1
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Stauffer WT, Goodman AZ, Gallay PA. Cyclophilin inhibition as a strategy for the treatment of human disease. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1417945. [PMID: 39045055 PMCID: PMC11264201 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1417945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilins (Cyps), characterized as peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases), are highly conserved and ubiquitous, playing a crucial role in protein folding and cellular signaling. This review summarizes the biochemical pathways mediated by Cyps, including their involvement in pathological states such as viral replication, inflammation, and cancer progression, to underscore the therapeutic potential of Cyp inhibition. The exploration of Cyp inhibitors (CypI) in this review, particularly non-immunosuppressive cyclosporine A (CsA) derivatives, highlights their significance as therapeutic agents. The structural and functional nuances of CsA derivatives are examined, including their efficacy, mechanism of action, and the balance between therapeutic benefits and off-target effects. The landscape of CypI is evaluated to emphasize the clinical need for targeted approaches to exploit the complex biology of Cyps and to propose future directions for research that may enhance the utility of non-immunosuppressive CsA derivatives in treating diseases where Cyps play a key pathological role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe A. Gallay
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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2
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Frericks N, Brown RJP, Reinecke BM, Herrmann M, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Miskey C, Vondran FWR, Steinmann E, Pietschmann T, Sheldon J. Unraveling the dynamics of hepatitis C virus adaptive mutations and their impact on antiviral responses in primary human hepatocytes. J Virol 2024; 98:e0192123. [PMID: 38319104 PMCID: PMC10949430 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01921-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection progresses to chronicity in the majority of infected individuals. Its high intra-host genetic variability enables HCV to evade the continuous selection pressure exerted by the host, contributing to persistent infection. Utilizing a cell culture-adapted HCV population (p100pop) which exhibits increased replicative capacity in various liver cell lines, this study investigated virus and host determinants that underlie enhanced viral fitness. Characterization of a panel of molecular p100 clones revealed that cell culture adaptive mutations optimize a range of virus-host interactions, resulting in expanded cell tropism, altered dependence on the cellular co-factor micro-RNA 122 and increased rates of virus spread. On the host side, comparative transcriptional profiling of hepatoma cells infected either with p100pop or its progenitor virus revealed that enhanced replicative fitness correlated with activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling and the unfolded protein response. In contrast, infection of primary human hepatocytes with p100pop led to a mild attenuation of virion production which correlated with a greater induction of cell-intrinsic antiviral defense responses. In summary, long-term passage experiments in cells where selective pressure from innate immunity is lacking improves multiple virus-host interactions, enhancing HCV replicative fitness. However, this study further indicates that HCV has evolved to replicate at low levels in primary human hepatocytes to minimize innate immune activation, highlighting that an optimal balance between replicative fitness and innate immune induction is key to establish persistence. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a global health burden with 58 million people currently chronically infected. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms that underly persistence are incompletely defined. We utilized a long-term cell culture-adapted HCV, exhibiting enhanced replicative fitness in different human liver cell lines, in order to identify molecular principles by which HCV optimizes its replication fitness. Our experimental data revealed that cell culture adaptive mutations confer changes in the host response and usage of various host factors. The latter allows functional flexibility at different stages of the viral replication cycle. However, increased replicative fitness resulted in an increased activation of the innate immune system, which likely poses boundary for functional variation in authentic hepatocytes, explaining the observed attenuation of the adapted virus population in primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Frericks
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Hannover, Germany
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Richard J. P. Brown
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Maike Herrmann
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Yannick Brüggemann
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Csaba Miskey
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Florian W. R. Vondran
- Department for General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Clinic for General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julie Sheldon
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Frericks N, Brown RJP, Reinecke BM, Herrmann M, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Miskey C, Vondran FWR, Steinmann E, Pietschmann T, Sheldon J. Hepatitis C virus cell culture adaptive mutations enhance cell culture propagation by multiple mechanisms but boost antiviral responses in primary human hepatocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.22.568224. [PMID: 38045248 PMCID: PMC10690267 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.22.568224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection progresses to chronicity in the majority of infected individuals. Its high intra-host genetic variability enables HCV to evade the continuous selection pressure exerted by the host, contributing to persistent infection. Utilizing a cell culture adapted HCV population (p100pop) which exhibits increased replicative capacity in various liver cell lines, this study investigated virus and host determinants which underlie enhanced viral fitness. Characterization of a panel of molecular p100 clones revealed that cell culture adaptive mutations optimize a range of virus-host interactions, resulting in expanded cell tropism, altered dependence on the cellular co-factor micro-RNA 122 and increased rates of virus spread. On the host side, comparative transcriptional profiling of hepatoma cells infected either with p100pop or its progenitor virus revealed that enhanced replicative fitness correlated with activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling and the unfolded protein response. In contrast, infection of primary human hepatocytes with p100pop led to a mild attenuation of virion production which correlated with a greater induction of cell-intrinsic antiviral defense responses. In summary, long-term passage experiments in cells where selective pressure from innate immunity is lacking improves multiple virus-host interactions, enhancing HCV replicative fitness. However, this study further indicates that HCV has evolved to replicate at low levels in primary human hepatocytes to minimize innate immune activation, highlighting that an optimal balance between replicative fitness and innate immune induction is key to establishing persistence. Author Summary HCV infection remains a global health burden with 58 million people currently chronically infected. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms which underly persistence are incompletely defined. We utilized a long-term cell culture adapted HCV, exhibiting enhanced replicative fitness in different human liver cell lines, in order to identify molecular principles by which HCV optimizes its replication fitness. Our experimental data revealed that cell culture adaptive mutations confer changes in the host response and usage of various host factors. The latter allows functional flexibility at different stages of the viral replication cycle. However, increased replicative fitness resulted in an increased activation of the innate immune system, which likely poses boundary for functional variation in authentic hepatocytes, explaining the observed attenuation of the adapted virus population in primary hepatocytes.
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4
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Soni S, Singh D, Aggarwal R, Veerapu NS. Enhanced fitness of hepatitis C virus increases resistance to direct-acting antivirals. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35133954 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance mutations of hepatitis C virus (HCV) negatively impact viral replicative fitness. RNA viruses are known to change their replication behaviour when subjected to suboptimal selection pressure. Here, we assess whether mutation supply in HCV is sufficiently large to allow the selection of its variants during dual or triple direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment associated with augmented virus fitness or impairment. We engineered randomly mutagenized full-genome libraries to create a highly diverse population of replication-competent HCV variants in cell culture. These variants exhibited escape when treated with NS5A/NS5B inhibitors (daclatasvir/sofosbuvir), and relapse on treatment with a combination of NS3/NS5A/NS5B inhibitors (simeprevir or paritaprevir/daclatasvir/sofosbuvir). Analysis of the relationship between virus fitness and drug resistance of JFH1-derived NS5A-5B variants showed a significant positive correlation (P=0.003). At the earliest time points, intracellular RNA levels remain unchanged in both the subgenomic replicon and infection assays, whereas extracellular RNA levels increased upto ten-fold compared to wild-type JFH1. Beneficial substitutions hyperstimulated phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate during DAA treatment, and showed decreased dependence on cyclophilins during cyclosporine A treatment, indicating an interplay of virus-host molecular mechanisms in beneficial substitution selection that may necessitate infectious virus production. This comprehensive study demonstrates a possible role for HCV fitness of overcoming drug-mediated selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Soni
- Virology Section, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Deepak Singh
- Virology Section, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Rakesh Aggarwal
- Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
| | - Naga Suresh Veerapu
- Virology Section, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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5
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Gallardo-Flores CE, Colpitts CC. Cyclophilins and Their Roles in Hepatitis C Virus and Flavivirus Infections: Perspectives for Novel Antiviral Approaches. Pathogens 2021; 10:902. [PMID: 34358052 PMCID: PMC8308494 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilins are cellular peptidyl-prolyl isomerases that play an important role in viral infections, with demonstrated roles in the replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and other viruses in the Flaviviridae family, such as dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Here, we discuss the roles of cyclophilins in HCV infection and provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying the requirement for cyclophilins during HCV replication. Notably, cyclophilin inhibitor therapy has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing HCV replication in chronically infected patients. While the roles of cyclophilins are relatively well-understood for HCV infection, cyclophilins are more recently emerging as host factors for flavivirus infection as well, providing potential new therapeutic avenues for these viral infections which currently lack antiviral therapies. However, further studies are required to elucidate the roles of cyclophilins in flavivirus replication. Here, we review the current knowledge of the role of cyclophilins in HCV infection to provide a conceptual framework to understand how cyclophilins may contribute to other viral infections, such as DENV and YFV. Improved understanding of the roles of cyclophilins in viral infection may open perspectives for the development of cyclophilin inhibitors as effective antiviral therapeutics for HCV and related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Che C. Colpitts
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada;
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6
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Vijayan K, Wei L, Glennon EKK, Mattocks C, Bourgeois N, Staker B, Kaushansky A. Host-targeted Interventions as an Exciting Opportunity to Combat Malaria. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10452-10468. [PMID: 34197083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Terminal and benign diseases alike in adults, children, pregnant women, and others are successfully treated by pharmacological inhibitors that target human enzymes. Despite extensive global efforts to fight malaria, the disease continues to be a massive worldwide health burden, and new interventional strategies are needed. Current drugs and vector control strategies have contributed to the reduction in malaria deaths over the past 10 years, but progress toward eradication has waned in recent years. Resistance to antimalarial drugs is a substantial and growing problem. Moreover, targeting dormant forms of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax is only possible with two approved drugs, which are both contraindicated for individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and in pregnant women. Plasmodium parasites are obligate intracellular parasites and thus have specific and absolute requirements of their hosts. Growing evidence has described these host necessities, paving the way for opportunities to pharmacologically target host factors to eliminate Plasmodium infection. Here, we describe progress in malaria research and adjacent fields and discuss key challenges that remain in implementing host-directed therapy against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Wei
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | | | - Christa Mattocks
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Natasha Bourgeois
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bart Staker
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States.,Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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7
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Liu J, Zuo Y, Qu GM, Song X, Liu ZH, Zhang TG, Zheng ZH, Wang HK. CypB promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in endometrial carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:747. [PMID: 34187415 PMCID: PMC8240271 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular pathogenesis of endometrial cancer is not completely understood. CypB upregulated in many cancers, however, its role in endometrial carcinoma has not been studied. Here, we determine the effect of CypB on the growth of endometrial cancer. Methods In this study, we examined the expression of CypB in endometrial cancer tissues using immunohistochemistry. CypB silenced in HEC-1-B cell line by shRNA. CCK-8, colony formation assays, wound healing assays, and transwell analysis were performed to assess its effect on tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Furthermore, microarray analysis was carried out to compare the global mRNA expression profile between the HEC-1-B and CypB-silenced HEC-1-B cells. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed to determine the potential function of differentially expressed genes related to CypB. Results We found that CypB was upregulated in endometrial cancer, inhibit CypB expression could significantly suppress cell proliferation, metastasis, and migration. We identified 1536 differentially expressed genes related to CypB (onefold change, p < 0.05), among which 652 genes were upregulated and 884 genes were downregulated. The genes with significant difference in top were mainly enriched in the cell cycle, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, adherens junctions, and metabolism pathways. Conclusion The results of our study suggest that CypB may serve as a novel regulator of endometrial cell proliferation and metastasis, thus representing a novel target for gene-targeted endometrial therapy. Trial registration YLYLLS [2018] 008. Registered 27 November 2017. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08374-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Ying Zuo
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Gui-Mei Qu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Pathology, People's Hospital of Rong cheng, Weihai, China
| | - Zhong-Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yantai Muping District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Ting-Guo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhu-Hua Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Rushan, Weihai, China
| | - Hong-Kun Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Measuring the subcellular compartmentalization of viral infections by protein complementation assay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2010524118. [PMID: 33402530 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010524118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence and reemergence of viruses in the human population has highlighted the need to develop broader panels of therapeutic molecules. High-throughput screening assays opening access to untargeted steps of the viral replication cycle will provide powerful leverage to identify innovative antiviral molecules. We report here the development of an innovative protein complementation assay, termed αCentauri, to measure viral translocation between subcellular compartments. As a proof of concept, the Centauri fragment was either tethered to the nuclear pore complex or sequestered in the nucleus, while the complementary α fragment (<16 amino acids) was attached to the integrase proteins of infectious HIV-1. The translocation of viral ribonucleoproteins from the cytoplasm to the nuclear envelope or to the nucleoplasm efficiently reconstituted superfolder green fluorescent protein or NanoLuc αCentauri reporters. These fluorescence- or bioluminescence-based assays offer a robust readout of specific steps of viral infection in a multiwell format that is compatible for high-throughput screening and is validated by a short hairpin RNA-based prototype screen.
