However, 72 h later there is a different wound response between local and systemic organs, as shown by resistance to the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea, that increased locally and decreased systemically. Signaling by ethylene and jasmonic acid was assessed by using two inhibitors: 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP, inhibitor of ethylene receptors) and ibuprofen (inhibitor of jasmonate biosynthesis). MCP did not affect the modulation of resistance levels to Botrytis by wounding, ruling out the involvement of ethylene signaling. Ibuprofen did not inhibit wound-induced resistance at the local level, but inhibited wound-induced systemic susceptibility. Moreover, changes of biochemical and structural defenses in response to wounding were studied. Peroxidase activity and the expression of a peroxidase gene (CAPO1) increased locally as a response to wounding, but no changes were observed systemically. Lignin deposition was induced in wounded cotyledons, but was repressed in systemic leaves of wounded plants, whereas soluble phenolics did not change locally and decreased systemically. The expression of two other genes involved in plant defense (CABPR1 and CASC1) was also differentially regulated locally and systemically, pointing to a generalized increase in plant defenses at the local level and a systemic decrease as a response to wounding. Wound-induced defenses at the local level coincided with resistance to the necrotroph fungus B. cinerea, whereas depleted defenses in systemic leaves of wounded plants correlated to induced susceptibility against this pathogen. It may be that the local response acts as a sink of energy resources to mount a defense against pathogens, whereas in systemic organs the resources for defense are lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania García
- Grupo de Investigación de Fisioloxía das plantas, Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Investigación de Fisioloxía das plantas, Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Javier Veloso
- Grupo de Investigación de Fisioloxía das plantas, Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Raquel Gago-Fuentes
- Grupo de Investigación de Fisioloxía das plantas, Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Díaz
- Grupo de Investigación de Fisioloxía das plantas, Departamento de Bioloxía Animal, Bioloxía Vexetal e Ecoloxía, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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39
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Renewable alternating aliphatic-aromatic poly(ester-urethane)s prepared from ferulic acid and bio-based diols. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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Sakamoto S, Mitsuda N. Reconstitution of a secondary cell wall in a secondary cell wall-deficient Arabidopsis mutant. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:299-310. [PMID: 25535195 PMCID: PMC4323883 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The secondary cell wall constitutes a rigid frame of cells in plant tissues where rigidity is required. Deposition of the secondary cell wall in fiber cells contributes to the production of wood in woody plants. The secondary cell wall is assembled through co-operative activities of many enzymes, and their gene expression is precisely regulated by a pyramidal cascade of transcription factors. Deposition of a transmuted secondary cell wall in empty fiber cells by expressing selected gene(s) in this cascade has not been attempted previously. In this proof-of-concept study, we expressed chimeric activators of 24 transcription factors that are preferentially expressed in the stem, in empty fiber cells of the Arabidopsis nst1-1 nst3-1 double mutant, which lacks a secondary cell wall in fiber cells, under the control of the NST3 promoter. The chimeric activators of MYB46, SND2 and ANAC075, as well as NST3, reconstituted a secondary cell wall with different characteristics from those of the wild type in terms of its composition. The transgenic lines expressing the SND2 or ANAC075 chimeric activator showed increased glucose and xylose, and lower lignin content, whereas the transgenic line expressing the MYB46 chimeric activator showed increased mannose content. The expression profile of downstream genes in each transgenic line was also different from that of the wild type. This study proposed a new screening strategy to identify factors of secondary wall formation and also suggested the potential of the artificially reconstituted secondary cell walls as a novel raw material for production of bioethanol and other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Sakamoto
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566 Japan
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41
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Barbara I, Flourat AL, Allais F. Renewable polymers derived from ferulic acid and biobased diols via ADMET. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Dean JC, Kusaka R, Walsh PS, Allais F, Zwier TS. Plant Sunscreens in the UV-B: Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of Jet-Cooled Sinapoyl Malate, Sinapic Acid, and Sinapate Ester Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14780-95. [PMID: 25295994 DOI: 10.1021/ja5059026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C. Dean
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Ryoji Kusaka
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Patrick S. Walsh
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Florent Allais
- AgroParisTech, Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies
Industrielles (ABI), 247
rue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, F-51100 Reims, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR 782 GMPA, Site de Grignon, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
- INRA, UMR 782 GMPA, Site de Grignon, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Timothy S. Zwier
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
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43
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Ung H, Moeder W, Yoshioka K. Arabidopsis triphosphate tunnel metalloenzyme2 is a negative regulator of the salicylic acid-mediated feedback amplification loop for defense responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1009-21. [PMID: 25185123 PMCID: PMC4213072 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.248757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The triphosphate tunnel metalloenzyme (TTM) superfamily represents a group of enzymes that is characterized by their ability to hydrolyze a range of tripolyphosphate substrates. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) encodes three TTM genes, AtTTM1, AtTTM2, and AtTTM3. Although AtTTM3 has previously been reported to have tripolyphosphatase activity, recombinantly expressed AtTTM2 unexpectedly exhibited pyrophosphatase activity. AtTTM2 knockout mutant plants exhibit an enhanced hypersensitive response, elevated pathogen resistance against both virulent and avirulent pathogens, and elevated accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) upon infection. In addition, stronger systemic acquired resistance compared with wild-type plants was observed. These enhanced defense responses are dependent on SA, PHYTOALEXIN-DEFICIENT4, and NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1. Despite their enhanced pathogen resistance, ttm2 plants did not display constitutively active defense responses, suggesting that AtTTM2 is not a conventional negative regulator but a negative regulator of the amplification of defense responses. The transcriptional suppression of AtTTM2 by pathogen infection or treatment with SA or the systemic acquired resistance activator benzothiadiazole further supports this notion. Such transcriptional regulation is conserved among TTM2 orthologs in the crop plants soybean (Glycine max) and canola (Brassica napus), suggesting that TTM2 is involved in immunity in a wide variety of plant species. This indicates the possible usage of TTM2 knockout mutants for agricultural applications to generate pathogen-resistant crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huoi Ung