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9
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Fahnøe U, Pedersen MS, Sølund C, Ernst A, Krarup HB, Røge BT, Christensen PB, Laursen AL, Gerstoft J, Thielsen P, Madsen LG, Pedersen AG, Schønning K, Weis N, Bukh J. Global evolutionary analysis of chronic hepatitis C patients revealed significant effect of baseline viral resistance, including novel non-target sites, for DAA-based treatment and retreatment outcome. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:302-316. [PMID: 33131178 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have proven highly effective against chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, some patients experience treatment failure, associated with resistance-associated substitutions (RASs). Our aim was to investigate the complete viral coding sequence in hepatitis C patients treated with DAAs to identify RASs and the effects of treatment on the viral population. We selected 22 HCV patients with sustained virologic response (SVR) to match 21 treatment-failure patients in relation to HCV genotype, DAA regimen, liver cirrhosis and previous treatment experience. Viral-titre data were compared between the two patient groups, and HCV full-length open reading frame deep-sequencing was performed. The proportion of HCV NS5A-RASs at baseline was higher in treatment-failure (82%) than matched SVR patients (25%) (p = .0063). Also, treatment failure was associated with slower declines in viraemia titres. Viral population diversity did not differ at baseline between SVR and treatment-failure patients, but failure was associated with decreased diversity probably caused by selection for RAS. The NS5B-substitution 150V was associated with sofosbuvir treatment failure in genotype 3a. Further, mutations identified in NS2, NS3-helicase and NS5A-domain-III were associated with DAA treatment failure in genotype 1a patients. Six retreated HCV patients (35%) experienced 2nd treatment failure; RASs were present in 67% compared to 11% with SVR. In conclusion, baseline RASs to NS5A inhibitors, but not virus population diversity, and lower viral titre decline predicted HCV treatment failure. Mutations outside of the DAA targets can be associated with DAA treatment failure. Successful DAA retreatment in patients with treatment failure was hampered by previously selected RASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Fahnøe
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin S Pedersen
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christina Sølund
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Anja Ernst
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik B Krarup
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Birgit T Røge
- Department of Medicine, Lillebaelt Hospital, Kolding, Denmark
| | - Peer B Christensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alex L Laursen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark
| | - Jan Gerstoft
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Thielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lone G Madsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Anders G Pedersen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristian Schønning
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Nina Weis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
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10
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Parkinson N, Rodgers N, Head Fourman M, Wang B, Zechner M, Swets MC, Millar JE, Law A, Russell CD, Baillie JK, Clohisey S. Dynamic data-driven meta-analysis for prioritisation of host genes implicated in COVID-19. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22303. [PMID: 33339864 PMCID: PMC7749145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing body of literature describing the role of host factors in COVID-19 pathogenesis demonstrates the need to combine diverse, multi-omic data to evaluate and substantiate the most robust evidence and inform development of therapies. Here we present a dynamic ranking of host genes implicated in human betacoronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, seasonal coronaviruses). We conducted an extensive systematic review of experiments identifying potential host factors. Gene lists from diverse sources were integrated using Meta-Analysis by Information Content (MAIC). This previously described algorithm uses data-driven gene list weightings to produce a comprehensive ranked list of implicated host genes. From 32 datasets, the top ranked gene was PPIA, encoding cyclophilin A, a druggable target using cyclosporine. Other highly-ranked genes included proposed prognostic factors (CXCL10, CD4, CD3E) and investigational therapeutic targets (IL1A) for COVID-19. Gene rankings also inform the interpretation of COVID-19 GWAS results, implicating FYCO1 over other nearby genes in a disease-associated locus on chromosome 3. Researchers can search and review the gene rankings and the contribution of different experimental methods to gene rank at https://baillielab.net/maic/covid19 . As new data are published we will regularly update the list of genes as a resource to inform and prioritise future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Parkinson
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Natasha Rodgers
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Max Head Fourman
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Bo Wang
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Marie Zechner
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Maaike C Swets
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan E Millar
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Andy Law
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Clark D Russell
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Sara Clohisey
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
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11
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Hawner M, Ducho C. Cellular Targeting of Oligonucleotides by Conjugation with Small Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:E5963. [PMID: 33339365 PMCID: PMC7766908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug candidates derived from oligonucleotides (ON) are receiving increased attention that is supported by the clinical approval of several ON drugs. Such therapeutic ON are designed to alter the expression levels of specific disease-related proteins, e.g., by displaying antigene, antisense, and RNA interference mechanisms. However, the high polarity of the polyanionic ON and their relatively rapid nuclease-mediated cleavage represent two major pharmacokinetic hurdles for their application in vivo. This has led to a range of non-natural modifications of ON structures that are routinely applied in the design of therapeutic ON. The polyanionic architecture of ON often hampers their penetration of target cells or tissues, and ON usually show no inherent specificity for certain cell types. These limitations can be overcome by conjugation of ON with molecular entities mediating cellular 'targeting', i.e., enhanced accumulation at and/or penetration of a specific cell type. In this context, the use of small molecules as targeting units appears particularly attractive and promising. This review provides an overview of advances in the emerging field of cellular targeting of ON via their conjugation with small-molecule targeting structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Ducho
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66 123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
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12
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El-Ebidi AM, Saleem TH, Saadi MGED, Mahmoud HA, Mohamed Z, Sherkawy HS. Cyclophilin A (CyPA) as a Novel Biomarker for Early Detection of Diabetic Nephropathy in an Animal Model. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3807-3819. [PMID: 33116728 PMCID: PMC7585800 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s260293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common single cause of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is an 18-kD protein. The connection between diabetic nephropathy (DN) and the secreted form of CyPA (sCyPA) has been elucidated in this study that aims to investigate sCyPA correlation with renal dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-four male adult Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g were used. Animals were divided into a study group and a control group, 17 rats in each. Streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotine amide were used to damage some pancreatic cells for induction of type 2 DM. Comparison was made between the study and the control groups. Moreover, a comparison was made between the members of the study group before and after induction of DN. RESULTS The rat model that exhibited a higher concentration of urinary sCyPA was detected early in the eighth week. There was a significantly higher level of 24-h urinary CyPA in the study group compared to the control group (p-value=0.004) and there was a significant elevation in the 24-h urinary Cyp-A in the study group after injection of STZ compared to the values before injection (p-value <0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis of renal tissue revealed that the mean expression of CyPA was higher in the study group than in the control group. For the urinary 24-h CYP-A, using a cutoff of 1.15 ng/mL, the accuracy was 72.4%, sensitivity was (77.8%) and specificity was (67%). CONCLUSION According to this animal study, we proved that CyPA is a valuable marker for DN. It is a more sensitive, noninvasive and rapid biomarker for early detection of any renal affection in human diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Mahmoud El-Ebidi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Tahia H Saleem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-din Saadi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Kasr Al-Aini School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Zeinab Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Hoda S Sherkawy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
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13
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ISGylation of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Protein Promotes Viral RNA Replication via Recruitment of Cyclophilin A. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00532-20. [PMID: 32727878 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00532-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like protein that is covalently conjugated to many substrate proteins in order to modulate their functions; this conjugation is called ISGylation. Several groups reported that the ISGylation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A protein affects HCV replication. However, the ISG15 conjugation sites on NS5A are not well determined, and it is unclear whether the role of NS5A ISGylation in HCV replication is proviral or antiviral. Here, we investigated the role of NS5A ISGylation in HCV replication by using HCV RNA replicons that encode a mutation at each lysine (Lys) residue of the NS5A protein. Immunoblot analyses revealed that 5 Lys residues (K44, K68, K166, K215, and K308) of the 14 Lys residues within NS5A (genotype 1b, Con1) have the potential to accept ISGylation. We tested the NS5A ISGylation among different HCV genotypes and observed that the NS5A proteins of all of the HCV genotypes accept ISGylation at multiple Lys residues. Using an HCV luciferase reporter replicon assay revealed that residue K308 of NS5A is important for HCV (1b, Con1) RNA replication. We observed that K308, one of the Lys residues for NS5A ISGylation, is located within the binding region of cyclophilin A (CypA), which is the critical host factor for HCV replication. We obtained evidence derived from all of the HCV genotypes suggesting that NS5A ISGylation enhances the interaction between NS5A and CypA. Taken together, these results suggest that NS5A ISGylation functions as a proviral factor and promotes HCV replication via the recruitment of CypA.IMPORTANCE Host cells have evolved host defense machinery (such as innate immunity) to eliminate viral infections. Viruses have evolved several counteracting strategies for achieving an immune escape from host defense machinery, including type I interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines. ISG15 is an IFN-inducible ubiquitin-like protein that is covalently conjugated to the viral protein via specific Lys residues and suppresses viral functions and viral propagation. Here, we demonstrate that HCV NS5A protein accepts ISG15 conjugation at specific Lys residues and that the HERC5 E3 ligase specifically promotes NS5A ISGylation. We obtained evidence suggesting that NS5A ISGylation facilitates the recruitment of CypA, which is the critical host factor for HCV replication, thereby promoting HCV replication. These findings indicate that E3 ligase HERC5 is a potential therapeutic target for HCV infection. We propose that HCV hijacks an intracellular ISG15 function to escape the host defense machinery in order to establish a persistent infection.
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14
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Elbadawy HM, Mohammed Abdul MI, Aljuhani N, Vitiello A, Ciccarese F, Shaker MA, Eltahir HM, Palù G, Di Antonio V, Ghassabian H, Del Vecchio C, Salata C, Franchin E, Ponterio E, Bahashwan S, Thabet K, Abouzied MM, Shehata AM, Parolin C, Calistri A, Alvisi G. Generation of Combinatorial Lentiviral Vectors Expressing Multiple Anti-Hepatitis C Virus shRNAs and Their Validation on a Novel HCV Replicon Double Reporter Cell Line. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091044. [PMID: 32962117 PMCID: PMC7551853 DOI: 10.3390/v12091044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of directly acting antivirals (DAAs), for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, their cost, patient compliance, and viral resistance are still important issues to be considered. Here, we describe the generation of a novel JFH1-based HCV subgenomic replicon double reporter cell line suitable for testing different antiviral drugs and therapeutic interventions. This cells line allowed a rapid and accurate quantification of cell growth/viability and HCV RNA replication, thus discriminating specific from unspecific antiviral effects caused by DAAs or cytotoxic compounds, respectively. By correlating cell number and virus replication, we could confirm the inhibitory effect on the latter of cell over confluency and characterize an array of lentiviral vectors expressing single, double, or triple cassettes containing different combinations of short hairpin (sh)RNAs, targeting both highly conserved viral genome sequences and cellular factors crucial for HCV replication. While all vectors were effective in reducing HCV replication, the ones targeting viral sequences displayed a stronger antiviral effect, without significant cytopathic effects. Such combinatorial platforms as well as the developed double reporter cell line might find application both in setting-up anti-HCV gene therapy approaches and in studies aimed at further dissecting the viral biology/pathogenesis of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein M. Elbadawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah 41477, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.E.); (N.A.); (H.M.E.); (S.B.); (M.M.A.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Mohi I. Mohammed Abdul
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah 41477, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.E.); (N.A.); (H.M.E.); (S.B.); (M.M.A.); (A.M.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.I.M.A.); (A.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Naif Aljuhani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah 41477, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.E.); (N.A.); (H.M.E.); (S.B.); (M.M.A.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Adriana Vitiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (F.C.); (G.P.); (V.D.A.); (H.G.); (C.D.V.); (C.S.); (E.F.); (E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Francesco Ciccarese
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (F.C.); (G.P.); (V.D.A.); (H.G.); (C.D.V.); (C.S.); (E.F.); (E.P.); (C.P.)
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Mohamed A. Shaker
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah 41477, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Heba M. Eltahir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah 41477, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.E.); (N.A.); (H.M.E.); (S.B.); (M.M.A.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (F.C.); (G.P.); (V.D.A.); (H.G.); (C.D.V.); (C.S.); (E.F.); (E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Veronica Di Antonio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (F.C.); (G.P.); (V.D.A.); (H.G.); (C.D.V.); (C.S.); (E.F.); (E.P.); (C.P.)
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Hanieh Ghassabian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (F.C.); (G.P.); (V.D.A.); (H.G.); (C.D.V.); (C.S.); (E.F.); (E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Claudia Del Vecchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (F.C.); (G.P.); (V.D.A.); (H.G.); (C.D.V.); (C.S.); (E.F.); (E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (F.C.); (G.P.); (V.D.A.); (H.G.); (C.D.V.); (C.S.); (E.F.); (E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Elisa Franchin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (F.C.); (G.P.); (V.D.A.); (H.G.); (C.D.V.); (C.S.); (E.F.); (E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Eleonora Ponterio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (F.C.); (G.P.); (V.D.A.); (H.G.); (C.D.V.); (C.S.); (E.F.); (E.P.); (C.P.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli"—I.R.C.C.S., 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Saleh Bahashwan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah 41477, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.E.); (N.A.); (H.M.E.); (S.B.); (M.M.A.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Khaled Thabet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
| | - Mekky M. Abouzied
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah 41477, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.E.); (N.A.); (H.M.E.); (S.B.); (M.M.A.); (A.M.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Shehata
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah 41477, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.E.); (N.A.); (H.M.E.); (S.B.); (M.M.A.); (A.M.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology and toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Cristina Parolin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (F.C.); (G.P.); (V.D.A.); (H.G.); (C.D.V.); (C.S.); (E.F.); (E.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Arianna Calistri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (F.C.); (G.P.); (V.D.A.); (H.G.); (C.D.V.); (C.S.); (E.F.); (E.P.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.I.M.A.); (A.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (F.C.); (G.P.); (V.D.A.); (H.G.); (C.D.V.); (C.S.); (E.F.); (E.P.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.I.M.A.); (A.C.); (G.A.)
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15
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Pasin F, Shan H, García B, Müller M, San León D, Ludman M, Fresno DH, Fátyol K, Munné-Bosch S, Rodrigo G, García JA. Abscisic Acid Connects Phytohormone Signaling with RNA Metabolic Pathways and Promotes an Antiviral Response that Is Evaded by a Self-Controlled RNA Virus. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100099. [PMID: 32984814 PMCID: PMC7518510 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A complex network of cellular receptors, RNA targeting pathways, and small-molecule signaling provides robust plant immunity and tolerance to viruses. To maximize their fitness, viruses must evolve control mechanisms to balance host immune evasion and plant-damaging effects. The genus Potyvirus comprises plant viruses characterized by RNA genomes that encode large polyproteins led by the P1 protease. A P1 autoinhibitory domain controls polyprotein processing, the release of a downstream functional RNA-silencing suppressor, and viral replication. Here, we show that P1Pro, a plum pox virus clone that lacks the P1 autoinhibitory domain, triggers complex reprogramming of the host transcriptome and high levels of abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation. A meta-analysis highlighted ABA connections with host pathways known to control RNA stability, turnover, maturation, and translation. Transcriptomic changes triggered by P1Pro infection or ABA showed similarities in host RNA abundance and diversity. Genetic and hormone treatment assays showed that ABA promotes plant resistance to potyviral infection. Finally, quantitative mathematical modeling of viral replication in the presence of defense pathways supported self-control of polyprotein processing kinetics as a viral mechanism that attenuates the magnitude of the host antiviral response. Overall, our findings indicate that ABA is an active player in plant antiviral immunity, which is nonetheless evaded by a self-controlled RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Pasin
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hongying Shan
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz García
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maren Müller
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David San León
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Márta Ludman
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - David H. Fresno
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Károly Fátyol
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Rodrigo
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), CSIC-University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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16
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Chiramel AI, Meyerson NR, McNally KL, Broeckel RM, Montoya VR, Méndez-Solís O, Robertson SJ, Sturdevant GL, Lubick KJ, Nair V, Youseff BH, Ireland RM, Bosio CM, Kim K, Luban J, Hirsch VM, Taylor RT, Bouamr F, Sawyer SL, Best SM. TRIM5α Restricts Flavivirus Replication by Targeting the Viral Protease for Proteasomal Degradation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3269-3283.e6. [PMID: 31189110 PMCID: PMC8666140 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing protein 5α (TRIM5α) is a cellular antiviral restriction factor that prevents early events in retrovirus replication. The activity of TRIM5α is thought to be limited to retroviruses as a result of highly specific interactions with capsid lattices. In contrast to this current understanding, we show that both human and rhesus macaque TRIM5α suppress replication of specific flaviviruses. Multiple viruses in the tick-borne encephalitis complex are sensitive to TRIM5α-dependent restriction, but mosquito-borne flaviviruses, including yellow fever, dengue, and Zika viruses, are resistant. TRIM5α suppresses replication by binding to the viral protease NS2B/3 to promote its K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Importantly, TRIM5α contributes to the antiviral function of IFN-I against sensitive flaviviruses in human cells. Thus, TRIM5α possesses remarkable plasticity in the recognition of diverse virus families, with the potential to influence human susceptibility to emerging flaviviruses of global concern. The antiviral activity of TRIM5α is thought to be limited to retroviruses as a result of highly specific interactions with capsid lattices. Here, Chiramel et al. demonstrate that TRIM5α restricts replication of specific flaviviruses by binding and degrading the viral protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash I Chiramel
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Nicholas R Meyerson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kristin L McNally
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Rebecca M Broeckel
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Vanessa R Montoya
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Omayra Méndez-Solís
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Shelly J Robertson
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Gail L Sturdevant
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kirk J Lubick
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Vinod Nair
- Research Technology Branch, RML, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Brian H Youseff
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Robin M Ireland
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, RML, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Catharine M Bosio
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, RML, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kyusik Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Vanessa M Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R Travis Taylor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Fadila Bouamr
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara L Sawyer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Sonja M Best
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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Patil VM, Singhal S, Masand N. A systematic review on use of aminoquinolines for the therapeutic management of COVID-19: Efficacy, safety and clinical trials. Life Sci 2020; 254:117775. [PMID: 32418894 PMCID: PMC7211740 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent global outbreak of the pandemic caused by coronavirus (COVID-19) emphasizes the urgent need for novel antiviral therapeutics. It can be supplemented by utilization of efficient and validated drug discovery approaches such as drug repurposing/repositioning. The well reported and clinically used anti-malarial aminoquinoline drugs (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) have shown potential to be repurposed to control the present pandemic by inhibition of COVID-19. The review elaborates the mechanism of action, safety (side effects, adverse effects, toxicity) and details of clinical trials for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to benefit the clinicians, medicinal chemist, pharmacologist actively involved in controlling the pandemic and to provide therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali M Patil
- Computer Aided Drug Design Lab, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India.