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology (H.U., W.M., K.Y.) andCenter for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (K.Y.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Wolfgang Moeder
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology (H.U., W.M., K.Y.) andCenter for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (K.Y.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Keiko Yoshioka
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology (H.U., W.M., K.Y.) andCenter for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (K.Y.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
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44
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Cargnel MD, Demkura PV, Ballaré CL. Linking phytochrome to plant immunity: low red : far-red ratios increase Arabidopsis susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea by reducing the biosynthesis of indolic glucosinolates and camalexin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:342-54. [PMID: 25236170 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Shade-intolerant plants respond to low red : far-red (R : FR) ratios, which signal the proximity of potential competitors, by down-regulating immune responses. Here we investigated the mechanisms underlying this immune suppression in Arabidopsis. We used genetic, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to examine the functional connections between R : FR ratio and Arabidopsis resistance to the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Low R : FR ratios reduced the concentration of indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate (I3M) (an indolic glucosinolate, iGS) and camalexin in plants inoculated with B. cinerea, and attenuated the I3M response triggered by jasmonate elicitation. These effects on metabolite abundance correlated with reduced expression of iGS and camalexin biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, the effect of low R : FR increasing Arabidopsis susceptibility to B. cinerea was not present in mutants deficient in the biosynthesis of camalexin (pad3) or metabolism of iGS (pen2). Finally, in a mutant deficient in the JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN-10 (JAZ10) protein, which does not respond to low R : FR with increased susceptibility to B. cinerea, supplemental FR failed to down-regulate iGS production. These results indicate that suppression of Arabidopsis immunity against B. cinerea by low R : FR ratios is mediated by reduced levels of Trp-derived defenses, and provide further evidence for a functional role of JAZ10 in the link between phytochrome and jasmonate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam D Cargnel
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sengupta S, Majumder AL. Physiological and genomic basis of mechanical-functional trade-off in plant vasculature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:224. [PMID: 24904619 PMCID: PMC4035604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Some areas in plant abiotic stress research are not frequently addressed by genomic and molecular tools. One such area is the cross reaction of gravitational force with upward capillary pull of water and the mechanical-functional trade-off in plant vasculature. Although frost, drought and flooding stress greatly impact these physiological processes and consequently plant performance, the genomic and molecular basis of such trade-off is only sporadically addressed and so is its adaptive value. Embolism resistance is an important multiple stress- opposition trait and do offer scopes for critical insight to unravel and modify the input of living cells in the process and their biotechnological intervention may be of great importance. Vascular plants employ different physiological strategies to cope with embolism and variation is observed across the kingdom. The genomic resources in this area have started to emerge and open up possibilities of synthesis, validation and utilization of the new knowledge-base. This review article assesses the research till date on this issue and discusses new possibilities for bridging physiology and genomics of a plant, and foresees its implementation in crop science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sengupta
- Division of Plant Biology, Acharya J C Bose Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Bose InstituteKolkata, India
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46
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Pion F, Ducrot PH, Allais F. Renewable Alternating Aliphatic-Aromatic Copolyesters Derived from Biobased Ferulic Acid, Diols, and Diacids: Sustainable Polymers with Tunable Thermal Properties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pion
- INRA/AgroParisTech; UMR1318 Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10; F-78026 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Paul-Henri Ducrot
- INRA/AgroParisTech; UMR1318 Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10; F-78026 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Florent Allais
- INRA/AgroParisTech; UMR1318 Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10; F-78026 Versailles Cedex France
- Chaire Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI) - AgroParisTech; 247 Rue Paul Vaillant Couturier F-51100 Reims France
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47
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Miedes E, Vanholme R, Boerjan W, Molina A. The role of the secondary cell wall in plant resistance to pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:358. [PMID: 25161657 PMCID: PMC4122179 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance to pathogens relies on a complex network of constitutive and inducible defensive barriers. The plant cell wall is one of the barriers that pathogens need to overcome to successfully colonize plant tissues. The traditional view of the plant cell wall as a passive barrier has evolved to a concept that considers the wall as a dynamic structure that regulates both constitutive and inducible defense mechanisms, and as a source of signaling molecules that trigger immune responses. The secondary cell walls of plants also represent a carbon-neutral feedstock (lignocellulosic biomass) for the production of biofuels and biomaterials. Therefore, engineering plants with improved secondary cell wall characteristics is an interesting strategy to ease the processing of lignocellulosic biomass in the biorefinery. However, modification of the integrity of the cell wall by impairment of proteins required for its biosynthesis or remodeling may impact the plants resistance to pathogens. This review summarizes our understanding of the role of the plant cell wall in pathogen resistance with a focus on the contribution of lignin to this biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Miedes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento Biotecnología, Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology)Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB (Flanders Institute for Biotechnology)Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGent, Belgium
| | - Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica MadridMadrid, Spain
- Departamento Biotecnología, Escuela Técnica Superior Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica MadridMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Antonio Molina, Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, M40 (Km. 38), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain e-mail:
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48
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Zhao Q, Dixon RA. Altering the cell wall and its impact on plant disease: from forage to bioenergy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 52:69-91. [PMID: 24821183 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The individual sugars found within the major classes of plant cell wall polymers are dietary components of herbivores and are targeted for release in industrial processes for fermentation to liquid biofuels. With a growing understanding of the biosynthesis of the complex cell wall polymers, genetic modification strategies are being developed to target the cell wall to improve the digestibility of forage crops and to render lignocellulose less recalcitrant for bioprocessing. This raises concerns as to whether altering cell wall properties to improve biomass processing traits may inadvertently make plants more susceptible to diseases and pests. Here, we review the impacts of cell wall modification on plant defense, as assessed from studies in model plants utilizing mutants or transgenic modification and in crop plants specifically engineered for improved biomass or bioenergy traits. Such studies reveal that cell wall modifications can indeed have unintended impacts on plant defense, but these are not always negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Zhao
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401;
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49
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Evangelisti E, Govetto B, Minet-Kebdani N, Kuhn ML, Attard A, Ponchet M, Panabières F, Gourgues M. The Phytophthora parasitica RXLR effector penetration-specific effector 1 favours Arabidopsis thaliana infection by interfering with auxin physiology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:476-489. [PMID: 23594295 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic oomycetes have evolved RXLR effectors to thwart plant defense mechanisms and invade host tissues. We analysed the function of one of these effectors (Penetration-Specific Effector 1 (PSE1)) whose transcript is transiently accumulated during penetration of host roots by the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica. Expression of PSE1 protein in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves and in Arabidopsis thaliana plants was used to assess the role of this effector in plant physiology and in interactions with pathogens. A pharmacological approach and marker lines were used to charcterize the A. thaliana phenotypes. Expression of PSE1 in A. thaliana led to developmental perturbations associated with low concentrations of auxin at the root apex. This modification of auxin content was associated with an altered distribution of the PIN4 and PIN7 auxin efflux carriers. The PSE1 protein facilitated plant infection: it suppressed plant cell death activated by Pseudomonas syringae avirulence gene AvrPto and Phytophthora cryptogea elicitin cryptogein in tobacco and exacerbated disease symptoms upon inoculation of transgenic A. thaliana plantlets with P. parasitica in an auxin-dependant manner. We propose that P. parasitica secretes the PSE1 protein during the penetration process to favour the infection by locally modulating the auxin content. These results support the hypothesis that effectors from plant pathogens may act on a limited set of targets, including hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Evangelisti
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Benjamin Govetto
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Naïma Minet-Kebdani
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marie-Line Kuhn
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Agnès Attard
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Michel Ponchet
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Franck Panabières
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Mathieu Gourgues
- UMR Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, INRA 1355 - CNRS 7254 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
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50
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Sattler SE, Funnell-Harris DL. Modifying lignin to improve bioenergy feedstocks: strengthening the barrier against pathogens? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:70. [PMID: 23577013 PMCID: PMC3617363 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a ubiquitous polymer present in cell walls of all vascular plants, where it rigidifies and strengthens the cell wall structure through covalent cross-linkages to cell wall polysaccharides. The presence of lignin makes the cell wall recalcitrant to conversion into fermentable sugars for bioenergy uses. Therefore, reducing lignin content and modifying its linkages have become major targets for bioenergy feedstock development through either biotechnology or traditional plant breeding. In addition, lignin synthesis has long been implicated as an important plant defense mechanism against pathogens, because lignin synthesis is often induced at the site of pathogen attack. This article explores the impact of lignin modifications on the susceptibility of a range of plant species to their associated pathogens, and the implications for development of feedstocks for the second-generation biofuels industry. Surprisingly, there are some instances where plants modified in lignin synthesis may display increased resistance to associated pathogens, which is explored in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Sattler
- Grain Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service - United States Department of AgricultureLincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Deanna L. Funnell-Harris
- Grain Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service - United States Department of AgricultureLincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska at LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
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