| | - Shipra Singhal
- Computer Aided Drug Design Lab, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Neeraj Masand
- Department of Pharmacy, Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
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18
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Colpitts CC, Ridewood S, Schneiderman B, Warne J, Tabata K, Ng CF, Bartenschlager R, Selwood DL, Towers GJ. Hepatitis C virus exploits cyclophilin A to evade PKR. eLife 2020; 9:e52237. [PMID: 32539931 PMCID: PMC7297535 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Counteracting innate immunity is essential for successful viral replication. Host cyclophilins (Cyps) have been implicated in viral evasion of host antiviral responses, although the mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we show that hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-opts the host protein CypA to aid evasion of antiviral responses dependent on the effector protein kinase R (PKR). Pharmacological inhibition of CypA rescues PKR from antagonism by HCV NS5A, leading to activation of an interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF1)-driven cell intrinsic antiviral program that inhibits viral replication. These findings further the understanding of the complexity of Cyp-virus interactions, provide mechanistic insight into the remarkably broad antiviral spectrum of Cyp inhibitors, and uncover novel aspects of PKR activity and regulation. Collectively, our study identifies a novel antiviral mechanism that harnesses cellular antiviral immunity to suppress viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che C Colpitts
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sophie Ridewood
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Bethany Schneiderman
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Justin Warne
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, UCLLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Keisuke Tabata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Caitlin F Ng
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research CenterHeidelbergGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner SiteHeidelbergGermany
| | - David L Selwood
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Greg J Towers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
Antiviral drugs have traditionally been developed by directly targeting essential viral components. However, this strategy often fails due to the rapid generation of drug-resistant viruses. Recent genome-wide approaches, such as those employing small interfering RNA (siRNA) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) or those using small molecule chemical inhibitors targeting the cellular "kinome," have been used successfully to identify cellular factors that can support virus replication. Since some of these cellular factors are critical for virus replication, but are dispensable for the host, they can serve as novel targets for antiviral drug development. In addition, potentiation of immune responses, regulation of cytokine storms, and modulation of epigenetic changes upon virus infections are also feasible approaches to control infections. Because it is less likely that viruses will mutate to replace missing cellular functions, the chance of generating drug-resistant mutants with host-targeted inhibitor approaches is minimized. However, drug resistance against some host-directed agents can, in fact, occur under certain circumstances, such as long-term selection pressure of a host-directed antiviral agent that can allow the virus the opportunity to adapt to use an alternate host factor or to alter its affinity toward the target that confers resistance. This review describes novel approaches for antiviral drug development with a focus on host-directed therapies and the potential mechanisms that may account for the acquisition of antiviral drug resistance against host-directed agents.
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Ploss A, Kapoor A. Animal Models of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a036970. [PMID: 31843875 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important and underreported infectious disease, causing chronic infection in ∼71 million people worldwide. The limited host range of HCV, which robustly infects only humans and chimpanzees, has made studying this virus in vivo challenging and hampered the development of a desperately needed vaccine. The restrictions and ethical concerns surrounding biomedical research in chimpanzees has made the search for an animal model all the more important. In this review, we discuss different approaches that are being pursued toward creating small animal models for HCV infection. Although efforts to use a nonhuman primate species besides chimpanzees have proven challenging, important advances have been achieved in a variety of humanized mouse models. However, such models still fall short of the overarching goal to have an immunocompetent, inheritably susceptible in vivo platform in which the immunopathology of HCV could be studied and putative vaccines development. Alternatives to overcome this include virus adaptation, such as murine-tropic HCV strains, or the use of related hepaciviruses, of which many have been recently identified. Of the latter, the rodent/rat hepacivirus from Rattus norvegicus species-1 (RHV-rn1) holds promise as a surrogate virus in fully immunocompetent rats that can inform our understanding of the interaction between the immune response and viral outcomes (i.e., clearance vs. persistence). However, further characterization of these animal models is necessary before their use for gaining new insights into the immunopathogenesis of HCV and for conceptualizing HCV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Amit Kapoor
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
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21
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Qing J, Liu X, Wu Q, Zhou M, Zhang Y, Mazhar M, Huang X, Wang L, He F. Hippo/YAP Pathway Plays a Critical Role in Effect of GDNF Against Aβ-Induced Inflammation in Microglial Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1064-1071. [PMID: 32255663 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a critical mechanism responsible for the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies reveal that Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling pathway is highly associated with a series of inflammation-related disorders. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), with its neurotrophic and anti-apoptotic functions for nervous system, has been demonstrated to decrease the expression of proinflammatory mediators. Here we investigated whether Hippo/YAP signaling may affect amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in microglial cells and explored its relationship with the anti-inflammation function of GDNF. The results showed that Aβ induced a decrease in the expression of YAP in microglia cells. YAP agonist XMU-MP-1 or its overexpression in microglial cells caused decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, whereas YAP antagonist Verteporfin or knockdown of YAP had the opposite effect. Treatment with GDNF resulted in upregulation of YAP expression and reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile YAP knockdown weakened the function of GDNF in microglial cells. In conclusion, Hippo/YAP pathway plays a critical role in effect of GDNF against Aβ-induced inflammatory response in microglia. Targeting GDNF or Hippo/YAP signaling may be promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Quan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengjie Zhou
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Maryam Mazhar
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wang
- Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fuqian He
- The Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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22
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Aviner R, Frydman J. Proteostasis in Viral Infection: Unfolding the Complex Virus-Chaperone Interplay. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a034090. [PMID: 30858229 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that rely on their hosts for protein synthesis, genome replication, and viral particle production. As such, they have evolved mechanisms to divert host resources, including molecular chaperones, facilitate folding and assembly of viral proteins, stabilize complex structures under constant mutational pressure, and modulate signaling pathways to dampen antiviral responses and prevent premature host death. Biogenesis of viral proteins often presents unique challenges to the proteostasis network, as it requires the rapid and orchestrated production of high levels of a limited number of multifunctional, multidomain, and aggregation-prone proteins. To overcome such challenges, viruses interact with the folding machinery not only as clients but also as regulators of chaperone expression, function, and subcellular localization. In this review, we summarize the main types of interactions between viral proteins and chaperones during infection, examine evolutionary aspects of this relationship, and discuss the potential of using chaperone inhibitors as broad-spectrum antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranen Aviner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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23
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Dächert C, Gladilin E, Binder M. Gene Expression Profiling of Different Huh7 Variants Reveals Novel Hepatitis C Virus Host Factors. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010036. [PMID: 31905685 PMCID: PMC7019296 DOI: 10.3390/v12010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection still constitutes a major global health problem with almost half a million deaths per year. To date, the human hepatoma cell line Huh7 and its derivatives is the only cell line that robustly replicates HCV. However, even different subclones and passages of this single cell line exhibit tremendous differences in HCV replication efficiency. By comparative gene expression profiling using a multi-pronged correlation analysis across eight different Huh7 variants, we identified 34 candidate host factors possibly affecting HCV permissiveness. For seven of the candidates, we could show by knock-down studies their implication in HCV replication. Notably, for at least four of them, we furthermore found that overexpression boosted HCV replication in lowly permissive Huh7 cells, most prominently for the histone-binding transcriptional repressor THAP7 and the nuclear receptor NR0B2. For NR0B2, our results suggest a finely balanced expression optimum reached in highly permissive Huh7 cells, with even higher levels leading to a nearly complete breakdown of HCV replication, likely due to a dysregulation of bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. Our unbiased expression-profiling approach, hence, led to the identification of four host cellular genes that contribute to HCV permissiveness in Huh7 cells. These findings add to an improved understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the strict host cell tropism of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dächert
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evgeny Gladilin
- Division Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-622-142-4974
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24
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Badillo-Vargas IE, Chen Y, Martin KM, Rotenberg D, Whitfield AE. Discovery of Novel Thrips Vector Proteins That Bind to the Viral Attachment Protein of the Plant Bunyavirus Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. J Virol 2019; 93:e00699-19. [PMID: 31413126 PMCID: PMC6803271 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00699-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic virus tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) encodes a structural glycoprotein (GN) that, like with other bunyavirus/vector interactions, serves a role in viral attachment and possibly in entry into arthropod vector host cells. It is well documented that Frankliniella occidentalis is one of nine competent thrips vectors of TSWV transmission to plant hosts. However, the insect molecules that interact with viral proteins, such as GN, during infection and dissemination in thrips vector tissues are unknown. The goals of this project were to identify TSWV-interacting proteins (TIPs) that interact directly with TSWV GN and to localize the expression of these proteins in relation to virus in thrips tissues of principal importance along the route of dissemination. We report here the identification of six TIPs from first-instar larvae (L1), the most acquisition-efficient developmental stage of the thrips vector. Sequence analyses of these TIPs revealed homology to proteins associated with the infection cycle of other vector-borne viruses. Immunolocalization of the TIPs in L1 revealed robust expression in the midgut and salivary glands of F. occidentalis, the tissues most important during virus infection, replication, and plant inoculation. The TIPs and GN interactions were validated using protein-protein interaction assays. Two of the thrips proteins, endocuticle structural glycoprotein and cyclophilin, were found to be consistent interactors with GN These newly discovered thrips protein-GN interactions are important for a better understanding of the transmission mechanism of persistent propagative plant viruses by their vectors, as well as for developing new strategies of insect pest management and virus resistance in plants.IMPORTANCE Thrips-transmitted viruses cause devastating losses to numerous food crops worldwide. For negative-sense RNA viruses that infect plants, the arthropod serves as a host as well by supporting virus replication in specific tissues and organs of the vector. The goal of this work was to identify thrips proteins that bind directly to the viral attachment protein and thus may play a role in the infection cycle in the insect. Using the model plant bunyavirus tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and the most efficient thrips vector, we identified and validated six TSWV-interacting proteins from Frankliniella occidentalis first-instar larvae. Two proteins, an endocuticle structural glycoprotein and cyclophilin, were able to interact directly with the TSWV attachment protein, GN, in insect cells. The TSWV GN-interacting proteins provide new targets for disrupting the viral disease cycle in the arthropod vector and could be putative determinants of vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen M Martin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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25
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Asim M, Sarath Babu V, Qin Z, Zhao L, Su J, Li J, Tu J, Kou H, Lin L. Inhibition of Cyclophilin A on the replication of red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus associates with multiple pro-inflammatory factors. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:172-180. [PMID: 31176008 PMCID: PMC7111709 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a ubiquitously expressed cellular protein and involves in diverse pathological conditions, including infection and inflammation. CypA acts as a key factor in the replication of several viruses. However, little is known about the role of CypA in the replication of the red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV). In the present report, grouper CypA (GF-CypA) was cloned from the grouper fin cell line (GF-1) derived from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Sequence analysis found that GF-CypA open reading frame (ORF) of 495 bp encodes a polypeptide of 164 amino acids residues with a molecular weight of 17.4 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence shared highly conserved regions with CypA of other animal species, showing that GF-CypA is a new member of Cyclophilin A family. We observed that GF-CypA was up-regulated in the GF-1 cells infected with RGNNV. Additionally, overexpression of CypA could significantly inhibit the replication of RGNNV in GF-1 cells. By contrast, when the GF-CypA was knock-downed by siRNA in GF-1 cells, the replication of RGNNV was enhanced. Furthermore, the expressions of pro-inflammatory factors, such as TNF-2, TNF-α, IL-1b, and ISG-15, were increased in GF-CypA transfected GF-1 cells challenged with RGNNV, indicating that GF-CypA might be involved in the regulation of the host pro-inflammatory factors. Altogether, we conclude that GF-CypA plays a vital role in the inhibitory effect of RGNNV replication that might be modulating the cytokines secretion in GF-1 cells during RGNNV infection. These results will shed new light on the function of CypA in the replication of RGNNV and will pave a new way for the prevention of the infection of RGNNV in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asim
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - V Sarath Babu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Zhendong Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA
| | - Jiagang Tu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hongyan Kou
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
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26
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Adaptive Mutations in Replicase Transmembrane Subunits Can Counteract Inhibition of Equine Arteritis Virus RNA Synthesis by Cyclophilin Inhibitors. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00490-19. [PMID: 31243130 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00490-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, the cyclophilin inhibitors cyclosporine (CsA) and alisporivir (ALV) were shown to inhibit the replication of diverse RNA viruses, including arteriviruses and coronaviruses, which both belong to the order Nidovirales In this study, we aimed to identify arterivirus proteins involved in the mode of action of cyclophilin inhibitors and to investigate how these compounds inhibit arterivirus RNA synthesis in the infected cell. Repeated passaging of the arterivirus prototype equine arteritis virus (EAV) in the presence of CsA revealed that reduced drug sensitivity is associated with the emergence of adaptive mutations in nonstructural protein 5 (nsp5), one of the transmembrane subunits of the arterivirus replicase polyprotein. Introduction of singular nsp5 mutations (nsp5 Q21R, Y113H, or A134V) led to an ∼2-fold decrease in sensitivity to CsA treatment, whereas combinations of mutations further increased EAV's CsA resistance. The detailed experimental characterization of engineered EAV mutants harboring CsA resistance mutations implicated nsp5 in arterivirus RNA synthesis. Particularly, in an in vitro assay, EAV RNA synthesis was far less sensitive to CsA treatment when nsp5 contained the adaptive mutations mentioned above. Interestingly, for increased sensitivity to the closely related drug ALV, CsA-resistant nsp5 mutants required the incorporation of an additional adaptive mutation, which resided in nsp2 (H114R), another transmembrane subunit of the arterivirus replicase. Our study provides the first evidence for the involvement of nsp2 and nsp5 in the mechanism underlying the inhibition of arterivirus replication by cyclophilin inhibitors.IMPORTANCE Currently, no approved treatments are available to combat infections with nidoviruses, a group of positive-stranded RNA viruses, including important zoonotic and veterinary pathogens. Previously, the cyclophilin inhibitors cyclosporine (CsA) and alisporivir (ALV) were shown to inhibit the replication of diverse nidoviruses (both arteriviruses and coronaviruses), and they may thus represent a class of pan-nidovirus inhibitors. In this study, using the arterivirus prototype equine arteritis virus, we have established that resistance to CsA and ALV treatment is associated with adaptive mutations in two transmembrane subunits of the viral replication machinery, nonstructural proteins 2 and 5. This is the first evidence for the involvement of specific replicase subunits of arteriviruses in the mechanism underlying the inhibition of their replication by cyclophilin inhibitors. Understanding this mechanism of action is of major importance to guide future drug design, both for nidoviruses and for other RNA viruses inhibited by these compounds.
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27
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Gaska JM, Balev M, Ding Q, Heller B, Ploss A. Differences across cyclophilin A orthologs contribute to the host range restriction of hepatitis C virus. eLife 2019; 8:e44436. [PMID: 31074414 PMCID: PMC6510530 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The restricted host tropism of hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains incompletely understood, especially post-entry, and has hindered developing an immunocompetent, small animal model. HCV replication in non-permissive species may be limited by incompatibilities between the viral replication machinery and orthologs of essential host factors, like cyclophilin A (CypA). We thus compared the ability of CypA from mouse, tree shrew, and seven non-human primate species to support HCV replication, finding that murine CypA only partially rescued viral replication in Huh7.5-shRNA CypA cells. We determined the specific amino acid differences responsible and generated mutants able to fully rescue replication. We expressed these mutants in engineered murine hepatoma cells and although we observed increases in HCV replication following infection, they remained far lower than those in highly permissive human hepatoma cells, and minimal infectious particle release was observed. Together, these data suggest additional co-factors remain unidentified. Future work to determine such factors will be critical for developing an immunocompetent mouse model supporting HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Gaska
- Department of Molecular BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Metodi Balev
- Department of Molecular BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Molecular BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Brigitte Heller
- Department of Molecular BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
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28
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García-Serradilla M, Risco C, Pacheco B. Drug repurposing for new, efficient, broad spectrum antivirals. Virus Res 2019; 264:22-31. [PMID: 30794895 PMCID: PMC7114681 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging viruses are a major threat to human health. Recent outbreaks have emphasized the urgent need for new antiviral treatments. For several pathogenic viruses, considerable efforts have focused on vaccine development. However, during epidemics infected individuals need to be treated urgently. High-throughput screening of clinically tested compounds provides a rapid means to identify undiscovered, antiviral functions for well-characterized therapeutics. Repurposed drugs can bypass part of the early cost and time needed for validation and authorization. In this review we describe recent efforts to find broad spectrum antivirals through drug repurposing. We have chosen several candidates and propose strategies to understand their mechanism of action and to determine how resistance to antivirals develops in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés García-Serradilla
- Cell Structure Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, National Research Council, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, UAM, campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Risco
- Cell Structure Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, National Research Council, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, UAM, campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Pacheco
- Cell Structure Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, National Research Council, CNB-CSIC, Darwin 3, UAM, campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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29
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USP15 Participates in Hepatitis C Virus Propagation through Regulation of Viral RNA Translation and Lipid Droplet Formation. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01708-18. [PMID: 30626683 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01708-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) utilizes cellular factors for efficient propagation. Ubiquitin is covalently conjugated to the substrate to alter its stability or to modulate signal transduction. In this study, we examined the importance of ubiquitination for HCV propagation. We found that inhibition of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) or overexpression of nonspecific DUBs impaired HCV replication, suggesting that ubiquitination regulates HCV replication. To identify specific DUBs involved in HCV propagation, we set up RNA interference (RNAi) screening against DUBs and successfully identified ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (USP15) as a novel host factor for HCV propagation. Our studies showed that USP15 is involved in translation of HCV RNA and production of infectious HCV particles. In addition, deficiency of USP15 in human hepatic cell lines (Huh7 and Hep3B/miR-122 cells) but not in a nonhepatic cell line (293T cells) impaired HCV propagation, suggesting that USP15 participates in HCV propagation through the regulation of hepatocyte-specific functions. Moreover, we showed that loss of USP15 had no effect on innate immune responses in vitro and in vivo We also found that USP15-deficient Huh7 cells showed reductions in the amounts of lipid droplets (LDs), and the addition of palmitic acids restored the production of infectious HCV particles. Taken together, these data suggest that USP15 participates in HCV propagation by regulating the translation of HCV RNA and the formation of LDs.IMPORTANCE Although ubiquitination has been shown to play important roles in the HCV life cycle, the roles of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which cleave ubiquitin chains from their substrates, in HCV propagation have not been investigated. Here, we identified USP15 as a DUB regulating HCV propagation. USP15 showed no interaction with viral proteins and no participation in innate immune responses. Deficiency of USP15 in Huh7 cells resulted in suppression of the translation of HCV RNA and reduction in the amounts of lipid droplets, and the addition of fatty acids partially restored the production of infectious HCV particles. These data suggest that USP15 participates in HCV propagation in hepatic cells through the regulation of viral RNA translation and lipid metabolism.
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30
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Baumert TF, Berg T, Lim JK, Nelson DR. Status of Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Remaining Challenges. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:431-445. [PMID: 30342035 PMCID: PMC6446912 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus is a major cause of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. After the discovery of hepatitis C virus 3 decades ago, the identification of the structure of the viral proteins, combined with high-throughput replicon models, enabled the discovery and development of direct-acting antivirals. These agents have revolutionized patient care, with cure rates of more than 90%. We review the status of direct-acting antiviral therapies for hepatitis C virus infection and discuss remaining challenges. We highlight licensed compounds, discuss the potential to shorten therapy even further, and review different options for treatment failure and resistance. We also provide an overview of clinical experience with generic agents and evidence for their efficacy. Finally, we discuss the need for new drugs and outline promising targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Baumert
- INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Pôle Hépato-digestif, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thomas Berg
- Section of Hepatology, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joseph K Lim
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Yale Liver Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
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31
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Hepatitis C virus cell culture models: an encomium on basic research paving the road to therapy development. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 208:3-24. [PMID: 30298360 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections affect 71 million people worldwide, often resulting in severe liver damage. Since 2014 highly efficient therapies based on directly acting antivirals (DAAs) are available, offering cure rates of almost 100%, if the infection is diagnosed in time. It took more than a decade to discover HCV in 1989 and another decade to establish a cell culture model. This review provides a personal view on the importance of HCV cell culture models, particularly the replicon system, in the process of therapy development, from drug screening to understanding of mode of action and resistance, with a special emphasis on the contributions of Ralf Bartenschlager's group. It summarizes the tremendous efforts of scientists in academia and industry required to achieve efficient DAAs, focusing on the main targets, protease, polymerase and NS5A. It furthermore underpins the importance of strong basic research laying the ground for translational medicine.
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de Wilde AH, Pham U, Posthuma CC, Snijder EJ. Cyclophilins and cyclophilin inhibitors in nidovirus replication. Virology 2018; 522:46-55. [PMID: 30014857 PMCID: PMC7112023 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilins (Cyps) belong to the family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (PPIases). The PPIase activity of most Cyps is inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A and several of its non-immunosuppressive analogs, which can also block the replication of nidoviruses (arteriviruses and coronaviruses). Cyclophilins have been reported to play an essential role in the replication of several other RNA viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus-1, hepatitis C virus, and influenza A virus. Likewise, the replication of various nidoviruses was reported to depend on Cyps or other PPIases. This review summarizes our current understanding of this class of nidovirus-host interactions, including the potential function of in particular CypA and the inhibitory effect of Cyp inhibitors. Also the involvement of the FK-506-binding proteins and parvulins is discussed. The nidovirus data are placed in a broader perspective by summarizing the most relevant data on Cyp interactions and Cyp inhibitors for other RNA viruses. Nidovirus replication is inhibited by cyclophilin inhibitors. Arterivirus replication depends on cyclophilin A. Cyclosporin A blocks arterivirus RNA synthesis. Using cyclophilin inhibitors against nidoviruses in vivo needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan H de Wilde
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Uyen Pham
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Clara C Posthuma
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Characterization of the Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Activity of New Nonpeptidic Small-Molecule Cyclophilin Inhibitors with the Potential for Broad Anti-Flaviviridae Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00126-18. [PMID: 29760125 PMCID: PMC6021681 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00126-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although members of the Flaviviridae display high incidence, morbidity, and mortality rates, the development of specific antiviral drugs for each virus is unlikely. Cyclophilins, a family of host peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases), play a pivotal role in the life cycles of many viruses and therefore represent an attractive target for broad-spectrum antiviral development. We report here the pangenotypic anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity of a small-molecule cyclophilin inhibitor (SMCypI). Mechanistic and modeling studies revealed that the SMCypI bound to cyclophilin A in competition with cyclosporine (CsA), inhibited its PPIase activity, and disrupted the CypA-nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) interaction. Resistance selection showed that the lead SMCypI hardly selected amino acid substitutions conferring low-level or no resistance in vitro. Interestingly, the SMCypI selected D320E and Y321H substitutions, located in domain II of the NS5A protein. These substitutions were previously associated with low-level resistance to cyclophilin inhibitors such as alisporivir. Finally, the SMCypI inhibited the replication of other members of the Flaviviridae family with higher 50% effective concentrations (EC50s) than for HCV. Thus, because of its chemical plasticity and simplicity of synthesis, our new family of SMCypIs represents a promising new class of drugs with the potential for broad-spectrum anti-Flaviviridae activity as well as an invaluable tool to explore the role of cyclophilins in viral life cycles.
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Wang Q, Li Y, Liu SA, Xie W, Cheng J. Cell culture-adaptive mutations in hepatitis C virus promote viral production by enhancing viral replication and release. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1299-1311. [PMID: 29599605 PMCID: PMC5871825 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i12.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore hepatitis C virus (HCV) adaptive mutations or combinations thereof responsible for enhanced viral production and investigate the underlying mechanisms.
METHODS A series of plasmids with adaptive mutations were constructed. After the plasmids were transfected into Huh7.5 cells, we determined the infectious HCV particle titers by NS5A immunofluorescence assays, and detected HCV RNA replication by real-time PCR and protein expression by Western blot. Then we carried out immunoblotting of supernatants and cell lysates with anti-NS3 to analyze the virus release level. In addition, co-localization of lipid droplets (LDs) with NS5A was measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The ratio between the p56 and p58 phosphoforms of NS5A was analyzed further.
RESULTS The plasmids named JFH1-mE2, JFH1-mp7, JFH1-mNS4B, JFH1-mNS5A, JFH1-mE2/NS5A, JFH1-mp7/NS5A, JFH1-mNS4B/NS5A, JFH1-mE2/p7/NS5A, and mJFH1 were constructed successfully. This study generated infectious HCV particles with a robust titer of 1.61 × 106 focus-forming units (FFUs)/mL. All of the six adaptive mutations increased the HCV particle production at varying levels. The NS5A (C2274R, I2340T, and V2440L) and p7 (H781Y) were critical adaptive mutations. The effect of NS5A (C2274R, I2340T, and V2440L), p7 (H781Y), and NS4B (N1931S) on infectious HCV titers was investigated by measuring the HCV RNA replication, protein expression, and virion release. However, the six adaptive mutations were not required for the LD localization of NS5A proteins or the phosphorylation of NS5A.
CONCLUSION In this study, we generated infectious HCV particles with a robust titer of 1.61 × 106 FFUs/mL, and found that the viral replication and release levels could be enhanced by some of the adaptive mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Shun-Ai Liu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
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Crouchet E, Wrensch F, Schuster C, Zeisel MB, Baumert TF. Host-targeting therapies for hepatitis C virus infection: current developments and future applications. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2018; 11:1756284818759483. [PMID: 29619090 PMCID: PMC5871046 DOI: 10.1177/1756284818759483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. In the past few years, anti-HCV therapies have undergone a revolution with the approval of multiple direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), which enable interferon-free treatments with considerable improvement of sustained virologic response in patients. Today, DAAs have become the standard of care for HCV therapy. However, several limitations remain, which include access to therapy, treatment failure in a subset of patients and persistent risk of HCC development following cure in patients with advanced fibrosis. By targeting conserved host proteins involved in the HCV life cycle, host-targeting agents (HTAs) offer opportunities for pan-genotypic antiviral approaches with a high barrier to drug resistance. Moreover, when applied in combination with DAAs, HTAs could improve the management of difficult-to-treat patients by acting through a complementary mechanism of action. In this review, we summarize the different HTAs evaluated in preclinical and clinical development and discuss their potential role for anti-HCV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Crouchet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Florian Wrensch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Schuster
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mirjam B. Zeisel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL), Lyon, France
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A Abdullah A, Abdullah R, A Nazariah Z, N Balakrishnan K, Firdaus J Abdullah F, A Bala J, Mohd-Lila MA. Cyclophilin A as a target in the treatment of cytomegalovirus infections. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618811413. [PMID: 30449131 PMCID: PMC6243413 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618811413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on the cellular machinery of the host to regenerate and manufacture their proteins. Most antiviral drugs on the market today target viral proteins. However, the more recent strategies involve targeting the host cell proteins or pathways that mediate viral replication. This new approach would be effective for most viruses while minimizing drug resistance and toxicity. METHODS Cytomegalovirus replication, latency, and immune response are mediated by the intermediate early protein 2, the main protein that determines the effectiveness of drugs in cytomegalovirus inhibition. This review explains how intermediate early protein 2 can modify the action of cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressive, and antiviral drug. It also links all the pathways mediated by cyclosporin A, cytomegalovirus replication, and its encoded proteins. RESULTS Intermediate early protein 2 can influence the cellular cyclophilin A pathway, affecting cyclosporin A as a mediator of viral replication or anti-cytomegalovirus drug. CONCLUSION Cyclosporin A has a dual function in cytomegalovirus pathogenesis. It has the immunosuppressive effect that establishes virus replication through the inhibition of T-cell function. It also has an anti-cytomegalovirus effect mediated by intermediate early protein 2. Both of these functions involve cyclophilin A pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwaq A Abdullah
- 1 Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Rasedee Abdullah
- 1 Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 3 Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
| | - Zeenathul A Nazariah
- 1 Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 4 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
| | - Krishnan N Balakrishnan
- 4 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus J Abdullah
- 5 Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
| | - Jamilu A Bala
- 4 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 6 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Mohd-Azmi Mohd-Lila
- 1 Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 4 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
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Hepatitis C Virus Replication Depends on Endosomal Cholesterol Homeostasis. J Virol 2017; 92:JVI.01196-17. [PMID: 29046459 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01196-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to other positive-strand RNA viruses, hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes massive rearrangements of intracellular membranes, resulting in a membranous web (MW) composed of predominantly double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), the presumed sites of RNA replication. DMVs are enriched for cholesterol, but mechanistic details on the source and recruitment of cholesterol to the viral replication organelle are only partially known. Here we focused on selected lipid transfer proteins implicated in direct lipid transfer at various endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-membrane contact sites. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown identified several hitherto unknown HCV dependency factors, such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer domain protein 3 (STARD3), oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 1A and -B (OSBPL1A and -B), and Niemann-Pick-type C1 (NPC1), all residing at late endosome and lysosome membranes and required for efficient HCV RNA replication but not for replication of the closely related dengue virus. Focusing on NPC1, we found that knockdown or pharmacological inhibition caused cholesterol entrapment in lysosomal vesicles concomitant with decreased cholesterol abundance at sites containing the viral replicase factor NS5A. In untreated HCV-infected cells, unesterified cholesterol accumulated at the perinuclear region, partially colocalizing with NS5A at DMVs, arguing for NPC1-mediated endosomal cholesterol transport to the viral replication organelle. Consistent with cholesterol being an important structural component of DMVs, reducing NPC1-dependent endosomal cholesterol transport impaired MW integrity. This suggests that HCV usurps lipid transfer proteins, such as NPC1, at ER-late endosome/lysosome membrane contact sites to recruit cholesterol to the viral replication organelle, where it contributes to MW functionality.IMPORTANCE A key feature of the replication of positive-strand RNA viruses is the rearrangement of the host cell endomembrane system to produce a membranous replication organelle (RO). The underlying mechanisms are far from being elucidated fully. In this report, we provide evidence that HCV RNA replication depends on functional lipid transport along the endosomal-lysosomal pathway that is mediated by several lipid transfer proteins, such as the Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) protein. Pharmacological inhibition of NPC1 function reduced viral replication, impaired the transport of cholesterol to the viral replication organelle, and altered organelle morphology. Besides NPC1, our study reports the importance of additional endosomal and lysosomal lipid transfer proteins required for viral replication, thus contributing to our understanding of how HCV manipulates their function in order to generate a membranous replication organelle. These results might have implications for the biogenesis of replication organelles of other positive-strand RNA viruses.
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Kaufmann SHE, Dorhoi A, Hotchkiss RS, Bartenschlager R. Host-directed therapies for bacterial and viral infections. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 17:35-56. [PMID: 28935918 PMCID: PMC7097079 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a novel approach in the field of anti-infectives for overcoming antimicrobial resistance. HDT aims to interfere with host cell factors that are required by a pathogen for replication or persistence, to enhance protective immune responses against a pathogen, to reduce exacerbated inflammation and to balance immune reactivity at sites of pathology. HDTs encompassing the 'shock and kill' strategy or the delivery of recombinant interferons are possible approaches to treat HIV infections. HDTs that suppress the cytokine storm that is induced by some acute viral infections represent a promising concept. In tuberculosis, HDT aims to enhance the antimicrobial activities of phagocytes through phagosomal maturation, autophagy and antimicrobial peptides. HDTs also curtail inflammation through interference with soluble (such as eicosanoids or cytokines) or cellular (co-stimulatory molecules) factors and modulate granulomas to allow the access of antimicrobials or to restrict tissue damage. Numerous parallels between the immunological abnormalities that occur in sepsis and cancer indicate that the HDTs that are effective in oncology may also hold promise in sepsis. Advances in immune phenotyping, genetic screening and biosignatures will help to guide drug therapy to optimize the host response. Combinations of canonical pathogen-directed drugs and novel HDTs will become indispensable in treating emerging infections and diseases caused by drug-resistant pathogens.
Host-directed therapy (HDT) aims to interfere with host cell factors that are required by a pathogen for replication or persistence. In this Review, Kaufmannet al. describe recent progress in the development of HDTs for the treatment of viral and bacterial infections and the challenges in bringing these approaches to the clinic. Despite the recent increase in the development of antivirals and antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance and the lack of broad-spectrum virus-targeting drugs are still important issues and additional alternative approaches to treat infectious diseases are urgently needed. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is an emerging approach in the field of anti-infectives. The strategy behind HDT is to interfere with host cell factors that are required by a pathogen for replication or persistence, to enhance protective immune responses against a pathogen, to reduce exacerbated inflammation and to balance immune reactivity at sites of pathology. Although HDTs encompassing interferons are well established for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, novel strategies aimed at the functional cure of persistent viral infections and the development of broad-spectrum antivirals against emerging viruses seem to be crucial. In chronic bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, HDT strategies aim to enhance the antimicrobial activities of phagocytes and to curtail inflammation through interference with soluble factors (such as eicosanoids and cytokines) or cellular factors (such as co-stimulatory molecules). This Review describes current progress in the development of HDTs for viral and bacterial infections, including sepsis, and the challenges in bringing these new approaches to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Richard S Hotchkiss
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, and Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, 660 S. Euclid, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Meyers A, Chourey K, Weiskittel TM, Pfiffner S, Dunlap JR, Hettich RL, Dalhaimer P. The protein and neutral lipid composition of lipid droplets isolated from the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Microbiol 2017; 55:112-122. [PMID: 28120187 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-6205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets consist of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer with bound proteins. Much of the information on lipid droplet function comes from proteomic and lipodomic studies that identify the components of droplets isolated from organisms throughout the phylogenetic tree. Here, we add to that important inventory by reporting lipid droplet factors from the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Unique to this study was the fact that cells were cultured in three different environments: 1) late log growth phase in glucose-based media, 2) stationary phase in glucosebased media, and 3) late log growth phase in media containing oleic acid. We confirmed colocalization of major factors with lipid droplets using live-cell fluorescent microscopy. We also analyzed droplets from each of the three conditions for sterol ester (SE) and triacylglycerol (TAG) content, along with their respective fatty acid compositions. We identified a previously undiscovered lipid droplet protein, Vip1p, which affects droplet size distribution. The results provide further insight into the workings of these ubiquitous organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Meyers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2200, USA
| | - Karuna Chourey
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Taylor M Weiskittel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2200, USA
| | - Susan Pfiffner
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - John R Dunlap
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.,Advanced Microscopy and Imaging Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | | | - Paul Dalhaimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-2200, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA. .,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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Okamoto T. [Signal peptide peptidase participates in propagation and pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus]. Uirusu 2017; 67:49-58. [PMID: 29593153 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.67.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne virus and causes chronic infection leading to development of steatosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, molecular mechanisms of induction of liver diseases by HCV infection are still unclear. This review focuses on thevirological significance of processing of HCV core protein by signal peptide peptidase in propagation and pathogenesis of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases
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Miyamura T, Lemon SM, Walker CM, Wakita T. The HCV Replicase Complex and Viral RNA Synthesis. HEPATITIS C VIRUS I 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122888 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56098-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Replication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is tightly linked to membrane alterations designated the membranous web, harboring the viral replicase complex. In this chapter we describe the morphology and 3D architecture of the HCV-induced replication organelles, mainly consisting of double membrane vesicles, which are generated by a concerted action of the nonstructural proteins NS3 to NS5B. Recent studies have furthermore identified a number of host cell proteins and lipids contributing to the biogenesis of the membranous web, which are discussed in this chapter. Viral RNA synthesis is tightly associated with these membrane alterations and mainly driven by the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. We summarize our current knowledge of the structure and function of NS5B, the role of cis-acting replication elements at the termini of the genome in regulating RNA synthesis and the contribution of additional viral and host factors to viral RNA synthesis, which is still ill defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Miyamura
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Tokyo Japan
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology , The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA
| | - Christopher M. Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio USA
| | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Tokyo Japan
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Dey D, Banerjee M. Inhibitor-Based Therapeutics for Treatment of Viral Hepatitis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4:248-257. [PMID: 27777893 PMCID: PMC5075008 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis remains a significant worldwide threat, in spite of the availability of several successful therapeutic and vaccination strategies. Complications associated with acute and chronic infections, such as liver failure, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, are the cause of considerable morbidity and mortality. Given the significant burden on the healthcare system caused by viral hepatitis, it is essential that novel, more effective therapeutics be developed. The present review attempts to summarize the current treatments against viral hepatitis, and provides an outline for upcoming, promising new therapeutics. Development of novel therapeutics requires an understanding of the viral life cycles and viral effectors in molecular detail. As such, this review also discusses virally-encoded effectors, found to be essential for virus survival and replication in the host milieu, which may be utilized as potential candidates for development of alternative therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajit Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Manidipa Banerjee
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence to: Dr. Manidipa Banerjee, Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Block 1A, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India. Tel: +91-11-26597538, Fax: +91-11-26597530, E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Potent antivirals are successfully used for the treatment of infections with herpesviruses, hepatitis B and C viruses, HIV, and with some success for influenza viruses. However, no selective inhibitors are available for a multitude of medically important viruses, most of which are (re-)emerging RNA viruses. As it is impossible to develop drugs against each of these viruses, broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAA) are a prime strategy to cope with this challenge. RECENT FINDINGS We propose four categories of antiviral molecules that hold promise as BSAA. Several nucleoside analogues with broad antiviral activity have been described and given the relatively conserved nature of viral polymerases, it may be possible to develop more broad-spectrum nucleoside analogues. A number of viral proteins are relatively conserved between families and may also be interesting targets. Host-targeting antiviral drugs such as modulators of lipid metabolism and cyclophilin inhibitors can be explored as well. Finally, the potent and broad antiviral function of the immune system can be exploited by the development of immune-modulating BSAA. SUMMARY Despite the recent advances, the BSAA field is still in its infancy. Nevertheless, the discovery and development of such molecules will be a key aim of antiviral research in the coming decades.
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Acosta EG, Bartenschlager R. The quest for host targets to combat dengue virus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20:47-54. [PMID: 27648486 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a human threat of increasing importance. Although a tetravalent vaccine has been recently approved, owing to limited efficacy there is still an urgent need for antiviral drugs to prevent or treat DENV infections. Traditionally, antiviral drug discovery has focused on molecules targeting viral factors. However, thus far the identification of direct-acting antiviral drugs with potent DENV pan-serotypic activity has been problematic. An alternative are host-targeting antiviral drugs that hold great promise for broad-spectrum activity. In this review, we summarize cellular factors and pathways required by DENV for efficient replication and in principle suitable for antiviral therapy, including host-directed inhibitors that have even been advanced into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana G Acosta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-site Heidelberg, Germany.
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Ito W, Toyama M, Okamoto M, Ikeda M, Watashi K, Wakita T, Hashimoto Y, Baba M. Isolation and characterization of hepatitis C virus resistant to a novel phenanthridinone derivative. Antivir Chem Chemother 2016; 24:148-154. [PMID: 27503576 DOI: 10.1177/2040206616663956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel phenanthridinone derivative HA-719 has recently been identified as a highly potent and selective inhibitor of hepatitis C virus replication. To elucidate its mechanism of inhibition, we have isolated and analyzed a clone of hepatitis C virus replicon cells resistant to HA-719. METHODS To isolate HA-719-resistant replicon cells, Huh-7 cells containing subgenomic hepatitis C virus replicons (genotype 1b) with a luciferase reporter (LucNeo#2) were cultured in the presence of G418 and escalating concentrations of HA-719. After several passages, total RNA was extracted from the growing cells, and Huh-7 cells were transfected with the extracted RNA. Limiting dilution of the transfected cells was performed to obtain an HA-719-resistant clone. RESULTS The 50% effective concentration (EC50) of HA-719 for hepatitis C virus replication was 0.058 ± 0.012 µM in LucNeo#2 cells. The replicon cells capable of growing in the presence of G418 and 3 µM HA-719 were obtained after 18 passages (72 days). The HA-719-resistant clone LucNeo719R showed 98.3-fold resistant to the compound (EC50 = 5.66 ± 0.92 µM), but the clone had no cross-resistance to telaprevir (NS3 inhibitor), daclatasvir (NS5A inhibitor), and VX-222 (NS5B inhibitor). The sequence analysis for the wild-type and LucNeo719R identified 3, 2 and 7 mutations in NS3/4 A, NS4B, and NS5A, respectively, but no mutations in NS5B. CONCLUSION None of the amino acid mutations in the resistant clone corresponds to those reported to confer drug-resistance to current anti-hepatitis C virus agents, suggesting that the target of HA-719 for hepatitis C virus inhibition differs from those of the existing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ito
- 1 Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toyama
- 1 Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mika Okamoto
- 1 Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masanori Ikeda
- 2 Division of Persistent and Oncogenic Viruses, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- 3 Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- 3 Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- 4 Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Baba
- 1 Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Cyclophilin Inhibitors Remodel the Endoplasmic Reticulum of HCV-Infected Cells in a Unique Pattern Rendering Cells Impervious to a Reinfection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159511. [PMID: 27442520 PMCID: PMC4956074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of action by which cyclophilin inhibitors (CypI) interfere with the HCV life cycle remain poorly understood. We reported that CypI and NS5A inhibitors (NS5Ai), but not other classes of anti-HCV agents, prevent assembly of double membrane vesicles (DMVs), which protect replication complexes. We demonstrated that both NS5A and the isomerase cyclophilin A (CypA) are required for DMV formation. Here, we examined whether CypI mediate an additional antiviral effect that could further explain the high efficacy of CypI. We identified a unique action of CypI. CypI remodel the organization of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of HCV-infected cells, but not of uninfected cells. This effect is specific since it was not observed for other classes of anti-HCV agents including NS5Ai, and has no effect on the viability of CypI-treated cells. Since ER serves as platform for the establishment of HCV replication complexes, we asked whether the ER reorganization by CypI would prevent cells from being newly infected. Remarkably, CypI-treated HCV-pre-infected cells remain totally impervious to a reinfection, suggesting that the CypI-mediated ER reorganization prevents a reinfection. This block is not due to residual CypI since CypI-resistant HCV variants also fail to infect these cells. The ER reorganization by CypI is rapid and reversible. This study provides the first evidence that CypI trigger a unique ER reorganization of infected cells, rendering cells transiently impervious to a reinfection. This study further suggests that the HCV-induced ER rearrangement represents a key target for the development of new therapies.
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Characterization of the Anti-HCV Activities of the New Cyclophilin Inhibitor STG-175. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152036. [PMID: 27104614 PMCID: PMC4841536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortened current direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies while less expensive, have not provided satisfactory efficacy in naïve cirrhotics, treatment experienced non-cirrhotics or even genotype-3 (GT3)-infected patients. Since DAA regimens consist of the same classes of inhibitors—NS5A (NS5Ai) and NS5B (NS5Bi) +/- NS3 (NS3i) inhibitors—it is likely that their costs will be high and will provide similar degrees of protection. Integrating drugs with distinct mechanisms of action (MoA) into DAA regimens could provide the solution for shortening the period of treatment. One such class of agents is the cyclophilin inhibitors (CypI), which has shown efficacy in patients. Resistance-associated variants persist for years post-treatment in patients exposed to NS5Ai or NS5Bi who fail to achieve a sustained virologic response, impairing their chance for cure on retreatment with existing DAA combinations. Because of their high barrier to resistance, CypI may be particularly useful as a rescue therapy for patients who have relapsed with DAA resistance-associated variants. In this study, we analyzed the anti-HCV properties of the novel cyclosporine A (CsA) derivate—STG-175. The non-immunosuppressive STG-175 possesses a high (EC50 11.5–38.9 nM) multi-genotypic (GT1a to 4a) anti-HCV activity. STG-175 clears cells from HCV since no viral replication rebound was observed after cessation of drug treatment. It presents a higher barrier to resistance than other CypI or selected DAAs. HCV variants, which emerged under STG-175 pressure, are only ~2-fold resistant to the drug. No cross-resistance was observed with DAAs STG-175 was efficacious against DAA-resistant HCV variants. Drug combination studies revealed that STG-175 provides additive and synergistic effects against GT1a to 4a. STG-175 inhibits the infection of HCV, HIV-1 and HBV in mono-, dual- and triple-infection settings. Altogether these results suggest that the new CypI STG-175 represents an attractive drug partner for IFN-free DAA regimens for the treatment of HCV and co-infections.
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Abstract
Hepatitis is damage and inflammation of the liver. It is triggered by both environmental and endogenous insults and is a platform for developing liver cirrhosis and cancer. Both innate and adaptive immune activation contribute to hepatic inflammation and disease. Viral hepatitis is the most common form of hepatitis and is typically associated with chronic viral infection. Alcohol-induced and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are two rising hepatic problems. The innate immune inflammasome signaling cascade mediates the production of essential proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. These cytokines regulate hepatic cell interaction and crosstalk of the various inflammatory pathways and influence disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina A Negash
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Khachatoorian R, French SW. Chaperones in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:9-35. [PMID: 26783419 PMCID: PMC4705456 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 3% of the world population or more than 185 million people worldwide. Each year, an estimated 350000-500000 deaths occur worldwide due to HCV-associated diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is the most common indication for liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis worldwide. HCV is an enveloped RNA virus classified in the genus Hepacivirus in the Flaviviridae family. The HCV viral life cycle in a cell can be divided into six phases: (1) binding and internalization; (2) cytoplasmic release and uncoating; (3) viral polyprotein translation and processing; (4) RNA genome replication; (5) encapsidation (packaging) and assembly; and (6) virus morphogenesis (maturation) and secretion. Many host factors are involved in the HCV life cycle. Chaperones are an important group of host cytoprotective molecules that coordinate numerous cellular processes including protein folding, multimeric protein assembly, protein trafficking, and protein degradation. All phases of the viral life cycle require chaperone activity and the interaction of viral proteins with chaperones. This review will present our current knowledge and understanding of the role of chaperones in the HCV life cycle. Analysis of chaperones in HCV infection will provide further insights into viral/host interactions and potential therapeutic targets for both HCV and other viruses.
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Yang S, K R J, Lim S, Choi TG, Kim JH, Akter S, Jang M, Ahn HJ, Kim HY, Windisch MP, Khadka DB, Zhao C, Jin Y, Kang I, Ha J, Oh BC, Kim M, Kim SS, Cho WJ. Structure-Based Discovery of Novel Cyclophilin A Inhibitors for the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infections. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9546-61. [PMID: 26613291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of end-stage liver disease. Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), including inhibitors of nonstructural proteins (NS3/4A protease, NS5A, and NS5B polymerase), represent key components of anti-HCV treatment, but these are associated with increased drug resistance and toxicity. Thus, the development of host-targeted antiviral agents, such as cyclophilin A inhibitors, is an alternative approach for more effective, selective, and safer treatment. Starting with the discovery of a bis-amide derivative 5 through virtual screening, the lead compound 25 was developed using molecular modeling-based design and systematic exploration of the structure-activity relationship. The lead 25 lacked cytotoxicity, had potent anti-HCV activity, and showed selective and high binding affinity for CypA. Unlike cyclosporin A, 25 lacked immunosuppressive effects, successfully inhibited the HCV replication, restored host immune responses without acute toxicity in vitro and in vivo, and exhibited a high synergistic effect in combination with other drugs. These findings suggest that the bis-amides have significant potential to extend the arsenal of HCV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhui Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyothi K R
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangbin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Salima Akter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Miran Jang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Young Kim
- Applied Molecular Virology, Institute Pasteur Korea , Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Marc P Windisch
- Applied Molecular Virology, Institute Pasteur Korea , Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Daulat B Khadka
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yifeng Jin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science , Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Meehyein Kim
- Virus Research and Testing Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jea Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University , Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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